Hardware

Hardware is the physical part of a computer, which we can touch and feel.
Examples include Monitor, Keyboard, Mouse and CPU.

1.1.2.1 Block Diagram of Computer

Block Diagram System: Mainly consists of three parts, which are the Central
Processing Unit, Input Devices, and Output Devices.

The data is entered through input devices such as the keyboard, mouse, etc.
This set of instructions is processed by the CPU after getting the input from the
user, and then the computer system produces the output. The computer can
show the output with the help of output devices to the user, such as a monitor,
printer, etc.
Input Unit
Input unit means a device used to input any kind of data into a user's computer.
The instruction that the computer receives is from the input unit. A user gives any
type of instruction to the computer by using the input unit to the computer.
Because computers understand binary language, the input device sends the
user's data in binary form to the computer. There are many types of input devices
such as a keyboard, mouse, scanners and many more. The input unit performs
the following functions. Examples include keyboard, mouse, joystick camera etc

Output Unit

The output unit is also known as an output device of a computer system. Output
block is the main component of a computer because a user inputs any data, the
computer processes that user's input data and gives the result as output and the
output device is required to give output. Output devices like - Monitor, Printer,
Speaker, projector, plotter etc

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for the processing of all the
instructions which are given by the user to the computer system.

The computer system is nothing without the Central Processing Unit and it is also
known as the brain or heat of the computer. The CPU is an electronic hardware
device which can perform different types of operations such as arithmetic and
logical operation.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is divided into two parts again: the Arithmetic
Logic Unit (ALU) and the control unit (CU).

a. Control Unit

The control unit (CU) controls all the activities or operations which
are performed inside the computer system. It receives instructions or
information directly from the main memory of the computer.

When the control unit receives an instruction set or information, it

converts the instruction set to control signals then; these signals are
sent to the central processor for further processing. The control unit
 understands which operation to execute, accurately, and in which
order.

b. Arithmetic and Logical Unit

The arithmetic and logical unit is the combinational digital electronic

circuit that can perform arithmetic operations on integer binary
numbers. It presents the arithmetic and logical operation. The
outputs of ALU will change asynchronously in response to the input.
The basic arithmetic and bitwise logic functions are supported by
ALU.

Memory Unit
The information or set of guidelines are stored in the storage unit of the computer
system. The storage unit provides the space to store the data or instruction of
processed data. The information or data is saved or held in computer memory or
storage device. Data storage is the core function and fundamental of the
computer components.

All the data that has to be processed or has been processed is stored in the
memory unit. The memory unit acts as a hub of all the data. It transmits it to the
required part of the computer whenever necessary.

The memory unit works in sync with the CPU. This helps in faster accessing and
processing of the data. Thus, making tasks easier and faster.
There are two types of computer memory:

a. Primary Memory - This type of memory cannot store a vast amount

of data. Therefore, it is only used to store recent data. The data
stored in this is temporary. It can get erased once the power is
switched off. Therefore, it is also called temporary memory or the
main memory.RAM stands for Random Access Memory. It is an
example of primary memory. This memory is directly accessible by
the CPU. It is used for reading and writing purposes. For data to be
processed, it has to be first transferred to the RAM and then to the
CPU.
 b. Secondary Memory - As explained above, the primary memory
stores temporary data. Thus it cannot be accessed in the future. For
permanent storage purposes, secondary memory is used. It is also
called the permanent memory or the auxiliary memory. The hard disk
is an example of secondary memory. Even in a power failure data
does not get erased easily.

1.1.2.2 Computer Components

The hardware and software exist on the computer. The information which is
stored through the device is known as computer software. The hardware
components of the computer system are related to electronic and mechanical
parts, and the software component is related to data and computer programs.
Many elements are connected to the main circuit board of the computer system
called a motherboard.

These are mainly five components of the computer system. The computer
hardware, computer software, and liveware exist in the element of the computer
system.

a. Processor

The processor is an electric circuitry within the computer system. The

Central processing unit is the central processor or main processor of the
computer system. The processor carries out the instructions of the
computer program with the help of basic arithmetic and logic, input/output
operations.

b. Main Memory

The Random Access Memory is the main memory of the computer system,
which is known as RAM. The main memory can store the operating system
software, application software, and other information. The RAM is one of
the fastest memory, and it allows the data to be readable and writeable.

c. Secondary Memory

We can store the data and programs on a long-term basis in the secondary
memory. The hard disks and the optical disks are the common secondary
 devices. It is slow and cheap memory as compared to primary memory.
This memory is not connected to the processor directly.

It has a large capacity to store the data. The data and programs on the
hard disk are organized into files, and the file is the collection of data on
the disk.

The hard disk is about 100 times the capacity of the main memory. The
main difference between primary and secondary storage is speed and
capacity. There are several large blocks of data which are copied from the
hard disk into the main memory.

d. Input Devices

The user provides the set of instructions or information to the computer

system with the help of input devices such as the keyboard, mouse,
scanner, etc. The data representation to the computer system is in the form
of binary language after that the processor processes the converted data.
The input unit implements the data which is instructed by the user to the
system.

We can enter the data from the outside world into the primary storage as
input through input devices. The input devices are the medium of
communication between the outside world and the computer system.

e. Output Devices

The output devices produce or generate the desired result according to our
input, such as a printer, monitor, etc. These devices convert the data into a
human-readable form from binary code. The computer system is linked or
connected to the outside world with the help of output devices. The primary
examples of output devices are a printer, projector etc
1.1.2.3 Peripherals - Input Devices

Computer Input Devices: The input device is the hardware device that connects
to the computer system. The user can give the instructions to the computer with
the help of these input devices. Input devices can convert the data or instruction
into a machine-readable form and send it to the processor for further processing.

Here we have discussed some essential input devices which are given below:

a. Keyboard

The keyboard is a typewriter-style device which can use the alphanumeric

keys or buttons for the input given by the user to the computer system.

b. Point and draw device (Mouse)

The computer mouse is the input device with standard features. Today we
are using various types of mouse such as a cordless or wireless mouse,
optical and laser mouse, etc. The mouse is a handheld pointing device that
can detect two-dimensional motions related to the surface. This motion is
translated into the movement of a pointer on display.

c. Joystick

The joystick is a pointing input device with the stick that pivots on the base
and reports its angle or direction to the device. The movement of the rod
controls the cursor or pointer on the screen.

d. Trackball

The trackball is a pointing device which consists of the ball in the middle
held by a socket with sensors to detect the rotation of the ball. The
trackball is the computer cursor control device. The trackball is similar to
an upside-down mouse with a ball that sticks out. The user can roll the ball
with the thumb, fingers, or palm to move the cursor. The trackball is
currently made by only three major companies: Logitech, A4Tech, and
Kensington. It has the same capability as clicking buttons on the mouse.
The trackball does not require much space. The trackballs are physically
more extensive as compared to the computer mouse.
e. Light Pen

The light pen is the computer input device which is used in conjunction with
the computer’s cathode ray tube display. It allows the user to point to the
displayed objects or draw on the screen with greater positional accuracy.
The first light pen was developed around 1955 as part of the Whirlwind
project at MIT.

f. Data Scanning Device (Image Scanner)

The Image Scanner is the digital input device which is used to scan the
images, printed text, and objects and then convert them into digital form.
The Image Scanners are used in various domestic and industrial
applications like design, reverse engineering, gaming, and testing.

g. OCR (Optical Character Reader)

The optical character reader or optical character recognition is the

mechanical or electronic conversion of images, handwritten or printed text
into machine-encoded text. The OCR is widely used in the form of
information entry from printed paper data records to digital files. The optical
character reader is the research field in pattern recognition, artificial
intelligence, and computer vision. It is used in different areas such as
invoices, bank statements, digital receipts, business cards, mail, and
printouts of static data.

h. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)

The optical mark reader or optical mark recognition can capture the human
marked data from any document form such as surveys and tests. There
are various traditional optical mark reader devices which can work with the
scanner device that shines a beam of light onto the form paper.

i. MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition)

The Magnetic Ink character recognition code is known as MICR code

short. This input device is used in character recognition technology. It can
encode the characters which are mentioned at the bottom of cheques and
other vouchers.
j. Barcode Reader

The Bar Code Reader is the optical Scanner which can read the printed
barcodes and decode the data contained in the Barcode and send that
data to the computer. These bar code readers consist of the light source,
the lens, and light sensors for the translation. Every barcode reader
contains decoder circuitry which can analyze the barcode image data that
the sensors provide and send it to the Scanner's output port.

k. Card reader

The card reader is the type of data input device that can read the data from
the card. It is the hardware device which is used to deliver data to the
computer. This input device provides complete security, and it looks like a
small calculator. The card reader is mainly used in the sales process to
read the payment data, which is stored in the credit or debit card. In a
basic sense, the card reader is used to access the contents of the memory
card in the given format and passes that content on to another device.
Most card readers accept multiple memory card formats. The card reader
is the device used to communicate with the smart card or memory card.
The magnetic card reader is the device used to read magnetic stripe cards
such as credit cards, debit cards, etc.

l. Touch screen

The touch screen is the input device which is generally layered on top of
any electronic visual display. It can be the computer system display screen;
these types of screens are sensitive to pressure. When the finger touches
the touch screen, it registered the event and sent that event to the
controller for further processing.

m. Digitizers

Digitizers are those types of devices which receive analogue information or

data and create the digital representation of that data; this process is
known as digitization. For example, the digital camera is a digitizer. The
dual digitizer provides features of both active and capacitive digitizers. The
 digitizers are mostly used in computer-aided design software. The analog
input signal related to the digitizer may be A.C. or D.C. coupled and
terminated in 50W.

n. Voice recognition device

Voice recognition is a hardware device with the capability to decode the

human voice. It is mainly used to operate any device, and perform any
command without having to use the keyboard, mouse, or press any button.

Both speech and voice recognition work on the principle of translating the
"analogue" spoken words into the "digital" signals so that the machine can
understand the voice. For the work of a voice recognition device with the
computer, you must have a sound card either the Microphone or the
headset. Other devices, such as smartphones already have all the
necessary hardware built into the device.

o. Microphone

The Microphone is generally known as the mic or mike, and it is the input
device. The Microphone can convert sound into electrical signals. These
microphones are used in many applications such as telephones, public
address systems for concerts in halls, live and recorded audio, sound
recording, megaphones, radio, and television broadcasting. The dynamic
microphones are the most common input device which uses the coil of wire
suspended in the magnetic field. The Microphone is an example of a
transducer, which is a device that changes information from one form to
another.

1.1.2.4 Storage Device

The storage device is a computer hardware component that helps to store, port
or retrieve data files and objects. Storage devices are capable of storing
information in both natures as temporary and permanent. These devices may be
used internal or external on a computer, server or computing device.
All data are stored in computer storage devices in the digital form such as binary
form like as 0 and 1. Users can retrieve saved instructions or information anytime
when they are needed.

Types of Storage Devices

Computer storage devices play a vital role in the computer industry because
without storage devices entire system is like a plastic box. There are different
types of storage devices.

■ Primary Storage Device

■ Secondary Storage Device
■ Tertiary Storage Device

Primary Storage Device

Primary storage devices are constructed with integrated circuits (IC) or
semiconductor components.

Primary storage is also known as “Main Storage'', “Main Memory'' or Internal

Memory” as well as they play a major role in storing data and applications on a
temporary basis while the computer is running mode because these storage
devices are capable to access all data directly from CPU with the help of various
data buses. These devices have limited capacity for data storage compared to
secondary storage devices.

Primary storage devices are available in two variances such as volatile and
non-volatile. Volatile storage is called temporary storage because in which all
data are deleted when power gets turned off mode but its access time and
response time are much fine for secondary storage devices. Non-volatile storage
is permanent storage in which nothing data erase when a system gets turned off.

Examples of Primary Storage Devices with their Functions and Uses

There are four examples of primary storage devices; below explain each one –

■ Register Memory
■ RAM
 ■ ROM
■ Cache Memory

Register Memory: The computer is enabled with various “Bits”, and these bits
are known as the “Register Memory“. The register memory is the very smallest
unit of the primary storage devices. It is able to store 32 to 64 Bits which is
enough for performing their regular tasks on the computer system. These are
much fastest storage devices than other storage mediums.

RAM (Random Access Memory): RAM stands for “Random Access Memory“,
and it is capable to access any data randomly at any time as well as from any
location on the computer. This is a volatile storage device that means temporary
memory in nature because entire data gets deleted while the computer gets
turned off mode. RAM regains all data from the CPU in run-time and sends it to
the control unit, and it is the fastest memory to hard disk.

RAM has two variants; like as -

■ Static RAM: Static RAM works in computers as a form of Cache Memory,

but it consumes more power as well as is more costly to DRAM. Static
RAM uses six transistors, and each transistor uses one bit.
■ Dynamic RAM: DRAM uses the capacitors for storing data in a few
milliseconds while the system’s power gets turned on. Dynamic RAM’s
speed is slow as well as consumes low power. It is capable to store more
data compare to SRAM. DRAM is cost-effective as well.

ROM (Read Only Memory): ROM stands for “Read Only Memory”, and it is a
non-volatile memory in nature, which means it is able to store data permanently
while getting to turn off the power. ROM is a programmable chip because in
which stored all instructions that are most required when starting a computer.
This computer starting process is known as “Bootstrap”.

ROM has four variants, like as -

● MROM: MROM stands for “Masked ROM“. MROM has to contain all
pre-planned programs like a piece of instructions, and it is cheaper as well.
 ● PROM: PROM Stands for “Programmable Read-Only Memory“. Users can
store any data as per their requirement because this ROM is available in
the market blank.
● EPROM: EPROM Stands for “Erasable and Programmable“. In these types
of ROM, users have the power to edit (erase) the stored instruction
(program) in EPROM. EPROM is erased by ultraviolet light for some time,
like 40 minutes.
● EEPROM: EEPROM Stands for “Electrically Erasable and Programmable
Read-Only Memory“. In EEPROM, all activities such as programming and
erasing are performed electrically. This EEPROM is able to reprogram and
erased in more than ten thousand time

Difference between RAM & ROM

Cache Memory: Cache memory has a higher speed for accessing data, and
allows computers for storing pieces of data in temporary nature. Cache memory
is placed near the CPU and RAM. Cache memory speed is very fast because its
travel distance is short between RAM and Cache memory. Cache memory has
three variants, such as – Level 1 cache, Level 2 cache, and Level 3 cache.

Level 1 (also called Primary or Internal Cache) When the computer needs
data it first looks in the internal cache. The internal cache is inside the CPU
 and is the fastest possible way for the computer to get information. The
internal cache can normally only contain a very small amount of
information. Fast memory is located inside the processor.

Level 2 (also called Secondary or External Cache) If the computer doesn’t

find the data in the internal cache, it then looks in the external cache. The
external cache is slower than the internal cache but much faster than the
normal RAM memory. The external cache normally holds much more
information than the internal cache, but still not as much as the main
memory. Fast memory is located inside the processor housing but not
inside the processor. (RAM).

Level 3 This is a specialized cache that is used by the CPU and is usually
built onto the motherboard and, in certain special processors, within the
CPU module itself. It works together with the L1 and L2 cache to improve
computer performance by preventing bottlenecks due to the fetch and
execute cycle taking too long. The L3 cache feeds information to the L2
cache, which then forwards information to the L1 cache. Typically, its
memory performance is slower compared to the L2 cache but is still faster
than the main memory (RAM).

Secondary Storage Device

Secondary storage devices are also known as “Auxiliary Memory“, or “External
Memory“. Secondary storage devices are volatile in nature; it means that data
does not get discarded/erased when power is turned off. When accessing data it
is very slow compared to primary storage devices and is cheap as well. Without
primary storage devices, these secondary storage devices are useless because
secondary storage devices must be needed by the primary memory for
processing data. First of all, the entire data is transferred into primary memory
then the data is executed.

Examples of Secondary Storage Devices with their Functions and Use.

Secondary storage devices are used in computers either internally or externally.

Secondary storage devices have four examples;

1. Magnetic Storage Devices

 2. Optical Storage Devices
3. Flash Memory Devices
4. Online Cloud System

Magnetic Storage Devices: In Magnetic storage devices, all data is stored using
a magnetized medium, and these types of data are saved in that medium in
binary form like 0 and 1. This magnetic storage has a non-volatile storage nature.

Today, most people are preferred to magnetic mediums because magnetic

storage devices can perform read/write activities very easily. Magnetic storage
devices have huge capacities for storing data that it’s a more attractive point.
These storage devices are not more costly but their data accessing power is
slow, but this magnetic mechanism is also to be used in the RAM that has good
data accessing power to others.

There are different types of devices, which are used for Magnetic Storage; like as

■ Floppy diskette
■ Hard drive
■ Magnetic strip
■ SuperDisk
■ Tape cassette
■ Zip diskette

Optical Storage Devices: In optical storage devices, all read and write activities
are performed by light. All recording information is stored on an optical disk. As
per the opinions of data scientists, compact space is most useful for huge data
storage. Its big advantages are not more costly, lightweight, and easy to transport
because it is a removable device, unlike a hard drive.

There are different types of devices, which are used as optical storage; like as –

■ Blu-ray disc
 ■ CD-ROM disc
■ CD-R and CD-RW disc.
■ DVD-R, DVD+R, DVD-RW, and DVD+RW disc.

Flash memory is also used for storing data on computers as well as electronic
devices such as USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state
drives. Flash memory is non-volatile in nature because all data is persisted in the
memory when power is a turn-off.

There are different types of devices, which are used as flash memory; like as –

■ USB flash drive, jump drive, or thumb drive.

■ CF (CompactFlash)
■ Memory card
■ MMC
■ NVMe
■ SDHC Card
■ SmartMedia Card
■ Sony Memory Stick
■ SD card
■ SSD
■ xD-Picture Card

Tertiary Storage Device

Tertiary storage offers the third phase of storage medium. It is enabled with
robotic mechanisms that will help to insert and remove massive storage media
into the storage device as per the system’s need.

Tertiary storage systems are typical of object storage types so every logical
record can be fetched individually.

Tertiary storage is used to move media in between their long-term storage

locations and available drives without human intervention.

Examples of Tertiary Storage

■ Magnetic Tapes
■ Optical Discs
■ Optical tapes
1.1.2.5 Processing Device

Processing devices are the components responsible for the processing of

information within the computer system. This includes devices such as the CPU,
Memory and motherboard. When a computer receives data from an input device
(e.g., keyboard), the data goes through an intermediate stage before it's sent to
an output device (e.g., a monitor).

Some of the most common processing devices inside of a computer include the
following:

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is installed inside the computer in fact on the motherboard. Our
computer processor performs trillions of calculations per second, which is an
amazing speed. The tasks and operations that are performed on the computer
system are done through and with the help and assistance of the processor. The
computer processor is aware of all the operations and activities happening inside
the computer system. It is responsible for every operation performed in the
computer system.

Graphics processing unit (GPU)

There is a graphics processor in a computer, also known as a graphics card,

which processes the graphics in the computer. The images, pictures, and
graphics are clearer when graphics cards are used. These graphic cards allow
users to view the graphics on the screen with more clarity. Users who use heavy
graphics for processes, such as video editing, PC gaming, and professional
video editing, need a GPU because they cannot use the onboard graphics of the
computer, even with a GPU that delivers good picture and video quality. They are
used in processing high-quality images and videos.

Video card

A video card is similar to a graphic card, but it has a lower processing power than
a graphic card; video cards are built directly into computers’ motherboards; so it’s
like a small part of the GPU that works slowly. The video card is like the graphics
card, but it’s smaller incapacity. The graphic card was used in earlier computers
built into the motherboard. You can call it a small part of the GPU and it works
very slowly. It is similar to GPU but has considerably less processing power to
produce images and videos.

Motherboard

This is an essential device of the computer; with the help of this device, all other
devices are connected to the laptop or desktop computer. The motherboard is a
piece of PCB {Printed Circuit Board} used to connect all other components
through it.

Sound card

It is used to play sound. With the help of this card, we can play any sound saved
on our device. The computer is able to save all types of sound binary code
language to decode this; there is a sound card available on laptops, mobile, and
speakers. This is an important part of the computer device as it connects with
every other essential component. The sound card helps us to play sounds on the
computer. The sound is stored in binary code, so before we can play this sound.
Sound cards can be found on laptops, mobile phones, and speakers.

1.1.2.6 Output Devices

The output devices are the hardware parts which can create the whole computer
system with the combination of all hardware parts. The user can get the desired
output via output devices. The output device converts the data or information into
a human-readable form.

The output devices can provide the output in the user's readable form due to the
output unit. The different types of output devices display the output in various
ways such as text, images, hard copies, audio, videos, etc. These devices are
used to communicate between the user and the computer.

Monitor

The monitor is an electronic visual computer display which includes a screen,

and circuitry. The monitors used cathode ray tubes in history, which were large,
bulky, and inefficient. These days flat screen LCD monitors are used in devices
such as laptops, desktop computers, etc. These monitors are light weighted and
more energy efficient. The monitor is also known as a screen or visual display
unit. There are mainly four types of monitors related to computer systems which
are given below:

Types of monitor

■ CRT monitor (Cathode ray tube)

■ Liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor
■ Light-emitting diode (LED) monitor
■ Plasma monitor
CRT Monitor (Cathode Ray Tube)

The CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor
dots. These phosphor dots glow when struck by the electron beam and
travel across the screen to create a visible image.

The anode and cathode are used in electronics as synonyms of positive

and negative terminals. The cathode is the heated filament in the Cathode
ray tube (CRT).

The ray is the stream of electrons produced by the electron guns. The
electrons are harmful, and the anode is positive, so, both of these attract
each other. We have three ways to filter the electron beam to obtain the
correct image on the monitor screen.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

The liquid crystal display is the flat panel display or the electronically
modulated optical device which can use the light-modulating properties of
liquid crystals. The LCD monitors are used in a full range of applications
such as LCD televisions, computer monitors, instrument panels, aircraft
cockpit displays, etc.

Small LCD screens are common in portable devices such as digital

cameras, watches, calculators, etc. These types of monitor screens do not
use phosphors. The LCD screen is more energy-efficient and disposed of
more safely than the CRT monitor screen.

The modern LCD monitor screen uses active matrix technology and
contains thin-film transistors with capacitors so that the pixels don’t make
the screen blur. The screen of the LCD monitor is more efficient than the
passive matrix displays when images move fast on the screen.

Light Emitted Diode Monitor (LED)

The LED monitor is a flat screen, flat panel monitor, or television. This type
of monitor screen has a very short depth and is light-weighted. The LED
monitors are less expensive. These monitors have a broad dimming range
and more reliable than others. The LED monitor can run at a low
temperature and consume less electrical power.
 The LED monitor is the improved version of the LCD monitor; the basic
technology is similar in both of them. The backlighting is the main
difference between the LED and the LCD monitor.

Plasma Monitor

The plasma monitor is the flat panel display type monitor. It uses small
cells containing plasma. These types of monitors have ionized gas that
responds to electric fields. The plasma monitor displays are sometimes
known as the “thin-panel” displays.

These monitors are used for analogue video signals or display modes
digital computer input. Its display is flat rather than curved as compared to
CRT (cathode ray tube) monitor display. Its display comes in the
conventional PC display sizes up to 60 inches for the home theatre and
high definition television. IBM built the monochrome plasma display in the
1980s. These types of monitors display orange letters against the black
screen.

In these monitors, each pixel on the screen is illuminated by a tiny bit of

plasma or charged gas. The display of these monitors is thinner than
cathode ray tube (CRT) displays and brighter than liquid crystal displays
(LCD).

Printer

The printer is the output device, which makes the constant representation of
graphics or text on the paper. The expensive printers are used for
higher-resolution color printing. The printer is connected to the computer in
different ways. Charles Babbage invented the first printer for the use of different
engines in 1822. The printed output generated by the printer is known as a hard
copy. This hard copy is the physical version of any electronic document.
Inkjet printer

The Inkjet printer is the output device that produces the hard copy by spraying
the ink onto the paper. It can generate text with a resolution of at least 300 dots
per inch. Many models of Inkjet printers produce other devices such as scanners,
photocopiers, etc.

Projector

The projector or image projector is the output device which can project the image
onto the surface or projection screen. Most projectors create the image by
shining the light through a small transparent lens, but the newer type of
projectors can project the image directly by using the laser. Some common types
of projectors used today are known as video projectors. These video projectors
are the replacement for the earlier types of projectors. The projectors can
produce only slides or moving images (videos). These come in many shapes
and sizes — projectors commonly found in the classrooms, conference rooms,
auditoriums, and places of worship. The projectors can be categorized into three
parts based on the type of input.

Audio Speakers

The Audio speakers are the common output device used with computer systems.
The primary purpose of speakers is to produce the audio voice as an output that
can be heard by the listener. The speakers can convert the electromagnetic
waves into sound waves.

The speakers receive audio as input from a device such as a computer or an

audio receiver then this input may be either in analogue or digital form. The
speakers can produce the sound which is defined with the help of frequency and
amplitude.

Headphones

The Headphones or earphones are the hardware output devices. We can listen
to the audio or watch a movie without disturbing the people around us with the
help of headphones or earphones.
GPS (Global positioning system) navigation device

The GPS Navigation device can receive the information from the GPS satellite to
calculate the device’s geographical position. The GPS Navigation device was
developed for the use of the United States military in the 1980s.

The GPS receiver existed in many commercial products such as automobiles,

smartphones, smartwatches, etc. The GPS includes 24 satellites which are
expanded in space about 12000 miles above the earth's surface. Every GPS
satellite broadcasts a message that message has the satellite's current position,
orbit and exact time.

Sound Card

The sound card is the expansion card or integrated circuit to produce the sound
on the computer. That sound can be heard through speakers or headphones.
The computer system does not need a sound card device. Every machine
contains the sound card in one form or another, either in the expansion slot or
built into the motherboard.

Video Card

The video card is connected to the motherboard of the computer system and
generates the output images to display. The processing unit on the video card is
also referred to as the graphic card. These cards include the processing unit,
memory, and connections to the display device.

The video card is similar to the CPU, and its design is optimized to work with the
images. The memory of the video card is similar to Random access memory on
the motherboard. The video card is connected to the motherboard of the
computer system by using the slot.

Braille Reader

The Braille reader is also known as the braille display, which is an electronic
output device. It allows the blind person to read the text displayed on the monitor
of the computer. The computer transfers the text to the output device; inside the
device, the text is converted into Braille.