Course Name: ECPC19 Digital

Communication
By
Dr. G. Thavasi Raja
Associate Professor, ECE, NITT (thavasi@nitt.edu)
Course Outline
 Base band transmission. Pulse Modulation techniques – PAM, PPM, PDM.
Pulse code modulation (PCM), DM, Destination SNR in PCM systems with
noise. Matched filter. Nyquist criterion for zero ISI. Optimum transmit and
receive filters. Correlative Coding, M-ary PAM. Equalization; zero-forcing
and adaptive linear equalizers.

 Digital modulation techniques – Binary ASK, FSK, and PSK. Signal space
diagram. Error probabilities.

 M-ary PSK, FSK, QAM, MSK and GMSK. Optimum detector. Signal
constellation, error probability.

 Linear block codes, Encoding and decoding. Cyclic codes. Convolutional

codes. Viterbi decoding. TCM.

 Spread spectrum (SS) techniques; direct S.S and frequency hop S.S.
Processing gain and jamming margin. CDMA
Course Books
Text:
S. Haykin, Communication Systems (4/e), Wiley,2001. – unit 1 ,2 , 3, 5
J.G. Proakis, Digital Communication (4/e), McGraw – Hill,2001. – unit 4

References:
B. Sklar, Digital Communications: Fundamentals & Applications, Pearson
Education, (2/e), 2001.
A.B. Carlson : Communication Systems, 3/e McGraw Hill.
R.E. Zimer & R.L. Peterson: Introduction to Digital Communication, PHI, 2001.
Communication

 Main purpose of communication is to transfer information

from a source to a recipient via a channel or medium.

 Basic block diagram of a communication system:

Source Transmitter Channel Receiver

Recipient
Brief Description

 Source: analog or digital

 Transmitter: transducer, amplifier, modulator, oscillator, power

amp., antenna

 Channel: e.g. cable, optical fibre, free space

 Receiver: antenna, amplifier, demodulator, oscillator, power

amplifier, transducer

 Recipient: e.g. person, (loud) speaker, computer

 Types of information
Voice, data, video, music, email etc.

 Types of communication systems

Public Switched Telephone Network (voice,fax,modem)
Satellite systems
Radio,TV broadcasting
Cellular phones
Computer networks (LANs, WANs, WLANs)
Information Representation
 Communication system converts information into electrical
electromagnetic/optical signals appropriate for the transmission
medium.
 Analog systems convert analog message into signals that can
propagate through the channel.

 Digital systems convert bits(digits, symbols) into signals

 Computers naturally generate information as characters/bits

 Most information can be converted into bits
 Analog signals converted to bits by sampling and quantizing
(A/D conversion)
 Why Digital?
 Digital techniques need to distinguish between discrete symbols
allowing regeneration versus amplification

 Good processing techniques are available for digital signals, such

as medium.
 Data compression (or source coding)
 Error Correction (or channel coding)(A/D conversion)
 Equalization
 Security

 Easy to mix signals and data using digital techniques

 Basic Digital Communication Transformations
 Formatting/Source Coding
 Transforms source info into digital symbols (digitization)
 Selects compatible waveforms (matching function)
 Introduces redundancy which facilitates accurate decoding
despite errors
 It is essential for reliable communication
 Modulation/Demodulation
 Modulation is the process of modifying the info signal to
facilitate transmission
 Demodulation reverses the process of modulation. It
involves the detection and retrieval of the info signal
 Types
 Coherent: Requires a reference info for detection
 Noncoherent: Does not require reference phase information
Basic Digital Communication Transformations
 Coding/Decoding
Translating info bits to transmitter data symbols
Techniques used to enhance info signal so that they are
less vulnerable to channel impairment (e.g. noise, fading,
jamming, interference)
 Two Categories
 Waveform Coding - Produces new waveforms with better
performance
 Structured Sequences - Involves the use of redundant bits to
determine the occurrence of error (and sometimes correct it)
 Multiplexing/Multiple Access Is synonymous with
resource sharing with other users
Performance Metrics

 Analog Communication Systems

 Metric is fidelity: want mˆ (t )  m(t )
 SNR typically used as performance metric

 Digital Communication Systems

 Metrics are data rate (R bps) and probability of bit error
 P  p( bˆ  b)
b
 Symbols already known at the receiver
 Without noise/distortion/sync. problem, we will never
make bit errors
Main Points
 Transmitters modulate analog messages or bits in case of a DCS
for transmission over a channel.
 Receivers recreate signals or bits from received signal (mitigate
channel effects)
 Performance metric for analog systems is fidelity, for digital it is
the bit rate and error probability.
Why Digital Communications?
 Easy to regenerate the distorted signal
 Regenerative repeaters along the transmission path can
detect a digital signal and retransmit a new, clean (noise
free) signal
 These repeaters prevent accumulation of noise along the
path
 This is not possible with analog communication
systems
 Two-state signal representation
 The input to a digital system is in the form of a
sequence of bits (binary or M_ary)
 Immunity to distortion and interference
 Digital communication is rugged in the sense that it is more
immune to channel noise and distortion
Why Digital Communications?
 Hardware is more flexible
 Digital hardware implementation is flexible and
permits the use of microprocessors, mini-processors,
digital switching and VLSI
 Shorter design and production cycle
 Low cost

 The use of LSI and VLSI in the design of components

and systems have resulted in lower cost
 Easier and more efficient to multiplex several digital
signals
 Digital multiplexing techniques – Time & Code Division
Multiple Access - are easier to implement than analog
techniques such as Frequency Division Multiple
Access
Why Digital Communications?
 Can combine different signal types – data, voice, text, etc.

 Data communication in computers is digital in nature whereas

voice communication between people is analog in nature

 The two types of communication are difficult to combine over the

same medium in the analog domain.

 Using digital techniques, it is possible to combine both format for

transmission through a common medium

 Encryption and privacy techniques are easier to implement

 Better overall performance

 Digital communication is inherently more efficient than analog in

realizing the exchange of SNR for bandwidth
 Digital signals can be coded to yield extremely low rates and high
fidelity as well as privacy
Why Digital Communications?
Disadvantages
 Requires reliable “synchronization”
 Requires A/D conversions at high rate
 Requires larger bandwidth
 Performance Criteria
 Probability of error or Bit Error Rate
Goals in Communication System Design

 To maximize transmission rate, R

 To maximize system utilization, U
 To minimize bit error rate, Pe
 To minimize required systems bandwidth, W
 To minimize system complexity, Cx
 To minimize required power, Eb/No
ECPC19 Digital Communication
Sampling

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Sampling

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Sampling
Sampling

Note:

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Reconstruction:
Sampling Theorem (Used at Tx’ & Rx’)

Aliasing Effect

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Aliasing Effect

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

To combat Aliasing Effect:
Reconstruction Filter:
Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Pulse-time modulations

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Trade-off (Noise b/w BW)

[PPM Vs FM]
Qunatizer

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Types of Qunatization

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Quantization process & Noise

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Quantizer g(.) maps the input random variable ‘M’ of continuous amplitude into a
discrete random variable ‘V’

Qunatization error denoted by RV Q and sample value q.

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Pulse Code Modulation
Non-uniform Quantization
Line Codes
Delta Modulation
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Matched Filter
Problem statement

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

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Error Rate Due to Noise
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Intersymbol Interference (ISI)
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Nyquist’s Criterion for Distortionless
Transmission
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Signal-space Analysis

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Geometric Representation of Signals

si=
Geometric Representation of Signals
 s1
ϕ1
0 2
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalisation
????
Signal-space Analysis

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Geometric Representation of Signals
Geometric Representation of Signals
Si(t) + w(t) =
x(t)
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalisation
????
Statistical Characterisation
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Detection Problem:
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[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Passband Transmission Model
 Φj(t)

si=[sij]

w(t)
Coherent Binary Amplitude Shift
Keying (BASK)

s2(t) = 0

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
 s1=
Si=[sij]

i=1,2
j=1 s2 =

x(t) = si(t)+w(t)
 W(t)

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

 Pe=p0 P10 + p1P01

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Binary Frequency Shift Keying
(BFSK)

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
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[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
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[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
QPSK
si=[sij]
E=Eb log2M
Cos(2pi/M (i-1))
Sin(2pi/M (i-1))
M=8
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]

Phase Trellis
[Courtesy: Communication systems by Simon Haykin, 4e John Wiley]
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