CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: Lesson 1: CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 1: Hazard and its Classification
NAME: Saspa, Aimee Marie G. DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/01/22
ID NO.: PAGE NO: 1-7
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: DCvET 1-1 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 7

1. In your own words, define what chemical safety is and state its importance to your life as (1) a member
of the community, (2) a student of Chemistry for Engineers who is to undergo laboratory classes; and
(3) a future professional working in the engineering field.

Chemical Safety is the application of safety protocols using occupational substances to ensure the safety of
humans in general aspects. It is also a condition where potential harm or damage is reduced by following proper
etiquette and thoroughly dealing with chemical substances. For centuries, advances in chemistry have helped
to improve our quality of life in a variety of ways. Since the chemical is widely used throughout society, with
substantially negative and positive effects on the socio-economic, environmental, and health of human beings,
workers are exposed to such toxicity and hazardous substances. In this case, chemical safety has become
essential in chemical engineering, laboratory, and workplaces. The safety protocols in chemistry works are
needed to be strictly followed.

I. As a member of the community, the concept of chemical safety has become crucial since we use
chemical substances in our day-to-day life. Humans must use the products and substances
appropriately. Applying this knowledge is necessary to ensure safety when using various hazardous
chemicals. Additionally, as chemically well-informed citizens, we could pass our awareness to other
people and make them invulnerable to potential hazards. Lastly, knowing chemical safety can help us
manage the problem efficiently and know what precautions to take when chemical hazards occur.
II. As a student in Chemistry for Engineers who is to undergo laboratory classes, applying the
concept of chemical safety in real-life situations can save us a lot of time and effort, especially when
conducting laboratory activities. Chemical safety is important because it will help us identify chemical
substances' characteristics and how hazardous they are. It will also provide knowledge about the
classifications of chemicals and give protective measures necessary to prevent exposure, safekeeping
the students from any possible chemical hazards. Chemical safety will reduce the likelihood of an
accident and incidents that usually happen in laboratory places.
III. As a future professional in the Engineering field, the knowledge about chemical safety that can be
accumulated during academy times is essential to apply at all costs, especially in the workplace.
Applying chemical safety in real-life situations, especially when we aspire to hold a profession, would
be substantial to develop an attitude towards safety precautions and acquire habits of assessing
potential hazards and risks in the field of work. It would not just prevent us from exposing ourselves to
 potential hazards but also safekeeping our co-workers and other people. Additionally, as a future
professional in the field of engineering, having absolute knowledge and a strong foundation in chemical
safety will reduce the expenses of money allocated to possible chemical accidents and incidents. It will
also decrease the expenses for PPEs because of the methods of how we control hazards. One effective
way we can do this is to eliminate the hazard itself or substitute the hazard with less risk so that
expensive PPEs would not become a necessity.

2. Cite the difference between “hazard” and “risk” by giving an example.

• A hazard is anything that can cause harm to living and non-living things. It can be the source of potential
damage or destruction which can or cannot occur unexpectedly. It can be classified as a physical
hazard, chemical hazard, ergonomic, radiation, psychological, or biological hazard. These phenomena
do not just cause harm to the physical, health, environment, and socio-economic but also the
psychological status of an individual. For instance, (1) Boulder rolling down from the top of a mountain,
aiming to fall to a small village; (2) Exposing to harmful gases and toxic chemical substances in
workplaces; (3) Place with extreme temperature, wearing inappropriate clothes; (4) x-rays and gamma
rays from radioactive elements; (5) Having poor interpersonal and intrapersonal relationship/ having
work overload; (6) Covid-19 breakout. These examples are some of the sources of potential hazards
that can occur everywhere, households, communities, and workplaces. Hazards can be a natural
phenomenon or induced by humans. Natural hazards, like avalanches, earthquakes, and tsunamis, are
unpredictable. Human-made hazards, on the other hand, are not. Chemical poisoning, forest fires,
terrorism, and cyber-attacks are some examples of human-induced hazards.

• Risk, on the contrary, is how susceptible a person or a situation is to hazards. When someone or
something is exposed to potential hazards, we can measure its probability of risks by anticipating the
situation, whether it involves some degree of danger. In the occurrence of (1) the situation of a small
village beside the mountain with a boulder coming down from the top of the hill can pertain to a high-
risk state; (2) the chance of getting chronic diseases because of being exposed to toxic chemical
substances; (3) the body’s exposure to extreme temperature might disrupt the musculoskeletal system;
(4) the possibility of a person to acquire a disease like cancer and destroyed living cells because of high
exposure in gamma rays; (5) the chance of a person to be depressed in a stressful situation lacking in
socializing skills; and (6) the high chance of sickly person, children, and adults to get Covid virus due to
high exposure in contagious bacteria. These situations pertain to risk, the chances of an individual,
thing, or situation involving some degree of danger or negative implications of an event to biological and
non-biological things.
3. Imagine yourself to be a medical practitioner in a hospital that caters to Covid-19 pandemic patients.
Name a hazard under each classification that you are exposed to.

a) Physical Hazard- As a medical practitioner in a hospital exposed to a virus, the physical hazards
that might encounter are (1) extreme environmental noises. Noise pollution has grown recently
mainly due to increasing numbers of technology and urban expansion. Audible noises inside the
hospital may originate from outdoors, causing several health problems for a human. However, these
noises come not only from outdoors but inside the hospital. The sound of an alarm, patient noises,
technology and materials inside the hospital, and continuous beeping are environmental noises that
might disrupt one's focus, especially as a healthcare provider. (2) Violence from the external
environment. Covid-19 has been rough for most people. The sudden loss of life might cause
someone to aggravate and blame the medical practitioner for it. This case is rare, but it is still one
of the potential hazards one person may encounter. (3) Slippery floor due to spilled water or chemical
substances.
b) Chemical Hazard- Exposure to chemical hazards such as toxic substances, gases, cleaning
chemicals/ disinfectants, anesthetic gases, and hazardous drugs is more likely to cause death and
severe health problems to a medical practitioner. These substances are associated with some
degree of risk. For example, (1) Disinfectant products can effectively reduce bacteria that can harm
our health, however poisonous. (2) anesthetic gases are effectively used to lessen/ to not feel pain
by keeping the patients unconscious during surgery, however, exposure to these gases has been
linked to adverse reproductive effects such as cancer. The Covid-19 breakout has coincided with
increased chemical exposure. This result in the high possibility of encountering chemical hazards in
the workplace. These potential hazards will be not only experienced by the infected person itself but,
most significantly, by the practitioner who is frequently exposed to such intoxicating and harmful
substances.
c) Ergonomic Hazard- Some ergonomic risk factors for a medical practitioner in a Covid-19 exposed
hospital are (1) a Pile of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to be worn. Healthcare workers must
wear piles of PPE, (e.g., gowns, eye protection, face masks, N95 respirators, and closed-tight shoes)
to prevent exposure to viruses and infected patients. Despite being safe, this equipment causes the
body to be exposed to uncomfortable situations such as hot temperatures and the inability to breathe
properly. This personal protective equipment might cause an additional hazard for a person. (2)
Awkward postures such as standing for an extended period, transferring patients, and eye strain
due to poor or extreme lighting. These repetitive motions agitate our body conditions specifically
musculoskeletal systems which leads to body fatigue and body stress.
d) Radiation Hazard- Radiotherapy has been prevalent since the breakout of Covid-19. Despite the
beneficial effects of radiotherapy on patients, healthcare providers are at high risk and can cause
 severe problems to their health. Radiation exposure can be a potential hazard that a medical
practitioner might encounter.

e) Psychological Hazard- The Covid-19 pandemic has dramatically altered working environments in
several ways, especially in hospitals which causes critical psychological issues to arise among many
workers. Psychological hazards such as heavy workloads, stressful environments, long periods of
isolation, and uncertainty of the future worsen the psychological condition of many people, especially
frontliners. Working under pressure disrupts the mental status of an individual, which may lead to
more mental health problems such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). Medical practitioners are prone to these psychological hazards since they carry the
pressure and responsibility of many lives. Not just being healthcare providers, but they also carried
the responsibility of being a parent, daughters, lovers, and/or friends, thus heavy responsibilities fuel
up the stress, depression, and anxiety they’ve been experiencing.
f) Biological Hazard- the exposure from infected patients who carry the virus is a hazard that
healthcare providers are prone to. The covid-19 virus itself is a biological hazard that gives a threat
to human lives. Despite having a protective barrier (e.g., mask, gloves, gowns, eye goggles)
between the patients and medical practitioners, the susceptibility of a person getting infected is still
high. High exposure to bacteria and viruses and infections coming from hospitals is an occupational
risk for healthcare workers.

4. How would you determine if a substance is hazardous or not?

• We recently defined a hazard as anything that causes harm or danger to living and non-living things.
Therefore, hazardous substances are any substance that harms humans or situations, in general
aspects, when exposed to them. Since hazard causes harm, our goal is to keep away from the hazard
and keep the workplace safe. One way to identify if the substance is hazardous is to check its standard
chemical and container label. Usually, hazardous substances contain warning signs or danger signs
accompanied by pictograms, symbols, and hazard details, e.g., skull, exploding bomb, flames,
corrosion, crossbones, and exclamation mark). Every product should provide signs and directions on
how to use it. What are the pros and cons, and what is needed to be avoided. These warning signs will
help people to determine if the substance is hazardous. Furthermore, we should also consider the
reliabilities of the supplier we are negotiating with because if the product is classified as hazardous, SDS
is required and, therefore, should be available in the product. Determining hazardous chemical
substances will be easy If people are literate and can understand the label and sign on the product.
However, these signs and details can only be understood if the product is labeled correctly. Minimizing
danger can only be done through appropriate labeling; using it properly will make users know what
precautions to take when handling hazardous substances. Another way to determine if the chemical is
dangerous is to test them. Following the instructions within the product may not be enough in some
 instances due to mislabeling. Thus, testing the product and taking safety precautions will assure us.
Hazardous substances are toxic, ignitable, corrosive, chemically reactive, and explosive. We can
measure their degree of danger by conducting some procedures. For instance, if we want to determine
the toxicity of a substance, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) can be done.
Knowing how to determine if the substance is hazardous or not is vital to keep ourselves safe and
mitigate the chances of getting into harmful situations.

5. What is the difference between a physical hazard and from chemical hazard? Between chronic hazard
and acute hazard?
• Physical hazards are those things, circumstances, and/or factors from the external environments that
might cause potential harm to one being or situation. In our day-to-day lives, we encounter physical
hazards; it is everywhere; it is inevitable. From little things to even greater factors from the external
world. These hazards are easy to determine, however sometimes, unrecognizable. It can be found in
both our natural environment and workplaces including offices, hospitals, homes, nature, construction
sites, buildings, inside bathrooms, kitchens, schools, factories, etc. Some of the physical hazards we
might encounter in our everyday lives are exposed to toxic substances, external violence, tripping
hazards, noise pollution, extreme temperature, electricity, etc. The below picture showcases these
hazards.

Figure 1. Examples of physical hazards

For instance, (1) when a wire is exposed even a bit of it, it can be a potential physical hazard for the person
who is about to have contact with it (not intentionally). (2) When people are exposed to extreme temperatures,
the body will react accordingly which may lead to uncomfortable body conditions. (3) Noise pollution is a
common and inevitable hazard people can encounter everywhere specifically in urban areas. (4) Tripping
hazards are often caused by flawed structural design and wet floors. Engaging with this kind of hazard may
lead to body fractures and severe body injuries. (5) External violence is very common in the outside
environment. Having contact with many people is accompanied by possible violence which might fuel up
another kind of hazard when exposed to it including psychological hazards. (6) Being exposed to toxic
substances might harm or worse, kill a person who has direct contact with them.

Physical hazards can also originate from chemical substances. They can be classified as explosives,
flammable materials, combustible liquids, compressed gas, oxidizing agent, and corrosive materials. These
materials can be the factor that may affect your physical condition when exposed to them. To illustrate, (1)
explosive materials lead to an explosion when undergoing a chemical reaction that produces a substantial
amount of gas and heat. This can cause fatal injury or worse death to a person. (2) Flammable and combustible
materials are the ones that can easily be burned and are undeniably been used in our everyday lives, thus
safety precautions are a must while handling them. (3) Compressed gases are easy to explode when heated
since they are under pressure. Some pressured gases are butane tanks and oxygen tanks which we used
commonly in our day-to-day life. Improper handling of these gases might lead to high-risk hazards that will
cause death to someone exposed to it. (4) Oxidizing agents are fuel for a fire and can explosively decompose
during a fire since they release plenty of oxygen. (5) Corrosive materials, on the other hand, are highly reactive
and cause obvious damage to living tissue. High exposure and improper handling of these materials obviously
will put someone in danger, thus taking safe precautionary should be taken into account. Physical hazards that
come from chemical substances need a reaction before they can cause harm when expose to people while;

Figure 2. Chemical Hazards

Chemical hazards, on the other hand,
are the substance itself. These
hazards may happen or may cause
harm with or without contact with
another substance or factors from the
external environment. For example,
(a) A person who unknowingly
exhales poisonous gases will most
likely experience an immediate effect
from the substance. (b) Direct
exposure to acidic liquids will burn
the skin quickly. (c) A person whose
being overdosed on drugs. Considerable, those chemical hazards are originated from chemical substances that
will cause harm to human health when exposed to them and most of the time will cause an immediate hazard
to one’s life.
5.1 The difference between chronic and acute hazards.

are the hazards who Some examples

does not have an are long term
immidiate imoact when exposure in
exposed to them. The
result usually came
extreme
from prolonged temperature,
exposure to an Cigarette
unpleasant condition. smokes;
A body conditioned in
a stressful
environment, and a
long term exposure to
harmful bacteria might
cause diseases such as
pneumonia,
tuberculosis, cholera,
etc.

Chronic Hazards

Illustration 1. Chronic Hazards

are the Some of acute

hazards who hazards are
have a trippings
casued by wet
recognizable
floors, skin
impact for a burned due to
short span of direct contact
time. long period of with acidic
standing, acute liquid;
exposure to
harassment or
traumatic events,
and food
poisoning due to
harmful bacteria
present in food

Acute Hazards

Illustration 2. Acute Hazards

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 1- CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 02: GHS Label
NAME: Saspa, Aimee Marie G. DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/01/22
ID NO.: PAGE NO: 8-10
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: DCvET 1-1 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 3

1. What does GHS means and why is it important?

GHS stands for Globally Harmonized System of classification and labeling of chemicals. It is the process
of appropriately naming all the chemical substances and products. It defines and categorizes chemical product
hazards and communicates health and safety information. The goal is for the same set of standards for
categorizing hazards as well as the same format and contents for labels and safety data sheets to be adopted
and used globally. As a matter of fact, many different countries have different systems for classifying and labeling
chemical products. Furthermore, multiple systems can coexist within the same country. This situation has been
costly for governments to regulate and enforce; costly for businesses that must comply with multiple systems, and
confusing for workers who must understand the hazards of a chemical to work safely. However, a Globally
Harmonized System of classification and labeling of chemicals is created to be used worldwide, replace all other
existing classification systems, and introduce a single standard that all countries can adhere to. This is to provide
a uniform format and meaning that can be understandable in all countries.
The creation of GHS has led to universal knowledge of assessing and using chemicals safely and
efficiently. This Universal rules of classification and labeling chemicals bring forth a lot of advantages: Firstly, it
gives assurance for the workers to work in a safe and convenient workplace, providing practices for the safe
approach to proper handling and usage of chemical substances. By providing comprehensive information to
appropriately communicate with the users through pictograms, symbols, signs (e.g., danger and warning signs),
and other hazard statements and details. This contributes to the safe use of chemicals. Secondly, through GHS
many companies have been growing substantially because workers feel the assurance to work in a safer
atmosphere and environment, resulting in reformed and strong collaboration with many employees. Thirdly,
holistically speaking, GHS has led several chemical accidents and incidents into lower cases; giving better
protection for the public. It has reduced the global costs allotted for chemical problems. Safer way for people;
lesser chemical accidents and incidents to happen. Lastly, this promotes a more stable regulatory environment
and lowers non-tariff trade barriers. Thus, GHS provides a regulatory system to countries that don't have a
developed regulatory system, implying that GHS promotes safe chemical management globally.
To take everything into account, GHS is a way to build chemical safety awareness for people. It is
necessary for workers and the public to know properly the hazards of a chemical to work in a non-hazardous
environment. Furthermore, to lessen the cases of chemical accidents and incidents happening globally and to
reduce the money being consumed on the said chemical problems.
2. Look for an available GHS-compliant label of hydrogen sulfide, identify the type of hazards of the
substances, and the necessary measure(s) if someone inhales it.




CHEMICAL PHYSICAL
HAZARDS HAZARDS
Extremely flammable gas. Flammable vapors
may spread from leak, creating an explosive
Extended exposure to gas reduces reignition hazard. Vapors can be ignited by
the ability to smell sulfides and may pilot lights, other flames, smoking, sparks,
cause respiratory irritation; heaters, electrical equipment, static
symptoms may be delayed. discharge, or other ignition sources at
locations distant from point.

Forms explosive mixtures with air and

Fatal if inhaled oxidizing agents.

Very toxic to aquatic life becuase of Contains gas under pressure; may
its chemical composition explode if heated

Illustration 3. Hazards of Hydrogen Sulfide

Figure 3. Safety precautions when someone inhales Hydrogen Sulfide

3. Look for an available GHS-compliant label of n-propyl alcohol, identify the type of hazards of the
substances, and the necessary measures if it gets to your eyes.

Figure 4. Hazards in n-propyl Alcohol

Necessary measures if it gets to your eyes

Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water at least for 15
minutes, lifting lower and upper eyelids ocassionally. Get
medical attention immediately.

Remove contact lense if present and call a poison center or a

doctor immediately.

Do not rub the eyes aggresively; Rinse cautiously.

Illustration 4. Safety precautions

CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 1- CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 03: NFPA Diamonds SDS
NAME: Saspa, Aimee Marie G. DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/01/22
ID NO.: PAGE NO: 11-12
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: DCvET 1-1 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 2

1. Make an NFPA hazard identification label for a deadly, stable radioactive substance but does not burn.

National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) Hazard Identification label for Radon Substance

Figure 5. NFPA of Radon radioactive gas

Radon is a radioactive gas that occurs naturally and has no odor or taste. It is created by uranium's
radioactive decay. Most rocks and soil contain trace amounts of uranium. It gradually degrades to other products,
such as radium, which degrades to radon. Since radon comes naturally from the Earth, people are always
exposed to it. It was considered deadly because it’s been categorized as a chronic hazard that has a subtle
effect on a person when exposed for a long period. If someone is living in high radon areas, they are most likely
prone to have diseases such as lung cancer. Statistically speaking, almost millions of people died from lung
cancer due to long-term exposure to radon smoke or gases because when you breathe in radon, radioactive
particles from radon gas get trapped in the lungs.
2. You are to work with 0.5N hydrochloric acid purchased from LabChem, Inc. The SDS is available for
download from the company’s website.
a) Is the product applicable for food use?
0.5N hydrochloric acid is not applicable for food use since it is highly corrosive and a strong inorganic
acid. It is also strongly acidic and completely dissociates in an aqueous solution. One of its dangers
is that it can cause severe skin burns and eye damage; therefore, obviously not for food and beverage
use. Direct exposure to this product can cause severe damage to external body parts and much more
if it enters our bodies.

b) Is the product flammable?

The substance itself is not flammable/ non-explosive. It corrodes various metals to generate
hydrogen.

c) What are the personal protective equipment that you need to use when handling the
substance?
The following is the personal protective equipment needed to use when handling hydrochloric acid:

d) What is (are) the available GHS pictogram(s) for the product?

e) What is the first aid measure during skin contact?

1. Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing;

2. In the event of contact, flush the skin with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes while removing
contaminated clothing as well as shoes.
3. Apply an emollient to the irritated skin. You can use cold water. Before reusing clothing, wash it.
Completely clean
4. shoes before reusing them Seek medical attention right away.
5. Rinse skin with water/shower.
6. Immediately call a poison center or doctor/physician.
 CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS – LECTURE ANSWER SHEET FOR ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENT

LESSON NO. & TITLE: LESSON 1- CHEMICAL SAFETY

UNIT NO. & TITLE: Unit 04: Hazard Controls
NAME: Saspa, Aimee Marie G. DATE OF SUBMISSION: 11/01/22
ID NO.: PAGE NO: 13-16
YEAR/COURSE/SECTION: DCvET 1-1 TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES: 4

1. What are the different hierarchy of hazard controls? Give an example for each.

Preventing hazards is impossible; however, mitigating them does not. We can always minimize the effect of
hazards by controlling our contact and exposure to them. Keeping the workplace safe and controlling exposure
to danger is crucial to maintain the safety of workers and the public. Controlling exposures to occupational
hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. One way to decrease the risk of being harmed is to
know hazard control. We need to know that it is an essential tool, especially as safety professionals. The hazard
control hierarchy will help determine which is the most effective way to reduce the risk of one person when
exposed to a hazard. This hierarchy has five levels; Elimination, Substitution, Engineering controls,
Administrative controls, and Personal protective equipment (PPE).
ELIMINATION
• from the word itself, “eliminate” means to remove or obliterate the hazard physically- the whole presence
of it. While the most effective of reducing hazards, also tends to be the most difficult to implement in an
existing process. However, it can be an inexpensive and practical way to implement if the process is still
in the development stage or planning stage of the product, process, or workplace. In these stages, there
are more scope and a better approach to designing a product and/or workplace, hence reducing the
susceptibility to possible danger. Elimination can be co-related in Engineering controls. (1) For instance,
during the designing of a facility, the worker already eliminates all the possible hazards by a thorough
inspection of the structure’s design (e.g., tripping-prone floor, lighting, exposure of sharp materials such
as nails, etc.) Furthermore, hazards can be eliminated by changing the methods of doing things. (2) For
example, a worker preferred to run on a plain surface while carrying the blocks because it makes him
finish the work faster, thereby exposing himself to a high-risk situation, however by changing his methods
to walking instead of running, he can eliminate the probability of tripping- the hazard. Remember, there
is no better hazard control option than removing the hazard entirely.
SUBSTITUTION
• From its root word, substitute, means to replace something hazardous with something less risky or less
hazardous. If eliminating the hazards is impossible in a product, process, or workplace, substitute it with
something that will cause less harm. Looking from a simple perspective, this way of hazard control is like
replacing a risky material with less risky material to reduce the level of risk. (3) For example, if a man is
performing light maintenance duties using an a-frame step ladder, we could substitute the step ladder
with a mobile scaffold which is a safer platform than the first one because it provided additional fall
 restraint and stabilization to avoid toppling over and falling from height. However, when considering a
substitute, it's critical to contrast the substitute's potential new risks with the original risks. This
examination should be taken into account how the substitute will interact with other agents in the
workplace. Effective substitutes reduce the possibility of adverse effects while not introducing new risks.
ENGINEERING CONTROLS
• This approach can be the most expensive way of minimizing the risk of a hazard present in a product,
process, or workplace, however, effective. The hazard is not eliminated nor being substituted but it will
ensure the safety of the workers within the working field. It isolates the people from the hazard itself.
These methods can be seen through the design of the structure, machinery used during the process,
and other things that an engineer can manipulate. (4) For example, to lessen the cases of road accidents,
specifically in a dim long tunnel, engineers should put lights on motorways; Signs, and symbols. (5)
Adding another piece of protective feature to machinery, specifically, welding machines to prevent
physical contact between users and the harm that might cause by the equipment itself. An engineer must
remove the danger at the source before it comes into contact with the worker.
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROLS
• This approach can be the cheapest way to minimize the level of risk a hazard can cause. Administrative
control is assigned to change the way people work through commanding, training the workers, risk
assessment, and occupational health and safety programs. By implementing safety policies that a worker
can follow, the workplace will be less risky for employees and people. (6) This can be seen through a
manager who’s keeping his/her employees by executing rules and policies and assessing risk within the
field of work.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
• This way of hazard control is the least effective in minimizing the risk of danger, however, the easiest to
implement because it is readily available in the workplace. It creates a barrier between the person and
the hazard. In this case, the hazard is still present but it gives protection to workers at the very least, just
to avoid direct contact with the hazard itself. The PPEs can be only effective if we use appropriate
equipment and tools, accordingly to the hazard present at the workplace or dangerous substance we are
dealing with. (7) For instance, a person handling a corrosive substance, should use hand gloves to create
a barrier that will protect them from getting harmed and avoid direct contact with the substance. (8) A
man wearing a fireman suit to avoid direct contact with the fire that might cause severe damage if has
direct exposure with them. However, this approach is considered the least effective because it can create
an additional hazard while doing the job. For example, wearing a long thick lab gown will probably cause
harm for the person wearing it by being hitched or pulled by another object. Furthermore, wearing full
PPEs will put the body in an uncomfortable situation making it hard for them to move properly.
 2. Give situations when you can appropriately use safety glasses, safety goggles, and face shields.

In our day-to-day lives, wearing safety glasses/goggles are not

required; however, when it comes to workplaces and high-debris
fields, a person must wear eye protective equipment. (1) For instance,
for a man performing a construction job where small debris or
chemicals are everywhere around the workplace, wearing safety
glasses would prevent him from this debris, such as dust, pollen, and
wood particles that might damage his vision. (2) Another situation is
when a man is welding or cutting something using lasers; safety
glasses/ safety goggles will prevent the eyes from the harmful effects
of high-intensity lights. (3) Chemicals and pesticides can harm your
vision. They have the potential to cause inflammation, which causes the eye to swell and turn red, as well as
blurry vision. If you regularly work with chemicals or pesticides, you must wear safety glasses because they
reduce the risk of an allergic reaction to those products. (4) In an optical office, when dealing with optical
radiation, he/she must wear safety glasses to protect the eye from high-intensity light such as visible light,
ultraviolet, infrared, and lasers. (5) When dealing with liquid splashes, especially if the substance is caustic,
acidic, or basic. (6) If a person works with biohazardous substances such as blood and discarded vaccines,
safety glasses and safety goggles are required because eyes can be vectors for diseases such as hepatitis and
HIV. There are numerous situations in which eye protection is required. Generally, it is better to be cautious than
reckless when using personal protective equipment in the lab.

Face shields have become mandatory use since the break out of
covid-19. It became part of people’s clothing in everyday lives. The
covid-19 virus is a biological hazard threat to human health. Due to
this, personal protective equipment has been introduced to the
public, the face shield. This specific equipment protects people’s
health from the virus. Aside from that, a face shield is also used in
working fields such as laboratory activities. When dealing with
chemical substances and performing construction jobs and welding
activities, safety glasses and goggles do not entirely protect the face
of the workers; therefore protective face shield is required. This is to
protect their face completely from potential hazards present at the
workplace.
 3. The lesson on Chemical Safety ends with the slogan “Think Safety First”. Why is this so? How are you
going to practice during times of emergencies? Cite an example of a situation to answer the question.

Humans are susceptible to hazards. Humans are always dealing with danger in everyday events.
Humans have only one life". This is why we should think of safety before anything else because humans are not
immortal. Safety is needed to be humans' topmost priority when doing both basic activities and dangerous tasks.
Everywhere there is always danger; thus, putting safety first at the top is vital to avoid the hazard or lessen the
risk of danger present along the way. Safety is critical in our daily lives because it requires extra caution to avoid
unavoidable accidents. Mishaps happen everywhere, even in the safest places, no matter how cautious we are
in our actions. What will happen in the next instant is highly unpredictable. Numerous incidents we encounter
include simple trips, falls, cuts from sharp objects, burns, or a sudden worsening of a person's health condition.
There is much uncertainty in our lives, and facing all of these without being ready or thinking of safety first will
make us more vulnerable. However, we can always minimize the risk that potential hazards can cause by
THINKING OF SAFETY FIRST.

Since emergencies happen at any time, we must think about how we will respond and approach an
emergency. Being prepared means putting safety first. Putting safety first means assuring that one's life is
secured. Preparation before an emergency incident is critical in ensuring that employers and workers have the
necessary equipment, know where to go, and know how to keep themselves safe when an emergency occurs.
During emergencies, one can be safe by preparing before the hazard happen. For instance, bringing a first-aid
kit and personal protective equipment is the best tool for preventing further injury to the injured and ensuring
they are on the road to recovery as quickly as possible. (1) It encourages employees to work without fear at
work because the possibility of an accident cannot be removed; placing first-aid kits in strategic and easily visible
locations is exceptionally beneficial. (2) Although our home appears safe, we should keep an adequate stock of
supplies in the first aid kit in an easily accessible location. The longer we take to locate the first aid kit, the more
serious the injuries become. (3) At the laboratory, facing emergencies during experimentation may be inevitable;
however, we can still not encounter these flaws by putting safety first. Wearing appropriate PPEs before dealing
with dangerous substances; Reading hazard statements first attached to the substance's containers; Securing
that the workplace is less prone to potential hazards. Always remember that safety always comes before
production; otherwise, many accidents and fatalities might happen in the field of work. (4) As an individual, I hold
my safety; thus, developing an emergency plan before the emergency will keep me safe from the hazard. This
procedure will not just prevent me from fatalities and injuries but also the people around me. However, since
emergencies happen unpredictably sometimes, we might not be able to prepare for them; thus, during a
calamity, we can make ourselves safe by keeping away from danger. For instance, an explosion happens near
us. It is best to avoid it rather than engage ourselves in the hazard while not knowing how to stop it. Better to
give the work to an Explosives Ordinance Disposal Team (EODT) or bomb squad who is a professional in the
field. Remember, Think Safety First!