Introduction To GAD Concepts

Introduction to
GAD Concepts
Winnie P. Masinsin
Member
National GAD Resource Pool (Batch 1)
Philippine Commission on Women
National GAD Resource Program 1
Poll Questions
1. Gender is the biological characteristics of
being a female or a male.
a. Agree b. Disagree
2. Sex is sociologically constructed and can
be changed.
3. Gender sensitivity is the presence of program,

projects and processes that systematically
address gender concerns and issues.
a. Agree
National GAD Resource Program
b. Disagree
4. Gender and Development is a development
perspective and process adopted by the
national government in 1970s.
5. Gender issues are gender linked beliefs,

systems and processes, conditions and
situations that block an individual’s
attainment of full potentials and satisying life.

Answers
1. Gender is the biological characteristics of
being a female or a male.
2. Sex is sociologically constructed and can
be changed.
3. Gender sensitivity is the presence of programs,

projects and processes that systematically
address gender concerns and issues.
a. Agree
b. Disagree
4. Gender and Development is a development
perspective and process adopted by the
national government in 1970s.
5. Gender issues are gender linked beliefs,

systems and processes, conditions and
situations that block an individual’s
attainment of full potentials and satisying life.

Objectives
To describe basic gender-related concepts and

1 identify how social institutions contribute to the
perpetuation of gender biases/issues.
2 To recognize international commitment to promote

gender equality and women empowerment
To identify GAD legal mandates and imperatives

3 for gender mainstreaming
6
Outline of Presentation:
A. Foundational Concepts
- Gender and Development (GAD)
- Sex and Gender
- Gender Socialization
- Power Relations
- Manifestations of Gender Bias
B. Essential Instrumentalities
- International Commitment to Gender Equality
- National Mandates and Legal Obligations to
Gender Equality
Gender and Development (GAD)
development perspective and process
adapted by the national government in 1980s.
it helps promote participatory process, empowerment,

equity and sustainable development.
the community/institution must be free from violence,

respectful of human rights, supportive of self-determination
and actualization of human potentials.
Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)
It seeks to achieve gender equality as a

fundamental value that should be reflected in
development choices and contends that
women are active agents of development, not
just passive recipients of development
(PCW, 2011).

GENDER MILESTONES
Gender Gender Gender Gender Gender Fair Gender
Blind Aware Sensitive Responsive & Equity Accountable
Lack of Recognition Recognition Presence of Society where Equity is
recognition of gender of the programs, women and viewed as the
of gender inequality; underlying projects and men equitably key commit-
as an that there are and hidden processes share in the ment of the
essential differences cause of gen- that system- responsibili- organization;
determinant between men der inequality. atically incor- ties, power it assumes
of life and women Differences porate or authority and responsibility
choices in terms of are felt unde- address gen- decision- to make gender
that are access to sirable and der concerns making and an integral part
available and control unjustifiable. and issues. enjoy the of what the
in society. over resour- Problems benefits. organization
ces, includ- resulting from is and what it
ing opportu- inequality and does.
nities
National GAD Resource for
Program discrimination
development. are identified.
Equality is often defined as an Equity is often referred to as an
equal distribution of opportunities, equitable distribution of oppor-
such as everyone being provided tunities, such as everyone being
withProgram
National GAD Resource the same thing to ensure they provided with what they need to
achieve their best. ensure they do their best.
Gender Sensitivity
- the ability to recognize gender

issues and especially the ability to
recognize women’s different perceptions
and interest arising from their different social
location and different gender roles.

Sex and Gender

Sex is …
▪ biological characteristics of being a
female or a male (kasarian)
Physical attributes pertaining to a
person’s body contours, features,
hormones, genes, chromosomes
and reproductive organs (genitals).
▪ generally permanent and universal

▪ attributes are equally valued
Primary Sex Characteristic
MEN WOMEN
Penis, testes (androgen and Uterus, ovaries (estrogen
testosterone), scrotum, and progesterone) ovum, fallopian
sperm, vas deferens, etc. tubes cervix, vagina, clitoris, etc.

Secondary Sex Characteristic
• the body become
• development more muscular
of the breast • shoulder & chest
• pelvic widens become broader
& hips broaden • adam’s apple grows
• voice deepens slightly • vocal cord enlarge
• hair grown • underarm, pubic hair
under the arms & hair on the face,
& in the pelvic region chest & shoulders
• ovaries start start to grow
to function • penis & testes
• regular menstruation enlarge
• testes begin to
make sperm
Sex Roles
They are socially coded behaviors and practices

often related to a person’s reproductive capacities,
such as women with the roles of motherhood and
men with fatherhood.
Sex Roles
Female Male
▪ Gestation ▪ Ovum fertilization
▪ Lactation ▪ Produces spermatozoa
which determine child’s
▪ Child-bearing sex

Gender
Set of qualities, differentiated roles or

responsibilities, attitudes, and values assigned by
culture and society to women to women and men...
Photos credit to dreamsstime.com

Gender
expectations, held about the characteristics,

aptitudes, and likely behaviors of both women and
men.
Photos credit to dreamsstime.com

Gender
▪ sociologically constructed
▪ categorize as feminine (pagkababae) and
masculine (pagkalalaki)
▪ time and place bound
▪ learned and changing

Typical Roles, Characteristics,
Attitudes, Values and Expectations
of Women and Men

Variables Women Men
Roles (tungkulin)
Characteristic (katangian)
Attitude (saloobin)
Behavior (kilos)
Expectation (inaasahan)
Value (pagpapahalaga)
Places visited (lugar na
pinupuntahan)
Things used (mga bagay na
ginagamit)
Reproductive Organs
Sex Roles
Variables Women Men
Roles nangangalaga sa mga anak naghahanap- buhay at nagpapa
at mga gawaing bahay… - aral sa mga anak
Characteristic matiyaga, masinop… matapang, responsable…
Attitude maunawain, maawain… masayahin, mapusok…
Behavior mahinhin, maarte… mabilis, agresibo,
Expectation matiisin, maalaga, mapagmahal… Matalino, masikap, masipag…
Value pamilya, edukasyon… pamilya, trabaho…
Places visited simbahan, palengke, paaralan… beerhouse, simbahan,

park…
Things used Make-up, suklay, bra, belt, brief, pabango,
panty, wallet, atb. medyas…
Reproductive Organs Ovary, Clitoris, Uterus, Vagina Testes, Penis, Scrotum…
Sex Roles Breast feeding, child bearing… Ovum fertilization, produce

spermatozoa that determine the
Philippine Commission on Women child sex
Variables Women Men
Roles nangangalaga sa mga anak at mga gawaing bahay,
naghahanap- buhay, nagpapa - aral sa mga anak…
Characteristic matiyaga, masinop, matapang, responsable…
Attitude
Gender maunawain, maawain, masayahin, mapusok…
Behavior mahinhin, maarte, mabilis, agresibo,
Expectation matiisin, maalaga, mapagmahal, matalino, masikap, masipag…
Value pamilya, edukasyon, pamilya, trabaho…
Places visited simbahan, palengke, paaralan, beerhouse, park…

Things used Make-up, suklay, bra, panty, wallet, belt, brief, pabango, medyas…
Variables Female Male

Reproductive Organs Ovary, Clitoris, Uterus, Vagina Testes, Penis, Scrotum…
Sex Roles Breast feeding, child Ovum fertilization, produce
bearing…
Sex spermatozoa that determine the
child sex
Gender
▪ sociologically constructed
▪ categorize as feminine (pagkababae)
and masculine (pagkalalaki)
▪ time and place bound
▪ learned and changing
▪ attributes are marked by inequality
Gender Roles
Culturally determined activities and
responsibilities that are assigned to men
and women on the basis of their perceived
gender differences.
They include the different jobs
expected of males or females by a
particular culture.
Gender Division of Labor
Men Women
Productive Role Reproductive Role
Tasks that contribute economically Care and maintenance of the
(income generating) to the household households and its members, including
and to the community like agriculture, the bearing and caring of children, food
manufacturing, livelihood enterprise, preparation, water, fuel collection,
services, wage employment, etc. shopping, housekeeping and family
health care.
Community Role
Tasks that have to do with managing activities of community organizations and
projects or they have to do with leadership of community organizations and
political structures related to political concerns and affairs of the locality.
Gender Gap
A condition wherein men
and women in a particular
culture and society have
unequal access to and control
of resources and benefits, and
thus have an unequal status
or are give unequal value in
that culture or society.

Gender Socialization
The process by which the individuals
are informed about norms, traditions,
behaviors and attitudes associated in the
assigned sex usually during childhood
development.
Socializing Agents
Any person or social institution that
shapes a person’s values, attitude, behavior,
beliefs, etc.
Agents of Gender
Socialization
Family Workplace
School Church
Media

Agents of Gender Socialization
Family
Feminine Masculine
VERBAL
Submissive Dominant
APPELLATION
Gentle Aggressive
Telling Emotional Adventurer
children what
Talkative Not emotional
they are and what is
Passive Assertive
expected of them.
CANALIZATION
People direct children’s
attention to gender appropriate
objects.
MANIPULATION
People handle girls
and girls differently
even as infants.
School
▪ Gendered lessons
▪ Unequal treatment of
teachers to female and
male students
▪ Textbooks, computer softwares,
and teaching styles perpetuate
gender bias
Media
Reinforces gender stereotypes and sex-
based discrimination through media
portrayal of men and women

Church
▪ There are texts and verses
that glorify sufferings,
oppression and subordination
▪ Gender differentiation and

inequality between women and
men is preached and conveyed
in religious doctrines
and symbols
Workplace
▪ Unequal pay
▪ Conflict between family life and work
▪ Power relations as well as access
to and control over resources
▪ Sexual harassment and other
forms of discrimination persist
Expression of Power/Power Relations
Power to - one’s ability to act on his/her own, the unique
potential of every person to shape his/her life and world.
Power with - one’s ability to cooperate with others to

accomplish something. It multiplies individual talents and
knowledge.
Power within - related to the person’s sense of self-worth and

self knowledge. It includes the ability to recognize individual
differences while respecting others.
Power over - one’s ability to dominate others, to make them

do what they want.
Manifestations
of Gender Bias

Subordination
- the act of placing a person in a lower rank
or position, the act of making a person
dependent, secondary or subservient.
Examples
• The refusal to allow women
to be educated was part of
society's subordination of
women to men
• Political Subordination of
Philippine Commission on Women Women
Marginalization
MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN (RA 9710)

The process whereby Marginalized Sectors
something or someone is • Small farmers and rural workers;
pushed to the edge of a group • Fisher folks;
and accorded lesser • Urban poor;
• Workers in the formal economy;
importance. This is • Workers in the informal economy;
predominantly a social • Migrant workers;
• Indigenous Peoples;
phenomenon by which a
• Moro;
minority or sub-group is • Children;
excluded, and their needs or • Senior citizens;
• Persons with disabilities; and
desires are ignored. • Solo parents.

Gender Stereotyping
It refers to over-generalizations about the
characteristics of an entire group based on gender. It
can be positive or negative, but they rarely
communicate accurate information about others.
Female Stereotypical Roles Male Stereotypical Roles
- to marry and have children; - to be the financial
- to put her family’s welfare provider;
before her own; - to be assertive, com-
- be loving, compassionate, petitive, independent,
caring, nurturing and courageous, and
sympathetic; career‐focused;
- etc.
Philippine Commission on Women - etc.
Multiple Burden
Women perform
paid work outside the
domestic sphere as
well as homemaking
and child-care work
inside the home.

Violence Against Women
Any act of gender-based violence that

results in or is likely to result in physical, sexual or
psychological harm or suffering to women, including
threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation
of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life.
Violence Against Women (VAW)
battering Sexual
harassment rape
Female Other
wife traditional
genital practices
burning mutilation harmful to
women
Gender Discrimination
- to give differential treatment to

individuals on the grounds of
their gender.
Gender Issues
- gender linked beliefs (ideas, attitudes and

behavior), systems, processes, conditions and situations
that BLOCK an individual’s (man or woman) attainment
of full potentials or a satisfying life.

Gender Issues
Obstacles to Personhood
Development
Violence Economic
Against Marginalization
Women
Women
Multiple
Political
Burden
Subordination
of Women
Gender
Philippine Commission on Women Stereotyping
The unequal gender
relations between men
and women are
manifested in gender
biases that limit the
opportunities available
for women and men.
They are deterrents
to development!

UN’s declaration of the
International Women’s Year
1975
Our Country’s International Commitment to Promote

Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women
Conventions on the Elimination of All Forms - 1979

of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)
Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) - 1995
Millennium Development Goals - 2000

Sustainable Development Goals
Philippine Commission on Women - 2015
On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity
for all as part of a new sustainable agenda. Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15
years. For the goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part: governments, the private sector, civil society and
people
Philippine like you.
Commission Source: www.un.org/sustainable-development-goals/
on Women
Our country is also a signatory to the following:
▪ Universal Declaration of Human Rights which

establishes women’s rights as human rights;
▪ Equal Remuneration Convention and Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation) Convention
▪ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

▪ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights
▪ Others

Historical Background on
Approaches to Development
WID WAD GAD

Women in Women and Gender and
Development Development Development
Sees that women Argues that women are Advocates not only for
are ignored and already integrated into “adding women” into
excluded from the development process; the development
development the problem is that process, but a
programmes; it planners hold inaccurate rethinking of develop-
therefore requires assumptions about ment concepts and
the implementation women’s specific practice as a whole
of ‘separate’ or activities and this led to through a gender lens.
‘integrated’ projects the neglect of their real
for women
National GAD Resource Program needs and over-exploit-
ation of their labor
Unequal power relations between women and men prevent

equitable relations and the full participation of women in
development,
Focuses on social, economic, political and cultural forces that

determine how men and women can equally participate in,
benefit from and control project resources along women’s
empowerment framework,
Identifies and addresses practical and strategic gender

interests.
Gender Equality
It is achieved when women and
men enjoy the same rights and
opportunities across all sectors of
society, including economic
participation and decision
making, and when the different
behaviors, aspirations and needs of
women and men are equally valued
and favored.

WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT CAN BE
DIVIDED INTO THREE STAGES

Legal Mandates for GAD
Sec 14, Art II
1987 Philippine Constitution - Article II, Sec. 14
provides that the State recognizes the role of women
in nation-building, and shall ensure the fundamental
1987 Philippine
Constitution equality before the law of women and men.
Republic Act 7192 - Women in Development and

Nation-Building Act- laid the groundwork for
institutionalizing gender concerns in national
development efforts adopting the GAD approach in
policies and programs.
Other National Laws on Women
▪ Anti-Discrimination Law (RA 6725)
▪ Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino Act
(RA 8042)
▪ Solo Parents’ Welfare Act of 2000 (RA 8972)
▪ Anti-Mail Order Bride Law (RA 6955)
▪ Anti-Sexual Harassment Law (RA 7877)
▪ Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353)

Other National Laws on Women
▪ Anti-Violence Against Women and their
Children Act (RA 9262)
▪ Special Protection of Children
Against Child Abuse, Exploitation
and Discrimination Act (RA 7610)
▪ Sexuality Education (LOI, 47, 1972)
▪ Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710)
▪ Others
RA 9710 - Magna Carta of Women (MCW)
All government departments, including their

attached agencies, offices, bureaus, state
universities and colleges, government - owned
and controlled corporations, local government
units and all other government instrumentalities
shall adopt gender mainstreaming as a strategy to
promote women’s human rights and eliminate
gender discrimination in their systems, structures,
policies, programs, processes and procedures.

Policies and Imperatives for GAD
Mainstreaming, Planning and Budgeting
▪ RA 7192 - Women in Development and
Nation Building Act
▪ General Appropriations Act
▪ RA 9710 - Magna Carta of Women Act of 2009
▪ DBM, NEDA and PCW Joint Circular 2012-1
▪ DILG, DBM, NEDA and PCW Joint Memorandum
Circular 2013-1
▪ CHED Memorandum Order No. 01, series of 2015
▪ DepEd Order No. 32, series of 2017
Equality is often defined as an Equity is often referred to as an
equal distribution of opportunities, equitable distribution of oppor-
such as everyone being provided tunities, such as everyone being
withProgram
National GAD Resource the same thing to ensure they provided with what they need to
achieve their best. ensure they do their best.
Social Justice
It requires that the
systems which create and
perpetuate inequali-ties
be restructured so that
barriers to access-ing
tools and opportu-nities
are eliminated.
The cause of
inequality was addressed.
The systematic barrier
has been removed.

Conclusion: Gender roles, attitude,
expectations and characteristics are learned,
thus they can also be unlearned.

References:
NCRFW. Philippine Plan for Gender-Responsive Development 1995-
2025. Manila Philippines, 1995
UPCWS. Modules on GAD Training, 2006
AWCD Forum, G-BEST for ARD Leader: A Guide Book for Trainers,
DAR-BARBD, Diliman Quezon City, 2001
UPCWS and GRHDP. Gender Concerns on Campus, An Information Kit

for College Educators and Administrators. n. d.
NCRFW, Making LGUs Gender-Responsive: A Primer for Local Chief

Executives, 2003

Arthur Marwick, Women at War, 1976
http://www.gov.ph/2012/12/21/republic-act-no-10354
Philippine Family Planning Statistics (Philippines Statistics
Authority)
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? Title=Responsible_
Parenthood_and Reproductive_Health_Act of
2012&oldid=707731715
http://www.humanresourcesmba.net/women-in-the-
workplace/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_role
https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/lifespan--
development-why-social-justice-matters/202009/what-
is-social-justice-equality-and
Thank you!
Presented by:
Wilhelmina P. Masinsin, Ph.D., RPm
Associate Professor V & Head, GAD Center
University of Rizal System
Coordinator, Calabarzon GAD Resource Center
Member, National GAD Resource Pool
winniepm96@yahoo.com


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Introduction to

3. Gender sensitivity is the presence of program,

5. Gender issues are gender linked beliefs,

National GAD Resource Program

3. Gender sensitivity is the presence of programs,

5. Gender issues are gender linked beliefs,

National GAD Resource Program

To describe basic gender-related concepts and

2 To recognize international commitment to promote

To identify GAD legal mandates and imperatives

it helps promote participatory process, empowerment,

the community/institution must be free from violence,

It seeks to achieve gender equality as a

National GAD Resource Program

- the ability to recognize gender

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

▪ generally permanent and universal

National GAD Resource Program

They are socially coded behaviors and practices

National GAD Resource Program

Set of qualities, differentiated roles or

Photos credit to dreamsstime.com

expectations, held about the characteristics,

Photos credit to dreamsstime.com

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Characteristic matiyaga, masinop… matapang, responsable…

Attitude maunawain, maawain… masayahin, mapusok…

Behavior mahinhin, maarte… mabilis, agresibo,

Expectation matiisin, maalaga, mapagmahal… Matalino, masikap, masipag…

Value pamilya, edukasyon… pamilya, trabaho…

Places visited simbahan, palengke, paaralan… beerhouse, simbahan,

Sex Roles Breast feeding, child bearing… Ovum fertilization, produce

Characteristic matiyaga, masinop, matapang, responsable…

Behavior mahinhin, maarte, mabilis, agresibo,

Expectation matiisin, maalaga, mapagmahal, matalino, masikap, masipag…

Value pamilya, edukasyon, pamilya, trabaho…

Places visited simbahan, palengke, paaralan, beerhouse, park…

Variables Female Male

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

▪ Gender differentiation and

Power with - one’s ability to cooperate with others to

Power within - related to the person’s sense of self-worth and

Power over - one’s ability to dominate others, to make them

National GAD Resource Program

MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN (RA 9710)

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Any act of gender-based violence that

- to give differential treatment to

- gender linked beliefs (ideas, attitudes and

National GAD Resource Program

National GAD Resource Program

Our Country’s International Commitment to Promote

Conventions on the Elimination of All Forms - 1979

Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) - 1995