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Defragmentation is the process of consolidating fragmented files on the user's hard drive.
Files
become fragmented when data is written to disk, and there is not enough contiguous space to
hold the complete file. Storage algorithms break the data apart so that it will fit into the
available space.
The process of defragmentation moves the data blocks on the hard drive around to bring all the
parts of a file together. Defragmentation reduces file system fragmentation, increasing the
efficiency of data retrieval and thereby improving the overall performance of the computer. At
the same time, it cleans the storage and provides additional storage capacity.
Defragmentation is the opposite of fragmentation, which is an inefficient use of computer

storage.
To understand the use of file compression tools it is necessary to know what is file
compression. So, file compression is basically when we store one or more files in the form of an
archive. Moreover, the size of these files reduces in this process. Hence, we these files take less
storage space on the system. Furthermore, sharing of files also becomes quite an easy task.
The tools also allow us to decompress the files back to their original state. And the files do not
lose any data in the whole process.
Lossless File Compression
In this type of file compression, the file size reduces without losing any data. Furthermore, its
type of file compression is achieved by removing redundancy in data.
Redundancy: It is a condition in which a single piece of data repeats many times. This means
that the database will have more than one copy of the same data. For example, in a file, the
customer name Ashok may occur more than once. Such a condition is called redundancy.
Therefore, instead of saving the same data in the database, again and again, only one copy of
data is saved. Hence the data in files remain the same but takes up less space on the system.
Moreover, when we decompress the files the data gets back to its original form. Usually, we use
this type of file compression in text and spreadsheets files because in such cases the loss of
data is not acceptable.
Lossy File Compression
The basic working is the same as lossless file compression. although some data of the files are
permanently lost. Furthermore, these losses generally occur in media files like images, audios,
and videos. These losses do not affect working and are not even noticeable. This happens
because very few data is lost that too in the form of bits. Besides, this loss is out of the human
range of listening or seeing.
You can compress files using your operating system’s built-in tools or file compression
software. Third-party software offers an extra set of features and a dedicated utility for
managing compressed data.
But what good is compression software? For instance, file compression can save you a lot of
time, space, and work to do. File compression software has a long list of advantages. Above all,
these are the following reasons why you should use file compression utilities:
 Efficient sharing: Sharing multiple files to other users is more convenient when you
compress the files to create a single zipped file, and decreasing the effective size of the
files.
 Easier accessibility: Compressing files and folders is better for accessibility as making

documents smaller in size and having a single collection of them makes it easier to
access them on all devices.
 Long-term storage: To store data for longer periods of time, it is better to compress the
data and store it. The overall process is more convenient and safer.
Disk formatting is a process to configure the data-storage devices such as hard-drive, floppy
disk and flash drive when we are going to use them for the very first time or we can say initial
usage. Disk formatting is usually required when new operating system is going to be used by the
user. It is also done when there is space issue and we require additional space for the storage of
more data in the drives. When we format the disk then the existing files within the disk is also
erased.
We can perform disk formatting on both magnetic platter hard-drives and solid-state drives.
When we are going to use hard-drive for initial use it is going to search for virus. It can scan for
virus and repair the bad sectors within the drive. Disk formatting has also the capability to erase
the bad applications and various sophisticated viruses.
As we know that disk formatting deletes data and removes all the programs installed within the
drive. So, it can be done with caution. We must have the backup of all the data and applications
which we require. No-doubt disk formatting requires time. But the frequent formatting of the
disk decreases the life of the hard-drive.
Figure – Formatting process of disk
1. Low-level Formatting :
Low level formatting is a type of physical formatting. In is the process of marking of cylinders
and tracks of the blank hard-disk. After this there is the division of tracks into sectors with the
sector markers. Now-a-days low-level formatting is performed by the hard-disk manufactures
themselves.
We have data in our hard-disks and when we perform low-level formatting in the presence of
data in the hard-disk all the data have been erased and it is impossible to recover that data.
Some users make such a format that they can avoid their privacy leakage. Otherwise low-level
will cause damage to hard-disk shortens the service-life.
Therefore, this formatting is not suggested to users.
2. Partitioning :
As suggesting from the name, partitioning means divisions. Partitioning is the process of
dividing the hard-disk into one or more regions. The regions are called as partitions.
It can be performed by the users and it will affect the disk performance.
3. High-level Formatting :
High-level formatting is the process of writing. Writing on a file system, cluster size, partition
label, and so on for a newly created partition or volume. It is done to erase the hard-disk and
again installing the operating system on the disk-drive.
Figure – Steps of High-level Formatting
Firstly High-level formatting clears the data on hard-disk, then it will generate boot information,
the it will initialize FAT after this it will go for label logical bad sectors when partition has
existed.
Formatting done by the user is the high-level formatting.
Generally, It does not harm the hard-disk.It can be done easily with the Administrator,
Windows snap-in Disk Management tool, diskpart, etc.
We can use such a format to use such a format to fix some problems like errors in the file
system, corrupted hard-drive and develop bad sectors.

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Defragmentation is the process of consolidating fragmented files on the user's hard drive.

Defragmentation is the opposite of fragmentation, which is an inefficient use of computer

Lossless File Compression

Lossy File Compression

 Easier accessibility: Compressing files and folders is better for accessibility as making

Figure – Formatting process of disk

Figure – Steps of High-level Formatting

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