Grade 7 Maths Textbook

CAMBRIDGE
CHECKPOINT
AND BEYOND
Oxford
International
2
Maths for
Cambridge
Secondary 1
Deborah Barton
Oxford and Cambridge

leading education together
CAMBRIDGE
CHECKPOINT
AND BEYOND
Oxford
International
2
Maths for
Cambridge
Secondary 1
Deborah Barton
Oxford and Cambridge

leading education together
3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP
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® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International
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Contents
About this book 5 6. Planning, collecting and
processing data 81
1. Number and calculation 1 7 6.1 Discrete and continuous data 82
1.1 Adding and subtracting integers 8 6.2 Collecting data 82
1.2 Multiplying negative numbers 9 6.3 Two-way tables and frequency tables 85
1.3 Division of negative numbers 12 6.4 Averages and ranges 87
1.4 Squares, cubes, roots and indices 13 Consolidation 92
1.5 Multiples and factors 16 Summary 93
1.6 Mental strategies 18
Consolidation 21 Review A 96
Summary 22
7. Fractions 101
2. Expressions and functions 25 7.1 Addition and subtraction of fractions 102
2.1 Simplifying and expanding 26 7.2 Multiplication of fractions 106
2.2 Functions 30 7.3 Division of fractions 107
2.3 Constructing expressions 31 7.4 Using known facts and laws of arithmetic
Consolidation 33 to simplify calculations 109
Summary 34 7.5 Applying order of operations rules to fractions 111
7.6 Problem solving 112
3. Shapes and mathematical drawings 35 Consolidation 113
3.1 Constructing circles, arcs and triangles 36 Summary 114
3.2 Bisecting angles and lines 40
3.3 Congruency 42 8. Expressions, equations and
3.4 Drawing nets 46 formulae 116
3.5 Symmetry 50 8.1 Solving linear equations 117
Consolidation 55 8.2 Substitution into expressions 121
Summary 58 8.3 Formulae 122
Consolidation 126
4. Length, mass and capacity 60 Summary 127
4.1 Units of measure 61
4.2 Units of area, volume and capacity 63 9. Geometry 128
4.3 Estimation 64 9.1 All about angles 129
4.4 Imperial units 66 9.2 Angles in common shapes 132
Consolidation 68 9.3 Geometry problems using coordinate axes 137
Summary 68 Consolidation 139
Summary 142
5. Number and calculation 2 70
5.1 Rounding numbers 71 10. Fractions and decimals 144
5.2 Ordering decimals 73 10.1 Ordering decimals 145
5.3 Multiplying decimals 74 10.2 Adding and subtracting integers and decimals 146
5.4 Dividing decimals 76 10.3 Multiplying and dividing decimals 147
Consolidation 79 10.4 Writing fractions as decimals 151
Summary 80 Consolidation 155
Summary 157
Contents
11. Time and rates of change 158 16. Ratio and proportion 251
11.1 Plotting points 159 16.1 Units of measurement 252
11.2 Interpreting real-life graphs 161 16.2 Ratio 253
11.3 Drawing graphs 163 16.3 Proportion 256
11.4 Travel graphs 164 Consolidation 258
Consolidation 166 Summary 259
Summary 167
17. Area, perimeter and volume 260
12. Presenting data and interpreting 17.1 Perimeter 261
results 169 17.2 Areas of rectangles and triangles 264
12.1 Frequency diagrams and pie charts for 17.3 Area of a circle 268
discrete data 170 17.4 Areas of parallelograms and trapeziums 270
12.2 Line graphs 176 17.5 Areas of compound shapes 275
12.3 Histograms 177 17.6 Volume of a cuboid 276
12.4 Stem-and-leaf diagrams 180 17.7 Surface area 278
12.5 Interpreting and comparing data and diagrams 182 Consolidation 280
Consolidation 188 Summary 283
Summary 192
18. Probability 285
Review B 196 18.1 The idea of probability 286
18.2 Experimental probability 287
13. Fractions, decimals and 18.3 Theoretical probability 289
percentages 202 18.4 Listing outcomes 291
13.1 Equivalent fractions, percentages and Consolidation 294
decimals 203 Summary 295
13.2 Fractions, decimals and percentages of
quantities 205 Review C 297
13.3 Percentage increase and decrease 207
Consolidation 210 19. Vectors and matrices 303
Summary 211 19.1 Vectors 304
19.2 Using vectors in geometry 308
14. Sequences, functions and graphs 213 19.3 Matrices 311
14.1 Rules of sequences 214 19.4 Multiplying matrices 313
14.2 The nth term 216 Consolidation 316
14.3 Functions 220 Summary 317
14.4 Linear graphs 222
Consolidation 229 Index 319
Summary 231
15. Transformations 233

15.1 Reflection 234
15.2 Rotation 236
15.3 Translation 237
15.4 Combinations of transformations 240
15.5 Enlargement 242
15.6 Scale drawing 244
Consolidation 247
Summary 249
Introduction
About this book £ Technology boxes – direct students to websites

This book follows the Cambridge Secondary 1 for review material, fun games and challenges to
Mathematics curriculum framework for Cambridge enhance learning.
International Examinations in preparation for the £ Investigation and Game boxes – providing extra
Cambridge Checkpoint assessments. It has been fun, challenge and interest.
written by a highly experienced teacher, examiner and £ Full colour with modern artwork – to engage
author. students and maintain their interest.
£ Consolidation examples and exercises –
This book is part of a series of nine books. There are providing review material on the chapter.
three student textbooks, each covering stages 7, 8 and £ Summary and Check out – providing a quick
9 and three homework books written to closely match review of the chapter’s key points aiding revision
the textbooks, as well as a teacher book for each stage. and enabling you to assess progress.
The books are carefully balanced between all the £ Review exercises – provided every six chapters
content areas in the curriculum framework: number, with mixed questions covering all chapters.
algebra, geometry, measure, data handling and £ Bonus chapter – the work from Chapter 19 is not in
problem solving. Some of the questions in the the Cambridge Secondary 1 curriculum framework.
exercises and the investigations within the book are It is in the Cambridge IGCSE® curriculum
underpinned by the final framework area: problem framework and is included to stretch and challenge
solving – providing a structure for the application of more able students.
mathematical skills. A note from the author:
Features of the book: If you don’t already love maths as much as I do, I hope
£ Objectives – taken from the Cambridge that after working through this book you will enjoy it
Secondary 1 curriculum framework. more. Maths is more than just learning concepts and
£ What’s the point? – providing rationale for applying them. It isn’t just about right and wrong
inclusion of topics in a real-world setting. answers. It is a wonderful subject full of challenges,
£ Chapter Check in – to assess whether the student puzzles and beautiful proofs. Studying maths
has the required prior knowledge. develops your analysis and problem-solving skills and
£ Notes and worked examples – in a clear style improves your logical thinking – all important skills in
using accessible English and culturally appropriate the workplace.
material. Be a responsible learner – if you don’t understand
£ Exercises – carefully designed to gradually something, ask or look it up. Be determined and
increase in difficulty, providing plenty of practice courageous. Keep trying without giving up when
and techniques. things go wrong. No-one needs to be ‘bad at maths’.
£ Considerable variation in question style – Anyone can improve with hard work and practice in
encouraging deeper thinking and learning, just the same way sports men and women improve
including open questions. their skills through training. If you are finding work
£ Comprehensive practice – plenty of initial too easy, say. Look for challenges, then maths will
practice questions followed by varied questions for never be boring.
stretch, challenge, cross-over between topics and
links to the real world with questions set in Most of all, enjoy the book. Do the ‘training’, enjoy
context. the challenges and have fun!
£ Extension questions – providing stretch and Deborah Barton
challenge for students:
questions with a box e.g. 1 provide challenge
for the average student
questions with a filled box e.g. 1 provide
extra challenge for more able students.
® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge

International Examinations.
5
1111
1 Number and calculation 1
Objectives
1111
£ Add, subtract, multiply and divide primes; write a number in terms of its
integers. prime factors, e.g. 500 5 22 3 53.
£ Calculate squares, positive and £ Recall squares to 202, cubes to 53 and
negative square roots, cubes and corresponding roots.
cube roots; use notation in the form £ Use the order of operations, including
3
"49 and " 64 and index notation for brackets, with more complex
positive integer powers. calculations.
£ Identify and use multiples, factors, £ Use known facts to derive new facts,
common factors, highest common e.g. given 20 3 38 5 760, work out
factors, lowest common multiples and 21 3 38.
What’s the point?

The alternator in an aircraft is used to generate
electrical power. To check that the alternator
is working properly the pilot looks at an
instrument, called an ammeter, that measures
the flow of current. When the ammeter shows
a negative flow of current it means that the
battery is discharging and the alternator is not
supplying power to the system. The aeroplane
is in trouble!
Before you start

You should know ... Check in
1 Negative numbers are smaller than zero. 1 Write down the smaller
of these number pairs:
− − − − −
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 a 21, 5
negative numbers positive numbers b 3, 22
Numbers to the right of another number are always larger. c 2
2, 23
For example: d 21, 0
1 is larger than 23 e 26, 24
2
2 is larger than 24 f 23, 1
7
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
2 Square numbers come from squaring an integer. 2 Work out:

Symbols are used for squaring and square roots. a 42
For example: b "36
32 5 9 9 is a square number, it is the square of 3 c 12
"25 5 5 5 is the square root of 25 d "144
3 The volume of a cuboid is w 3 l 3 h 3 Find the volume of
For example: these cuboids.
What is the volume of a cuboid measuring 3 cm by 4 cm a A cuboid
by 10 cm? measuring 2 cm by
Volume 5 3 3 4 3 10 5 120 cm3 4 cm by 11 cm.
b A cuboid
measuring 7 cm by
1 cm by 3 cm.
h c A cube with side
length 2 cm.
l
w
4 How the rules of arithmetic work. 4 Work out:

For example: Multiplication and division a 11436
2 1 3 3 5 5 17 are completed before b 31235
addition and subtraction. c 100 2 15 3 5
1.1 Adding and subtracting r The number lines show that adding a negative
number is the same as subtracting a positive
integers number.
Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, c are positive whole Some people learn ‘mix means minus’, that is, a
numbers. Numbers such as 2 1, 2 2, 2 3, c are mixture of a plus sign and a minus sign together results
negative whole numbers. The set of numbers that in a minus sign.
contains both positive and negative whole numbers and
0 is called the set of integers. Look at the pattern below:
32251
The symbol for the set of integers is usually written
32152
using a ‘double’ capital letter , which stands for the
32053
German word for ‘numbers’, Zahlen.
3 2 21 5 u
One way to see how to add and subtract integers is to
What do you think 3 2 21 should be? In the pattern
work these operations using number lines.
the answers are increasing by one, so 3 2 21 5 4.
Look at these number lines:
r This shows that subtracting a negative number is
+−4
6+ 4=2 − the same as adding a positive number.
Some people learn ‘two minuses make a plus’, that is,
− − two minus signs together result in a plus sign.
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
is the same as
−4
6−4=2
− −
2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
8
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
EXAMPLE 1
e 2
4 1 23 1 7 f 2
4 1 6 1 22
Work out: g 4 1 24 2 26 h 7 1 25 2 23
a 4 2 22 b 2
3 2 25 2 4 i 7 2 27 2 7 j 9 2 23 1 21
k 2
4 1 23 2 26 l 2
12 2 215 2 16
a 4 2 22 5 4 1 2 9 Steve saves his money with the local bank.
56 He keeps a record of his savings. If he puts in
$20 he writes down 20. When he takes out $20
b 2
3 2 25 2 4 5 23 1 5 2 4 he writes down 220. He starts with $100. Here
5 224 is a record of his entries for six weeks:
5 22
30, 220, 20, 260, 230, 70
Find out how much he has in the bank at the
end of the six weeks.
Exercise 1A
1 a Draw diagrams to show 5 2 7 5 22 and 10 On Thursday afternoon the temperature fell by
5 1 27 5 22. 3º C. On Friday it had risen by 5º C. If
b 123 is the same as 2 3 Use this idea to Thursday morning’s temperature was 23º C,
write down the answers to: what was the temperature on Friday?
5 1 23 5 u, 3 1 23 5 u,
1 1 23 5 u
1.2 Multiplying negative
2 Write down the answers to: numbers
a 5 1 22 b 6 1 23 c 8 1 210
To multiply by a negative number remember that
d 4 1 24 e 1 1 22 f 2 2 21
multiplication is just repeated addition.
3 Find the answer to:
For example,
a 0 1 23 b 2
2 1 23
3 3 4 5 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 5 12
c 21 1 26 d 2
8 2 22
so
e 211 2 21 f 2
1 1 21 2
3 3 4 5 23 1 23 1 23 1 23
4 Try these questions: 5 23 2 3 2 3 2 3
a 428 b 4 1 22 c 3 2 23 5 212
d 3 1 6 e 28 1 6
2
f 2
828
g 28 1 10 h 6 1 23 Multiplication is commutative, that is,
3345433
5 Work out: so
a 6 1 26 b 6 1 27 c 2
225 2
3 3 4 5 4 3 23 5 212
d 22 1 25 e 2
3 2 26 f 2
4 1 23
6 The commutative law can be used to add Multiplying a mix
negative numbers: of a positive number
umber
6 1 24 5 24 1 6 5 2 and a negative
tive
number means minus.
Find the answer to:
a 3 1 25 b 4 1 22 c 8 1 27
d 8 1 210 e 14 1 26 f 5 1 25 Exercise 1B
1 Copy and complete:
7 Work out:
a 22 3 4 5 22 1 22 1 22 1 22 5 u
a 5 2 22 b 11 2 1 2
b 24 3 5 5 …
c 4 2 29 d 2
3 2 27
c 26 3 2 5 …
e 26 2 21 f 2
13 2 28
g 217 2 220 h 2
16 2 227 2 Without writing down the addition, find the
answer to:
8 Work out:
a 24 3 3 b 28 3 2 c 26 3 3
a 6 1 22 1 4 b 3 1 24 1 2
d 25 3 4 e 21 3 6 f 27 3 8
c 8 1 2 1 26 d 4 1 10 1 23
9
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
3 Copy and complete. Exercise 1C

The first one has been done for you. 1 a Draw a graph of the 3-times table for
a 2 3 23 5 23 3 2 5 26 multiplying numbers from 23 to 4. The
b 4 3 25 5 … answer axis will need to show numbers
c 6 3 22 5 … from 29 to 12.
d 5 3 26 5 … b Do all the answers lie on a straight line?
e 2 3 21 5 … c If you extended the line, what would be
the answers to 24 3 3 and 25 3 3?
4 Find the answer to:
a 26 3 4 b 27 3 3 c 2 3 22 2 a Draw a graph of the 4-times table for
d 21 3 8 e 8 3 22 f 10 3 210 multiplying numbers from 24 to 3.
g 4 3 27 h 22 3 9 i 9 3 23 b If you extended the line, what answers
5 Find the answer to: would you find for 25 3 4 and 27 3 4?
a 29 3 6 b 28 3 4 c 2
10 3 4 3 a Write down the answers to:
d 6 3 24 e 12 3 22 f 3 3 211 i 3 3 22 ii 4 3 22 iii 5 3 22
g 3 3 21 h 21 3 9 i 4 3 29 b Copy the graph. Complete it with your
answers to part a.
Multiplication tables Graph of −2-times table

You can show your times tables on a graph. 4
The diagram shows a graph of the 2-times table. 3
Notice all the points lie in a straight line. 2
1
Graph of 2-times table −2 −1
1 2 3 4 5 6
5×2 0
10
−1
9
−2
4×2
8 1 × −2
−3
7
−4
3×2
6 2 × −2
Answer
−5
Answer
5
−6
2×2
4 −7
3 −8
1×2
2
−9
1 −10
0 Number to be
−2 −1 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1 multiplied by −2
Represents
−2 –1 × 2
−1 c Lay a ruler along the points.
×2
−3 What answer does the graph give
−4 for 21 3 22?
d Extend the graph to find the answer
Number to be
to 22 3 22.
multiplied by 2
10
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
4 What does this graph show? 7 Copy this table. Match up the multiplications
and answers using arrows.
5 −3 × −2 −6
Answer
4 3× −2 6
−3×2 6
3
2 3×2 −6
1
1 2 3 4 8 Copy and complete the multiplication table.
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 Use your graphs of the 21-times, 22-times and
−1 2
3-times tables to help you. Follow the
−2
number patterns up the columns to complete
−3 the upper left-hand corner of the table, where
−4 negative numbers are multiplied together.
2 2 2 2 2
5 Use the graph in Question 4 to write down the 3 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
answer to: 2
5
a 4 3 21 2
4
b 2
4 3 21
2
c 2
2 3 21 3
2
6 Look at the graph of the 23-times table, 2
a What is 0 3 23? 2
1
b What answers does the graph suggest
0
for 21 3 23, 22 3 23, 23 3 23?
1
Graph of −3-times table
10 2 2
2 8
Answer
–2 × –3 = 6? 9
3 6
8
7 4
6
5 5
4 3 × 2 = 6
3
2
1
1 2 3 4
−4 −3 −2 −1 0
−1
−2
−3
−
−4 1 × 3
−5 Remember:
−6 r When you multiply a positive number by a negative
2 × −3
−7 number the answer is negative (mix means minus).
−8 r When you multiply two negative numbers together
−9 the answer is positive (two minuses make a plus).
−10 3 ×−3
−11
−12
4 × −3
Number to be
multiplied by −3
11
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
EXAMPLE 2 5 Find the answer to:

Work out: a 6 3 2 3 21 3 23
a 3 3 25 b 2
3 3 25 b 8 3 23 3 22 3 2
c 1 3 22 3 23 3 4
a positive 3 negative 5 negative: d 21 3 22 3 24 3 28
3 3 25 5 215 e 5 3 24 3 22 3 23
b negative 3 negative 5 positive: f 21 3 24 3 4 3 5
2
3 3 25 5 15 6 Find the missing number:
a 3 3 u 3 22 5 12
The same rules hold when you multiply more than two b 4 3 u 3 4 5 64
numbers. c 23 3 u 3 23 5 227
d 21 3 u 3 8 5 216
EXAMPLE 3 e 2 3 u 3 26 5 72
f 23 3 4 3 u 5 72
Find 23 3 4 3 22 g u 3 23 3 24 5 72
h 29 3 u 3 28 5 272
2
3 3 4 3 22 5 1 23 3 4 2 3 22
5 212 3 22 7 Find the answer to:
5 24 a 21 3 21
b 21 3 21 3 21
or 2
3 3 4 3 22 5 23 3 1 4 3 22 2 c 21 3 21 3 21 3 21
5 23 3 28 d 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21
5 24
8 Is the answer positive or negative, when you
multiply together
a three negative numbers
Exercise 1D b four negative numbers
1 Write down the answers. c five negative numbers?
a 435 b 24 3 5 c 4 3 25
9 Find a rule that tells you whether the answer
d 2
4 3 5 e 2 3 25 f
2 2
4 3 23
will be positive or negative when you multiply
g 234 h 22 3 24 i 2
234
several negative numbers together.
2 Write down the answers.
a 26 3 28 b 6 3 28
c 22 3 5 d 2
7 3 25 1.3 Division of negative
e 14 3 5 f 2
5 3 214 numbers
g 100 3 21 h 37 3 22 Multiplication and division of positive numbers are
i 21 3 21 j 2
3 3 23 connected like this:
k 220 3 220 l 20 3 220 3 3 4 5 12 so 12 4 4 5 3
3 Use the multiplication table in Question 8 of For negative numbers:
Exercise 1C to help find the missing numbers:
2
a 3 3 u 5 12 b 3 3 u 5 212 3 3 4 5 212 so 212 4 4 5 23
c 2
3 3 u 5 12 d 23 3 u 5 12
2
e 5 3 u 5 210 f u 3 22 5 10
Exercise 1E
g u3 458 2
h u 3 24 5 28
i 2
5 3 u 5 15 j u 3 4 5 216 1 Use the multiplication table in Question 8 of
Exercise 1C to find the missing number in:
4 Find the answer to: a u3356 b 4 3 u 5 12
a 21 3 3 3 22 b 2
6 3 24 3 2 c 24 3 u 5 220 d 2 3 u 5 28
c 4 3 21 3 2 d 2
8 3 23 3 22 e 3 3 u 5 212 f u 3 5 5 215
e 25 3 22 3 2 f 8 3 2 3 21
g 28 3 21 3 23 h 4 3 23 3 29
12
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
2 Use your answers for Question 1 to write 9 Find the answer to:
down the answers to: 2
4 3 29 2
21 3 22
a 643 b 12 4 4 a 2 b 2
3 7
c 220 4 24 d 28 4 2 2 2 2
70 35 6 16
e 2
12 4 3 f 2
15 4 5 c 1 2 d 2 2
10 7 2 4
3 Rewrite as a multiplication, using u.
10 a What is the square of 23?
a 18 4 3 5 u b 28 4 2 5 u
b Give two possible values of "9.
c 12 4 3 5 u
2
d 9 4 23 5 u
2
c Look at the multiplication table in
16 4 Question 8 of Exercise 1C. Can you find
e 2 5u f 2 5u
4 1 a number whose square is 29? Explain
4 Find the missing number in each part of your answer.
Question 3.
5 How can you tell whether the answer to a 1.4 Squares, cubes, roots
division will be a positive or a negative
number?
and indices
6 Copy this table. Match each division with its
Squares and square roots
answer using an arrow. Square numbers come from squaring integers
(multiplying a whole number by itself).
15
__ 1, 4 and 9 are the first three square numbers, which
5
−3 come from 1 3 1, 2 3 2 and 3 3 3. There is a short
15 way to write these using indices. For example, the
__ 5
3
fourth square number is 4 3 4 5 16 and this can be
−
15
written as 42 516. Any number can be squared.
___ −5 Sometimes you may want to use your calculator.
3
−
15
___ −5
−3 EXAMPLE 4
Find the square of 2.7
7 Multiplication and division of positive and
negative numbers follow a pattern. Copy and
complete these tables. 2.7 3 2.7 5 2.72
Second number Key into your calculator 2 . 7 x2 5
First number
× Positive Negative 2.72 5 7.29

Positive Positive
Negative Note that 7.29 is not a square number because 2.7 is
not an integer.
Second number
Finding the square root of a number is the inverse of
First number
÷ Positive Negative
squaring a number.
Positive
"49 means ? 3 ? 5 49 (where both numbers ? are
Negative the same)
8 Find the value of: 7 3 7 5 49 so "49 5 7

2
20 8 6
a 2 b 2 c
2 4 3
2 2 2
100 21 21
d e f
50 3 7
2 2 2
16 4 1
g 2 h 2 i
4 4 1
13
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
You can find the square root of a decimal using your

calculator. Exercise 1F
1 Work out the square or square root. (Where
EXAMPLE 5 there are two possible answers, write both.)
Find the square root of 11.56 a 92 b 6"121
c 142 d 6"0
To do "11.56, key into your calculator 2
e 13 f 6"64
1 1 . 5 6 5
2 Find the square or square root. You may use
"11.56 5 3.4 a calculator. (Where there are two possible
answers, write both.)
On some calculators you may need to key this in a 3.62 b 6"16.81
differently, for example as 11.56, then " . Check how c 0.322 d 6"0.16
yours works. 2
e 11.4 f 6"0.64
Squares and square roots are useful for working with
squared shapes to find areas and side lengths. 3 Find the square or square root. Round the
answers to 1 decimal place. In parts b and d,
EXAMPLE 6 give positive and negative roots.
a Find the area of a square with side length 15 cm. a 1.132 b 6"6.4
c 3.12 d 6"2.5
4 What is the side length of a square with area
a 7.84 cm2 b 60.84 m2 c 156.25 mm2?
15cm
5 What is the area of a square with side length
a 3.2 m b 6.9 mm c 1.7 cm?
6 To work out the square root of a fraction you find
b Find the side length of a square with area the square roots of the top and bottom separately:
104.04 m2. "9
9 3
5 5
Å 25 "25 5
Using this method, work out:
104.04 m2 a #49
16
b 81
#100 c #64
25
7 To work out "0.25 without a calculator you

can write the decimal as a fraction.
(The numbers in the fraction should be square
a Area of square is 152 5 225 cm2 numbers.)
b Side length of square is "104.04 5 10.2 m 25
So "0.25 5 , then find the square roots
Å 100
of the top and bottom separately:
From your work on negative numbers you know that
2
3 3 23 5 9 as well as 3 3 3 5 9. So if you want to 25 "25 5
5 5 5 0.5
work out the square root of 9 there are two possible Å 100 "100 10
answers: 6"9 5 3 or 23. If you are working with Using this method, work out:
side lengths of squares it does not make sense to write
down the negative square root as you can’t have a a "0.36 b "0.81 c "1.44
negative side length. In some cases, though, the negative
8 Can you think of a way of working out #32
square root is very important – you will learn about this 50
without a calculator?
in your Cambridge IGCSE® course. If a positive and
negative square root are needed, 6" is used.
14
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
Cubes and cube roots 3

To get the " function you may need to press the
Cube numbers come from cubing integers SHIFT or 2nd F button first. Some calculators
(multiplying a whole number by itself and then have a x button which allows any root to be taken.
multiplying by itself again). 1, 8 and 27 are the first You will need to tell the calculator to find a cube root
three cube numbers, which come from 1 3 1 3 1, by keying in ‘3’ before you press this button. Find out
2 3 2 3 2 and 3 3 3 3 3. There is a short way to how your calculator works.
write these using indices. For example, the fourth cube
Cubes and cube roots are useful for finding volumes
number is 4 3 4 3 4 5 64 and this can be written as
and side lengths of cubes.
43 5 64. Any number can be cubed. Sometimes you
may want to use your calculator.
EXAMPLE 9
EXAMPLE 7 a Find the volume of a cube with side length
12 mm.
Find the cube of 3.1
3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 5 3.13

Key into your calculator: 12mm
3 . 1 x3 5
3.13 5 29.791
b Find the side length of a cube with volume
2.744 m2.
Note that 29.791 is not a cube number because 3.1 is
not an integer.
Some calculators do not have the x3 button. You may
need to use a y x key or a x y key. This allows a
number to be raised to any power. You need to type in
the power you wish to find after pressing this key. For 2.744m3
example, to find 3.13, key in 3 . 1 xy 3 5 .
Find out how your calculator works.
Finding the cube root of a number is the inverse of
cubing a number. We use the square root symbol with
a small, raised ‘3’ in front to show we need to find the a Volume of cube is 123 5 1728 mm2
3
cube root instead of the square root. b Side length of the cube is " 2.744 5 1.4 m
3
" 125 means ? 3 ? 3 ? 5 125 (where all numbers ?
are the same) From your work on negative numbers you know that
2
3
5 3 5 3 5 5 125 so " 125 5 5 2 3 22 3 22 5 28. So if you want to work out the
cube root of 28, the answer is 22. Note that you can’t
You can find the cube root of a decimal using your find the square root of a negative number on your
calculator. calculator – you will get an error message if you try.
EXAMPLE 8
Exercise 1G
Find the cube root of 1.728.
1 Without using a calculator, work out:
3
3
a 33 b " 8
To do " 1.728, key into your calculator 3 2
c (21)3 d " 125
3
1 . 7 2 8 5 3
e (24)3 f " 1
3
" 1.728 5 1.2
15
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
2 You may use a calculator to work out: 3 Using the power key on your calculator,
3 3 work out:
a 0.6 b "1.331
a 3.24 b 1.35
6
c 4.33 d 3 2
" 21.952 c 2.2 d 1.15
2 5
e ( 7)
3 Rounding the answers to 1 decimal place,
work out: 4 Work out:
a 1.433 b " 3
4.3 a (21)2 b (21)3
2 4
3
c ( 1) d (21)5
c (23.4)3 d " 26.94 e When the base is 1, explain how you
2
4 What is the volume of a cube with side length know whether the answer will be positive
a 8.1 mm b 0.7 m c 1.7 cm? or negative for the power you use.
f Use this rule to predict the answers to
5 What is the side length of a cube with volume (21)20 and (21)37. Check these on a
a 117.649 cm3 calculator. Were you right?
b 32.768 mm3
c 0.512 m3? 5 On your calculator, try working out 9999. Do
you get an error message? Do you get an error
message for 9933? (See your teacher if you do
Index notation not understand the answer your calculator
You have learned that five cubed or 5 3 5 3 5 can be gives.) What is the highest power you can
written as 53 for short. This is called index notation. work out on your calculator for the base
3 is the power (also called the index). 5 is the base number 99?
number. We can do this with numbers other than squared 6 What is the highest power you can work out
or cubed numbers. on your calculator for the base number 9999?
we say ‘two
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 5 24 to the
power four’
we say ‘eight
1.5 Multiples and factors
8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 3 8 5 87 to the power The multiples of a number are all the numbers in its
seven’ times table.
24 can be worked out in your head or with a calculator The first four multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12 and 16.
using the button x y , x or y x (some calculators
require you to press the button ^ to find the power). Look at the multiples of 3 and 4:
Find out what you need to press on your calculator. Multiples of 3 are 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, …
Check that your calculator gives 24 5 16. Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, …
Common multiples of 3 and 4 are 12, 24, …
Exercise 1H
r The lowest common multiple of two (or more)
1 Write each of these using index notation:
numbers is the common multiple that has the
a 333333333
lowest value.
b 7373737373737
The lowest common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4 is 12.
c 535353535353535
d −2 3 −2 3 −2 3 −2 Factors of a number are the whole numbers that
divide into it with no remainder. It is a good idea to
2 Copy and complete (without a calculator if
look for factors in pairs to make sure that you do not
you can):
miss any out.
a 25 5 2 3 2 3 … 5 32
b 26 5 2 3 2 3 … 5
c 44 5 4 3 4 3 … 5
d 54 5 5 3 5 3 … 5
e 1024 5 2 3 2 3 … 5 2
f 100 000 5 10 3 10 3 … 5 10
16
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
EXAMPLE 10
3 Find the LCM of these pairs of numbers:
Find the factors of 24. a 24, 68
b 420, 180
We find factors by dividing by integers in order
4 Find the HCF of these pairs of numbers:
starting with 1.
a 180, 300
Since 24 4 1 is an integer, 1 is a factor of 24 and since b 270, 378
1 3 24 5 24 then 24 is also a factor of 24. We look
5 Find all the pairs of numbers that have a HCF
for all other factors of 24 in pairs in the same way.
of 30 and an LCM of 3150.
Try 2: 2 3 12 5 24, so 2 and 12 are factors
Then try 3: this gives 3 3 8 5 24 Prime numbers have exactly two different factors, 1 and
the number itself. Prime numbers can be found using
Then try 4: this gives 4 3 6 5 24
Eratosthenes’ sieve (see Book 1). The prime numbers
Then try 5: 24 4 5 has a remainder so 5 is not a under 30 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 and 29.
factor.
A common error is to think that 1 is a prime number.
We already have 6 as a factor, so we know we have 1 is not a prime number as it only has one factor,
found all factors of 24. not two.
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 are all factors of 24. Every number can be written as a product of its prime
factors. The two most common ways to do this are by
Look at the factors of 12 and 8: using factor trees and division by primes.
The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8.

EXAMPLE 11
The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12.
Write 126 as a product of its prime factors using
The common factors of 8 and 12 are 1, 2, 4. a the factor tree method
r The highest common factor of two (or more) b the division by primes method.
numbers is the common factor that has the
highest value. a 126
Two branches
The highest common factor (HCF) of 8 and 12 is 4. below multiply to
2 63 the number above,
so 2 3 63 5 126
Exercise 1I 7 9
1 Write down all the factors of these numbers: Circle prime
a i 18, 12 3 3 numbers to
show the
ii 10, 15 end of a
iii 13, 17 branch
iv 36, 48
v 25, 30 b 2 126 Start by dividing
b Find the common factors for each number 3 63 by the smallest
prime, then
pair. 3 21 by the next
c Find the HCF for each number pair. smallest ...
7
2 Write down the first 10 multiples of each
number:
a i 3, 7
ii 4, 9 So 126 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 7
iii 6, 8
iv 3, 12
v 8, 16
b Find the LCM for each number pair.
17
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
This can also be written in index form. This is useful

if there are a lot of repeated prime factors. 4 Three strings of different lengths, 240 cm,
318 cm and 426 cm, are to be cut into equal
126 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 7 in index form is 2 3 32 3 7 lengths. What is the greatest possible length
Writing a number as a product of its primes is useful of each piece?
for working out harder HCF and LCM problems. 5 Two lighthouses flash their lights every
You may have found Questions 3 and 4 in Exercise 1I 20 seconds and 30 seconds respectively. Given
hard. Example 12 shows how products of primes can that they flashed together at 7 pm, when will
help with questions like these. they next flash together?
6 A man has a garden measuring 84 m by 56 m.
EXAMPLE 12 He divides it into the minimum number of
square plots. What is the length of each
Find a the HCF
square plot?
b the LCM of 1260 and 600.
7 Neha said she had a different way of working
out LCMs. Here is Neha’s method for finding
a Using either factor trees or repeated
the LCM of 90 and 300:
division write 1260 and 600 as a product
of their primes: Step 1: Find the HCF first using the product
1260 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 of primes
600 5 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 5 90 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 5
300 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 5
HCF 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 5 60
Common factors are one each of 2, 3 and 5.
Use the
So HCF 5 2 3 3 3 5 5 30
common
factors Step 2: LCM 5 HCF 3 numbers left over
LCM 5 30 3 2 3 3 3 5 5 900
b Using either factor trees or repeated division
a Check Neha’s method by using it to work
write 1260 and 600 as a product of their
out the answers to Question 2 again.
primes using index notation:
b Rani said Neha’s method wouldn’t work if
1260 5 22 3 32 3 5 3 7 you had to find the LCM of three
600 5 23 3 3 3 52 numbers. Is she right? Try using Neha’s
method for Question 3.
LCM 5 23 3 32 3 52 3 7 5 12 600
c Are there any occasions when Neha’s
Use the highest method will work with three numbers?
power of each 8 Use the digits 0, 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8 to make two
common factor.
3-digit numbers with an HCF of 45 and an
LCM under 3000.
Exercise 1J 1.6 Mental strategies

1 Find the HCF of these pairs: Squares, cubes and roots
a 468, 324 b 540, 108 You should know all of your square numbers up to
c 450, 990 d 330, 910 20 3 20 and all of your cube numbers up to 5 3 5 3 5
2 Find the LCM of these pairs: without using your calculator. You should also know
a 108, 360 b 34, 39 the corresponding roots and cube roots. You may want
c 450, 180 d 150, 490 to spend some time learning these before attempting
the next exercise.
3 Find the HCF and LCM of
a 18, 20 and 30
b 9, 16 and 12
c 8, 18 and 50
18
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
You are now going to extend this to look at more

Exercise 1K complex calculations.
Do this exercise without a calculator.
The best way to set out these calculations is to
(Where the question asks for a square root you
work down the page, a stage at a time, as shown in
only need to give the positive answer unless the
Examples 13 and 14.
question indicates otherwise.)
1 Write down: EXAMPLE 13
a 838 b 33333
Work out:
c "49 d 152 a 52 2 2 3 1 52 2 1 2
e "324 b 1 10 1 2 3 2 1 20 4 22
2 u 3 u 5 144. Find u.
a 52 2 2 3 (5 2 21) BIDMAS
3 What is the area of a square with side length 5 52 2 2 3 (5 1 1) Brackets first
11 cm? 5 52 2 2 3 6 Then Indices
5 25 2 2 3 6 Then Multiplication
4 Write down:
5 25 2 12 Then Subtraction
a 53 b (218)2 5 13
3
c 2
6 3 26 d " 64 b (10 1 23) 1 20 4 22 BIDMAS
e 2 2
13 13 1 2
f both possible 5 (10 2 3) 1 20 4 22 Brackets first
values for "100 5 7 1 20 4 22 Then Indices
5 7 1 20 4 4 Then Division
5 u 3 u 5 361. Find u. 5715 Then Addition
6 What is the side length of a square with
area 169 m2? When you have a calculation written as a fraction you
need to work out the denominator and numerator
7 Write down:
3
separately first, before doing any divisions.
a "289 b " 28 c 14 3 14
8 What is the side length of a cube with volume EXAMPLE 14
27 mm3? 10 1 18
Work out
922
9 Write down both possible values for 6 "36.
You must work out the numerator
Rules of arithmetic and denominator first. The long
10 1 18 dividing line
You have learned before about rules of arithmetic to acts like
help make sure that everyone completes calculations 922 Brackets.
the same way. The order of operations (BIDMAS) 5
28
tells us that in calculations we do: 7
54
Brackets first Operations in brackets are Then do the Division.
completed first
then Indices Numbers raised to a power
(index) are done next
In Example 14, a common error would be to type this
then Division and Divisions and multiplications into the calculator as 10 1 18 4 9 2 2. If you do this
Multiplication are completed next – the order the calculator gives the answer as 10, because your
you do these doesn’t matter calculator follows the rules of arithmetic. Your
then Addition and Additions and subtractions are calculator is doing:
Subtraction completed next – the order you 10 1 18 4 9 2 2 Division first
do these doesn’t matter 5 10 1 2 2 2 Then Addition and Subtraction
5 10
19
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
That is, if you type in 10 1 18 4 9 2 2 the calculator

18 10 1 18
does 10 1 9 2 2 instead of 9 2 2 . 7 When working out the answer to
20 2 2 3 22 1 2, Odaro has made a mistake:
Note: Some calculators don’t follow BIDMAS rules.
Check that yours does. 20 2 2 3 22 1 2 Indices first
5 20 2 2 3 4 1 2 Then Multiplication
5 20 2 8 1 2 Then Addition
Exercise 1L 5 20 2 10 Then Subtraction
Do this exercise without a calculator (apart from 5 10
Question 5).
What mistake has he made?
1 Work out: 8 Work out:
a 41235 b 10 2 12 4 3
a 7 1 (9 2 22) 3 22 2 (32 1 5) 4 7
c 4 3 4 2 20 d 7 1 18 4 32
b 25 2 (22 2 5) 2 3 3 2 2 22
e 52 2 32 3 5 f 7 2 4 7 2 23
c (10 1 22 3 22) 1
g 33 2 (24 3 5) h 2
10 2 (8 3 25)
((22)2 1 3) 3 (10 1 (32 3 22))
i 25 3 24 1 100
2 Work out: Using known mathematical facts
a 15 2 3 3 4 1 22
You should be able to use mathematical facts that you
b 23 3 26 1 2 3 22
c 12 3 2 1 (221 4 3) know to derive new facts.
d 40 4 24 1 9 3 2
EXAMPLE 15
e 33 2 24 3 3 2 5
f 2 2 12 4 22 1 21 If 40 3 37 5 1480, what is 41 3 37?
g 43 2 2 3 23 3 22
h 26 1 9 3 22 4 3 41 3 37 5 40 3 37 1 1 3 37
i 28 2 22 3 23 1 35 5 1480 1 37 5 1517
3 Work out:
a (28 2 23) 3 (23 1 22)
b (227 2 33) 4 (225 1 19) EXAMPLE 16
c 5 1 (27 2 24) 3 22 Work out 32 3 26.
4 Work out:
32 3 26 5 30 3 26 1 2 3 26
319 14 1 22
a b 5 780 1 52 5 832
3 11 2 2
42 1 8 2 2 26
c d
2 22 Exercise 1M
12 2 3 53 1 If 30 3 47 5 1410, what is 31 3 47?
e 51 f
3 535
2 If 20 3 33 5 660, what is 23 3 33?
5 Repeat Question 4 using a calculator. Try to
type in each calculation as one sum (you will 3 Using the method shown in Example 16,
probably need brackets to do this, unless you work out:
have a calculator that allows calculations to be a 21 3 54 b 22 3 31 c 31 3 23
typed in as fractions). 4 If 600 3 52 5 31 200, what is 601 3 52?
6 Write brackets to make these correct: 5 If 50 3 34 5 1700, what is
a 6 1 22 3 10 5 100 a 5 3 34 b 500 3 34?
b 3 1 12 4 2 2 21 5 7
c 102 2 10 3 6 2 4 5 80 6 If 300 3 40 5 12 000, what is 300 3 42?
7 If 20 3 24 5 480, what is 222 3 24?
8 Make up some questions of your own like
these and give them to your neighbour to solve.
20
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
Consolidation
Example 1 300 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 5
Work out: 2 180
a 7 1 2 11 b 2
3 1 28 2 90
3 45
a −11 3 15
5
−
5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
180 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5
2
7 1 11 5 7 2 11
300 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 3 5
5 24
180 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 5
b −8 HCF 5 2 3 2 3 3 3 5 5 60
Use the common

−
12 −11−10 −9 −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 factors.
2
3 1 28 5 23 2 8
300 5 22 3 3 3 52
5 2 11
180 5 22 3 32 3 5
Example 2 LCM 5 22 3 32 3 52 5 900
Work out: Use the highest power of
each prime factor – this
a 72 4 2
b 2
72 4 2
is easier to see if the
primes are in index form.
a +4
Example 4
−
Work out
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
(4 3 5) 2 3 3 22 1 5
7 2 24 5 7 1 4
5 11 (4 3 5) 2 3 3 22 1 5 Brackets first
b +4 5 20 2 3 3 22 1 5 Then Indices
5 20 2 3 3 4 1 5 Then Multiplication
− − − − − − − −
5 20 2 12 1 5 Then Addition and
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1
Subtraction
2 2 2
72 45 714 5 13
5 23
Example 3 Exercise 1
Work out the HCF and LCM of 300 and 180. A calculator should not be used in this exercise.
1 Work out:
Rewrite 300 and 180 as products of primes using the a 22 2 4 b 2
317
factor tree or repeated division method: c 8 2 10 d 2
12 1 5
300
e 275 2 0 f 6 2 90
2 Work out:
30 10 a 3 2 25 b 2 1 26
c 4 2 211 d 2
9 1 24
e 27 2 25 f 10 2 280
3 10 2 5
2 5
21
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
3 Work out: 8 On Monday I had $23.50 in my bank account.

a 2 2 28 1 4 On Tuesday I withdrew $39. I paid $22 into
b 7 1 25 2 22 my account on Wednesday. How much did I
c 3 2 29 2 4 have in my account on Thursday?
4 Work out: 9 The temperature in St Petersburg on 4 December
a 335 b 2
334 was 2 2 °C. What was the temperature in:
c 3 3 24 d 2
3 3 24 a Bratislava, if it was 9 °C warmer than
e 5 3 24 f 2
4 3 26 St Petersburg
g 7 3 22 h 2
3 3 27 b Murmansk, if it was three times colder
i 11 3 2 12 j 2
13 3 2 14 than St Petersburg
c Volgograd, if it was 3 °C colder than
5 Work out: St Petersburg?
a 15 4 2 3 b 2
15 4 3
c 2 15 4 2 3 d 16 4 2 4 10 Work out:
3
e 2 144 4 2 9 f 2
182 4 13 a 33 b " 8
6 Find the value of: c (21)2 d 6"121

2
7 2
6 2
3 3 29 11 What is the area of a square of side length 3 m?
a 2 b 2
7 2 27 12 Work out:
14 18 2
25 24 a 27 b 44 c 53 d 34
c 2 1 2 d 2 2 2
7 6 5 4
13 If the volume of a cube is 216 cm3, what is its
e 2
3 3 2 3 25
2
f 7 3 4 3 22
2
side length?
2
55 45 14 Jade says that the square root of 225 is 25.
g 2 1
11 5 Katy says you can’t work out the square root
7 George noticed that the temperature of a negative number. Who is right?
was 3 °C before he went to bed. During 15 Write these numbers as products of their
the night the temperature dropped primes:
by 17 °C. a 15 b 18 c 30
What was the temperature in the morning? d 45 e 27 f 36
Summary
You should know ... Check out
1 a Subtracting a negative number is the Two minuses 1 Work out:
same as adding a positive number. make a plus. a 27 2 25
For example: 3 2 24 5 3 1 4 5 7 b 23 1 28
c 23 2 210
d 15 1 25
b Adding a negative number is the Mix means
same as subtracting a positive number. minus.
For example: 22 1 26 5 22 2 6 5 28
22
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
2 a When you multiply two positive numbers 2 Calculate:

together, the answer is positive. a 3 3 24
For example: 5 3 4 5 20 and 12 3 8 5 96 b 23 3 4
Two minuses c 23 3 24
b When you multiply two negative numbers make a plus. d 25 3 3
together, the answer is positive.
e 24 3 26
For example: 25 3 23 5 15 and 26 3 24 5 24
f 435
c When you multiply a positive and a negative

number together, the answer is negative.
For example: 23 3 4 5 212 and
5 3 26 5 230 Mix means
minus.
3 a When you divide a positive number by 3 Work out:

a positive number, the answer is positive. Two minuses a 15 4 3
12 15 make a plus. b 15 4 23
For example: 5 4 and 53
3 5 c 215 4 3
b When you divide a negative number by d 215 4 23
a negative number, the answer is positive. e 224 4 4
2
6 2
30 f 24 4 24
For example: 2 5 3 and 2 52 g 236 4 29
2 15
c When you divide a positive number Mix means h 36 4 29
by a negative number, the answer is negative. minus.
15 21
For example: 2 5 25 and 2 5 23
3 7
Mix means
d When you divide a negative number minus.
by a positive number, the answer is negative.
2 2
14 60
For example: 5 22 and 5 23
7 20
4 Any positive number has two square roots; one is positive 4 Work out:
and one is negative. a 1 23 2 2 b 92
For example: The square roots of 16 are 4 and 24.
c 6"36 d 6"49
5 You can use indices or powers to write a sum more simply. 5 Work out:
For example: 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 35 5 243 a 43 b 28
c 54 d 34
In 35, 3 is the base number, 5 is the power or index.
6 The cube root of a number means the number which, 6 Work out:
when multiplied by itself and then multiplied by itself 3 3 2
again, makes the original number. a " 125 b " 8
3 3
3
For example: " 512 5 8, since 8 3 8 3 8 5 512 c " 1 d " 27
23
1111111111111111
1111111111111111
7 Multiples of a number are the numbers in its times table. 7 Work out:
For example: Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 25, … a The first five
multiples of 8
The factors of a number are the whole numbers that divide into
b The factors of 30
it with no remainder.
c The first five
For example: The factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12. multiples of 12
d The factors of 32.
8 A number can be written as a product of its prime 8 Write these numbers as
factors using a factor tree or repeated division by primes. products of their prime
For example: factors:
150 a 45 b 72
c 60 d 75
15 10
150 5 2 3 3 3 5 3 5
3 5 2 5
In index form this is
150 5 2 3 3 3 52
9 The highest common factor of two (or more) numbers is the 9 Work out i the HCF and
highest factor common to those numbers. Use the common ii the LCM of
prime factors of each number to calculate it. a 45 and 72
For example: b 60 and 75
90 5 2 3 3 3 3 3 5
150 5 2 3 3 3 5 3 5
HCF 5 2 3 3 3 5 5 30
The highest common factor of 90 and 150 is 30.
The lowest common multiple of two (or more) numbers is
the lowest number that is a multiple of those numbers. Use
the highest power of prime factors to calculate it.
For example:
90 5 2 3 32 3 5
150 5 2 3 3 3 52
LCM 5 2 3 32 3 52 5 450
The lowest common multiple of 90 and 150 is 450.
For example:
10 5 2 3 5
15 5 3 3 5
LCM = 2 3 3 3 5 5 30
The lowest common multiple of 10 and 15 is 30.
10 The order of operations (BIDMAS). 10 Work out:

For example: a 4 3 32 2 (5 3 7)
(2 3 7) 2 5 3 22 Brackets first b 3 3 5 2 12 4
5 14 2 5 3 22 Then Indices (3 1 1)
5 14 2 5 3 4 Then Multiplication c (33 1 1) 2 22 3 3
5 14 2 20 Then Subtraction 32 1 5
5 26 d
7
24
222
2
Objectives
Expressions and functions
222
£ Simplify or transform linear index notation for small positive
expressions with integer coefficients; integer powers.
collect like terms; multiply a single £ Know that letters play different roles in
term over a bracket. equations, formulae and functions; know
£ Know that algebraic operations, the meanings of formula and function.
including brackets, follow the same £ Construct linear expressions.
order as arithmetic operations; use
What’s the point?

Basic formulas are part of your life.
When you want to find out how long a
journey will take you will be using an
algebraic formula:
Journey time 5 distance 4 speed
Before you start

1 How to work with negative numbers. 1 Work out:
For example: a 22 2 26
7 2 25 5 7 1 5 5 12 (two minuses make a plus) b 24 1 210
2
3 1 24 5 23 2 4 5 27 (mix means minus) c 28 2 23
d 20 1 210
2 How to simplify basic algebra. 2 Write these expressions in
For example: a shorter way.
a 1 a 5 2a a m1m1m
3 3 b 5 3b for short (no need to write the multiplication b 63y
symbol) c r 3 10
t 3 5 5 5t for short (write the number first, then d c1c1c1c1c
the letter)
25
22222222222
2 Expressions and functions
3 The area of a rectangle, A, is 3 Work out the area of the

rectangle with:
a length 2 cm,
A w width 3 cm
A5l3w b length 6 cm,
l
width 6.5 cm
c length 18 m,
For example: width 3.25 m
2cm
A 5 2 cm 3 5 cm 5 10 cm2
5cm
2.1 Simplifying and expanding EXAMPLE 1

Algebra is really generalised arithmetic. It follows the
Simplify:
same rules of arithmetic but uses letters or symbols
instead of numbers. a 7 1 4x 1 6y 1 2x 1 y
b xy 2 y 1 2xy 1 3y
In arithmetic you have:
4141414145534 a 7 1 4x 1 6y 1 2x 1 y
5 7 1 1 4x 1 2x 2 1 1 6y 1 y 2
while in algebra you have: 5 7 1 6x 1 7y
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 5 5 3 x 5 5x b xy 2 y 1 2xy 1 3y
5 1 xy 1 2xy 2 1 1 3y 2 y 2
In the same way 5 3xy 1 2y
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 34
while When we simplify the expression b 3 b 3 b 3 b 3 b
to get b5, this is using index notation. We say “b to
x 3 x 3 x 3 x 5 x4 the power of 5.” b is the base and 5 is the index. The
plural of index is indices. Like terms must have
You see basic algebraic expressions in many settings.
exactly the same indices to be combined. For example,
For example:
x2y and xy2 are unlike terms, since x2y means x 3 x 3 y
r Area of a rectangle 5 l 3 w and xy2 means x 3 y 3 y.
where l is length and w is width of the rectangle.
Remember the different notation for adding and
To work with algebraic expressions, you need to be multiplying letters. For example, a 1 a 5 2a and
able to simplify them. a 3 a 5 a2. It is quite common to see these written the
wrong way around.
The basic rule is that you can only add or subtract
like terms. The method for simplifying is the same even with
more complex expressions.
In the expression
7 1 6x 1 4y 2 2x EXAMPLE 2
6x and 22x are like terms. The number 7 and the Simplify:
term 6x are unlike terms and cannot be combined.
a 4x2y 2 3xy2 1 xy 1 2x2y
To simplify expressions you have to combine b 3abc 1 abc2 2 2abc 2 a2bc
like terms.
26
22222222222
a 4x2y 2 3xy2 1 xy 1 2x2y
5 1 4x2y 1 2x2y 2 2 3xy2 1 xy
5 6x2y 2 3xy2 1 xy
6
Copy and complete this diagram with four

more equivalent expressions for 5t 2 3m.
3t − m + 2t − 2 m
b 3abc 1 abc2 2 2abc 2 a2bc
5 1 3abc 2 2abc 2 1 abc2 2 a2bc
5 abc 1 abc2 2 a2bc Notice 5t − 3m
these are all
unlike terms!
t − 3m − 6t − m + 10t + m

Exercise 2A a 3m 1 u 2 2m 1 4p 5 m 1 7p
1 Simplify: b u 2 5t 2 6v 1 2t 5 2v 2 3t
a 3x 1 4x c 3c 2 4r 2 u 2 u 5 25c 2 6r
b 5y 2 2y d 18p 1 15y 2 17p 2 u p 1 uy 5 7p 1 8y
c 3x 1 4y
d 5y 2 2x 1 y 8 a To complete the pyramid, the expression in
e 4x 2 3y 1 2y each box is found by adding the two blocks
f 2 + ab 2 2ab 1 3ab 1 3 below it. The second row of this pyramid
g 3x 2 4y 1 2x has been completed for you. What goes in
h 4y 2 2x 2 2y 1 x the top block? Simplify your answer.
i 1 1 3xy 2 2x 1 4 1 2xy
j 2y 2 3x 1 3y 2 2x +
2 Simplify: 3x + 5 5 + 6x
a 2x2 2 x2 1 3x2
3x 5 6x
b 4y 2 y 1 6
c 3y 2 2y 1 4y b Fill in the missing blocks in this pyramid.
d 3x2 2 2x2 2 x2
e 4 1 3y 2 2 1 4y 12y
f 3 2 3x 1 6 2 6x − 7x + 9y − 5
g 3a2 2 3a 2 a2
4x + y + 8
h 4a2 2 3a2 1 a2 1 a
− 4x + 3y
i 3xy 2 y 1 2xy 1 y
j 4a3 2 2a2 1 3a2 1 2a − 3x
3 Sort these terms into pairs of like terms to find

the odd one out:
ab2 ca2 bc2 a2c a2b c2b b2a TECHNOLOGY
4 Amy says these are all like terms: Learn more about simplifying algebraic
3 expressions by visiting the website
9n 20.75n 80 000n 2N n
4
www.onlinemathlearning.com
Amy is wrong. Which term is the odd one out?
and following the links to ‘Algebra, Simplifying
5 Copy the boxes below. Expressions’.
Tick (✓) the pairs which are like terms. Make sure you watch the videos!
1 2
3x2pt 7x2p 2y x
12m2n3
0.09tx2p 0.4px2 5xy2 8n2m3
27
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Expanding brackets
You can work out the multiplication
6 3 74
In Chapter 1 you learned about the order of operations,
BIDMAS, and how it applies to numbers:
Brackets first
Then Indices
BIDMAS tells
you the order
using the distributive law: you should do
Then Division and Multiplication
operations in.
6 3 74 5 6 3 1 70 1 4 2 Then Addition and Subtraction
5 6 3 70 1 6 3 4 The same rules apply to algebra. In the next example,

5 420 1 24 brackets are expanded (or multiplied out) before doing
the addition and subtraction, to simplify.
5 444
In algebraic terms the distributive law is EXAMPLE 4
a 3 1b 1 c2 5 a 3 b 1 a 3 c Simplify:
That is, everything inside the brackets is multiplied by a 3 1 a 2 2b 2 1 a 1 4 2 2b 2
what is outside. b 2a 1 3 2 2b 2 2 a 1 4b 2 2 2
c 7m 1 5(6n 1 3m) 2 4n
This is called multiplying out brackets or expanding
brackets. a 3 1 a 2 2b 2 1 a 1 4 2 2b 2
5 3 3 a 2 3 3 2b 1 a 3 4 2 a 3 2b
EXAMPLE 3 5 3a 2 6b 1 4a 2 2ab
5 3a 1 4a 2 6b 2 2ab
Expand the brackets.
5 7a 2 6b 2 2ab
a 3 1 x 1 2y 2 b x1x 1 12
b 2a 1 3 2 2b 2 2 a 1 4b 2 2 2
5 2a 3 3 2 2a 3 2b 2 a 3 4b 1 a 3 2
a 3 1 x 1 2y 2 5 3 3 x 1 3 3 2y 5 6a 2 4ab 2 4ab 1 2a
5 3x 1 6y 5 6a 1 2a 2 4ab 2 4ab
3 5 8a 2 8ab
b x1x 1 12 5 x 3 x 1 x 3 1
5 x2 1 x c 7m 1 5(6n 1 3m) 2 4n This is positive
3 5 7m 1 30n 1 15m 2 4n because
5 22m 1 26n multiplying
two negatives
In Example 3 you expanded 3(x 1 2y). This is like makes a
working out the area of this rectangle: positive.
x + 2y
Exercise 2B
3 1 Expand the brackets.
a 31x 1 22
b 4 1 2x 2 6 2
c 5 1 3x 2 3 2
which can be divided into two rectangles like this: d 6 1 4 2 3x 2
x 2y
e x(x 1 5)
f 3x(x 1 4)
g 2m(3m 1 7)
h 5p(7 2 2p)
3 3x 6y
3(x 1 2y) 5 3x 1 6y
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2 Work out the areas of the rectangles.
a x + 7y
h
i
j
3 1 x 2 y 2 2 3 1 2x 1 3y 2
4 1 2x 2 3y 2 2 2 1 2x 2 y 2
5 1 3y 2 x 2 2 4 1 x 2 3y 2
2 7 Work out the areas of the two shaded regions

below. Simplify your expressions.
a 4
b x − 3y
4
x
2x + 5
c 2 x + 5y 4
5
b
3x + 6y
d 3x + 6y
7 3
2x + y
7
8 Pair up equivalent expressions to find the odd

one out.
3 a Draw an area that shows the expression 2
6x 2 5 6x 2 11
4(x 1 3).
b Write a different expression that gives the
same area. 5 2 2(3x 1 5) 6 1 15x
4 a Draw an area that shows the expression

(4p)2. 5(3x 1 2) 2 9x 2 7
same area. 4(2x 2 1) 2 (2x 2 7)
5 a Draw an area that shows the expression
(t 1 4)2. 5 2 3(4 2 5x) 1 13
same area.
9 Simplify:
6 Expand the brackets and simplify. a 5y2 2 y 1 1 1 2y 2
a 21x 1 12 1 31x 1 22 b x 1 3 1 2x 2 1 x2 1 1 1 2x 2
b 41y 2 12 1 21y 2 22 c 3x 1 1 2 2x 2 1 x 1 x 2 1 2
c 3 1 2x 1 1 2 1 4 1 3x 2 4 2 d 5y 1 1 2 y 2 2 y 1 y 1 3 2
d 4 1 1 2 2x 2 1 3 1 2 2 3x 2
e 3y 1 1 1 y 2 y2 2 2 y2 1 2 2 3y 2
e 51x 2 32 2 21x 1 22
f 7 2 (c 2 3) 2 2c 1 3(4 2 c)
f 3 1 4x 2 2y 2 1 3 1 2x 2 3y 2
g 3m 1 6 3 2m 2 20m
g 2 1 x 2 4y 2 2 2 1 x 1 y 2
h f 2 (h 2 3f) 1 5 3 4h 2 8f
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10 Work out the missing numbers or terms:

a 2(x 2 o) 5 2x 2 16
b o(3x 1 4) 5 18x 1 24.
To write this in a shorter way, when f (x) 5 2x 1 3,
f (5) 5 2 3 5 1 3
5 10 1 3
5 13
c o(8g 2 12) 5 104g 2 156
d o(6 1 13y) 5 42 1 o EXAMPLE 5
11 If the area of a rectangle is 8x 1 12 and the
INPUT OUTPUT
width is 4, what is the length of the rectangle?
×5 −1
12 Remove brackets and simplify:
a 3 1 x 2 2y 2 1 2 1 x 1 y 2 2 3 1 x 1 2y 2
b 4x 1 1 1 y 2 1 3y 1 2 2 x 2 2 2 1 xy 1 3y 2 a Write down the function in the form f (x) 5 …
c x 1 x2 2 3 2 1 x2 1 1 2 x 2 2 3x 1 3 1 x 2 for the function machine.
b Find f (3).
a f (x) 5 5x 2 1
2.2 Functions b f (3) 5 5 3 3 2 1
An algebraic expression is one which contains some 5 15 2 1
letters instead of numbers. An equation is different 5 14
from an expression. An equation contains an equals
sign. The equals sign shows that the expressions either
side of it equal each other. Equations can be solved to
find the value of the unknown letters (you will learn Exercise 2C
more about this in Chapter 8). A formula also has an 1 i INPUT OUTPUT
equals sign. It describes the relationship between two ×3 − 10
(or more) variables. The value of one variable depends
on the value (or values) of another.
ii INPUT OUTPUT
In Book 1 you learned about function machines and
mappings, for example: ×4 +3
INPUT OUTPUT
iii INPUT OUTPUT
×2 +3 −2
× +5
If x is the input, this can also be written as x ➝ 2x 1 3 iv INPUT OUTPUT

and if you call the output y, this is written as y 5 2x 1 3. +3 ×5
A function is similar to an equation and a formula.
Another way of writing the same thing is f(x) 5 2x 1 3.
This means the function applied to x is multiply by 2 a Write down each function in the form
then add 3. The function tells us about the way in f (x) 5 …
which the output depends on the input. b For each of these functions find f (3).
c For each of these functions find f (6).
If you want to find the value of the output when the d For each of these functions find f (0).
input is 5, you would do:
2 For the function f (x) 5 7x 2 3, find:
INPUT OUTPUT a f (0) b f (1)
c f (21)
5 ×2 +3 13
3 For the function f (x) 5 2 2 4x, find:
a f (4) b f (2)
Multiply by 2 Add 3 to c f (−5)
to get 10 get 13
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4 For the function f (x) 5 5(x 1 2), find:
a f (2)
c f (23)
b f (6)
EXAMPLE 6
5 Match one card from the first column with

one from the second column. The first is done
for you.
3b and 12b expression
2x + 9 = 19 function Write an expression for the number of paper clips

if there are:
4x + 5 term a 2 paper clips taken out of the pot
b 5 more paper clips in the pot
5x equation c 3 pots of paper clips exactly the same as this one
d 4 people sharing the pot of paper clips equally
f(x) = 3x − 1 like terms
between them.
6 For the function f (x) 5 8x 2 3, the output There is an unknown number of paper clips in
was 37. What was the input? this pot, let’s say n paper clips.
7 What do you think f (x) 5 2 means? a n22 It doesn’t
b n15 matter what
8 If f (x) 5 2(3x 2 5) when f (x) 5 74, what is c 3n letter you use.
the value of x? n
d n 4 4 or
4
2.3 Constructing expressions

EXAMPLE 7
We can write algebraic expressions to help us derive
formulae (you will learn more about formulae in Write an expression for the total time needed
Chapter 8). Algebraic expressions are a shorter way of to roast a turkey with a mass of k kilograms, if
writing something. it takes 20 minutes plus 35 minutes for
each kilogram.
In Book 1 you learned how to construct simple
expressions like this: Time, in minutes, is 20 1 35k
If I have 3 pens costing $4 each the cost of these
3 pens is 3 3 4 5 $12
If I have 5 pens costing $4 each the cost of these Exercise 2D
5 pens is 5 3 4 5 $15 1
If I have x pens costing $4 each the cost of these x pens
is x 3 4 5 $4x
4x is an expression that tells us the cost of an unknown
number of pens each costing $4.
If you are not sure how to construct the expression,
think what sum you would need to do if numbers were There are S sugar cubes in a bowl.
involved instead of letters. For instance, in Example 6
Write an expression for the number of sugar
you could estimate the number of paper clips in the
cubes if I
pot, think what sum to do using that number, then
a take out 6 sugar cubes
replace that number with a letter.
b put in 10 sugar cubes
c have 5 bowls exactly the same
d take out half of the sugar cubes.
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2 Write an expression for the perimeter of these

shapes (the distance around the edge).
Simplify your expression where possible.
The total cost of
30 − 3W
3V
a 3x b 3 books
m m 3(W + V)
4x The total cost of
m 3 books and 3 CDs 3W
c 3 d a a How much more

3 CDs cost than 3W − 3V
p 3 books
4 b b
The change from 3V − 3W
x c
$30 after buying
3 CDs
3W − 30
3 a Write an expression for the total cost of

3W + V
k pens at $3 per pen and p pencils at
$1 per pencil. b Choose any two expressions from a that
b Write an expression for the total cost of are not paired with a description and write
k pens at $m per pen and p pencils at the meaning of those expressions in words.
$t per pencil.
8 To change kilometres to miles you divide by 8
4 Write an expression for the cost of hiring a then multiply by 5. Write an expression for the
taxi to travel K kilometres if there is a fixed number of miles in H kilometres.
cost of $2 plus $0.50 per kilometre.
9 Write using algebra:
5 To change a temperature in degrees Celsius to a I think of a number w, multiply it by 3 and
degrees Fahrenheit, multiply by 1.8 and then add 7.
add 32. Write an expression to show the b I think of a number x, add 4 then multiply
temperature in degrees Fahrenheit of something it by 2.
with a temperature of C degrees Celsius. c I think of a number y, divide it by 5 and
6 An exchange rate shows that you get 2 New then subtract 9.
Zealand dollars for every UK pound. Write an d I think of a number z, and multiply it by
expression to show the number of New Zealand itself.
dollars you would get for P UK pounds. 10 The monthly cost of local calls on a mobile
7 a A book costs V dollars. A CD costs phone is $8 plus 9 cents per call. Write an
W dollars. expression for the total cost, in dollars, of
Match each description with the correct r local calls in x months.
expression. The first one is done for you. 11 Write an expression for the number of sugar
cubes left in the bowl in Question 1 if I take
out 10% of the sugar cubes.
B INVESTIGATION
Think of a number, call it A. Think of a different
number, call it B. Which of the expressions below
are always the same as each other no matter what
values you choose for A and B?
B A
AB A1B A 2(A 1 B) B BA
A 1B2 2
B2A B 1 A (A 1 B) 2
A 2 B 2A 1 2B
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Consolidation
Example 1
4
Write down four expressions equivalent to

Simplify:
5m 2 3t 1 m 2 3t without using the numbers
a 2s 1 8 1 3t 2 5s 1 4t 2 2 5, 3 or 1. You may use brackets if you want.
b 4(3x 1 5) 2 3(6 2 2x) 5 Expand the brackets and simplify:
a 3(x 1 2) 1 4x
a 2s 1 8 1 3t 2 5s 1 4t 2 2 You get the plus b 5(2 1 4y) 1 3(2y 1 6)
5 2s 2 5s 1 3t 1 4t 1 8 2 2 sign here from c 2 1 4(5x – 7)
multiplying together
5 23s 1 7t 1 6 two negatives.
d 3(2t 2 1) 2 5(4t 2 3)
b 4(3x 1 5) 2 3(6 2 2x) 6 Write down an expression for the areas of
5 12x 1 20 2 18 1 6x these rectangles:
5 18x 1 2 a x+8 b 11
5
Example 2 2d − 4
For the function f (x) 5 10 2 2x, find:
a f (4) b f (22)
7 Work out the missing numbers or terms:
a f (4) 5 10 2 2 3 4 BIDMAS
a 3(h 2 h) 5 3h 2 15
5 10 – 8 says b h(4x 1 3) 5 16x 1 12
52 multiply c h(4x 2 3) 5 40x – 30
before
subtracting.
d h(3 1 12m) 5 15 1 h
8 If the area of a rectangle is 4x 1 6 and the
b f (22) 5 10 2 2 3 22 width is 2, what is the length?
5 10 2 24 Two minuses
5 10 1 4 make a plus. 9 Write down an expression for the shaded area
5 14 in this shape:
10x − 4
Example 3
Write an expression for the distance travelled by a man
5
walking at U kilometres per hour for t hours. 8
3x + 6
Distance 5 speed 3 time, so distance is U 3 t or Ut.
10 Write down the functions for these function

Exercise 2 machines in the form f (x) 5 … .
1 Simplify: a INPUT OUTPUT
a 5x 2 4y 1 2x ×4 +9
b 2y 2 4x 2 3y 2 8x
c 24d 1 3a 1 6d 2 a
d 5R 2 2r 1 3R 1 4 1 8r b INPUT OUTPUT
−2 ×3
2 Fill in the blanks in the expression
3t 1 oh 2 5t 1 ot 1 4h
if it simplifies to give t 1 6h. 11 Copy and complete this diagram for the
2x
3 Expand the brackets: function f (x) 5 .
5
a 5(x 2 3) b 9(2x 1 8) OUTPUT
INPUT
c 3(4 1 7y) d 12(7m 2 12p)
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Summary
1 Like terms of an algebraic expression contain the same letters 1 Simplify:
and can be simplified. a 5m 1 3t – 4m – t
For example: 5x 1 2y 2 x 2 3y 5 4x 2 y b 3x 1 4y 1 2x – 9y
c 3p 1 4 – 5p 1 7
1 4v
d 6f – 3g – 10f – 8
1 2f – g
2 You can expand brackets and use the order of operations 2 a Expand the brackets:
with algebra. i 3(5p 2 2)
For example: 2 2 2(3x 2 4) 1 7x ii 26(4 2 3x)
5 2 2 6x 1 8 1 7x iii x(x 1 5)
5 10 1 x iv 3p(5p 2 4)
b Expand the brackets
and simplify:
i 7(6p 2 8m)
1 5(2p 1 4m)
ii 50 1 80T
2 10(5T 1 2)
3 The difference between a term, an expression, an equation, 3 Which of the following

a function and a formula. are expressions?
For example: 3x is a term (and also a simple expression) a 3t 2 4 5 11
f (x) 5 4x is a function b 7x 1 4y
5x 1 2 is an expression c 2t
3x 1 1 5 13 is an equation d f (x) 5 3x
4 You can construct expressions. 4 Construct expressions

For example: for
i the area and
4 ii the perimeter of
these rectangles.
3x + 2
a
The area is width 3 length 5 4 3 (3x 1 2) 5
5 4(3x 1 2)
5 12x 1 8 7x + 2
The perimeter is the distance around the outside
b
5 4 1 3x 1 2 1 4 1 3x 1 2 12
5 6x 1 12
11p − 12
34
333
3
Objectives
Shapes and
mathematical drawings
333
£ Use a ruler and compasses to construct £ Know that if two 2D shapes are
– circles and arcs congruent, corresponding sides and
angles are equal.
– a triangle, given three sides (SSS)
£ Draw simple nets of solids, e.g. cuboid,
– a triangle, given a right angle,
regular tetrahedron, square-based
hypotenuse and one side (RHS).
pyramid, triangular prism.
£ Know that the longest side of a right-
£ Identify all the symmetries of
angled triangle is called the hypotenuse.
2D shapes.
£ Use a straight edge and compasses
£ Classify quadrilaterals according
to construct
to their properties, including
– the midpoint and perpendicular diagonal properties.
bisector of a line segment
– the bisector of an angle.
What’s the point?

Architects, draughtsmen, engineers
and carpenters are professionals
who rely on accurate mathematical
drawings for their work. There are
many other professions that also use
mathematical drawings, without which
their work would be extremely difficult.
Before you start

1 How to use a protractor to draw and measure angles. 1 a Use your protractor to
draw angles of:
i 308 ii 458
iii 728 iv 1438
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3 Shapes and mathematical drawings
2 How to draw and measure lines. 2 a Measure these lines:

i
A B
ii
b Draw lines of length:
i 6.1 cm ii 4.3 cm
AB = 3.2cm
3.1 Constructing circles, arcs Hold the compasses in one hand and at the very top.
Some people find circles are neater when they turn the
and triangles paper as well as turning the compasses. Practise
Circles and arcs drawing some neat and accurate circles in the
When constructing circles using a pair of compasses next exercise.
make sure the compasses are fully tightened and Part of a circle’s circumference is called an arc. Arcs
cannot widen or narrow as the circle is drawn. The best are used a lot in constructions – you will be using
compasses are those that don’t slip: them later.
arc of
a circle
For all the diagrams you draw in this chapter, make

A pair of compasses is sometimes wrongly called a sure that you use a pencil and that your pencil is sharp,
‘compass’, however a compass is really a navigational so that your work is accurate.
tool for indicating the direction of magnetic north.
A pair of compasses has two parts, joined by a hinge,
Exercise 3A
which is why it is called a ‘pair’. We will use
compasses for short. If you have compasses that hold 1 Construct these circles and semicircles with a
a pencil, make sure that when they are closed the pair of compasses. In each case, C is the
pencil point is in line with the metal tip. centre of a circle.
a
4cm
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C 2.5cm
7cm
Constructing triangles
d
The construction of a triangle given the lengths of its
sides is particularly simple.
EXAMPLE 1
C
6cm Construct a triangle ABC with AB 5 8 cm,
BC 5 6 cm and AC 5 4 cm, using a ruler and
2 Compasses can be used to construct circle compasses only.
patterns. See if you can draw these patterns.
a Draw AB, making sure it is 8 cm long.
A B
b With your compasses, draw an arc of radius
6 cm centred at B.
A B
c Draw an arc of radius 4 cm centred at A.
A B
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d Label the point where the two arcs intersect as C. Then open the compasses a little further (say 5 cm)
e Join AC and BC. and with the point of the compasses on A (as
shown in the diagram) draw an arc above the line.
C
4cm 6cm
A 8cm B
A P 6cm Q
In a right-angled triangle there are two perpendicular
sides and a third side. The third side is opposite the right Keeping the same radius, and this time with the
angle and is called the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is point of the compasses on B, draw another arc
the longest side of the right-angled triangle because it is above the line.
opposite the largest angle in the triangle.
h
y
p
o
t P B 6cm Q
e Draw a line up from P through the intersection of
n these two arcs, J. Remember, you do not know
u how long this line needs to be yet.
s
e
A right-angled triangle can be constructed using a

pair of compasses.
EXAMPLE 2
Construct the right-angled triangle PQR where J
PQ 5 6 cm and the hypotenuse QR 5 10 cm.
Draw a line longer than 6 cm. Mark P and Q on
that line, 6 cm apart. You now need to construct the
right angle at P.
P 6cm Q P 6cm Q
To construct the right angle, open the compasses to

a short length (e.g. 2 cm), put the point of the
compasses on P and draw arcs on the line either
side of P.
P 6cm Q
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2 Construct these right-angled triangles:

Put the point of the compasses on Q and with the a ABC, where AB 5 4 cm and the
radius set at 10 cm draw an arc on the line from P hypotenuse BC 5 5 cm
through J. Where the arc crosses the line is the point R. b RST, where RS 5 5 cm and the
hypotenuse ST 5 13 cm
c MNO, where MN 5 7 cm and the
hypotenuse NO 5 8.5 cm
3 Draw the triangle ABC such that:
a AB 5 8 cm, CA^ B 5 60° and AC 5 7 cm
b AB 5 9 cm, CA^ B 5 45° and
AC 5 6.8 cm
c AB 5 4.8 cm, CA^ B 5 30° and
AC 5 7.3 cm.
You can use a protractor for this

question (see Book 1 if you have
J
forgotten how to do this)
4 Construct a right-angled isosceles triangle of

your choice.
5
P 6cm Q
Finally, draw line QR to complete triangle PQR. 30° 30°
9m
3m
R
8m
The diagram shows the side view of a house.

Using a scale of 1 cm to represent 1 m, make
an accurate drawing of the side view.
10cm
6 In the triangle DEF, DF 5 10 cm, FX 5 6 cm
and XE 5 4 cm. Construct an accurate copy of
triangle DEF.
J
D
P 6cm Q
10cm
Exercise 3B
1 Construct triangles with sides:
a 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm
b 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm
c 7 cm, 6 cm and 9 cm
d 6.3 cm, 4.2 cm and 8.7 cm F 6cm X 4cm E
e 11.3 cm, 7.9 cm and 6.3 cm.
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3.2 Bisecting angles Exercise 3C

and lines 1 Draw a line PQ 5 8 cm.
The word bisect means to cut exactly in half. If you a Bisect the line.
bisect a line segment you can find the halfway point, b Each part of your bisected line PQ should
called the midpoint. If you bisect an angle you will be be 4 cm long. Check by measuring.
able to find half the angle. In this section you will
learn how to bisect angles and lines. 2 Copy the lines and construct their perpendicular
bisectors. (When you copy the lines keep them
In your diagrams you will draw lots of arcs to help at approximately the angles shown.)
you. These are called construction lines – do not rub
them out, as they show the method you have used. a
Perpendicular bisector of a
line segment
You can bisect the line PQ with a pair of compasses
and a ruler.
7cm
P Q
1
Draw an arc with centre P and radius more than 2 PQ.
Draw another arc, centre Q, with the same radius.
P Q
Y
9cm
The arcs meet at X and Y. Join XY.
P Z Q
c
6cm
Y
XY is perpendicular to PQ and bisects PQ at the 3 a Draw four different triangles.

midpoint Z. PZ 5 QZ. Perpendicular means at b Construct the perpendicular bisectors
right angles. of each side of the triangle.
c What do you notice?
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Join BZ. This line bisects AB^ C.

4 For your triangles in Question 3, are you able
to draw a circle so that all three corners of the A
X
triangle lie on the circumference?
(Hint: use your answer to part c.)
B
Z
5 Draw an approximate copy of this triangle,
about twice as big. Y
C
N
Exercise 3D
M O 1 a Draw an angle of 90° using a protractor.
b Bisect it to make an angle of 45°.
Construct a circle that passes through the three
vertices M, N and O. This is called the 2 a Draw an angle of 60° using a protractor.
circumcircle of the triangle. b Bisect it to make an angle of 30°.
3 Draw an approximate copy of each angle, then
Bisecting an angle bisect it.
You can bisect the angle ABC with a pair of compasses a
and a ruler.
A
C b
Draw an arc with centre B to cut AB at X
and BC at Y.
A c
X
Y d
C
Draw two more arcs with the same radius, centred at

X and Y. Label the point where they meet Z.
A
X
B Z
4 a Draw a straight line. This represents an
angle of 180°.
b Bisect the angle of 180° to get an angle
Y
C of 90°.
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5 a Using only a ruler and pair of compasses,

construct these shapes. Using the same radius draw an arc, with centre P,
to cut the first arc at Q.
i 6cm Join XQ.
6cm
Q
45°
ii 4cm
60°
X P
4cm
The angle QXP 5 60°.
Investigate how to construct these angles using
1
what you have learned: 45°, 30°, 222°, 15°, 75°
9cm
and 135°.
b What are the names of the shapes you
constructed in part a?
3.3 Congruency
You will need squared paper and tracing paper.
TECHNOLOGY Congruent shapes are the same shape and the
same size.
Get a complete review of all these geometric
constructions and more by visiting
www.onlinemathlearning.com
Click on the constructions you are interested in and
watch the video demonstrations.
It’s a great way to learn!
The four shapes above are congruent.

B INVESTIGATION Any shape that is transformed by translation, rotation
You can construct an angle of 60° at a point X on or reflection will be congruent to its image.
a line. Look at the triangles ABC and PQR.
Draw a large arc, with centre X, to cut the line at P.
C
8cm Q
7cm 5cm 7cm
A 5cm B P 8cm R
They are congruent.

X P
You can write
DABC ; DPQR
Where ; means ‘is congruent to’.
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The order of letters is important.

4 a The diagram shows four pairs of
From the order you can tell congruent triangles. Pick out the pairs.
^ 5 P^ , B^ 5 Q^ , C^ 5 R^
A A C
D
and AB 5 PQ, AC 5 PR, BC 5 QR.
Exercise 3E
B K
1 a Are the two shapes congruent? E F
L Z
M
b Make a copy of the shapes on squared

paper and draw a third shape that is X Y
congruent to them.
G J
2 a Are these two squares congruent? U
b Are all 10 cm squares congruent? H

c Are all squares congruent? Q S
3 a Are these two shapes congruent? R V
W
T
N
b Use tracing paper to check if you were right.
c For which pairs did you need to turn your
tracing over to make the triangles fit exactly?
b Are these two shapes congruent?
5 a If you trace triangle ABC in Question 4
and fit it on to triangle PQR, which angle
does A^ fit onto?
b ^ maps to Q^ , or A^ S Q^ .
You can say A
Copy and complete the mapping:
A^ S Q
^
B^ S u
C^ S u
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6 Write down the mappings for the angles in b Copy and complete the mapping:
each of the other pairs of congruent triangles H^ S u HJ S u
in Question 4. J^ S u JK S u
K ^ S u KH S u
7 a If you fit the tracing of triangle ABC in
Question 4 on to triangle PQR, which c Copy and complete the statement:
side does AB fit onto? DJHK ;
b Copy and complete the mapping: 11 Look at these two congruent triangles.
AB S QR
T
BC S u
CA S u 6.3 cm W
m
U
5c
8 Write down the mappings for the sides in each
of the other pairs of congruent triangles in R 70!
Question 4. 65!
9 Look at these two triangles. All the sides and S

V
angles are given.
20cm DRST ; DUWV
A C Use the information given in the diagram to
30!
60! answer these questions.
D a What are the lengths of RS and UV?
cm
17 b What are the sizes of i RT^ S ii VU^ W?

.3 c
m
10
c Which angle of DUWV is the same size

60! 20 as RS^ T? What size is it?
cm
10cm B d Find a side which is the same length as WV.
12 Look at these two congruent triangles.
30! K M E
E F
17.3cm
106!
a Are the triangles congruent?
6 cm
Trace DABC to find out. Did you have to
turn your tracing over? 52!
b Could you tell that the triangles were
congruent without tracing them? How? L F 12cm D
c Copy and complete the mapping of angles:
A^ S u, B^ S u, C^ S u DKLM ; DDEF
d Copy and complete the mapping of sides: Using the information given in the diagram,
AB S u, BC S u, CA S u answer these questions.
e Explain why it is correct to write a What is the size of KM ^ L?
DABC ; DFED b Write down the size of each angle of DDEF.
c Write down the lengths of the sides KL
10 a Are these two triangles congruent? and KM.
K
4.6cm 13 You are told the following information about
L M two triangles:
50! 70!
50! DXYZ ; DABC
m
XY 5 7 cm, XZ 5 5 cm
4.6
5c
4 cm
YX^ Z 5 100°
5c
m c
60!
Draw a sketch of both triangles and write
60! 70!
down all you know about the sides and angles
H 4cm J N of DABC.
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Testing for congruency 4 Both triangles have a right angle, and the
Triangles are congruent if any one of these four hypotenuse and another side of each triangle are
conditions hold. equal (RHS).
A Q P
1 Two sides and the included angle of each triangle
are equal (SAS).
P
B
A
C B R
R AB^ C and QP^ R are right angles,
C Q AB 5 PR and AC 5 QR
In triangles ABC and PQR: So, DABC ; DRPQ
AB 5 PQ,
BC 5 PR Exercise 3F
1 a Which pairs of the following triangles are
and AB^ C 5 RP^ Q.
congruent? Say which test you have used.
So, DABC ; DQPR b For each pair, write down the equal angles
and equal sides.
This condition is called SAS.
D P 4cm Q
2 Two angles and a corresponding side of each 6 cm
triangle are equal (AAS). 37° F
Y 5 cm
W 3 cm
9 cmX
56° R
S E
R
A B
35° L
T U V
L Z 37°
4cm
m
In triangles RST and UVW:

5c
m 6cm
9c
35°
SR^ T 5 VW^U
RT^ S 5 WU^ V K
and RT 5 UW. C M
56°
So, DRST ; DWVU M 3cm N
3 Three sides of one triangle are equal to three sides 2 In Question 1, the triangles ABC and QRP are
of the other triangle (SSS). congruent. The congruency statement for
A P them is:
DABC ; DQRP
Copy and complete the congruency statements
for the other triangles:
B C Q R DLMN ; c
AB 5 PQ, BC 5 QR, AC 5 PR DDEF ; c
So, DABC ; DPQR
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3 Draw the triangle ABC when: 10 If PQ is parallel to TS and PQ 5 TS, prove that:

a AB 5 3 cm, BC 5 4 cm, CA 5 2 cm a PR 5 SR and QR 5 TR
b AB 5 4 cm, BC 5 5 cm, B^ 5 30° b triangles PRT and QRS are congruent.
c A^ 5 50°, B^ 5 70°, BC 5 5 cm P Q
d AB 5 5 cm, BC 5 4 cm, C^ 5 90°
4 a Try using the measurements in
Question 3 a to draw another triangle with R
a different shape. Can you do it? Will all
triangles drawn to these measurements
be congruent?
b Repeat for the other parts of Question 3. T S
5 Draw two different triangles ABC with 11 If AB 5 DC and /ABC 5 /DCB, prove
AB 5 6 cm, B^ 5 30° and AC 5 4 cm. that AC 5 BD.
Explain why these triangles are not congruent. A D
6 These three triangles are congruent. Write
down the sizes of all the unmarked angles
and sides.
O
8cm 7cm
B C X Z
38.2°
7cm
81.8° 8cm B C
60°
M A
Y
38.2° 8cm
3.4 Drawing nets
N
Factories use different-shaped boxes for packing
goods. They start with a net.
5cm
r A net is a flat shape that folds to make a solid object.
L In a net, sides that join up to each other when folded
up must be equal in length.
7 Draw a rectangle PQRS. Mark in the diagonal
PR. Explain why the two triangles formed are In the diagrams opposite you can see the net of a cube
congruent, and write a congruency statement and a cuboid. Faces which are opposite each other
for them. when each net is folded up are the same colour.
8 Which of the following triangles are congruent? 4cm

a DDEF: /D 5 54°, /E 5 77°, DE 5 9 cm
b DGHJ: /G 5 49°, /J 5 77°, HJ 5 9 cm 4cm
c DSTV: /V 5 77°, /T 5 54°, SV 5 9 cm
d DXYZ: /X 5 54°, /Y 5 49°, XZ 5 9 cm
4cm
9 If AC bisects /BAD and /BCD, show that
AB 5 AD.
B
4cm 4cm
A C
4cm
D
4cm
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2cm
ii
3cm
5cm
b Cut them out carefully.

3cm 2cm c Fold them along the heavy lines.
d Stick the edges together with sticky tape.
e Name the solids you have made.
5cm 2 Copy each net onto squared paper. Cut it out
and fold it. What shape does it make?
a
There are many different nets that make the same

object. For example, an alternative net for a cube is:
Exercise 3G
You will need squared paper, card, scissors and
glue or sticky tape.
1 a Make larger copies of these nets on
squared paper. 3 a Construct this triangle accurately.
i
60°
5cm 5cm
60° 60°
5cm
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b Cut the triangle out. Draw around it on b Regular tetrahedron

card to make this net: 4cm
5cm 4cm
5cm 4cm
5cm
c Square-based pyramid
60° 60°
60° 60°
5cm 5cm
c Draw flaps on every other outside edge: 5cm
3cm
3cm
d Triangular prism
d Fold your net along the lines.

e Glue the flaps carefully. 3cm
Your completed solid should look like this.
5cm
6cm
4cm
e Triangular prism
It is called a tetrahedron.
3cm
f How many faces, edges and vertices does
it have? 3cm
5.5cm
4 For each of these objects draw an accurate net 3cm
to scale. Where there are triangle faces f Hexagonal prism, with regular hexagons
construct these using compasses. for end faces
a Cuboid
6cm
2cm
4cm
6cm
3cm
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5 James has drawn this: 7 Make an approximate copy of this net of

a cuboid.
TAB
Samirah has drawn this:
a On your copy write the letter ‘T’ on the

edge that the tab will stick to.
b On your copy write a cross (✗) on the two
corners that will meet the corner marked
with the spot (d)
8 Sketch the net of a cylinder.
9 Sketch the net of a cone.
P ACTIVITY
1 Make solids from each of these nets.
a
flaps
James and Samirah both say they have drawn
a net of a cube.
Which of these (if either) are correct nets for
a cube?
6 Draw the net of a cuboid measuring 3.5 cm by
4.8 cm by 5.2 cm.
This solid has 8 faces. It is called

an octahedron.
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b
3.5 Symmetry
You will need plain white paper to cut up, tracing
paper and scissors.
r A shape has reflectional symmetry if you can fold
it along the line of symmetry and make two halves
that match exactly.
This solid has 20 faces. It is called an
icosahedron.
line of symmetry
2 Another well-known solid is the dodecahedron. You can say that one side of the shape is the mirror
image of the other.
Lines of symmetry are easily found by folding.
EXAMPLE 3
How many lines of symmetry does a
Its net consists of twelve 5-sided shapes. rectangle have?
Cut out a rectangle and fold it vertically across its

middle. You will see the two halves match exactly.
line of symmetry
Make the net using these dimensions for each
five-sided shape. Repeat, folding horizontally.
5cm 5cm line of symmetry
108°
108° 108°
5cm 108° 108° 5cm
5cm
You should see the rectangle has two lines
3 Find some other solids that you can make the
of symmetry.
nets for.
4 Collect as many different cardboard boxes as
you can. Carefully unfold them to see how the Some shapes have three lines of symmetry:
manufacturer has made them, in particular the
tabs they use to secure the boxes. Write a
report on your findings.
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Some have four lines of symmetry:

c d
e f
Others have lots of lines of symmetry:
3 a Which of these road signs have

reflectional symmetry?
i ii
Exercise 3H
1 Make paper cut-outs of these shapes.
a b
iii iv
c d
b How many lines of symmetry does each

sign in part a have?
4 Draw each of these shapes and state how

By folding, find out how many lines of many lines of symmetry it has:
symmetry each has.
a isosceles triangle
2 Half of each shape is drawn, together with b equilateral triangle
its line of symmetry. Trace and complete c square
each shape. d parallelogram
a b e kite
f regular hexagon
g regular pentagon
h circle
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Rotational symmetry
Exercise 3I
r A shape which fits into the same position more
than once when rotated through 360° has 1 The triangle ABC is equilateral. Its centre is G.
rotational symmetry. Trace the triangle and place your tracing over
it. Place the point of your pencil at G, and
The letter H has an order of rotational symmetry rotate the tracing in an anticlockwise
of 2, because it fits into the same position twice when direction.
turned through 360°.
A
1 1 1 1
4 turn 4 turn 4 turn 4 turn
H H H
H
H G
1
It fits into the same position after a 2 turn and after a B C
full turn.
a After what angle of rotation does the
A square has order of rotational symmetry 4:
triangle fit into the same position?
A B B C C D D A A B b How many times does the triangle fit into
the same position in one complete turn?
c What is the order of rotational symmetry
D C A D B A C B D C of the triangle?
1 1 1 1
2 Write down the order of rotational symmetry
4 turn 4 turn 4 turn 4 turn of each shape.
a b
A shape which fits into the same position only once it
has turned 360° (that is, back to the start again) is not
described has having an order of rotational symmetry
of 1. We say it has no rotational symmetry.
c d
EXAMPLE 4
What is the order of rotational symmetry of these
shapes?
a b
3 What is the order of rotational symmetry of:

a a square
b a parallelogram
c an isosceles triangle
d a rhombus
e a kite
f a rectangle
a This shape fits into the same position 6 times, g an isosceles trapezium
so it has order of rotational symmetry 6. h a regular pentagon
i a circle?
b This shape looks the same only after a full
rotation, so it has no rotational symmetry. (Hint: if you are unsure what these shapes
look like, refer to the next section on
‘Classifying shapes’.)
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4 a Find some designs with rotational symmetry. b How many different shapes can you
b Copy them and identify the order of make with
rotational symmetry of each design. i order of rotational symmetry 2
ii no rotational symmetry
5 Copy and complete these sentences: iii order of rotational symmetry 4
The number of lines of symmetry of a regular iv order of rotational symmetry 3?
polygon is equal to … c Can you ever get order of rotational
The order of rotational symmetry of a regular symmetry 3 or 3 lines of symmetry in
polygon is equal to … patterns based i inside squares or ii
using squares?
6 A shape has been started below. Copy and
complete it so that it has 2 lines of reflectional
symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 2.
TECHNOLOGY
Artists have long used ideas of symmetry to make
beautiful paintings and patterns.
The Dutch artist M.C. Escher often used symmetry
in his works of art.
Search online for ‘Escher patterns’ to view some
of his work.
Classifying shapes
7 Shade in two more squares in this diagram so You can sort shapes in many different ways, for
that it has no rotational symmetry and one example by:
line of reflectional symmetry. r the number of corners
r the number of curved edges
r the length of edges
r the size of angles
r the number of lines of symmetry.
Triangles
Triangles are classified by their angles, sides or lines
8 Draw several copies of this 2-by-2 grid: of symmetry.
Triangle Sides Angles Lines of

symmetry
Equilateral All 3 All 3 3 lines
sides angles of
You need to shade 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the squares equal equal symmetry
inside the grid.
Isosceles 2 2 1
a How many different shapes can you
sides angles line of
make with
equal equal symmetry
i 1 line of symmetry
ii 2 lines of symmetry
iii 0 lines of symmetry
Scalene No equal No equal No
iv 4 lines of symmetry
sides angles lines of
v 3 lines of symmetry?
symmetry
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‘Bisect’ means
‘divide into
Quadrilaterals two equal parts’
Quadrilaterals can be classified by their sides, angles, or diagonals.
Quadrilateral Sides Angles Diagonals
Trapezium 1 pair parallel — —
Kite 2 pairs of adjacent 1 pair of opposite One diagonal bisects

sides equal angles equal the other at right angles
Parallelogram Opposite sides parallel Opposite angles Bisect each other

and equal equal
Rhombus All sides equal, Opposite angles Bisect each other at

opposite sides parallel equal right angles
Diagonals bisect angles
Rectangle Opposite sides parallel All angles 90° Bisect each other
and equal and equal in length
Square All sides equal, opposite All angles 90° Bisect each other at
sides parallel and equal right angles and equal
in length
Diagonals bisect angles
Some shapes possess all the properties of another shape. For example, a square is also a rectangle because the
square satisfies all the conditions required of a rectangle.
Exercise 3J 2 Are these statements true or false?

1 Copy and complete these sentences about a All parallelograms are quadrilaterals.
quadrilaterals using words from the cards b All rectangles are parallelograms.
below. Cards may be used more than once. c All squares are rhombuses.
d All rectangles are squares.
parallelogram rhombus trapezium
3 A pair of identical isosceles triangles are
square kite rectangle joined along an equal side. Draw diagrams to
show that the resulting quadrilateral can be:
a A ………. has 4 right angles and all the a a parallelogram
sides are equal in length. b a rhombus
b A ………. has diagonals equal in length c a kite.
that bisect each other at right angles.
c A ………. has diagonals that are unequal 4 ABC is a right-angled isosceles triangle with
in length but one diagonal bisects the B^ 5 90°. ACX is an isosceles triangle drawn
other at right angles. on the side AC. Describe the triangle ACX if:
d A square, a rhombus and a rectangle are a ABCX is a kite
also ……….s. b AC^ X 5 105°
e A ………. has only one pair of c ABCX is a square
parallel sides.
5 AC and BD are diagonals of a quadrilateral
f A ………. and a ………. have diagonals
intersecting at O. Name the quadrilateral if:
that bisect their angles.
a OA 5 OC, OB . OD and AO^ B 5 90°
b OA 5 OC, OB 5 OD and AO^ B . 90°
c OA 5 OB 5 OC 5 OD
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Consolidation
Example 1 Open the compasses to 10 cm and, with the point of the
Write down four properties of: compasses on B, draw an arc on the perpendicular line.
Join B and C.
a a parallelogram
b a square C
a Parallelogram
10cm
Two pairs of parallel sides

Two pairs of equal sides
Two pairs of equal angles
Diagonals bisect each other
A 7cm B
b Square
Example 3
Draw the net of this triangular prism.
4cm
3cm
Two pairs of parallel sides 6cm
Four sides equal in length 3cm
Four right angles
Four lines of symmetry
6cm
Example 2 3cm 3cm
Construct the triangle ABC with BA^ C 5 90°, 4cm
AB 57 cm and hypotenuse BC 5 10 cm.
First draw the line AB. 3cm 3cm
A B 3cm
Then construct a perpendicular at A.

3cm
A B
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Exercise 3
1 Using ruler and compasses only, construct the triangle XYZ with:
a XY 5 7 cm, YZ 5 8 cm, XZ 5 12 cm
b XY 5 8 cm, XZ 5 10 cm, XY^ Z 5 90°
2
6cm 6cm
6cm
6cm 6cm
6cm 6cm
6cm 6cm
a Construct the four equilateral triangles with side 6 cm shown above.
b Cut out the large triangle and fold along the inside edges. What three-dimensional shape have
you made?
3 Construct a triangle with:
a one line of symmetry b three lines of symmetry
4 Copy and complete this table.
Quadrilateral Lines of Number Number of Do diagonals Are diagonals Do diagonals

symmetry of right parallel bisect each equal in bisect the
angles sides other? length? angles?
Square
Parallelogram
Kite
Trapezium
5 Which of these triangles are congruent? Say which test you have used.
97° E G 7cm I
5cm
B D
3cm 4cm
4cm 30° 7cm
C F H
J
N
4cm
7cm
5cm
M
X
7cm
K 97° 30° Z
3cm 4cm
L O Y
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6 Draw a line 7 cm long. d I have order of rotational symmetry 2 and

a Construct the perpendicular bisector of four right angles.
the line. e My diagonals bisect each other at right
b Label the midpoint of the line M. angles. I contain no right angles.
7 Draw an angle of 58°. Bisect the angle using 11 Describe as many properties as you can of a
only a pencil and compasses. parallelogram. Include rotational symmetry,
lines of symmetry and diagonals among the
8 a Construct the triangle ABC where
properties you consider.
AB 5 4.5 cm, BC 5 6 cm and
AC 5 7.5 cm 12 Write down a the order of rotational
b What sort of triangle have you constructed? symmetry and b the number of lines of
c What is the special name for side AC in symmetry for these shapes:
this triangle?
i
9 Draw the nets of these shapes, constructing
triangles with compasses where necessary.
a
3cm
5cm ii
7cm
4cm
b
6cm
iii
4cm
4cm
c 5cm
iv
5cm
5cm
6cm
v
d
2cm
3cm
vi
10 Which quadrilateral am I?
a I have four lines of symmetry.
b I have one line of symmetry. My
diagonals are not equal in length.
c I have two lines of symmetry. My
diagonals are equal in length.
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Summary
1 How to classify shapes in terms of: 1 Write down three properties of:
r number of lines of symmetry a a rhombus
r number of right angles b a rectangle
r number of equal sides c a kite
r number of parallel sides d a parallelogram
r properties of diagonals
r order of rotational symmetry
2 How to use a ruler and compasses to: 2 a Construct triangle ABC with AB 5 7 cm,
a construct a triangle AC 5 12 cm and AB^ C 5 90°.
b construct the perpendicular bisector of a line b Construct the triangle with side lengths
c bisect an angle 5 cm, 7 cm and 8 cm.
c Draw a line 5 cm long. Construct the
perpendicular bisector of this line.
d Using a protractor, draw an angle of 40°.
Construct the bisector of this angle.
3 The longest side of a right-angled triangle is 3 Identify the hypotenuse in these triangles.
called the hypotenuse. D
h
y C
p
o
t F
e A B E
n H
u
s
e
G
4 Congruent shapes are the same shape and size. 4 Write down the four conditions used to test
For example: congruency.
B X
5cm 6cm 4cm 5cm
A C Z Y
4cm 6cm
Triangle ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ.
This can be written DABC ; DXYZ
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5 How to draw nets of cuboids, regular tetrahedrons, 5 a Draw the net of a cuboid measuring 4 cm
square-based pyramids and triangular prisms. by 3 cm by 7 cm.
For example: The net of a regular tetrahedron b Draw the net of this triangular prism,
with side length 3 cm is using compasses to construct the
triangle faces.
3cm
3cm
3cm
3cm 5cm
c Draw the net of this square-based

pyramid, using compasses to construct
the triangle faces.
7cm
5cm
5cm
6 How to work out the number of lines of 6 Write down a the order of rotational
symmetry and the order of rotational symmetry. symmetry and b the number of lines of
For example: The order of rotational symmetry symmetry for these shapes:
of this shape is 5 because it fits back on itself i
exactly 5 times when turning through 360°.
ii
The number of lines of symmetry for a rectangle

is 2 because it has only 2 fold lines which give
the same shape either side.
iii
iv
59
444 4
Objectives
Length, mass and capacity
444
£ Choose suitable units of measurement £ Know that distances in the USA, the UK
to estimate, measure, calculate and and some other countries are measured
solve problems in a range of contexts, in miles, and that one kilometre is
5
including units of mass, length, area, about 8 of a mile.
volume and capacity.
What’s the point?

The ground staff who prepare a cricket pitch
and set up the wickets measure lengths and
areas regularly. Did you know that the height
of the stumps should be 71.12 cm? Or that
the distance between the stumps should
be 22.86 cm? These measurements must
be exact!
Before you start

Find 1 of 16
1 How to multiply 8 1 Work out:
an integer by a fraction. first then 5
multiply by 5 a 56 3
For example: 8
5 3
16 3 5 (16 4 8) 3 5 5 2 3 5 5 10 b 25 3
8 5
5
c 44 3
11
2 The following metric abbreviations: 2 a From the list on the left, which are
mm – millimetres kg – kilograms measurements of i length, ii mass
cm – centimetres t – tonnes and iii capacity?
m – metres ml – millilitres b Which measurements are used for
km – kilometres ℓ – litres the largest objects?
g – grams c Which measurements are used for
the smallest objects?
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444444444 4 Length, mass and capacity
444444444
4.1 Units of measure A pencil weighs about
The main metric unit of length is the metre (m). 5 grams
One metre is about one long stride.
The tonne (t) is used for heavy objects.
1 t 5 1000 kg
A large car weighs

about 1 tonne
Exercise 4A
Small lengths are measured in centimetres (cm) or 1 Write down three things that are:
millimetres (mm). a less than 1 cm long
b less than 10 cm long
1 m 5 100 cm c about 1 m long.
1 cm 5 10 mm
2 On a sheet of paper, mark two dots that you
think are 5 cm apart.
Now measure the distance between them,
using a ruler. Were you nearly right?
If not, try again.
3 Repeat Question 2 for dots that are:
a 10 cm apart b 15 cm apart
A fingernail is about 1 cm or 10 mm long.
c 3 cm apart d 1 cm apart
Large lengths are measured in kilometres (km).
4 Which metric unit would you choose to
1000 m 5 1 km measure
a the length of this book
You should be able to walk a kilometre in roughly
b the height of a lamp post
15 minutes.
c the length of your little finger
For mass, the kilogram (kg) is used. d the distance from the Earth to the Moon
e the height of the tallest building in your
town or village
f the length of the hour hand on a watch?
A large pineapple 5 Write down three things that have a mass of:
weighs about a about half a kilogram
1 kilogram b about 1 kg
c about 2 g
6 Which metric unit would you use to measure
the mass of
You probably weigh between about 38 and 48 kilograms. a an elephant b this book
The gram (g) is used for small objects. c your friend d a coin
e a bus?
1 kg 5 1000 g
A lemon weighs about

50 grams
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4 Length, mass and capacity
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Converting metric units
5 This table shows the length of five objects.
Sometimes you need to change metric units from one Copy and complete the table.
to another.
Object Length Length Length
EXAMPLE 1 (cm and mm) (cm) (mm)
a Alroy is 1 m 87 cm tall. What is his height Pencil 18 cm 5 mm 18.5

in centimetres? Pen 13.3
b A piece of wood is 263 mm long. What is Eraser 50
its length in centimetres? Mat 95
Fingernail 9
a 1 m 87 cm 5 1.87 m 5 1.87 3 100 cm
5 187 cm 6 a Veda is 1.45 m tall. What is her height in
b 263 mm 5 263 4 10 cm 5 26.3 cm centimetres?
b Veda has a mass of 52.3 kg. How much is
this in grams?
You can convert units of mass in the same way.
a 0.24 km 5 u m b 0.76 kg 5 u g
EXAMPLE 2
c 5 mm 5 u cm d 3250 m 5 u km
An orange weighs 268 g. What is its mass in e 2.3 t 5 u kg
kilograms?
8 A piece of metal is 2.3 m long. A 45 cm length is
cut from it. How many metres of metal are left?
1 kg 5 1000 g 9 I walk to the shops, which is a journey of
so 268 g 5 268 4 1000 kg 5 0.268 kg 3.2 km. Then I walk to my friend’s house
which is 900 m from the shops. How many
kilometres have I walked altogether?
Exercise 4B
10 A sculptor carves a figure from a 4 kg piece of
1 Copy and complete: stone. The finished figure has a mass of 2.3 kg.
a u g 5 1 kg b u kg 5 1 t How many grams of stone were removed?
a u cm 5 1 m b u m 5 1 km
c u mm 5 1 cm
Metres Centimetres Millimetres

6 6 3 100 5 u 6 3 1000 5 u
8
11 The distance around a running track is 420 m.
3400 If Merpati runs round the track 6 times how
500 many kilometres has she run in total?
4000
4 Copy and complete this table. B INVESTIGATION

Kilograms Grams Write these distances in ascending order (you may
9 9 3 1000 5 u need to do some further research):
15 t The distance you can run in 5 seconds.
t The current men’s world record for long jump.
3.1 t The distance a car can drive on 5 cm3 of fuel.
4000 t The height of your school.
800 t The current women’s world record for high jump.
t The length of a football field.
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4.2 Units of area, volume For capacity, the litre (ℓ) is used.
and capacity A measuring jug has a capacity of about 1 litre.
For area, square centimetres (cm ) are used.
2
This square has an area of 1 cm2.

1cm
1cm
For smaller areas, square millimetres (mm2)

are used. The millilitre (ml) is used for smaller capacities.
Since 1 cm 5 10 mm, 1000 ml 5 1 ℓ
then 1 cm2 5 10 mm 3 10 mm 5 100 mm2
A teaspoon has a capacity of about 5 millilitres.
For larger areas, square metres (m2) or square
kilometres (km2) are used.
A square metre is about the size of half a door.
Note also that 1 ml 5 1 cm3.
Exercise 4C
1 Write down three things that have
a an area of less than 1 m2
b a capacity of less than 1 ℓ
c a volume of less than 1 m3.
2 Which unit would you use to measure
a the area of your town, village or city
b the capacity of a bottle of water
c the area of this ink stain:
d the volume of your classroom

e the capacity of a bucket
1 m2 5 100 cm 3 100 cm 5 10 000 cm2
For volume, we use centimetres cubed (cm3).
1 cm3 is a cube with side lengths of 1 cm.
1cm
1cm
1cm f the area of the piece of paper you are
writing on?
For smaller volumes we use millimetres 3 Copy and complete:
cubed (mm3). a 3200 ml 5 u ℓ
1 cm3 5 10 mm 3 10 mm 3 10 mm 5 1000 mm3 b 10 ml 5 u cm3
c 23 ℓ 5 u ml
For larger volumes, we use metres cubed (m3) or
even kilometres cubed (km3). 4 A bottle of medicine contains 250 ml. How
many litres of medicine are there in seven of
1 m3 5 100 cm 3 100 cm 3 100 cm these bottles?
5 1 000 000 cm3
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5 A bucket contains 3.4 litres of water. If 2300 ml 5 a Which of the following are sensible
are poured out, how many litres of water are left estimates?
in the bucket? i The height of a grown man is
about 2 m.
6 Copy and complete: ii The mass of an egg is about 1 kg.
a 5 m2 5 u cm2 iii The time to run a kilometre is about
b 2.3 km2 5 u m2 1 hour.
c 0.7 m3 5 u cm3 iv The length of a fly is about 1 cm.
d 9.25 km3 5 u m3 v Alison walks at about 50 metres
e 420 000 cm2 5 u m2 per second.
f 7 000 000 mm2 5 u m2 vi The area of the classroom door is
about 2 m2.
1
vii A soft drink bottle holds about 2 ℓ.
4.3 Estimation
b Write a good estimate for each part in a
The ability to make a good guess or estimate for the which you did not think was sensible.
size of something is very important in mathematics. It
helps you check whether an answer is sensible or not. 6 A litre of paint covers about 8 m2 How many
litres should be bought to cover a rectangular
wall:
Exercise 4D 1
a 12 m by 2 2 m
1 a Estimate the lengths of these lines:
i b 17 m by 3 m?
ii
iii Approximate and accurate values
iv
v
b Check your answers with your ruler.
How accurate were you?
2 Estimate in metric units:
a the width of your classroom
b the height of your classroom door
c the length of the blackboard or whiteboard
in your classroom
d the distance from your school to
your home
e the distance from your seat to the
principal’s office
f the width of a blade of grass Look at the flowers drawn above.
g the width of a pencil point a Without counting, say how many flowers you think
h the height of your school. there are.
3 Estimate the mass of: b Now count them. How many are there?
a a pencil b a large grapefruit In a, you estimated the number of flowers. You used
c yourself d a bucket of water your eyes and your mind but you did not count.
e a small car f a mosquito
g your exercise In b you counted and found the exact or accurate
book answer.
4 Compare your answers to Questions 2 and 3 Sometimes it is important to find the accurate number.
with a friend. At other times the approximate number is good enough.
Ask your teacher about any you cannot
agree on.
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Exercise 4E 5 a Ellis wanted to measure the mass of a
1 coconut. So he put it on a machine for
New Zealand wins again weighing people.
A crowd of 7000 watched for 4 hours

22 minutes, in brilliant sunshine, while
New Zealand scored another victory in
the Cricket today.
This report is from the Sports page of the

Daily Herald. 7329 people actually watched
the match, so 7329 is the accurate number and
7000 is the approximate number.
a Do you think that the reporter should have
used the accurate number?
b Would the readers be interested in the
exact size of the crowd? i What mass does each division on the
c Would the readers be interested in the dial represent?
exact length of the game? ii What is the mass of the coconut?
b Ellis took the coconut home. He weighed
2 Which of these statements shows an estimate? it on the kitchen scales.
a There are 39 people on this bus.
b I think it is 8 o’clock.
c It is about 5 kilometres to school.
d That dress costs $18.45.
e There are 40 students in this class.
f 75% of students should pass their
maths exam.
3 Say whether you would count the number
accurately or approximately for each of the
following:
a The number of people in your family.
b The number of goals in a football match.
c The number of boxes of oranges harvested
by a farmer.
d The number of oranges in each box that
were harvested.
e The number of marks you scored in your i What does each small division on the
last history test. dial represent?
f The population of the world in the year 2050. ii What is the mass of the coconut?
g The number of grains in a sack of rice. c Which scale gives a more accurate reading?
4 Look through a newspaper. Try to find: 6 Which of these would you use to time
a three numbers that you think are given someone running the 100 m sprint? Why?
accurately a The Town Hall clock.
b three numbers you think are approximate. b A wristwatch.
c A stopwatch.
Explain your choices. d An alarm clock.
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7 Look at the centimetres and millimetres on 2 If you asked for a metre of cloth in a shop,
your ruler. Which of these measurements is would you expect to get exactly 100 cm 0 mm?
it possible to get, using your ruler? Why?
a 4 cm b 4 cm 5 mm
3 Say whether you would measure roughly or
c 32 mm d 32.5 mm
accurately, and explain your answer:
e 32.54 mm
a The mass of a diamond
Explain your answers.
b The volume of water in a lake
8 c The winning time for a 400 m race
d The distance from New York to London
e The surface area of Nigeria
4 Which of these measurements are silly? Why?
a Jo is 13 years, 7 months, 2 weeks,
3 days, 4 hours, 5 minutes and
10 seconds old.
b That truck weighs 3 t 507 kg 200 g.
c The Essequibo river is 1090 km long.
d It is 3 km 430 m 31 cm from my house
Which of these would you not measure using to the park.
your ruler? Why? e Eva is 1 m 57 cm 4 mm tall.
a The thickness of a hair f Emil’s personal best time for the 100 m
b The length of this book sprint is 10.48 s.
1
c The length of a football field g It took me 4 2 hours to walk from one
d The width of your desk village to the next.
e The length of a diamond h The Earth is 400 381 km 30 m from the
Moon.
Some people, like engineers and scientists, need to 5 Rewrite all the measurements in Question 4
measure as accurately as possible in their work. For using the < sign.
other people, less accurate measurements are often
good enough.
4.4 Imperial units
r The sign for approximately equals is <.
Some countries, including the USA and the UK, use a
For example, the distance from earth to the
different system for measuring, called imperial
moon < 400 000 km.
measurements.
One imperial measurement of length is the mile. You
Exercise 4F
can convert between miles and kilometres using the
1 For each pair of people, say which one needs following approximation:
to measure more accurately, and why:
a A nurse in a hospital giving an injection; 5
1 km < mile
a cook giving out soup in a restaurant. 8
b A farmer measuring the length of his field; The word ‘mile’ comes from the Latin word mille
a carpenter measuring wood to make a chair. (thousand), used over two thousand years ago by
c A chemist weighing an important new Romans to describe a distance of one thousand paces
medicine he has made; a woman weighing (mille passuum).
out rice in the market.
d A builder shovelling sand to make cement;
a tailor measuring a man for a new suit.
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EXAMPLE 3
5 The distance from Abu Dhabi in UAE to Cairo
Convert a 48 km to miles b 45 miles to kilometres. in Egypt is roughly 2368 kilometres.
Approximately how many miles is this?
5
a 1 km < mile 48 4 8 5 6 6 Copy and complete:
8
5 a 24 miles < u km b 50 km < u miles
48 km < 48 3 miles5 6 3 5 miles c 32 miles < u km d 35 km < u miles
8
5 30 miles
7 You may use a calculator for this question.
48 km < 30 miles 5
8 45 4 5 5 9 So far we have used the conversion 1 km < 8
b 1 mile < km 5
mile. As a decimal, 8 5 0.625. The decimal
5
8 conversion is more accurately 1 km < 0.621371
45 miles < 45 3 km 5 9 3 8 km 5
5 miles. Using 1 km < 8 mile makes calculations
5 72 km
45 miles < 72 km quicker and easier when you don’t have a
calculator. If you want more accurate answers
then you need to use a more accurate decimal.
Some people forget whether they should be
8 5
multiplying by 5 or 8. The most important thing to The distance from the earth to the sun is about
remember is that a mile is longer than a kilometre. 149.6 million kilometres.
So the number of kilometres will be larger than the a Convert this distance to miles using
5
number of miles if you have converted correctly. 1 km < 8 mile
b Convert this distance to miles using
1 km < 0.621371 miles
Exercise 4G c Subtract to find the difference between
1 Which of these conversions are clearly wrong? the two converted measurements in
a 80 miles < 50 km b 160 km < 100 miles a and b. This is the error.
c 30 km < 50 miles d 40 miles < 25 km d Repeat parts a to c for a distance of 50 km
e 20 miles < 32 km e When does the greater error happen?
f Can you find a more accurate conversion
than 1 km < 0.621371 miles?
a 35 miles < u km b 32 km < u miles
c 40 km < u miles d 65 miles < u km 8 The area of Cambridge, UK is about 45 square
e 120 miles < u km miles. Approximately how many square
8 kilometres is this?
3 Sujatmi said that multiplying by 5 was the
same as multiplying by 1.6, so her method for 9 Jamil said that he was going to use a ratio
changing 30 miles to kilometres was: method to convert between miles and
1.6 × 30 = 1.6 × 10 × 3 = 16 × 3 kilometres. He said 8 km < 5 miles, so the
ratio of kilometres to miles is 8:5. So if you
16
have the distance in miles and it is a multiple
× 3
of 5 then the distance in kilometres will be the
48
same multiple of 8. For example, 15 miles is
so 30 miles < 48 km the third multiple of 5 so the answer in
Use Sujatmi’s method to convert a 20 miles, kilometres is the third multiple of 8, which
b 40 miles and c 90 miles to kilometres. is 24 km.
Use Jamil’s method to repeat Question 2.
4 The distance from Wellington in New Zealand
to Jakarta in Indonesia is roughly 4800 miles.
Approximately how many kilometres is this?
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Consolidation
Example 1
c Write in grams:
What is:
i 4 kg ii 0.4 kg
a 6.3 m in centimetres
iii 3.2 kg iv 0.49 kg
b 253 g in kilograms?
v 15.2 kg
d Write in kilograms:
a 100 cm 5 1 m
i 500 g ii 75 g
So 6.3 m 5 6.3 3 100 cm
iii 5000 g iv 3168 g
5 630 cm
v 13 459 g
b 1000 g 5 1 kg
So 253 g 5 253 4 1000 kg 2 Write in ml:
5 0.253 kg a 5.3 ℓ b 230 ℓ c 52 cm3
Example 2 3 Write in ℓ:
Which is the most sensible unit to use out of mm, cm, a 280 ml b 40 000 ml c 3000 cm3
m and km for 4 A piece of wood is 3.1 m long. A 38 cm length
a The length of an ant is cut from it. How many centimetres are left?
b The width of your classroom
c The length of your hand 5 Copy and complete:
d The distance between England and France? a 7 m2 5 u cm2 b 8.1 km3 5 u m3
c 0.4 km2 5 u m2 d 0.08 m3 5 u cm3
a The length of an ant: mm 6 A bottle of water contains 300 ml. How many
b The width of your classroom: m litres of water are there in six of these bottles?
c The length of your hand: cm
d The distance between England and France: km 7 Estimate:
a the height of your classroom
b the length of your pencil
Exercise 4 c the capacity of the drink you had for
1 a Write in centimetres: breakfast
i 5m ii 28 m iii 7.2 m d the mass of your pen.
iv 3 km v 13.45 km 8 Copy and complete:
b Write in metres: a 32 km < u miles
i 25 cm ii 293 cm b 10 miles < u km
iii 8.1 km iv 0.32 km c 120 km < u miles
v 2615 mm d 120 miles < u km
Summary
1 The metric conversions for length, mass and capacity: 1 Copy and complete:
10 mm 5 1 cm 1000 g 5 1 kg a 4200 ml 5 u ℓ
100 cm 5 1 m 1000 kg 5 1 t b 1.7 m 5 u cm
1000 m 5 1 km 1000 ml 5 1 ℓ c 3000 mm 5 u cm
d 19 300 m 5 u km
For example: How many kilograms are there in 0.4 tonnes?
e 2.5 t 5 u kg
1000 kg 5 1 t
f 9.9 kg 5 u g
0.4 3 1000 5 400 kg
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2
3
The metric conversions for area and volume:
1 cm2 5 100 mm2
1 m2 5 10 000 cm2
1 cm3 5 1000 mm3
1 m3 5 1 000 000 cm3
The most appropriate unit of measurement.

For example: It would not be sensible to measure the mass of
3
a 7 cm2 5 u mm2
b 24 000 cm2 5 u m2
c 5 cm3 5 u mm3
d 4 000 000 cm3 5 u m3
e 3 m2 5 u mm2
Match the
measurement to the
item. One has been
an elephant in grams. Tonnes is a more sensible unit.
done for you.
Mass of
200ml
a rhino
Capacity of
70kg
a cup
Length of
9cm
a lion
Capacity of
2.3m
a car fuel tank
Length of a
1.5t
phone
Mass of
60ℓ
a man
4 The symbol < means approximately equals. There is a difference 4 Which of these
between accurate and approximate amounts. statements gives an
For example: “The bus is 10.3 metres long” is an approximation approximate value and
as it is sensible not to measure a bus to the nearest mm. which gives an
accurate value?
a Jane scored
63 marks in her
last test.
b Jane has a mass
of 44 kg.
5 That distances in the USA, the UK and some other countries are 5 Copy and complete:
5
measured in miles, and that one kilometre is about 8 of a mile. a 24 km < u miles
For example: Convert 56 km into miles. b 30 miles < u km
5 c 88 km < u miles
1 km < mile d 25 miles < u km
8
5
56 km < 56 3 miles 5 7 3 5 miles
8
5 35 miles
56 km < 35 miles
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555 5
Objectives
Number and calculation 2
555
£ Round whole numbers to a positive £ Use known facts and place value to
integer power of 10, e.g. 10, 100 or multiply and divide simple decimals,
1000, and decimals to the nearest whole e.g. 0.07 3 9, 2.4 4 3.
number or to one or two decimal places. £ Divide integers and decimals by a single-
£ Order decimals, including measurements, digit number, continuing the division to
making use of the 5, Z, . and , signs. a specified number of decimal places,
£ Read and write positive integer powers e.g. 68 4 7.
of 10; multiply and divide integers and
decimals by 0.1 and 0.01.
What’s the point?

Decimals allow you to perform calculations
efficiently and easily, especially if you use
a calculator or a computer. Decimals are
also very useful for comparing and ordering
numbers which otherwise are harder to
compare, for example fractions such
7 15 8
as 15, 32 and 17.
Before you start

1 The place value of a number. 1 What is the value of the 4 in:
For example: a 24 b 403
the value of the 6 in 361 243 is 60 000. c 2145 d 6430
e 34 218 f 4 013 625?
2 How to read and write numbers. 2 a Write in words:
For example: i 16 037 ii 2 150 263
31 058 is thirty-one thousand and fifty-eight. b Write in figures:
i one hundred and fifteen
thousand, two hundred
and six
ii one million and five.
70
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3 The metric conversions:
10 mm 5 1 cm
100 cm 5 1 m
1000 m 5 1 km
1000 g 5 1 kg
1000 kg 5 1 t
1000 ml 5 1 ℓ
a 0.3 m 5 cm
b 800 ml 5 ℓ
c 200 mm 5 cm
d 0.2 t 5 kg
e 40 000 m 5 km
f 3.81 kg 5 g
5
For example: How many grams are there in 0.27 kg?
1000 g 5 1 kg
0.27 3 1000 5 270 g
5.1 Rounding numbers

b The hundreds place is underlined:
It is not always necessary to give an exact number.
round up
For example, you would not be expected to give the 13 7 8 1400
exact number of people living in a city or attending round down
26 4 2 5 26 400
a sporting event.
Instead you could give an approximate number,
rounded to the nearest thousand or ten thousand.
Exercise 5A
Rounding a whole number means writing it correct to
the nearest ten, hundred, thousand, etc. For example, 230 240 250 260
124 is nearer to 120 than to 130.
1 Use the number line to write these numbers
124 is 120, correct to the nearest ten.
correct to the nearest ten:
124 is closer a 231 b 238 c 258
to 120 than to 130 d 243 e 250 f 251
g 236 h 245 i 255
120 124 130
12 tens 13 tens 2 Write correct to the nearest ten:
a 56 b 45 c 71
To round a whole number without drawing a number line: d 68 e 65 f 144
g 292 h 1411 i 1045
1 Look at the number and find the place you want to
j 2542 k 13 785 l 14 299
round it to – tens, hundreds, etc.
2 Now look at the digit to the right of this place. 3 Write correct to the nearest hundred:
3 If this digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 the number must be a 173 b 809 c 1486
rounded down. If it is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 the number d 2545 e 4555 f 4499
must be rounded up. g 11 659 h 12 111 i 13 011
j 20 068 k 130 506 l 220 087
EXAMPLE 1 4 Write correct to the nearest thousand:
a 1054 b 1154 c 1621
a Write 372 and 125 correct to the nearest ten. d 1995 e 4350 f 4512
b Write 1378 and 26 425 correct to the nearest g 4482 h 4921 i 13 316
hundred. j 12 051 k 437 012 l 718 954
a The tens place is underlined: 5 13 742 people watched a cricket match. How
round down
37 2 370 to the nearest ten. many is this to the nearest
round up a ten b hundred c thousand?
12 5 130 to the nearest ten.
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6 PICK OF THE WEEK

Tel: 724761
5 doors, 5 gears, 90 mph
Exercise 5B
21.7 21.8 21.9 22

1 Use the number line to write these numbers
291 to get TTEC wards correct to the nearest tenth (correct to 1 d.p.).
a 21.73 b 21.86 c 21.78
Crisis costing $91000 a day d 21.94 e 21.99 f 21.77
500 on str ike g 21.84 h 21.80 i 21.95
2500 people 2 Write correct to one decimal place:
gather
a 1.31 b 1.35 c 1.42
d 3.71 e 5.461 f 2.202
Look at the newspaper headlines. Which
g 12.394 h 13.011 i 0.057
numbers have been reported exactly? Which
have been rounded? Give reasons for your 3 Write correct to two decimal places:
answers. a 1.443 b 2.504 c 10.4001
d 0.3031 e 10.089 f 0.008
7 249 is the largest whole number which, when
g 0.1084 h 13.327 i 15.401
rounded to the nearest hundred, gives 200.
What is the smallest such number? 4 A rectangular postcard has length 18.4 cm and
width 11.6 cm. What is its area correct to one
8 What are the largest and smallest whole
decimal place?
numbers that when rounded to the
a nearest ten give 30 5 Repeat Question 3 but this time round to the
b nearest hundred give 1500 nearest whole number.
c nearest thousand give 8000?
6 Work these out on your calculator, giving all
answers to 2 d.p.
Decimal places a 146
b 3 4 11
You can round a decimal number to the nearest tenth
c 5 4 13
or hundredth. Look at the number line:
d the square root of 47
12.73
7 Two of the calculations below give the same
answer when rounded to 1 d.p. Which two
12 12.5 13 are they?
12.7 12.8
7.3 4 2.4 15 4 4.8
12.73 is 12.7 when rounded to the nearest tenth or
correct to 1 decimal place (1 d.p.).
2.32 3 1.4 24.5 4 8.19
EXAMPLE 2 0.91 3 3.2

a Write 5.64 and 3.1824 correct to 1 d.p.
b Write 2.144 and 3.2556 correct to 2 d.p. 8 What are the smallest numbers that when
written to:
a The first decimal place is underlined: a one decimal place give 3.6
round down
5.6 4 5.6 correct to 1 d.p. b two decimal places give 3.62
round up
3.1 8 24 3.2 correct to 1 d.p. 9 Six friends share a meal costing $173. They
decide to share the bill equally between them.
b The second decimal place is underlined: a What do they each owe, to the nearest cent?
round down
2.14 4 2.14 correct to 2 d.p. b If they each pay this amount they will not
round up cover the bill. Why is this?
3.25 5 6 3.26 correct to 2 d.p. c What could they do instead?
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10 Round:
a 124.98 to 1 d.p.
b 95.895 to 2 d.p.
Inequalities
‘5 is a larger number than 3’, ‘5 is greater than 3’,

‘3 is smaller than 5’, ‘3 is not equal to 5’, are all
sentences describing 3 and 5. They can all be written
c 199.999 to 1 d.p. in a shorter way using the symbols ,, . and Z.
d 99.99 to the nearest whole number
e 43 995 to the nearest 1000 , means is less than
f 7.9949 to 2 d.p. . means is greater than
Z means is not equal to
11 In Book 1 you learned that sometimes you
need to use common sense with rounding. 5 . 3 means: 5 is greater than (or bigger than) 3
Round these figures as stated then say what 3 , 5 means: 3 is less than (or smaller than) 5
is wrong with them: 3 Z 5 means: 3 is not equal to 5
a A bridge can safely carry a weight of From Example 3, you can see that 2.04 , 2.044 and
12.85 tonnes. In a safety leaflet someone 2.44 . 2.405.
rounded this figure to the nearest whole
number. Notice that the symbols , and . both have a narrow,
b A stadium has 68 850 seats. A ticket agent pointed end and a wide, open end. The wide end is always
rounded this figure to the nearest thousand next to the bigger number of the two being compared.
and printed this many tickets. , and . are inequality symbols. They show that two
c A company made $5349 profit in a numbers are not equal to each other and which of the
month. They decided to round this figure two is larger. Inequality symbols can be used to
to the nearest hundred. Profits are shared compare more than two numbers. The numbers in
equally among the 100 employees in the Example 3 can be written in ascending (increasing)
company. order separated by is less than symbols, like this:
2.04 , 2.044 , 2.4 , 2.405 , 2.44 , 2.442
5.2 Ordering decimals or in descending (decreasing) order using the is greater
In Book 1 you learned how to write decimals in order
than symbol, like this:
of size by considering the value of the numbers in
each of the place value columns. In particular, you 2.442 . 2.44 . 2.405 . 2.4 . 2.044 . 2.04
learned that a good way of comparing decimals is to
write all the numbers with the same number of
decimal places. Exercise 5C
1 Copy and complete, using , or . in place of
EXAMPLE 3 the boxes.
a 7.06 7.6 b 0.31 0.131
Write these numbers in order of size, smallest first: c 20.02 20.002 d 1.333 1.4
2.4 2.405 2.44 2.442 2.04 2.044
2 Are these statements true or false?
2.4 → 2.400 a 2.65 . 2.7 b 0.028 , 0.27
Line up the decimal points.
2.405 → 2.405 Write zeros where there c 3.04 5 3.040 d 2.08 Z 2.80
2.44 → 2.440 are no hundredths and no 3 Using the numbers below, copy and complete
2.442 → 2.442 thousandths. the inequality statement.
2.04 → 2.040
2.044 → 2.044 3.404, 3.5, 3.501, 3.4
, , 3.41 , ,
4 Using the numbers below, copy and complete
In order, smallest first, this is: the inequality statement
2.04, 2.044, 2.4, 2.405, 2.44, 2.442 7.06, 7.62, 7.7, 7.6
. . 7.612 . .
73
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5 , 0.041
Which numbers could you place inside the box?
EXAMPLE 4
Say the number 4560802.36
This number is more easily read when written with
6 Copy and complete, using ,, . or 5.
a 0.4 km 40 m spaces or commas. We group the figures in threes
b 250 g 0.25 kg from the decimal point, working to the left:
c 7200 ml 72 ℓ 4 560 802.36 or 4,560,802.36
d 24 mm 0.24 cm 4 560 802.36
7 Copy and complete these inequality
statements using the numbers below.
This space separates The space closest to the
87 ml, 870 g, 870 ℓ, 8 t, 0.87 ℓ, 80 700 g, 8.07 g the millions decimal point separates
the thousands
a . 8700 ml . . . 0.87 ml
b , 80.7 g , , 8.07 kg , , We say four million, five hundred and sixty
8 Write these measurements in descending order thousand, eight hundred and two point three six.
of size using . symbols. Notice we do not say point thirty-six at the end!
350 cm, 300 mm, 220 cm, 2.4 m, 0.25 m, 0.2 km
You can multiply and divide by these powers of 10.
9 Write these measurements in ascending order
of size using , symbols. EXAMPLE 5
2400 mm, 140 cm, 1.2 cm, 0.14 m, 2.24 km, Work out:
24.20 m a 12.4 3 100 b 21 4 1000
10 0.13 , , 0.131
a 12.4 3 100 5 1240
Move all digits two
Which numbers could you place inside
places to the left
the box?
to make them worth
11 Copy and complete the following using ,, . 100 times their
or 5. original value.
a 6 3 8 4 3 12 b 21 4 1000 5 0.021
b 7 1 4 15 2 3
c 52 5 3 2 Move all digits three
d 7 3 0.1 7 4 10 places to the right
e 3 2 10 7 2 8 to make them worth
f 8 4 100 8 3 0.01 a 1000th of their
original value.
5.3 Multiplying decimals

In Book 1 you learned how to multiply and divide
whole numbers and decimals by 10, 100 and 1000. Exercise 5D
10, 100 and 1000 are examples of powers of 10 1 Write down in figures and words the powers
where the power is a positive integer. For example, of 10. The first is done for you.
100 5 102 5 10 3 10 and 1000 5 103 5 10 3 10 3 10. a 103 5 1000 5 one thousand
When the power gets higher the numbers are harder to b 105 5
say. In the US and UK, commas are often used to help c 102 5
write large numbers (some calculators have commas d 106 5
on their display). We can also use spaces. To say large e 104 5
numbers, think what word goes in place of each f 108 5
comma or space. 2 Write these numbers in words:
7
10 5 10 000 000, or 10 million, is sometimes written a 2 700 340 b 23 819.45
10,000,000. c 410 007 d 21 345.98
74
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3 Write these numbers in figures:
a Three million, two hundred and forty
thousand and seventy-one
7 Work out:
a 73
1
10
b 7 4 10
b Five million, sixty-two thousand and 1
seven point four three c 21 3 d 21 4 100
100
c Two million and eighteen
1
d Ninety-one million, three hundred e 24 4 10 f 24 3
10
thousand and seventeen point one
1
4 Work out: g 315 4 100 h 315 3
100
a 4.2 3 100 b 3.7 3 10 Comment on your answers.
c 0.2 3 1000 d 53 4 100
e 2.8 4 10 f 350 4 1000 8 Copy and complete these sentences:
g 0.021 3 100 h 0.4 3 10 Multiplying by 101 is the same as dividing
i 2.65 3 1000 j 42.4 4 100 by… .
1
k 0.34 4 10 l 92.1 4 1000 Multiplying by 100 is the same as dividing
by… .
5 From your work on fractions and decimals in
Book 1 you learned that
1 3 Multiplying integers and decimals
33 5 5 0.3
10 10 by 0.1 and 0.01
Write the answers to these calculations as 1 1
You know from Book 1 that 0.1 5 10 and 0.01 5 100.
decimals: 1
1 1 r Multiplying by 0.1 is the same as multiplying by 10
a 73 b 93 or dividing by 10.
10 10
1 1 r Multiplying by 0.01 is the same as multiplying by
c 43 d 17 3 1
100 or dividing by 100.
100 100
1 1
e 18 3 f 172 3
10 100 EXAMPLE 6
1 1
g 63 3 h 256 3 Work out:
10 100
a 24 3 0.1
6 Look at this pattern: b 173.4 3 0.01
25 3 1000 5 25 000 c 0.08 3 0.1
25 3 100 5 2500
a 24 3 0.1 5 24 4 10 5 2.4
25 3 10 5 250
b 173.4 3 0.01 5 173.4 4 100 5 1.734
25 3 1 5 25
c 0.08 3 0.1 5 0.08 4 10 5 0.008
1
25 3 5 2.5
10
1 We can use known facts and place value to help us
25 3 5 0.25 multiply simple decimals in our heads.
100
Copy and complete this pattern:
175 3 1000 5 EXAMPLE 7
175 3 100 5
Work out:
175 3 10 5
a 3 3 0.05 b 12 3 0.4
175 3 1 5
1 a For 3 3 0.05, we know that 0.05 5 5 3 0.01
175 3 5 So 3 3 0.05 5 3 3 5 3 0.01 5 15 3 0.01 5
10
1 15 4 100 5 0.15
175 3 5 b For 12 3 0.4, we know that 0.4 5 4 3 0.1
100
So 12 3 0.4 5 12 3 4 3 0.1 5 48 3 0.1 5
48 4 10 5 4.8
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Exercise 5E
1 Work out:
a 32 3 0.1 b 256.1 3 0.01
6
7
A glass holds 0.3 litres of water. How many
litres would there be in nine glasses of water?
A sheet of paper is 0.1 mm thick. How thick
c 0.1 3 0.04 d 356 3 0.1 would 360 sheets of paper be
e 28 3 0.01 f 5 3 0.1 a in mm b in cm?
g 0.01 3 4.1 h 7 3 0.01
i 0.2 3 0.1 j 2300 3 0.01 8 A box has a mass of 0.4 kg. What is the mass
k 0.1 3 4560 l 30 900 3 0.01 of seven of these boxes
a in kg b in g?
2 Work out:
9 Work out:
a 8 3 0.6 b 3 3 0.07
c 0.5 3 9 d 7 3 0.8 a 15 3 0.7 b 14 3 0.05
e 4 3 0.03 f 5 3 0.4 c 0.3 3 23 d 32 3 0.04
g 0.02 3 11 h 7 3 0.09 e 12 3 0.9 f 0.07 3 25
i 12 3 0.3 j 0.06 3 9 10 Look at this pattern:
k 7 3 0.4 l 12 3 0.05 3200 4 1000 5 3.2
3 Jane had a different method for multiplying 3200 4 100 5 32
3 by 0.05. Here is Jane’s method: 3200 4 10 5 320
3200 4 1 5 3200
3 3 0.05 1
3200 4 5 32 000
r Do the calculation ignoring the decimal 10
places: 3 3 5 5 15 3200 4
1
5 320 000
r Count the number of decimal places in the 100
question: 3 3 0.05. The two underlined Copy and complete this pattern:
digits show two decimal places in the 410 4 1000 5
question 410 4 100 5
r Put the same number of decimal places in 410 4 10 5
the answer: 15 → 0.15 410 4 1 5
1
So 3 3 0.05 5 0.15 410 4 5
10
Use Jane’s method to work out: 1
a 8 3 0.2 b 7 3 0.07 410 4 5
100
c 0.3 3 12 d 5 3 0.06
11 Copy and complete these sentences.
4 Govinda had a different method. Here is 1
Govinda’s method for multiplying 12 by 0.4: Dividing by 10 is the same as multiplying
4 48 by … .
12 3 0.4 5 12 3 5 5 4.8 1
10 10 Dividing by 100 is the same as multiplying
Use Govinda’s method to work out: by … .
a 6 3 0.4 b 12 3 0.05
c 8 3 0.3 d 0.07 3 9
5.4 Dividing decimals
5 Ife wrote the answers below in her homework
for these questions: Dividing integers and decimals
a 0.08 3 5 b 6 3 0.05 by 0.1 and 0.01
1 1
a 8 × 5 = 40 Since 0.1 5 10 and 0.01 5 100,
so 0.08 × 5 = 0.04 1
r dividing by 0.1 is the same as dividing by 10 or
5 30 multiplying by 10
b 6 × 0.05 = 6 × = = 3
10 10 1
r dividing by 0.01 is the same as dividing by 100 or
Ife has made a mistake in both questions. multiplying by 100.
What mistakes has she made?
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EXAMPLE 8
Work out:
a 12 4 0.1
3 Work out:
a 15.1 4 4
c 15.664 4 11
b
d
19.32 4 6
21.69 4 9
b 0.17 4 0.1 e 28.5 4 12 f 31.36 4 8
c 0.43 4 0.01 4 Four boys shared $63 among them equally.
a 12 4 0.1 5 12 3 10 5 120 How much did each receive?
b 0.17 4 0.1 5 0.17 3 10 5 1.7 5 A 3 kg piece of cheese sells for $14.52. What
c 0.43 4 0.01 5 0.43 3 100 5 43 is the price of cheese per kilogram?
6 A book made from 400 sheets of paper is
Dividing decimals by whole numbers 2.5 cm thick. What is the thickness of each
Dividing decimals by whole numbers is similar to sheet of paper?
dividing whole numbers by whole numbers.
EXAMPLE 9
Work out 0.175 4 5
0.035 7 The area of a rectangular field is 2136 m2.
1 2
5 0.175 What is the width of the field if its length
is 60 m?
line up the
8 Copy and complete, filling in the blanks with
decimal points
0.01, 0.1, 10 or 100:
a 74 4 5 740 b 6.43 3 5 0.643
c 0.8 4 5 0.08 d 329 4 5 3.29
EXAMPLE 10
e 85 3 5 8.5 f 2.1 4 5 210
Work out 3.8 4 4 g 1.23 3 5 12.3 h 41 4 5 0.41
9 Jasmine used this method to work out 0.6 4 5:
0.95 line up the
× 32
3
4 3.3820 decimal points
3
0.6 9
1.2
0.6 4 5 5 5 5 0.12
add an extra 54 12
10
at the end × 32
3
Use Jasmine’s method to work out:
a 0.7 4 5 b 0.8 4 5
Exercise 5F c 0.03 4 5 d 0.9 4 50
e 0.4 4 2
1 Work out:
a 59 4 0.1 b 35.21 4 0.01 10 Nasim decided to use this method to work out
c 0.07 4 0.1 d 249 4 0.1 0.9 4 4:
e 76 4 0.01 f 8 4 0.1 1
0.9 4 4 5 0.9 3
g 3.7 4 0.01 h 15 4 0.01 4
i 0.5 4 0.1 j 4100 4 0.01 5 0.9 3 0.25
k 7290 4 0.1 l 19 300 4 0.01 5 9 4 10 3 25 4 100
2 Work out: 5 9 3 25 4 10 4 100
a 5.76 4 4 b 6.25 4 5 5 9 3 25 4 1000
c 9.66 4 7 d 2.75 4 5 5 225 4 1000
e 1.38 4 6 f 2.712 4 8 5 0.225
g 0.64 4 4 h 0.23 4 5 Use Nasim’s method to work out:
i 0.0784 4 7 a 0.7 4 4 b 0.2 4 5
c 0.03 4 4 d 0.5 4 5
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When you divide some decimals there is a remainder. For

example, 68 4 7 is 9 remainder 5. You learned in Book 1
5
that this can also be written as a fraction: 68 4 7 5 97.
If you want the answer as a decimal you need to add
c Neya’s netball team has 7 players. Their
total mass is 507 kg. What is the mean
mass of the players?
zeros after the decimal point in the division sum in order d A 14.5 m length of metal is cut into 8
to continue the division: equal pieces. What is the length of each
piece of metal?
9.7 1 4 2 8 5 7 ... e 6 identical glasses have a total capacity of
7q6 8 .0103020604050 ...
6 5
2 litres. What is the capacity of one glass,
The dots show that this division continues forever. in millilitres?
You can see that the last digit carried over is 5, so this f The total mass of six bread rolls is 400 g and
decimal will be the recurring (or repeating) digits the total cost for six bread rolls is $0.85.
714285. The question will say how many decimal
places you need to write down so that you do not need
to carry on dividing forever. If you need to write the
answer to 2 decimal places (2 d.p.), you must work
out the next decimal place along – the third decimal
place – so that you know whether you need to round
up or down. i What is the mass of one bread roll?
ii What is the cost of one bread roll?
g A pile of 8 exercise books is 37 mm high.
EXAMPLE 11
What is the height of one book?
Calculate
a 26 4 7 to 1 d.p. b 7.6 4 6 to 2 d.p.
3. 7 1 B INVESTIGATION
a
7q2 6.5010
2
In France in the eighteenth century, the
Since the digit at the second decimal place is decimalised metric system for measurements
1 round down to 3.7 was invented, to make calculations with length,
mass and capacity easier. At the same time the
26 4 7 5 3.7 to 1 d.p. French experimented with decimal time.
1. 2 6 6 The clocks on the left show our time and the clocks
b
6q7.164040 on the right show the equivalent French decimal time.
Since the digit at the third decimal place is
6 round up to 1.27
7.6 4 6 5 1.27 to 2 d.p.
Our time French decimal time
Exercise 5G
1 Calculate to 1 d.p.:
a 35 4 3 b 50 4 7 c 85 4 9
Our time French decimal time
d 249 4 8 e 125 4 6 f 8.2 4 5
Explain how French decimal time works.
g 7.63 4 2
Write these times in French decimal time:
2 Calculate to 2 d.p.:
08:47, 14:15 and 23:59.
a 2.457 4 2 b 136 4 3
c 9.12 4 5 d 9.81 4 7
e 0.5 4 6 f 1.4 4 9
g 17 4 8
TECHNOLOGY
3 Calculate to 2 d.p.: Visit the website
a $247 shared equally between 7 people. www.mathsisfun.com
b What is the missing side length of a Follow the links to ‘Numbers’, ‘Decimals Menu’
rectangle with area 47 cm2 and width 3 cm? for a full review of decimal numbers.
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Consolidation
Example 1
Round Exercise 5
a 23456 to the nearest 1000 1 Round:
b 4.7158 to 2 d.p. a 365 to the nearest 10
b 173.56 to the nearest whole number
a 23 4 56 c 490 832 to the nearest 1000
The next number after the thousands column is d 0.6678 to 2 d.p.
a 4, so round down to 23 000. e 0.412 to 1 d.p.
b 4.71 5 8 to 2 d.p. f 1689 to the nearest 100
The next number after the second decimal place is g 0.21653 to 2 d.p.
a 5, so round up to 4.72. h 197.483 to 1 d.p.
i 12.467 to the nearest whole number
Example 2 2 Copy and complete using ,, . or 5 for the
Are these statements true or false? boxes
a 7.3 . 3.7 b 0.012 kg , 120 g a 8 m u 80 cm b 0.42 u 0.242
c 0.4 ℓ 5 40 ml d 70 m Z 700 cm c 0.2 t u 2000 kg d 500 mm u 0.5 m
a 7.3 . 3.7 is true because 7.3 is greater than 3.7. 3 Using the numbers below, copy and complete
b 0.012 kg , 120 g is true because 0.012 kg is 12 g, the inequality statement.
which is less than 120 g. 7.7, 7.6, 7.635, 7.061
c 0.4 ℓ 5 40 ml is false because 0.4 litres is 400 ml, , , 7.63 , ,
which is not equal to 40 ml. 4 Write these measurements in descending order
d 70 m Z 700 cm is true because 70 m is 7000 cm, of size, using . symbols.
which is not equal to 700 cm. 550 cm, 500 mm, 520 cm, 5.4 m, 5.25 m, 5.2 km
Example 3 5 Work out:

a 29 3 0.01 b 8 3 0.1
Work out: c 97 4 0.1 d 3 4 0.01
a 17 3 0.01 b 53 4 0.1 e 3200 3 0.01 f 900 3 0.1
c 9 3 0.04 d 5.6 4 7 g 0.4 4 0.1 h 0.035 4 0.01
e 7.2 4 7 to 2 d.p.
6 Work out:
a 17 3 0.01 5 17 4 100 5 0.17 a 6 3 0.04 b 8 3 0.6
b 53 4 0.1 5 53 3 10 5 530 c 3 3 0.05 d 6 3 0.7
c 9 3 0.04 5 9 3 4 3 0.01 5 36 3 0.01 e 7 3 0.02 f 8 3 0.8
5 36 4 100 5 0.36 g 9 3 0.3
0. 8
d 5.6 4 7 5 7 Work out:
7q5.56 a 6.5 4 5 b 85.2 4 4
1.0 2 8 ...
e 7.2 4 7 to 2 d.p. 5 c 111.6 4 9 d 17.12 4 8
7q7.22060 ... e 20.52 4 6 f 0.42 4 3
The number in the third decimal place is 8, g 0.255 4 5 h 394.1 4 7
so 1.02 8 … rounds up to 1.03.
7.2 4 7 5 1.03 to 2 d.p. 8 Work out:
a 28 4 6 to 1 d.p.
b 1.4 4 8 to 1 d.p.
c 93.2 4 7 to 2 d.p.
d 0.41 4 3 to 2 d.p.
e 1 4 7 to 2 d.p.
f 1.7 4 9 to 2 d.p.
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9 How much does each person get if $746.10 is

shared equally between 6 people?
10 What is the missing side length of a rectangle
13 The total mass of eight cakes is 625 g. What is
the mass of one cake, to the nearest gram?
14 These were the numbers of students in school
with area 99.32 cm2 and width 8 cm? Give on one particular day:
your answer to 1 d.p.
Year 7 128
11 Copy and complete: Year 8 125
a 61 4 5 6100
Year 9 117
b 3 0.1 5 0.23
c 4 10 5 7.1 Year 10 123
d 3 100 5 408 Year 11 114
e 234 3 5 2.34
The school magazine reported attendance
f 4 0.01 5 780
for that day was approximately 120 for one
12 A 22.5 m length of material is cut into 7 equal particular year group. Which year groups
pieces. What is the length of each piece of could they have been writing about? Explain
material, to 2 d.p.? your answer.
Summary

1 How to round numbers. 1 Round:
For example: a 4164 to the
To round 5798 to the nearest 100: the next number after the nearest 10
hundreds column is a 9, so round up to 5800. b 23 675 to the
To round 12.3217 to 1 d.p.: the next number after the tenths column nearest 1000
(the first decimal place) is a 2, so round down to 12.3. c 98.34523 to 2 d.p.
d 0.2213 to 1 d.p.
e 749.99 to the
nearest 100
2 How to order decimals, including measurements, using the signs 5, 2 Copy and complete,
Z, . and ,. using ,, . or 5.
For example: a 6 kg 6000 g
17.4 . 2.3 reads 17.4 is greater than 2.3 b 0.28 0.185
42 cm , 4.2 m reads 42 cm is less than 4.2 m (because 4.2 m 5 420 cm) c 7.3 litres 730 ml
0.7 kg Z 70 g reads 0.7 kg is not equal to 70 g (because 0.7 kg 5 700 g) d 22 cm 2.2 m
3 How to multiply and divide decimals. 3 Work out:

For example: a 18 3 0.01
a 92 3 0.1 5 92 4 10 5 9.2 b 0.27 4 0.1
b 0.31 4 0.01 5 0.31 3 100 5 31 c 6 3 0.8
c 7 3 0.4 5 7 3 4 3 0.1 5 28 3 0.1 5 28 4 10 5 2.8 d 7.2 4 6
0.0 5 e 1.05 4 8 to 2 d.p.
d 0.45 4 9 5
9q0.445
1. 2 7 1 ...
e 8.9 4 7 to 2 d.p. 5
7q8.195010 ...
Since the number in the third decimal place is 1, round down to 1.27
8.9 4 7 5 1.27 to 2 d.p.
80
666
6
Objectives
Planning, collecting
and processing data
666
£ Construct and use:
£ Know the difference between discrete – two-way tables to record discrete data
and continuous data. – frequency tables with given equal class
£ Identify and collect data to answer intervals to gather continuous data.
a question; select the method of £ Calculate statistics for sets of discrete
collection, sample size and degree of and continuous data; recognise when to
accuracy needed for measurements. use the range, mean, median and mode
and, for grouped data, recognise the
modal class.
What’s the point?

How can you tell who is the best sportsman or
sportswoman? You would need to collect data – the
results of previous sporting events. Then you could look
at the data and use it to make a decision about which
sportsperson you would pick for your team or squad.
Before you start

1 That a tally is a quick way to count frequencies. 1 What do these tallies
For example: represent?
|||| || a |||| |||| ||
represents 7 b |||| ||||
c |||| |||| |||| |||| |
2 How to use the order of operations. 2 Work out:
For example: a 21215161
1 1 3 1 4 1 8 4 4 5 10 BIDMAS tells us to do the 10 4 5
division first then the addition b (2 1 2 1 5 1 6 1 10)
(1 1 3 1 4 1 8) 4 4 5 4 BIDMAS tells us to do the 45
brackets first then the division
3 The difference between data collection sheets and 3 Give two advantages of a
questionnaires (you may want to look back at questionnaire over a data
Book 1, Chapter 6). collection sheet.
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6 Planning, collecting and processing data
6.1 Discrete and continuous 2 Is the following data discrete or continuous?

data a The speed of a train
Quantitative data is numerical data. ‘Data’ simply b The number of suitcases lost by an airline
means pieces of information. There are two different c A score in a maths test
types of quantitative data, discrete and continuous. d The mass of a baby
r Discrete data can take only certain values (within a e The time it takes to walk to school
given range). f The length of a leaf
g The volume of water in a bath
For example:
h The number of books on a bookshelf
Number of children in a family: 1, 2, 3, etc. – you
i Clothes size
can’t have 3.4 children.
1 1 3 Luke thinks age is discrete. Edward thinks
Shoe sizes in a shop in the UK: 3, 32 , 4, 42 , etc. – you age is continuous.
can’t have a shoe size of 4.23. a Why might Luke think age is discrete?
Whenever you count something, it is discrete data, as b Why might Edward think age is continuous?
the numbers are integers only. c Who is right?
r Continuous data can take any value (within a given
range).
6.2 Collecting data
For example:
The purpose of collecting data is usually to answer
Your height may be 1.52 metres. If you had a more
a question.
accurate way of measuring, you might find you are
1.523 metres, 1.5234 metres, etc. For example:
Who is better at maths, boys or girls?
The time taken to run a race may be 11 seconds, but
with a more accurate stopwatch you could find it was Which topics in maths are the hardest?
11.4 seconds, 11.42 seconds, etc.
Which cricketer should open the batting?
Whenever you measure something, it is continuous
What is the most common height of students (to help
data. You are limited only by the accuracy of the
with school uniform orders)?
instrument you are using to measure with. Continuous
data is rounded when you write it down. In order to answer these questions you need to collect
data. You have a few things to decide.
Qualitative data is non-numerical data.
First, the method of data collection. Some possible
For example:
methods are:
Hair colour: brown, black, etc.
r Questionnaires or data collection sheets (you
Gender: male, female. learned about these in Book 1)
r Interviews
r Getting the data from a book or the internet.
Exercise 6A
1 Is the following data quantitative or Second, the sample size. To find out who is better at
qualitative? maths between boys or girls you could test every
a The age of children single person in your town, school or class.
b Eye colour Finally, what degree of accuracy you need for the
c The wingspan of a bird measurements. To find out what the most common
height of students is to help with school uniform
orders, you probably need measurements only to the
nearest centimetre.
You are going to look at each of these areas separately
by looking at case studies. A case study is a real situation
d The mass of a person for you to learn from. When answering the questions in
e The country you live in each case study, justify your answers. This means write
the reasons why you have given your answers.
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Method of data collection

r Which lunchtime club(s) would you be
interested in joining? (Please tick all that
Exercise 6B – Case study 1 apply)
1 Mr Appleton wanted to find out what hobbies u Book club
students liked in order to set up a new u Football training
lunchtime club. Here is part of the interview u Drama club
he carried out with one of his students: u Homework help club
u Puzzle club
Mr Appleton: I am conducting a survey to
u Film club
find out which hobbies students like most, as
u Art club
I want to set up a lunchtime club which I hope
u Environmental club
will be popular. What hobbies do you like and
r What day would you prefer the club to be
what sort of lunchtime club do you think I
on? (Please tick only one)
should run?
u Monday u Wednesday
Student: I really like horse riding but I think u Tuesday u Thursday
that may be a bit expensive as the school has a Mr Appleton has a staff meeting on a
no stables or horses! I also like swimming but Friday and can’t run clubs that day. How
the school doesn’t have a pool so again that is does the questionnaire take account of this?
no good. I also like reading and I usually go to b What other questions would you add to
the book club in the school library on a Friday this questionnaire?
but I would enjoy another book club. c Mr Appleton gives the questionnaire to his
Year 10 class, which has 30 students.
This is only part of the interview – the whole
Estimate how long the survey would take
conversation lasted 6 minutes.
this time. How much time do you think he
a What was wrong with Mr Appleton’s would save doing a questionnaire instead
question? of interviews?
b What do you need to think about before d What disadvantages are there in doing a
conducting an interview? questionnaire instead of an interview?
c What would you ask instead? e What advantages are there in doing a
d Mr Appleton asked all of his Year 10 class questionnaire instead of an interview?
their opinions. There are 30 students in f Do you think Mr Appleton chose a good
his class. Estimate how long you think it sample? Justify your answer.
may have taken him to talk to everyone. g Mrs Appleton originally had this question
e 23 of his class said they really enjoyed in her questionnaire:
chess. Mr Appleton can’t play chess. Does Who is your class tutor?
this matter? What if they had suggested Why do you think she removed this question?
something else Mr Appleton knew
3 Imagine you are trying to find out how students
nothing about?
feel about the cost of school dinners and the
f What are the advantages of conducting an
quality of food in your school cafeteria.
interview?
a Design a questionnaire to find out about
g What are the disadvantages of conducting
this. You may include up to 10 questions
an interview?
in your questionnaire.
2 Mrs Appleton suggested a questionnaire might b Often people ask things in a questionnaire
be better than an interview. She wrote this that are not actually relevant to the
questionnaire for her husband’s students: original question. Swap with a friend and
r How old are you? compare your questionnaires. Did either
u 11 or younger u 12 u 13 of you include any questions that could be
u 14 u 15 u 16 or older taken out? (To help with this, imagine you
r What gender are you? were limited to only 5 questions. Which
u Male u Female would you miss out?)
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4 Write down the following four headings: Exercise 6C – Case study 2

Advantages of an interview 1 Mrs Shah thinks that boys spend more money
Disadvantages of an interview on sweets than girls do. She decides to test the
Advantages of a questionnaire theory by asking her Year 9 class to keep a
Disadvantages of a questionnaire record of every time they buy sweets during a
a Write these statements under the week. She gives them all a data collection
appropriate heading: sheet to fill in the cost every time they buy
r Questions can be made clearer if not sweets. There are 30 students in her class,
understood 17 boys and 13 girls. She finds that the boys
r Time consuming and more expensive spend an average of $2.25 a week on sweets
to do whereas the girls spend an average of $2.32 a
r People have more time to think about week on sweets.
their answers carefully a When Mrs Shah says she thinks boys
r Possible to get biased results if not spend more than girls, do you think she
carried out carefully means the Year 9 boys in her class, all
r Easier to analyse responses boys in the school or something else?
r Can get a poor response rate b Why do you think she sampled only her
r Questions may not be understood Year 9 class?
r Can be used for sensitive or private c Would the result be fairer if she had asked
topics all the students in the school?
r Likely to get a better response rate d Mrs Shah didn’t ask all the students in the
r Answers can be given in more detail school. Why do you think she didn’t?
r People may miss questions out e How do you think she could find out the
b Can you think of any other advantages or spending habits of boys and girls in
disadvantages of an interview or another school? Does she need to do this
questionnaire? Add them to your lists. to answer her question?
f Mrs Shah looked at students only in her
Sample size own school. Why do you think that was?
A population is any complete collection of people, 2 Mrs Shah wasn’t convinced that picking all
animals, plants or things from which we may collect the people in one Year 9 class was a fair
data. It is the entire group we are interested in, which sample, one that represented the entire school.
we wish to describe or draw conclusions about. It a Suggest three other possible samples she
should not be confused with the population of a could have taken.
country. If you were interested in finding out about b Compare your answers to part a with a
the reading habits of Year 11 in your school, the friend’s answers. Can you think of any
population is every person in Year 11 in your school. reasons why the samples you have
A sample is a group selected from a larger group suggested might be biased? (Biased
(the population). By studying the sample it is hoped means unfair and not likely to be a true
to draw valid conclusions about the population. So, representation of the entire school.)
for the example given, the sample might be 3 The most frequently asked question
everyone in Year 11 whose surname begins with A, concerning sampling is What size sample do
B, C or D. I need? The answer depends on many things,
including the purpose of the study, the
population size, the risk of selecting a ‘bad’
sample, and the allowable sampling error.
a Try to find out what some of the terms in
the paragraph above mean (you can use
books or the internet for your research).
b Copy and complete these sentences:
i The ………. the sample size, the more
accurate your results will be.
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ii Taking a sample is often done Which of these returned sheets is the most
because it is ……… than taking a helpful to Annabel? Why?
census. (A census is when you ask b How accurate do you think the
everyone in the population.) measurements need to be? Think carefully
c One teacher said ‘Never have a sample about what you think she plans to do with
size of less than 25’, another said ‘Have a the data she collects.
sample size of 10% to 20% of the c Do you think people would be happy
population’. If the survey is finding out giving this information? Do you think
about how people in New Zealand feel anyone would lie? Is there a better way to
about the education system in their ask for it?
country, the size of the population is d Do you think she needed to ask for any
4.4 million (the total population of information that is not on her data
New Zealand). Discuss the teachers’ collection sheet?
suggestions for this case. 2 Annabel’s friend Kate was helping her with
d Why do you think there is no easy rule costing the uniform and wanted to ask parents
about how big a sample should be? what they would be willing to spend on it. This
was one of the questions from Kate’s survey:
Degree of accuracy of measurement r How much are you willing to spend on a
school skirt or school trousers? (Please
tick one box.)
Exercise 6D – Case study 3 u Maximum $10
1 Annabel is a fashion designer. She wants to u Maximum $15
design a new school uniform for her local u Maximum $20
school. She needs to know some of the u Maximum $25
measurements of the students at the school in u No maximum
order to make sure that her designs suit the a Do you think the units of measurement
students’ different body shapes. She asks the are accurate enough?
students to complete the following data b Can you see a problem with this question?
collection sheet: c Do you think it would be better to leave
the question open and simply put: How
Gender Male / Female (please circle) much are you willing to spend on a school
Waist measurement skirt or trousers? Explain your answer.
Hip measurement
3 a Write down three surveys for which you
Height might be interested in measurements.
a Annabel forgot to include the units she b How accurate should your measurements be?
wanted students to use to measure c Compare your answers with a friend.
themselves. Here are two of the data
collection sheets she got back:
Gender Male / Female (please circle)

6.3 Two-way tables and
Waist measurement 68.5 cm
frequency tables
Hip measurement 95 cm Two-way tables
Height 151.5 cm Nnamdi conducted a survey to try to find out which
gender was more likely to wear glasses. These were his
Gender Male / Female (please circle) results from 8 people:
Waist measurement 0.7 m I am a girl who wears glasses
Hip measurement 0.9 m I am a boy who doesn’t wear glasses
Height 1.6 m
I am a boy who wears glasses
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I am a girl who wears glasses

d How many children in Year 9 can’t swim?
I am a girl who doesn’t wear glasses e How many children need the extra
I am a boy who doesn’t wear glasses swimming lessons?
I am a girl who wears glasses 2 The table below shows which science subjects
students in Year 10 like the most. Copy and
I am a girl who doesn’t wear glasses complete this table.
The data is very difficult to analyse when it is written Biology Physics Chemistry Total
in this way. It is better to gather the data into a two-way Boys 32 34 90
table. A two-way table can be used whenever data is Girls
split into two main categories. Here is a two-way table Total 61 49 175
showing Nnamdi’s data sorted out more clearly:
3 During August, exactly half of the 210 babies
Wears glasses Does not wear glasses born in a hospital were boys, and 55 of the
Female I am a girl who wears I am a girl who doesn’t babies had a mass of 4 kg or more. There were
glasses wear glasses 20 baby girls who had a mass of 4 kg or more.
I am a girl who wears I am a girl who doesn’t Copy the table below and use the information
glasses wear glasses to complete it.
I am a girl who wears
glasses Less than 4 kg 4 kg or more Total
Male I am a boy who wears I am a boy who doesn’t Boys
glasses wear glasses Girls
I am a boy who doesn’t Total
wear glasses
4 In a class of 33 pupils, there were 3 girls who
The table is a ‘two-way’ table because there are two
were in the school quiz team and 14 boys who
categories: ‘gender’ and ‘do they wear glasses?’
were not in the school quiz team.
Normally we show only the figures in a two-way table.
a How many boys were there in the school
Below is the two-way table for Nnamdi’s data with
quiz team if there were 17 girls in the class?
total columns also included:
b Draw a two-way table to represent the
Do they wear glasses? Total data above.
Wears glasses Does not wear c How many students were not in the school
glasses quiz team?
Female 3 2 5
Gender
Male 1 2 3
Frequency tables
Total 4 4 8
In Book 1 you learned how to use frequency tables to
gather discrete data into groups. Now you are going to
Exercise 6E learn how to do the same thing with continuous data.
1 The children in a school are to have extra Often tables are labelled in the same way for discrete
swimming lessons if they cannot swim. The data as they are for continuous data, but there is an
table below gives information about the important difference. With continuous data you can
children in Years 7, 8 and 9. have any value in a given range, so values such as
12.23, 7.4, 80.015 can now be included in the table.
Can swim Can’t swim Total
Year 7 115 45 160 There are many ways in which the classes for data can
Year 8 138 24 162 be written. Both of these tables mean the same thing:
Year 9 141 18 159
Mass Frequency Mass Frequency
Total 394 87 481
(kg) (kg)
a How many children are there in Year 7? 0–10 3 0– 3
b How many children in Year 8 can swim? 10–20 8 10– 8
c How many children are there in total in 20–30 2 20– 2
Years 7, 8 and 9?
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The difficulty is in deciding which class numbers like

10 and 20, in this example, belong in. If 10 appears to 3 Jamil drew this frequency table with equal
be in two classes (as it does in the middle table), place class widths:
it in the class where it is the lower limit. So 10 would Group Mass (kg) Frequency
go in 10220 or 102
A 302
Sometimes the same table may be written as: B 402
Mass (kg) Frequency C 502
0–9 3 D 602
10–19 8
20–29 2 Which group should these masses go in?
a 40 b 69 c 73
This is not such a good table for continuous data. The
difficulty here is deciding where numbers such as 9.6 4 The heights, in centimetres, of 30 students
and 19.2 should go. The best way to decide is to round in a class are given below. Draw your own
them to the nearest whole number and put them in the frequency table to gather this data into suitable
appropriate group. 9.6 rounds up to 10 so should go in class widths.
the group 10–19. 19.2 rounds down to 19 so should 148 172.5 163 149 176
also go in the group 10–19.
159 157.5 154 161 158.5
Exercise 6F 151 154.5 162 155.5 150.5
1 a The heights in centimetres of 40 plants 153.5 167.5 158 172.5 166
in are: 153 149.5 150 161 180
4.2 8.4 11 12.7 9.8 162 171 177 145 157.5
14.9 15.2 4.9 13.5 13.1
20 16.4 10 18.8 6.2
14 5 8.3 11.4 3.8 B INVESTIGATION
15.1 23.2 5.1 14.5 8 You will need a stopwatch and something heavy
to hold.
6.4 11.9 14.3 16.2 21.4
Ask a member of your class to hold the heavy object
17.4 7 4.1 7.2 19.8 in one hand, with their arm held out straight in front
12.1 10 18.1 13 6.2 of them at shoulder height. Time how long they can
hold the heavy object for. Stop the stopwatch when
Copy and complete the grouped frequency their arm starts to lower. Ask each student in your
table below to gather this continuous data. class to hold the object in turn. Write down the time
for every student. Gather the results into a grouped
Height (cm) Tally Frequency frequency table, deciding on suitable class widths
0–5 yourself. Make sure that the class widths are equal.
5–10 Present your findings to your teacher.
10–15
15–20
20–25 6.4 Averages and range
In Book 1 you met three different types of average:
b Which class had the highest frequency? the mode, the median and the mean.
2 Kamil was gathering data into a grouped
frequency table. He was looking at the masses The mode
of items, in kilograms. Which of these four
The shoe sizes of 30 children are listed:
items would go in the group 80–90?
a 79.2 b 80 3, 5, 2, 4, 7, 6, 6, 5, 3, 2, 6, 5, 2, 8, 3,
c 83.4 d 90 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6, 3, 8, 5, 3.
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Shoe size Frequency The arrow points to the middle term.

2 3
The median number of occupants is 5.
3 6 When there is an even number of values, the median
4 6 is half-way between the middle two. For example,
5 8 the median for the data 7, 11, 16, 18, 20, 25 is
6 4 16 1 18
17 ado 2 5 17b.
7 1
8 2
The mean
From the table you can see that size 2 appears three
r To find the mean you add up all the values and
times. Three is the frequency of size 2.
divide by the number of values.
r The size with the greatest frequency is the mode.
sum of values
Size 5 is the mode because it occurs eight times. Mean 5
number of values
When data is grouped you find the modal class. This The masses of five babies, in kilograms, are: 3.6, 2.9,
is the class with the highest frequency. 3.4, 3.2, 3.7
The heights of 20 children are shown in the table. The mean mass of these five babies is:
Height (cm) Frequency 3.6 1 2.9 1 3.4 1 3.2 1 3.7 16.8
5 5 3.36 kg
130–135 1 5 5
135–140 1 The mean can be calculated directly from a frequency
140–145 5 table. The following frequency table shows how to find
145–150 6 the mean number of peanuts in 27 pods.
150–155 4 Peanuts per pod Frequency Totals
155–160 2 5
2 5 3 2 5 10
160–165 1 15
3 15 3 3 5 45
The modal class is 145–150 because it has the highest 4 7 7 3 4 5 28
frequency, 6. Total 27 83
83
The median Mean 5
27
5 3.1 to 1 d.p.
r When a set of values is arranged in order, the
middle term is called the median. The range
Bessie carried out a survey to find the number of The range is a measure of how spread out data is. It is
people living in the 19 houses in her street. The results the difference between the highest and lowest values.
are shown in the table below. For the frequency table above, the highest number of
peanuts per pod is 4 and the lowest is 2. Subtract to
Number of Tally Total find the difference between these values: 4 2 2 5 2.
occupants So the range for the number of peanuts per pod is 2.
less than 5 |||| || 7 When the range is low it shows there is not much
5 |||| 5 variation in the data. You would not expect much
6 ||| 3 variation in the number of peanuts per pod.
7 || 2
more than 7 || 2
Total 19
To find the median, Bessie arranged the numbers in order:

*******5555566677**
→
The stars represent less than 5 and more than 7. So you

can see that seven of the houses have less than 5 people
living in them.
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Exercise 6G a Write down, in order, the numbers of pairs

1 The frequency table shows the number of pairs each woman had.
of shoes owned by a group of 30 children. b What is the median?
c What is the modal number of pairs of
Number of pairs Frequency shoes?
1 1 d What is the range?
2 5
3 4 6 In a test marked out of 40, the marks of
4 9 10 students were 32, 20, 7, 30, 25, 22, 18, 35,
5 3 10, 11.
6 4 a Calculate the mean mark for the test.
7 2 b Find the range.
8 2 7 36 women in a women’s club in Wellington
What is the mode? were asked about the number of children they
had. The results are shown in this bar graph.
2 Find i the median and ii the range of each set
Family size
of numbers.
a 7, 19, 15, 18, 24, 17, 7, 21, 17, 14, 21, 16, 12 12
b 6.2, 6.8, 6.7, 6.02, 6.28, 6.82, 6.08, 6.72, 6.27
c 5, 3, 2, 5, 4, 5, 2, 3, 5, 3, 4 10
3 On six working days, a garage mended 6, 5, 2, 0, Number of women 8

3 and 2 punctures. Calculate the mean number of
punctures mended per day by the garage. 6
4 Here is a frequency table showing the heights 4

of a sample of people:
2
Height (cm) 150 151 152 153 154 155
0
Frequency 1 5 10 16 6 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
a What is the modal height? Number of children in the family
b What is the range of heights?
a Write down the numbers of children the
5 women have, in order.
b What is the median?
c Is the median the same as the mode, for
the number of children per family?
8 The number of people in 20 families is shown
in the table.
Number of people in family Frequency
14 women were asked how many pairs of
3 3
shoes they each had.
4 9
The bar graph shows the results: 5 5
4 6 2
7 1
3 Calculate the mean number of people in a
Frequency
2 family.
0
3 4 5 6 7 8
Pairs of shoes
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Median Relatively easy to ü Does not use all

9 Here are the heights, in centimetres, of a ü
find, particularly data values in
group of 10 children:
if data is already the calculation.
119, 120, 121, 121, 121, 123, 124, 124, 125, 128 in order. ü Can give a
a What is the mode? ü Not affected by decimal answer
b What is the median? extreme values. when the data
should be a
10 The masses of 20 children are shown in
whole number.
the table.
ü For grouped data
Mass (kg) Frequency the median is an
estimate (you
30–40 1
will learn about
40–50 8 this when you
50–60 9 are older).
60–70 2 Mode ü Easy to find. ü Not all data
Copy and complete this sentence: ü Not affected by values are used
The modal class for the masses of extreme values. in calculating it.
Will always be a ü Often data will
children is ………. .
ü
possible value for not have a mode
11 Find the missing number. the data. or there may be
a For the scores 25, 23, 15, 18, 17 and 22, ü Useful for several modes.
the mean score is u. manufacturers, ü In small groups
b For the scores 15, 19, 18, u, 13, 21 and e.g. makers of or in groups
shoes, clothes, which have an
14, the mean score is 17.
etc. unusual pattern
c For the scores 26, 31, 54, u and 49, the of distribution it
mean score is 38. may not be
d For the scores 18, 54, 37, 21, u, 41, 14 representative of
and 15, the mean score is 33. the group.
ü For grouped
data only a
Which is the best average? modal group can
There are three different averages for a reason. be given.
Which average we decide to use depends on what we Range ü Easy to work out. ü Can be distorted
want to find out. They each have advantages and ü Useful for by extreme
disadvantages. (Note that there are other measures of comparing two values.
spread as well, but for now you have to know only sets of data. ü Not all data
about the range.) values are used
in calculating it.
Calculation Advantage Disadvantage Exercise 6H will help you decide which is the best
Mean ü Uses all data ü Hardest average average to use and why. There are also some harder
values in the to calculate. questions to do with averages in the exercise.
calculation. ü Can be distorted
ü Can be by extreme
calculated values. Exercise 6H
exactly. ü Can give a 1 The scores on a test taken by five students were:
ü Most people decimal answer 95, 25, 30, 20, 30.
understand this when the data
a What is the mean score?
average and it is should be a whole
widely used. number.
b What is the median score?
ü For grouped data c What is the mode?
the mean is an d Which average is the most appropriate
estimate (you will representation of the data?
learn about this What difficulties do you see?
in Book 3).
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2 Look at this advertisement: 5 a Work out the means to find the best
batsman:
Wanted i Jimmy who scored 8, 25, 82, 10, 0,
Young person to join 32, 9, 41, 0 in 9 attempts, or
small team ii Mahendra who scored 75, 83, 104, 0,
Average salary $40000 2, 68, 0, 0, 1, 7 in 10 attempts, or
iii Rikki who scored 14, 56, 102, 37, 76
in 5 attempts.
You know that the firm has 6 employees b Is the mean the best average to use? Why?
whose salaries are $12 000, $14 000, $16 000,
$18 000, $20 000 and $160 000.
a Find the median salary.
b Is there a modal salary.
c Find the mean salary.
d Which average has the company used in
the advertisement?
e If you knew that your starting salary
would be $12 000, would you say that the
advertisement is misleading?
Give reasons for your answer.
6 For each of the following sets of data write down
3 Mrs Cheyne has four pet cats. One of them which average (mean, median or mode) is the
had an accident and had to have a leg removed best one to use. Give a reason for your answer.
by the vet. The number of legs on each cat is a 78, 30, 74, 76, 83, 73
now 4, 4, 4 and 3. b 33, 21, 25, 30, 37, 23
a Find the modal number of legs per cat. c 32, 38, 32, 37, 32, 38, 39, 98, 32
b Find the median number of legs per cat.
c Find the mean number of legs per cat. 7 The mean of 5, 8 and y is the same as the
d Which average would you not use, mean of 2, 4, 7, 8 and 9. Find the value of y.
and why? 8 The average age of a mother and her three
4 Aaron works in a shoe shop. He has sold children is 10 years. If the ages of the children
25 pairs of shoes in one hour this afternoon. are 1, 4 and 7 years, how old is the mother?
He needs to order some more shoes to fill his 9 This frequency table shows the heights of a
shelves again. He decides to work out the sample of people.
average shoe size and order more of these.
Height (cm) Frequency
The sizes of the shoes he sold in this hour are 1
149
shown in the table. 150 4
Shoe size Frequency 151 9
3 6 152 10
4 6 153 15
5 4 154 7
6 3 155 1
7 3 156 2
8 2 157 1
9 1 a Calculate the mean height.
a Find the modal shoe size. b Determine the median height.
b Find the median shoe size. c State the modal height.
c Find the mean shoe size. d What is the probability that a person has a
d Which average should Aaron use and why? height of
i 153 cm ii more than 155 cm?
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Consolidation
Example 1 Example 3
The masses of 20 children in kilograms are: The table below shows which flavour ice cream
38, 41, 37, 42, 45, 53, 39, 54, 55, 60 students in Years 8 and 9 like the best.
45, 48, 52, 54, 39, 54, 47, 58, 61, 59
Vanilla Chocolate Strawberry Total
a Construct a frequency table using intervals 36−40,
etc. to show the data. Year 8 65 45 20 130
b Find the modal class. Year 9 70 50 25 145
Total 135 95 45 275
a
a How many students are there in Years 8 and 9,
Weight (kg) 36−40 41−45 46−50 51−55 56−60 61−65
altogether?
Tally |||| |||| || ||||| ||| |
b How many Year 9s like strawberry ice cream
Frequency 4 4 2 6 3 1 the best?
c How many students are there in Year 8?
b The model class is 51–55 kg.
Example 2 a There are 275 students in Years 8 and 9 altogether.
The ages of 20 children are shown in the table: b 25 Year 9s like strawberry ice cream the best.
c There are 130 students in Year 8.
Age (years) 12 13 14 15 16
Frequency 2 4 7 4 3
Exercise 6
Find the a mean age b median age c modal age d range.
1 The lengths of leaves from a tree, measured in
millimetres, are:
sum of ages
a Mean age 5 43, 47, 63, 49, 52, 58, 47, 61, 60, 57
number of children 39, 42, 57, 56, 54, 63, 62, 58, 55, 37
12 1 12 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 13 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 14 a Construct a frequency table to show the
data using intervals 35–40,
5 1 14 1 14 1 14 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 15 1 16 1 16 1 16 40–45, etc.
20
5 14.1 years b Find the modal class.
b To find the median age write the ages in order 2 The times in seconds the 24 children in
of size: Form 3 took to run 200 m are:
12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 13, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 14, 29, 33, 38, 32, 34, 36, 27, 29, 30, 32, 40, 41
15, 15, 15, 15, 16, 16, 16 33, 28, 31, 33, 35, 29, 34, 34, 31, 35, 30, 31
The two middle numbers are both 14 so the Find the a mean b mode c median times.
median age is 14 years.
c Mode 5 most frequently occurring age 5 14 years. 3 In 10 innings, Michael’s batting scores were
d Range 5 highest age 2 lowest age 18, 6, 89, 4, 42, 105, 0, 37, 4, 15.
5 16 2 12 a What was his total score?
5 4 years b What was his mean score?
c Write down the modal and median scores.
d Which average gives the best idea of how
well he batted? Explain why.
e In his eleventh innings Michael scored 43.
What does that make his mean score?
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4 Is the following data discrete or continuous? a How many students scored 5 marks?
a The mass of your teacher b Calculate:
b The number of people in your class i the mean mark
c The time it takes to run 100 m ii the median mark
d The length of this book iii the modal mark.
e The volume of water in a swimming pool c Calculate the fraction of students who
f The number of books in your classroom scored less than 4.
5 The frequency table shows the results of a 6 Students in Year 7 use a mixture of ink pens
mathematics test for 40 students. and ballpoint pens. Some use black pens and
some use blue. Complete the table below to
Marks Number of students
show which pens students are using.
0 2
1 1 Ink Ballpoint Total
2 4 Blue 100
3 3 Black 38 64
4 5 Total 210
5
7 a The ages of the members of a family are
6 7 30, 35, 14, 12, 18 and 5 years.
7 4 Find the mean age.
8 2 b The heights of 6 people are 157, 149, 158,
9 2
160, 152 and 154 cm. Find the median height.
c Write down the mode of this set of
10 1
numbers: 10, 7, 8, 9, 9, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9
Summary
1 How to use frequency tables with intervals. 1 a The heights in centimetres of
For example: 20 plants in a garden are:
The fifteen test scores
4.1 8.3 11.8 13.6
9, 6, 3, 13, 12, 18, 14, 12, 8, 11, 19, 12, 4, 9, 18
can be shown on a table as: 13.9 15.3 11.6 4.8
9.7 22.1 15.2 5.0
Score Tally Frequency 14.2 6.5 11 17.1
1–5 || 2 14.2 8.3 18.1 22.7
6–10 |||| 4
Copy and complete the grouped
11–15 |||| | 6
frequency table below to
16–20 ||| 3 gather this continuous data.
Height (cm) Tally Frequency
0–5
5–10
10–15
15–20
20–25
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2 How to work out the mean, median and mode for a set 2 Find the mean, median and mode of
of data. this data:
For example: 7, 4, 1, 8, 4, 5, 10, 2, 13
72, 68, 65, 70, 75, 79, 73, 70, 85
In order, the data is: 65, 68, 70, 70, 72, 73, 75, 79, 85
The median is the middle number, 72.
The mode is the number occurring most often, 70.
The mean is the sum of all the values divided by the
number of values:
(65 1 68 1 70 1 70 1 72 1 73 1 75 1 79 1 85) 4
9 5 657 4 9 5 73
3 The range of a set of results is the difference between the 3 The marks gained by a group of
highest and lowest numbers. students in a geography test were:
For example: 4, 6, 3, 6, 7, 9, 7, 8, 4, 5, 8, 7, 6, 5
The heights of 5 children are What is the range of marks?
130 cm, 142 cm, 126 cm, 148 cm, 135 cm
The smallest height 5 126 cm
The tallest height 5 148 cm
Range 5 148 2 126 5 22 cm
4 How to calculate the mean from a frequency table. 4 The savings over three months for
For example: a group of children is given in the
Number Frequency
table.
No. 3 Freq.
4 4 16 Savings ($) Frequency
5 4 20 35.00 3
6 7 42 39.50 4
Total 15 78 42.00 5
45.50 3
The mean for the numbers in this frequency table
78 47.00 3
is 15 5 5.2
52.00 2
Calculate the mean savings.
5 Discrete data can take only certain values. 5 Is the following data discrete or
For example: The number of children in a class can be continuous?
31, 32, 30, etc. You can’t have 31.42 children. a The speed of a car
b The number of people in a
Continuous data can take any value.
theatre
For example: The mass of a person can be 80 kg, or
c The score out of 10 in a
80.3 kg or 80.32 kg, etc., depending how accurately you
spelling test
measure it.
d The mass of a packet of biscuits
e The time it takes to walk to
the shop
f The length of a classroom
94
6666666666
6666666666
6 The purpose of collecting data is usually to answer a 6 Imagine you are trying to find out
question. You have to decide on: whether boys or girls are taller, on
r the method of data collection average, in your year group at
r the sample size needed school. Discuss with a friend: the
r the degree of accuracy needed in the measurements. method of data collection, the
sample size you need and the
degree of accuracy you need for
the measurements.
7 A two-way table can be used whenever data is split into 7 The table shows which musical
two main categories. instruments students in Year 8 play.
For example: Copy and complete the table.
This table shows the number of students who chose
Piano Flute Total
maths or science as their favourite subject.
Boys 20
Maths Science Total
Girls 23
Boys 18 13 31
Total 25 55
Girls 16 15 31
Total 34 28 62
The table shows that there were 15 girls who chose

science as their favourite subject and 18 boys who
chose maths as their favourite subject. There were 62
students altogether.
8 Which is the best average to use. 8 Discuss with a friend for what types
For example: of data sets it is best to use
Some averages are affected by extreme values, e.g. the a the mean
mean, and some averages are better for manufacturers, b the median
e.g. the mode. c the mode.
95
Review A
1 This number line shows 22 1 5 5 3 12 Is the following data discrete or continuous?
+5 a The length of your desk
b The number of people in your school
c The time it takes to run 400 m
− − − d The mass of this book
3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4
e The volume of water in a pond
Draw number lines to show: f The number of pencils in your pencil case
a 25 1 2 b 23 1 4 c 2
311
d 414
2
e 216 1 9 f 2
60 1 27 13 Without a calculator, work out:
3
a 23 b " 27 c (21)3
2 Simplify:
a 3x 1 2y 1 5x 2 4y 1 x 14 Copy and complete:
b 7a 2 b 1 3c 2 2a 2 3b 1 5c a 0.13 km 5 u m b 0.7 kg 5 u g
c 5 1 2x 1 y 2 2 4 1 x 2 5y 2 c 940 mm 5 u cm d 79 500 m 5 u km
d 3x 1 y 1 z 2 2 y 1 z 1 x 2 1 2z 1 x 1 y 2 e 1.27 t 5 u kg f 12 cm 3 mm 5 u mm
3 Draw a quadrilateral with: 15 What is the side length of a cube with volume
a One line of symmetry 54.872 cm3?
b Two lines of symmetry
16 Simplify:
c Four lines of symmetry
a 8 2 (x 2 5) 2 5(3 2 x)
4 Make a good estimate in metric units of: b 4 t 1 6 3 3 t 2 50 t
a The mass of a newborn baby c m 2 (4 2 2 m) 1 5 3 3 m
b The mass of a small car
17 Write down a the order of rotational symmetry
c The height of your classroom
and b the number of lines of symmetry for these
d How far you can walk in 1 hour
shapes.
e The area of your desktop.
5 This number line shows 2 2 5 5 23 i ii
−5
− − − −
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3
Draw number lines to show:

a 527 b 21 2 3 c 022 iii iv
d 326 e 7 2 16 f 34 2 50
6 What is the area of a square with side length 0.4 m?
7 Draw a line 8 cm long. Construct the
perpendicular bisector of that line.
8 Rewrite using index notation:
a 33333 v vi
b 737373737
c 53535353535
9 Draw the net of a cube with side length 3 cm
10 A bottle of lemonade contains 330 ml. How many
litres of water are there in 5 of these bottles?
11 Write an expression for the total time taken to
roast meat with a mass of k kilograms if it takes
15 minutes plus 40 minutes for each kilogram.
96
Review A
18 Round: 26 Workout:
a 475 to the nearest 10 a 3 1 27 b 7 1 23 c 23 1 27
b 5.476 to the nearest whole number d 22 1 7 e 17 1 28 f 7 1 218
c 32 859 to the nearest 1000
27 A cube has the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 painted on
d 0.24574 to 2 d.p.
its faces. Here are two views of the cube:
e 0.245 to 1 d.p.
f 21 350 to the nearest 100
4
3
g 0.2623 to 2 d.p.
2
h 7.792 to 1 d.p. 1 2 3
i 132.49 to the nearest whole number
19 a Copy and complete this two-way table about the a Draw this net of the cube and put in the missing
hair colour of a group of 32 students. numbers.
Light hair Dark hair Total
1
Female 7
Male 11
3
6
Total 13 32
b How many boys are there?

c How many girls are there?
d How many girls have dark hair?
e How many boys have light hair? b What are the numbers on the faces that touch
20 Work out: both 5 and 6?
a 2 2 23 b 2
7 2 25 28 What is the side length of a square with area
c 0 2 23 d 2
2 2 23 1 8 5.76 cm2?
21 i 16, 12 ii 20, 15 iii 19, 17 29 Work out the area of this shape.
a Write down all the factors of the number 5
pairs above.
b Find the common factors for each number pair.
c Find the highest common factor for each x
number pair. 2x + 7
22 Work out the areas of the rectangles. 5
a x+3 b 6
30 Construct triangles with sides

5
2y − 5 a 4 cm, 6 cm and 5 cm
b 5.5 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm
23 Using your protractor, draw an angle of 80°. a 2.7 ℓ 5 u ml b 435 ℓ 5 u ml
Construct the perpendicular bisector of this angle. c 2300 cm3 5 u ℓ d 450 ml 5 u ℓ
e 78 cm3 5 u ml f 70 000 ml 5 u ℓ
a 75 miles ≈ u km b 24 km ≈ u miles 32 I walk to my friend’s house, which is a journey of
c 80 km ≈ u miles d 85 miles ≈ u km 2.4 km. Then we walk to school, which is 800 m
from my friend’s house. How many kilometres
25 Write these numbers in descending size order have I walked altogether?
using > symbols:
8.05, 8.57, 8.8, 7.5, 8.785
97
Review A
33 Copy and complete the table below with as many 42 i INPUT OUTPUT
advantages and disadvantages as you can.
×5 −3
Calculation Advantages Disadvantages
Mean ii INPUT OUTPUT
Median
×2 +6
Mode
Range
a Write down the functions in the form f (x) 5 …
34 Copy and complete using < or >
for these function machines.
a 9.03 u 9.3 b 0.45 u 0.543
b Find f (2).
c 70.07 u 70.007 d 7.399 u 7.4
c Find f (5).
35 What is the volume of a cube with side length
43 A tin of peas has a mass of 350 g. What is the
2.5 mm?
mass, in kilograms, of 4 tins of peas?
36 The total mass of 8 bread rolls is 645 g. What is
44 The heights in centimetres of 20 flowers are:
the mass of 1 bread roll, to the nearest gram?
4.2 7.3 17.6 14.7 8.6 23.2 17.4 15 18.3 7.7
37 Draw an accurate net to scale for this triangular
4.9 16.8 10.6 4.8 13.6 8.9 12 16.4 19.8 23.8
prism, constructing the triangle faces using
compasses. a Copy and complete the grouped frequency table
below to gather this continuous data.
3cm Height (cm) Tally Frequency

0–5
5cm
5–10
4.5cm 10–15
4cm 15–20
38 Work out, to 2 decimal places: 20–25

a 4.24 b 2.35 b What is the modal class?
6
c 1.7 d 1.95
45 Round the answers to these to 1 decimal place:
39 Write an expression for the perimeter of these
shapes. a 0.272 b "7.2 c 4.212
a 5x b d "4.5 e 3.233 3
f " 7.3
a 2a
46 The monthly cost of local calls on a mobile phone is
7x $7.50 plus 8 cents per call. Write an expression for
the total cost, in dollars, of p local calls in n months.
c c
3b a 400.95 . 500.94 b 0.032 , 0.31
c 32 5 6 d 4.07 Z 4.70
40 Simplify:
a 2 1 21 1 2 b 2
32312 48 a Make an accurate drawing of this triangle:
c 4 2 5 1 22 d 2
1 1 5 1 24 A
e 24 1 5 2 1 f 2
5 1 4 1 21
41 Jane goes to the city every 36 days. Indra goes to 7cm 5cm
the same city every 24 days. They met each other
one day. How many days later will they get the
chance to meet each other again?
B C
9cm
b Bisect CÂB.
98
Review A
49 Work out: 57 Draw triangle ABC such that

a 41332 b 10 2 25 4 5 a AB 5 8 cm, CÂB 5 60° and AC 5 6 cm
c 7 1 16 4 22 d 23 2 (23 3 5) b AB 5 7.5 cm, CÂB 5 50° and AC 5 6.3 cm
50 A piece of metal is 2.3 m long. A 45 cm length is 58 Without using a calculator, work out:
cut from it. How many centimetres of the piece of a 3 3 0.08 b 7 3 0.5
metal are left? c 4 3 0.06 d 0.9 3 5
e 8 3 0.02 f 0.7 3 9
51 Work out:
2 2 2 g 8 3 0.4
15 12 64 10
a 2 1 b 2 1
5 2 8 5 59 The distance from Wellington in New Zealand to
2 2
20 50 Jakarta in Indonesia is roughly 7680 kilometres.
c 2
4 10 Approximately how many miles is this?
52 Draw the net of a tetrahedron with side length
60 For which of the data sets below is it best to
3.5 cm.
calculate a the mean, b the median or c the mode?
53 Without a calculator, work out: A 37, 109, 33, 35, 42, 32
a 350 3 0.01 b 72 3 0.1 B 33, 22, 26, 30, 38, 24
c 68 4 0.1 d 9 4 0.01 C 61, 68, 61, 67, 61, 75, 73, 2, 61, 138
e 4100 3 0.01 f 300 3 0.1
Give a reason for each of your answers.
g 0.6 4 0.1 h 0.25 4 0.01
61 Work out:
a 18 2 2 3 6 1 21
Second number b 22 3 29 1 2 3 32
Subtract 2 2
3 2
1 4 c 8 3 3 1 (218 4 9)
3 1 4 62 Draw an accurate net to scale for this cuboid:
First number
2
1 5cm
4 2cm
2
2
3cm
55 Work out the following without using a calculator
(write both possible answers where there are two):
63 Without using a calculator, work out:
a 82 b 6 "169 a 7.5 4 5 b 53.6 4 4
c 122 d 6 "10 000 c 191.7 4 9 d 25.84 4 8
e 0.72 4 3
e 112 f 6 "81
64 i 5, 7 ii 4, 12 iii 6, 15
56 Work out the shaded area in this shape: a Write down the first ten multiples of each
4x + 5y number.
b Find the lowest common multiple for each
number pair.
65 Construct the right-angled triangle ABC, where
8 3
AB 5 4 cm and the hypotenuse BC 5 5 cm.
2x + 4y 66 Without using a calculator, work out:
a 22 4 6 to 1 d.p. b 1.2 4 8 to 1 d.p.
c 0.44 4 3 to 2 d.p. d 2 4 7 to 2 d.p.
e 4.4 4 9 to 2 d.p.
99
Review A
67 Describe as many properties as you can of a 72 Copy and complete:

rhombus (include among the properties you a 73 4 u 5 7300
consider rotational symmetry, lines of symmetry b u 3 0.1 5 0.48
and diagonals). c u 4 10 5 8.9
d 154 3 u 5 1.54
68 Work out:
e u 4 0.01 5 230
418 10 1 26 32 1 11
a b c
3 11 2 2 2 73 Which of these statements are true?
69 a In this diagram, the number in the square on a A rectangle has 3 lines of symmetry.
each side of the triangle is the sum of the b A parallelogram has rotational symmetry of
numbers in the circles. order 4.
c A kite has diagonals equal in length.
–1
d The diagonals of a rectangle bisect each other.
74 Write as a product of prime factors:
a 360 b 630 c 500
75 Work out:
a 4 3 23 b 2
10 3 25
–5
c 2 3 28 d 2
7 3 25
3
e 12 4 23 f 2
40 4 25
g 16 4 28 h 2
63 4 7
Find the numbers in the squares.
76 Write these measurements in ascending size order
b This time, find the numbers in the circles so
using < symbols:
that the sum on each side of the triangle is the
64 ml, 640 ℓ, 0.64 ℓ, 6400 ml, 0.64 ml
number in the square:
77 How much does each person get if $338.24 is
shared equally between 7 people?
78 Copy and complete using ,, . or 5
a 0.8 km u 80 m b 760 g u 0.76 kg
2 4 c 3400 ml u 34 ℓ d 92 mm u 0.92 cm
70 Four girls shared $73 equally between them. How

much did they each get?
71 Draw an accurate net to scale for this square-based
pyramid, constructing the triangle faces using
compasses:
4.5cm
2.5cm
2.5cm
100
777
7
Objectives
Fractions
777
£ Add and subtract fractions and mixed £ Use known facts and place value to
numbers; calculate fractions of multiply and divide simple fractions.
quantities (fraction answers); multiply £ Use the laws of arithmetic and inverse
and divide an integer by a fraction. operations to simplify calculations with
£ Recall simple equivalent fractions. integers and fractions.
What’s the point?

Carpenters and masons use whole
numbers and fractions on a daily basis
in their work.
Before you start

1 Equivalent fractions show the same fraction 1 Copy and complete:
using different numbers. 1 u 3 u
a 5 b 5
4 8 8 16
3 6 9 12
For example: 5 5 5 2 u 5 u
4 8 12 16 c 5 d 5
3 9 8 24
2 Fractions can be simplified by dividing. 2 Simplify:
For example: 10 12 14
a b c
23 15 18 21
numerator 32 49 72
15 5 d e f
= 48 77 108
27 9
denominator
23 ˇ
101
777777777777
ˇ
7 Fractions
3 A mixed number is made up of a whole

number and a fraction.
3 Write as improper fractions:
a
2
23 b
1
34 c 44
3
For example:
2 25 = 2"5!2
= 12
1 5 5
5 5 d 16 e 46 f 68
mixed improper
number fraction
4 Improper fractions can be changed to mixed 4 Write as mixed numbers:

numbers by dividing. 9 23 21
a b c
4 10 5
For example:
14 18 58 70
means 14 4 5 d e f
5
4 7 8 13
5 2 remainder 4 5 25
7.1 Addition and subtraction Exercise 7A

of fractions 1 Work out:
You can always add or subtract amounts of the same
object. 1 3 2 3
a 1 b 1
8 8 6 6
For example, 2 tables 1 3 tables 5 5 tables
In the same way: 2 4 2 2
c 1 d 1
7 7 3 3
2 eighths 1 3 eighths 5 5 eighths
5 3 7 5
2 3 5 e 1 f 1
or 1 5 6 6 8 8
8 8 8
If you are adding or subtracting mixed numbers you 6 7 10 11
g 2 9 1 19 h 3 12 1 7 12
can add or subtract the whole numbers first.
3 3 5 7
i 24 1 14 j 48 1 38
EXAMPLE 1
Work out: 2 Work out these subtractions:
3 1 6 5
3
a 45 1 15
4 3
b 34 2 24
1 a 2 b 2
4 4 8 8
4 2 8 5
3 4 3 4 c 2 d 2
a 45 1 15 5 4 1 1 1 1 5 5 12 12
5 5
Change the 3 1 2 1
7 improper fraction to e 14 2 f 33 2 13
551 4
5 a mixed number.
2 2 1 3 1
5 5 1 15 g 2 5 2 15 h 15 2 5
Subtract the whole
2 numbers (3 – 2)
5 65 3 2 7 5
i 48 2 28 j 3 12 2 1 12
3 1 2
b 34 2 24 5 14
5
1 Subtract the 3 In Mrs Bruno’s class 8 of the children walk
5 12 2
to school, 8 take a bus and the rest cycle
fractions 3 - 1
4 4 ( ) to school.
Always simplify a What fraction of the class walk or take
fractions. a bus?
b What fraction cycle?
Sometimes, when you subtract fractions it is easier to turn

them into improper fractions first (you will see this later).
102
777777777777
4
1 3
Two pieces of carpet 3 4 metres and 2 4 metres
long are joined together. How long is the
joined carpet?
You have to use equivalent fractions to find a common
denominator before you can add different kinds of
fractions.
7 Fractions
2 EXAMPLE 2
5 Al saves 7 of what he earns.
What fraction of his earnings does Al spend? 2 3
Work out 1
5 7 5
6 Write down two fractions that add up to make 28.
2 3 LCM of 7 and 5 is 35
1
7 5 "5 "7
10 21
{ ACTIVITY 5
35
1
35 2
= 10
, 3
= 21
7 35 5 35
Equivalent fraction puzzles 31
5 "5 "7
1 35
1 I am equivalent to . The sum of my numerator
2
and denominator is 27. Which fraction am I?
52
2 I am equivalent to . My denominator is a
182 Exercise 7B
prime number. Which fraction am I?
3
3 I am equivalent to . The product of my
5 3 3 u u u
numerator and denominator is 135. Which a 1 5 1 5
4 16 16 16 16
fraction am I?
588 3 1 u u u
4 I am equivalent to . My denominator is less b 1 5 1 5
798 8 4 8 8 8
than 20. Which fraction am I?
3 1 2 u u u
5 I am equivalent to . My denominator is 5 c 1 5 1 5
4 6 3 6 6 6
more than my numerator. Which fraction am I?
39 2 1 u u u
6 I am equivalent to . My numerator is less d 1 5 1 5
65 3 4 12 12 12
than 10. Which fraction am I?
4 2 2 u u u
7 I am equivalent to . My numerator is 20 less e 1 5 1 5
9 5 7 35 35 35
than my denominator. Which fraction am I? 2 Work out:
2 1 3 1 2 1
a 1 b 1 c 1
TECHNOLOGY 7 3 8 2 5 4
Review your knowledge of equivalent fractions by 3 2 4 1 3 1

d 1 e 1 f 1
visiting the site 10 5 9 3 7 2
www.learningplanet.com 3 1 2 2 5 2
and following the links to Students and 7th Grade.
g 1 h 1 i 1
4 8 8 5 7 9
Play the game ‘Fraction Frenzy’.
4 2
j 1
6 9
Adding fractions with different 3 Katy eats a quarter of an orange and her friend
denominators 3
eats another 8 of it. What fraction of the
You cannot add or subtract numbers of different objects. orange is eaten?
For example, you cannot work out 2 tables 1 3 chairs. 4 In a class, one third of the boys prefer football
2 3 and another two fifths prefer cricket.
In the same way, 2 sevenths 1 3 fifths or 1
7 5 What fraction like either game?
cannot be added directly.
103
777777777777
7 Fractions
B INVESTIGATION
Choose two fractions, for example 5 and 11. Add
2 3 37
2 3
4 Adio wishes to post three parcels with masses
1 1 3
1 2 kg, 2 3 kg and 4 4 kg. What is the total mass
of his parcels?
these fractions: 5 1 11 5 55
1
Swap the numerators and add the new fractions: 5 Ambrose has 2 4 hectares of land. His brother
2
3 2 43 Anselm has 1 3 hectares more than Ambrose.
5 1 11 5 55 .
How much land do they have altogether?
Try some more fractions. Investigate what happens
when you swap numerators around. Does the sum
of the fractions increase, decrease or stay the
Subtracting fractions with different
same? Write down what you notice.
denominators
You need to make sure that the denominators of the
Adding mixed numbers fractions are the same before subtracting by using
Mixed numbers can be added in a similar way. equivalent fractions.
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
2 3 8 5
Work out 33 1 14 Work out 2
9 6
2 3
33 1 14 Add the whole numbers 8 5 LCM of 9 and 6 is 18
first, 3 + 1 = 4 2
2 3 9 6 "2 "3
541 1 16 15
3 4 5 2 8 16 5 15
18 18 = , =
8 9 9 18 6 18
541 1 1
12 12 5 "2 "3
17 18
541
12
5 "4 "3
5 4 1 1 12
5
2
3 = 8
12 , 3
4 = 9
12 Exercise 7D
5 5 12
"4 "3 1 Copy and complete:
3 1 u u u
a 2 5 2 5
8 4 8 8 8
Exercise 7C 7 2 u u u
b 2 5 2 5
9 3 9 9 9
1 Use the method from Example 3 to work out:
3 2 u u u
1 1 2 1 1 3 c 2 5 2 5
a 32 1 24 b 33 1 24 c 45 1 24 4 3 12 12 12
7 3 u u u
d
3
28 1 33
1
e
3
44 1 35
2
f 53 1 28
2 5 d 2 5 2 5
8 5 40 40 40
6 3 u u u
g
4
45 1 37
4
h
1
62 1 74
3
i 47 1 35
3 3 e 2 5 2 5
7 4 28 28 28
6 5
j 27 1 36 2 Work out:
4 2 6 5 2 1
2 Work out: a 2 b 2 c 2
5 3 7 8 5 4
1 1 1 2 5 7 9 4 8 3 7 2
a 22 1 34 1 28 b 33 1 46 1 39 d 2 e 2 f 2
10 5 11 5 10 15
7 2 9 1 1 1 4 2 9 4 8 5
c 4 20 1 5 5 1 4 10 d 22 1 33 1 44 g 2 h 2 i 2
7 9 14 21 13 11
3 2 2 8 3
e 47 1 25 1 33 j 2
12 8
1
3 Mr Durant’s car has 4 3 litres of petrol in its
3
tank. He puts a further 2 4 litres in it.
How much petrol is in the tank now?
104
777777777777
3 Work out:
a
5
8
2
2
9
b
11
12
2
3
7
c
7
9
2
5
12
g
j
3 2 23
5 2 4 17
2
11
h 4 2 25
3
i
7 Fractions
11
3 2 2 12
11 4 11 9 7 4 3 A water tank holds 100 litres. Mrs Shaw uses

d 2 e 2 f 2
16 9 12 10 10 15 3
6 4 litres. How much water is left in the tank?
1 3 10
g 12 h 12 i 12 4
1
Kimani’s home is 6 2 km from school. She
6 4 17
5
23 walks 8 km to the bus stop and takes a bus for
j 12 the rest of the journey. How far is her school
24
from the bus stop?
Subtracting mixed numbers 5 Olive has 3 parcels to post. The first parcel has a
1
To subtract mixed numbers it is a good idea to turn mass of 2 3 kg. The second parcel has a mass of
3
them both into improper fractions. 4 kg. The parcels have a mass of 5 kg in total.
What is the mass of the third parcel?
EXAMPLE 5
6 Write down two fractions with different
3
Work out: denominators that add up to make 18.
1 4 2 5 5 7
a 25 2 15 b 33 2 19 c 26 2 18 7 Work out:
1 3 1
a 44 1 15 2 22
1 4 11 9 2
a 25 2 15 5 2 5 2 1 1
5 5 5 b 33 1 24 2
Improper
2
2 5 11 14 11 33 5 2 1
b 33 2 19 5 2 a 5 b fractions c 118 2 85 1 120
3 9 3 9
33 14 8 Fill in the missing numbers:
5 2
9 9 a u 1 423 5 615
7
19 1 9
5 b 52 2 u 5 210
9
5 29
1 9 Jane has made a mistake in her homework.
She has written:
5 7 17 15
c 26 2 18 5 2 1 3 5
14 1 28 5 4 1 8 5 12 5 2
19 24
6 8
68 45 a Jane’s friend Ben said it was obvious that
5 2 this answer was wrong, without adding
24 24
23 the fractions. What does he mean?
5 b What mistake has Jane made?
24
c Jane’s teacher told her there was a step in
her working she didn’t need to do. What
do you think that was?
Exercise 7E
10 Copy and complete the diagram, so that the
1 Work out:
sum of the numbers in any two circles equals
1 2 3 1 5 7
a 13 2 3 b 24 2 14 c 48 2 18 the number in the square between them.
1 7 1 5 11 5
d 6 12 2 4 12 e 23 2 19 f 4 12 2 1 6
2 Work out:
3 1
1 1 1 3 1 3 3 4 5 4
a 63 2 26 b 26 2 c 32 2 15
4
1 3 1 3 2 5 1
d 47 2 14 e 69 2 54 f 55 2 38 5 2
105
777777777777
7 Fractions
11 Find the value of the letters in the following:
a
a 2
15 1 5 5 25
1
b
1 b
26 1 3 5 26
5
Exercise 7F
1 Work out:
a 43
1
b 53
1
c 83
3
4 2 4
c 7 1 7 d 1 2 3 7
c 28 1 18 5 42 d 49 1 18 5 56 d 73 e 63 f 12 3
5 8 8
12 Put these numbers into groups of three so that 4 3 7 1 6 2
each group has a total of 2. g 3 h 3 i 3
5 11 10 5 7 9
4 3
2 3 4 3 5 7 13 7 11 1 7 j 3
1 9 8
3 5 5 4 12 10 20 12 24 2 8
2 Work out:
1 2 1
a 22 3 7 b 23 3 5 c 44 3 3
7.2 Multiplication of d 2 3 13
2
e
3
6 3 34 f
2
43 3 7
fractions
2 3 Find:
What is 4 3 3? 3 3
a of 8 m b of 42 km
2 2 2 2 2 8 2 10 4
43 5 1 1 1 5 5 23 2 4
3 3 3 3 3 3 c of 200 ml d of 3 t
3 5
You should see that 3
4 Anisha has 4 litres of paint. She uses 8 of it to
2 4 2 8 2
4 3 5 3 5 5 23 paint a room.
3 1 3 3
a How much paint did she use?
b How much paint does she have left?
EXAMPLE 6 5 It takes a mechanic 2 hours to service a car. If
Work out: the mechanic takes one third of this time to
change the oil, how long does he take to
3 2 3 perform the other tasks?
a 35 b 35 3 4 c of 30 kg
8 4
3 2 6 Tarek’s school is 6 km from his home.
d 3 2
5 7 Every day he walks 5 of the way and takes a
bus for the remaining distance.
3 3 5 15 7 He does the same on the return journey.
a 35 5 3 5 51
8 8 1 8 8 a How far does he walk altogether in
one week?
Write the whole Multiply numerators b How far does he travel by bus during
number with a and denominators. the week?
denominator of 1
3
7 A rectangle measures 4 cm by 25 cm.
2 17 4 68 3 What is the area of the rectangle?
b 35 345 3 5 5 13 5
5 1 5 (Remember: area 5 length 3 width)
Use improper fractions. 4cm
3 3 30 90 45 1
c of 30 kg 5 3 5 5 5 222 kg
4 4 1 4 2 2 35 cm
Replace ‘of’ Simplify Convert to

with ‘×’ fractions mixed number
answer 8 Calculate:
3
3 2 6 a 20 of 4 m, giving your answer in cm
d 3 5 7
5 7 35 b of 12 cm, giving your answer in mm
10
106
777777777777
c
d
5
6of 2 days, giving your answer in days
and hours
3
of 7 kg, giving your answer in g
Dividing whole numbers by fractions
You can divide a number by a fraction.
For example:
7 Fractions
8
1
what is 2 4 4?
9 What are the missing numbers?
1 3 One way of working this out is to ask how many
a of u 5 7 b of u 5 18 quarter-circles make 2 circles.
4 7
2 1
c of u 5 120 d of 800 5 160 1 1 1 1
5 u 4 4 4 4
2 3
e of 45 5 10 f of 160 5 12 1 1 1 1
u u 4 4 4 4
u u
g of 120 5 30 h of 35 5 15 1
4 7 8 quarters 5 2, so 2 4 58
u 4
i of 16 5 14
u
Exercise 7G
10 Fill in the missing numbers:
1 a Using quarter-circles, make up 6 circles.
1 2 3 3
a of 40 5 of u b of 200 5 of u How many quarter-circles are in 6 circles?
4 5 8 7 1
Copy and complete: 6 4 4 5 u
1 1
c of u 5 of u 3
5 10 b From your 6 circles make 4 circles. How
3
d There are many possible answers to part c. many 4 circles can you make from 6 circles?
3
Find some more answer pairs. Write down Copy and complete: 6 4 4 5 u
the connection between the pairs of answers.
2 a Using quarter-circles, make up 9 circles.
How many quarter-circles are in 9 circles?
1
B INVESTIGATION
3
b From your 9 circles make up 4 circles. How
Some things look wrong, even though they are correct. 3
2 2 many 4 circles can you make from 9 circles?
For example: 2 2 3 5233 3
a Is this correct?
4 4 3 Look at your answers to Question 1.
b How about 4 2 5 and 4 3 5 ?
c Can you find other fractions that work? Any rules?
1
6 4 5 24
4
3
64 58
7.3 Division of fractions 4
a There are 24 quarter-circles in 6 circles.
What number could you have multiplied
{ ACTIVITY 6 by, to get 24?
You will need paper and scissors. Use something Copy and complete:
circular, like the rim of a cup, to draw six identical 1
6 4 5 6 3 u 5 24
circles. 4
b What number should you divide 24 by,
3
to find how many 4 circles there are in
24 quarter-circles?
Copy and complete:
3 634
64 5 58
4 u
Cut out each circle carefully. Fold it in half, then fold
it in half again. Cut along the fold lines. This will
give you quarter-circles.
107
777777777777
7 Fractions
4 Look at your answers to Question 2.

1
9 4 5 36
4
3
9 4 5 12
4
Exercise 7H
2
a 44 543 5
3 12
5u
a There are 36 quarter-circles in 9 circles. 3 2 2
What number could you have multiplied
2 5 u
9 by, to give 36? b 10 4 5 10 3 5 5u
5 2 u
Copy and complete:
1 4 5 u
9 4 5 9 3 u 5 36 c 10 4 5 10 3 5 5u
4 5 4 u
3
b To find how many 4 circles are in 36 5 3 5 4 u
d 4 5 3 5
quarter-circles, what number should 9 4 9 3 u
you divide 36 by? 3 7 4 u
Copy and complete: e 8 4 14 5 8 4 5 8 3 5 5u
4 7 u
3 934 2 Do the division and write the answer in its
94 5 5 12
4 u simplest form.
5 Look at some of the answers to Questions 3 1 3 2
and 4: a 54 b 44 c 64
9 4 3
1 3 634
6 4 5 6 3 4 5 24 6 4 5 58 5 3 7
4 4 3 d 84 e 94 f 74
6 4 9
1 3 934
9 4 5 9 3 4 5 36 9 4 5 5 12 2 5 5
4 4 3 g 2
34 h 2
24 i 2
10 4
5 18 7
Can you see the pattern?
Can you see a way to divide a whole number 7 3 4 8 3 7
j 4 k 4 l 4
by a fraction? Explain. 10 4 5 15 10 9
5 3
m 4
8 4
r To divide a whole number by a fraction you turn
the fraction upside down and multiply. 3 Change the mixed number to an improper
fraction, then do the division.
1 1 5
EXAMPLE 7 a 6 4 14 b 4 4 12 c 9 4 16
Work out: d 7 4 28
3
e 10 4 3 5
4
f 8 4 2 11
5
3 1 4 2
a 24 b 6 4 12 c 4 3 1 2
4 9 5 g 2
6 4 25 h 2
4 4 17 i 2
10 4 43
3 4 Division by 43 = 4 How many half-litre bottles of juice can you
a 24 523 4
4 3 multiplication by 3 get from a 10-litre container?
8
5
3 5 I have 12 oranges.
2 2
5 23 How many people can I give 3 of an orange to?
1 3 Change 1 21 to an 6
2
Andrew uses 5 of a bag of fertiliser each week.
b 6 4 12 5 6 4
2 improper fraction How long will one bag of fertiliser last?
2 ÷ 23 = x 23
563 7 Which is better value:
3 Cancel!
2
6 2 3
5 3 4 kg of soap powder for $9,
1 31 2
or 3 kg of soap powder for $8?
54
4 2 4 5
c 4 5 3
9 5 9 2
2
4 5 10 1
5 3 5 5 19
9 21 9
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777777777777
7.4 Using known facts and
laws of arithmetic to
simplify calculations
Exercise 7I
1
7 Fractions
Change the order so that you do not need to

find a common denominator, then work out:
r The commutative law: when adding two or more 1 1 7 2 1 7
numbers or multiplying two or more numbers, the a 1 53 1 b 1 35 1
8 8 9 9
order of adding or multiplying doesn’t matter.
2 Change the order so that you do not need to
You know that 3 1 2 1 1 5 2 1 3 1 1 and that multiply a fraction by a fraction, then work out:
4 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 4 3 5. The same applies to 3 3 5 7
fractions. a 3 3 15 b 3 18 3
5 4 8 9
3 As in Example 9, use the distributive law so
EXAMPLE 8
that you do not need to do a long
Calculate: multiplication sum, then work out:
3 1 2 2 3 4 3
a 1 24 1 b 3 3 10 a 4 3 1521 b 2519 3 6
5 5 5 8
3 1 2 3 2 1 4 Ahmad and Tarek were going for a walk to
a 1 24 1 5 1 1 24
5 5 5 5 3
their friend’s house. They walked 28 km then
1 1 1
5 1 1 24 5 34 stopped for a rest. Then they walked 43 km
and stopped for lunch. Finally they walked
5
By changing the order you add these, you 28 km until they reached their friend’s house.
avoid having to find a common denominator. How far had they walked altogether?
2 3 2 3 20 3 5 This cuboid has side lengths 5 cm, 2 cm and

b 3 3 10 5 3 10 3 5 3 8 5
5 8 5 8 5 8 24 cm. What is its volume?
3 12 3 1 (Remember: volume 5 length 3 width 3
543 5 5 5 12
8 8 2 height)
By changing the order you multiply
these, you avoid having to multiply
a fraction by a fraction.
r The distributive law tells us that when a sum is 24cm

being multiplied by a number, each number in the
sum can be multiplied by the number first, then the
products added.
You know that 5 3 (4 1 2) 5 5 3 6 5 30 and 2
cm
5
5 3 4 3 5 3 2 5 20 1 10 5 30. 5
8
cm
The same applies to fractions.
6 Water flows through a hosepipe at a rate of
EXAMPLE 9 7
225025 litres every hour. Sue is using this pipe
Calculate 5 3 1223
4 to fill a water tank which holds 6760 litres. If
she leaves the water running for 3 hours, will
4 4 4 the water tank be full?
5 3 1223 5 5 3 a12 1 b 5 5 3 12 1 5 3
23 23
20 20
5 60 1 5 6023 r Inverse operations: we can use inverse operations
23
to help us solve problems.
Multiplying and dividing are inverses of each other.
By using the distributive law, there is no
need to change the fraction into an improper
You know that if 4 3 3 5 12 then 12 4 4 5 3 and
fraction, avoiding a long multiplication sum. 12 4 3 5 4. The same applies to fractions.
109
777777777777
7 Fractions
Adding and subtracting are inverses of each other.

You know that if 2 1 5 5 7 then 7 2 5 5 2 and
7 2 2 5 5. The same applies to fractions.
a i
3
8
is half of
3
3
4
so 240 3 is half of 180 5 90.
8
EXAMPLE 10
Find the missing numbers:

a u 1 325 5 515
7
b u 4 415 5 3
3
ii 240 3 5 90
7 2 7 6 1
8
a u 5 515 2 35 5 515 2 315 5 215 24 is 10 times smaller than 240,
The inverse of 3
so 24 3 5 9.
+ 3 25 is - 3 25 8
7 7
b is one hundredth of
800 8
7
so 16 000 3 5 14 000 4 100 5 140
800
r Multiplying fractions can be made easier by

1 21 63 3 cancelling first.
b u533 45 533 5 5 125
5 5 If, when multiplying two numbers, we multiply one of
The inverse of the numbers by something and divide the other number
÷ 4 51 is × 4 51 by the same thing, the answer to the new calculation
will be the same as the original. For example:
3 × 60 = 180
×5 ÷5
15 × 12 = 180
We use this idea for cancelling fractions.
r We can use known facts and place value to make
calculations easier. EXAMPLE 12
You know that if 3 3 8 5 24 then 23
30 3 800 5 24 000. The same applies to fractions. Calculate 3 35
25
23 7 23 3 7
3 35 5
EXAMPLE 11 255 5
3 161 1
a If 240 3 5 180, what is 5 5 325
4 5
3 3 23 × 7 is easier
i 240 3 ii 24 3 ?
8 8 than 23 × 35
7 7
b If 16 000 3 5 14 000, what is 16 000 3 ?
8 800
Exercise 7J
1 Find the missing numbers:
4 2
a 35 1 u 5 615 b u 2 178 5 235
c u 4 138 5 3 d u 3 234 5 23
110
777777777777
2
5
If 16 3 8 5 10, what is
a 1600 3
5
8
b 1600 3
5
80
EXAMPLE 13
Work out:
1 3 3 2
7 Fractions
5
5 a 7 3 A25 2 14 B b 1 2 3 13 1
c 16 000 3 ? 4 12
800
Explain how you worked these out without 1 3 11 7
a 7 3 A25 2 14 B 5 7 3 a 2 b
doing the calculation. 5 4
44 35
3 Cancel, then work out: 573a 2 b
20 20
11 13
a 3 45 b 16 3 9 Brackets
25 24 573
20 first
17
c 3 27 63
18 5
1 1 20
4 What number added to 43 makes 72?
3
5 320
5 Kafele makes a mistake in his homework.
4
The question is: 135 3 25 3 2 5 3 5 5
b 1 2 3 13 1 5 123 1
Kafele writes: 4 12 4 3 12
4 5
4 55 6
1 35 3 25 5 17 3 5 5 5 77
7
7
What mistake has he made? 3 10 5
5 1 1
3
4 3 12
6 If 2200 3 15 5 3520, what is 9 40 5
3 4 Multiplication 5 1 1
a 220 3 15 b 2200 3 ? 12 12 12
5 before Addition
54 6 1
Explain how you worked these out without 5 5 412 5 42
12
doing the calculation.
3
7 Janine says that if 400 3 14 5 700, then
3
400 318 5 350. What mistake has she made?
2 2
Exercise 7K
8 of a number is 30. What is 9 of the same
3 1 Work out:
number?
3 1
a 2 3 a24 1 13 b
7.5 Applying order of b

1 3
a18 2 b 3 4
operations rules to 4
fractions c
7
2 3 A18 1 25 B 1 5
2
Previously you learned about the order of operations

2 Work out:
and how to apply BIDMAS:
7 1 3 1
a 88 2 3 3 26 b 5 4 A25 2 13 B
Brackets first
Then Indices 17
c 16 1 3 25
Then Division and Multiplication 35
Then Addition and Subtraction 3 Work out:
7 1 1
BIDMAS also applies to questions with fractions a 18 3 5 1 3 3 24 2 6 2
in them. 2 2 3
b 43 1 3 3 110 1
5
3 1 2 4 8
c a 2 b3a 1 1 b
5 20 3 5 15
111
777777777777
7 Fractions
e
3
4
9
1
5
3 3
610 2 2 3 1 15
1
1 3 4 2 3 4 14
10 The table shows how Form 3 students in
Radley High School come to school every day.
Means of transport Number of students
8
Bus 28
Car 12
7.6 Problem solving Bicycle 15

Walking 45
Exercise 7L a What fraction of the total number of

1
3
In a mixed school, of the students are boys. students:
5
What fraction are girls? i come by bus
3
ii come by car
2 A bag of sugar has a mass of 8 kg. A second iii come by bicycle
9
bag has a mass of 16 kg. What mass of sugar is iv walk to school?
there altogether? Write each fraction in its simplest form.
3
2
A mouse eats 15 kg of cheese each night. b What number do you get when you add
the four fractions?
11 The bar chart shows how Mr Damon spends
his monthly salary.
100
90
80
70
How much cheese does it eat in: Dollars spent
a 30 nights b 16 nights? 60
Rent and fuel

Food
Savings
1 50
Entertainment
4 A man walks 3 2 km each hour. How far does
40
he walk in:
30
Clothes
a 4 hours b 7 hours
20
Travel
5 Three oranges are divided equally between
10
five people.
0
Expense
a How much does Mr Damon earn a month?
b Write down the fraction of his salary he
uses for:
i food ii clothes
What fraction of an orange does each
iii travel iv entertainment
person get?
v rent and fuel vi savings.
6 A length of string is 41 cm long. It is cut into c When you add the six fractions, do you
6 equal pieces. How long is each piece? get 1 as your answer?
7 A barrel of juice holds 50 litres. The money that Mr Damon spends on food is
2 used in the following way:
How many bottles, each holding 3 litre, can be
filled from the barrel? 2 1
on meat on fruit
1 5 10
8 A plank of wood is 2 2 cm thick. How thick is 1 1
a pile of 25 planks? on drinks on vegetables
4 10
9 Mr Clow has no children so he decides to leave d What fraction is used for other foods?
all his money to his three nephews, Ben, Bob e What fraction of his total salary is spent on:
3 1
and Billy. Ben gets 5 of the money. Bob gets 4 i meat ii drinks
of the money. What fraction does Billy get? iii fruit iv vegetables?
112
777777777777
Consolidation
Example 1 Example 5
7 Fractions
Work out: 1
Find the missing number: u 3 34 5 8
3 1 3 2 1 13
a 1 b 24 2 13 8 4 34 5 8 4
5 3 4
4 The inverse of
3 1 9 5 583 × 3 41 is ÷ 3 41
a 1 5 1 13
5 3 15 15
32
14 5
12
5
15
6
3 2 11 5 5 213
b 24 2 13 5 2
4 3
33 20 Example 6
5 2 3 3
12 12 If 32 3 14 5 56, what is 32 000 3 14?
13 1 3
5 5 112 32 000 3 14 5 56 3 1000 5 56 000
12
Example 2 Example 7
2
Calculate: 6 3 35 11
Calculate 3 55
2 6 17 45
6 3 35 5 3 11 11
1 5 3 55
102 45
5 9
5 11 3 11 121 4
5 5 5 139
2 9 9
5 205
13
Example 3 ÷ 4 is the Exercise 7
1 same as × 134 1 Work out:
Calculate: 25 4 34
1 1 3 2
13 a 1 b 1
2 1
5 4 34 5 25 4 4 4 5 5
4 1 1 2 2
c 24 1 14 d 35 1 15
4
5 25 3 1 1
13 e
5
49 1 29
7
f 1
2
20 3 5
5 3 1 3 3
13 g 1 h 1
4 3 5 4
7
5 2113 1 2 3 5
i 1 j 1
6 3 8 12
Example 4 2 Calculate:
5 3 2 1 3
Using the distributive law, calculate 6 3 1524 a 24 1 13 b 32 1 45
5 5
6 3 1524 5 6 3 15 1 6 3 c
1
24 1 35
4
d
1
68 1 45
2
24
30 e
5
46 1 22 1 14
1 3
5 90 1
24
6 3 Work out:
5 90 1 124 3 1 5 1 7 5
a 2 b 2 c 2
1
5 5 6 6 9 9
5 914 4 3 2 4 3 1
d 27 2 17 e 35 2 15 f 2
4 3
113
777777777777
7 Fractions
j
5
8
7
2
2
1
2
3
h
4
7
2
2
9
i
2
3
2
3
5
9 If 470 3
a
3
5
5 282, what is
47 000 3
3
5
b 470 3
3
10
12 8 6
c 4700 3 ?
4 Calculate: 5
3 3 1 3 1 3
a 34 2 15 b 22 2 14 c 33 2 4 10 Calculate:
2 3 2 7 17 19
d 25 2 14 e 47 2 18 a 3 18 b 12 3
54 30
5 Calculate: 13
c 3 21
56
3 16 2 2
a 3 b 12 3 c 2
53 11 The drawing shows the fuel gauge in Omar’s car.
8 27 5 3
3 2 3 1 When full, the fuel tank holds 60 litres.
d 47 3 23 e 3 f 6 3 25
9 7
2 7 6
g 2 3 310 h 27 3 34
1
6 Calculate: 2
E F
5 2 1 2 3
a 4 b 64 35 c 44
8 3 4 FUEL
1 2 5 4 3
d 10 4 22 e 2 4 16 f 4
5 8
2 2 1 a How much fuel is in the tank now?
g 4 4 29 h 3 4 53 b After travelling a further 80 km, Omar
7 Using the distributive law, calculate: noticed his tank was half full. How much
5 7
fuel did he use?
a 2 3 1236 b 3 3 2524
12 There are 864 students at Greatfield High
3
c 8 3 1131 School. The number is expected to increase by
1
12 next year.
8 Find the missing numbers: a How many students are expected at
a u 3 512 5 10 b u 1 313 5 10 Greatfield next year?
b One third of the new intake will be boys.
c u 4 235 5 4 How many new girls are expected?
Summary
1 To add or subtract fractions their denominators 1 a Work out:
must be the same. 1 1 2 1
For example: i 1 ii 1
2 4 3 4
3 2 1 2 4 2
1 iii 3 2 1 iv 1 7 1
4 5 You can’t add 3 9
15 8 3 fourths to 2 fifths 2 1 3 7
5 1 v 2 vi 3 4 2 1 8
20 20 3 2 2
23 b Beverly drinks 3 litre of milk
5 1
from a 1 2 litre bottle.
20
3
5 1 20 How much milk is left in the
but you can add 15 bottle?
twentieths to 8 twentieths
ˇ
114
777777777777
ˇ
2 How to multiply by fractions.
For example:
3 633 18 2 1
2 a Work out:
i 33
1
2
ii
4
5
3
7 Fractions
2
3
a 63 5 5 5 44 5 42
4 4 4
2 3 3
3 27 81 1 iii 38 iv 4 3 25
b 2 3 3 38 5 23 3 5 5 2 10 8 4
8 8 1 2
1 v 36 3 2 5 vi 4 3 53
7 2 7 2 7
c 3 5 3 5 3
b Kathy ate 4 of a box of
8 5 48 5 20
cornflakes. The box holds
152 g. What mass of
cornflakes remains?
3 To divide an integer by a fraction, you turn the 3 a Work out:

fraction over and then multiply. 7 3 2
i ii 74
2
4
For example: 10 8 3
1 17 8 24 7
iii 5 4 15
3
iv 4 4 37
2
a 3 4 28 5 3 4 533 5 5 117
8 17 17
3 3
3 4 3 15 3 15 9 1 b How many 18 m pieces of
b 4 5 3 5 3 5 5 24 material can be cut from a
5 15 5 4 51 4 4
piece of material 11 m long?
4 How to use known facts and laws of arithmetic to 4 a Work out:

simplify calculations. 17
3
For example: i 4 3 1519 ii 14 3
49
3 3 3 b Find the missing number:
a 5 3 1217 5 5 3 1217 5 5 3 12 1 5 3
17
15 15 u 4 345 5 7
5 60 1 5 6017
17
19 2 19 19 38 2
b 34 3 5 34 3 523 5 5 123
51 51 3 3 3
115
888 8 Expressions, equations
and formulae
888
Objectives
£ Construct and solve linear equations £ Substitute positive and negative integers
with integer coefficients (unknown on into formulae, linear expressions and
either or both sides, with or without expressions involving small powers,
brackets). e.g. 3x2 1 4 or 2x3, including examples
that lead to an equation to solve.
£ Derive and use simple formulae, e.g. to
convert degrees Celsius (8C) to degrees
Fahrenheit (8F).
What’s the point?

Different parts of the world use different
currencies and different measuring scales.
It is sometimes necessary to convert
between currencies, for example when
travelling or in business. Some parts of the
world measure temperature in degrees
Celsius, while some measure it in degrees
Fahrenheit (both scales are named after the
person who invented them). You have also learned about metric and
imperial measurements. It is important to know which measuring scale is being used
and how to convert between them 2 algebra and formulae help with this.
Before you start

1 About the order of operations, BIDMAS. 1 Work out:
1 10 3 6 2 2 5 3 32 Brackets first a 7 3 32 2 1 5 3 3 2
5 60 2 5 3 32 Then Indices b 2 3 10 2 12 4 1 1 1 2 2
5 60 2 5 3 9 Then Multiplication c 1 33 1 4 2 2 22 3 5
5 60 2 45 Then Subtraction 42 1 5
d
5 15 7
116
8888888888 8 Expressions, equations and formulae
8888888888
2 How to expand brackets and use the order of
operations with algebra.
For example:
6 2 2 1 3x 2 4 2 1 10x
5 6 2 6x 1 8 1 10x
5 14 1 4x
2 a
b
Expand:
i 4 1 2p 2 5 2
ii 25 1 3 2 2x 2
Expand and simplify:
i 4 1 3p 2 5m 2
1 5 1 2p 1 7m 2
ii 60 2 10 1 3x 1 2 2
1 80x
3 How to multiply an integer by a fraction. 3 Work out:
For example: 5
a 64 3
8 8
25 3 5 1 25 4 5 2 3 8 4
5 1 b 55 3
Find 5 of 5
5 5 3 8 5 40
25 first, 5
then 3 8 c 60 3
12
8.1 Solving linear equations Exercise 8A

Using number machines 1 For each machine, write down the result when
the starting number is
EXAMPLE 1
i 5
Write ii 12
Think of Double Add
down
a number it three a ×3 +2
the result
Using the given number machine:

a find the result if you start with 5 b ×4 −2
b find the result if the starting number is x
c find the starting number if the result is 15.
c ×5 +1
a ×2 +3
2 Draw a diagram to show the reverse machine

5 10 13 for each part of Question 1.
The result is 13.
3 For each machine in Question 1, find what
b ×2 +3 starting number will give 26 as the result.
Use your machines from Question 2 to help you.
x 2x 2x + 3 4 For each machine in Question 1, write down
the result when the starting number is x.
The result is 2x 1 3.
c To do this, use the machine backwards:
23 is the inverse of 13 Simple equations can be solved using number
42 is the inverse of 3 2 machines.
So subtract 3 and then divide by 2:
÷2 −3
6 12 15
The starting number was 6. 117
8888888888
8 Expressions, equations and formulae
8888888888
EXAMPLE 2 Balancing equations
Can you use a number machine to solve
Solve the equation 3x 2 5 5 13
2x 5 x 1 5?
First draw the machine which gives the result You cannot because there are xs on both sides of
3x 2 5 when you start with x. the equation.
×3 −5 The idea of a balance can be used to solve equations
x 3x − 5 Now draw like these.
3x
18 the reverse
6 13 Look at the balance. On one side it has 2 tins of paint.
machine
On the other side it has 1 tin of paint and a 5 kg weight.
÷3 +5
x x x 5kg
Using the reverse machine you can see that,

when 3x 2 5 5 13, x 5 6.
Each tin of paint weighs x kg.

Exercise 8B The masses on each side of the balance are equal.
1 Use the machines in Question 1 of Exercise
If you remove one tin of paint from each side of
8A and the method in Example 2 to solve the
the balance…
equations:
a 3x 1 2 5 26 b 4x 2 2 5 26 x 5kg
c 5x 1 1 5 26
Do your results agree with your answers for
Question 3 of Exercise 8A? … you will see that x 5 5.
2 Draw a number machine which gives this Algebraically you can write:
result when you start with x: 2x 5 x 1 5
a 5x 1 2 b 7x 2 4 c 4x 1 9 so, subtracting x from each side:
x55
3 Use the machines you drew in Question 2 to
help you solve:
EXAMPLE 3
a 5x 1 2 5 27
b 7x 2 4 5 24 Use the balance idea to solve:
c 4x 1 9 5 33 a w2559 b 4w 5 w 1 3
4 Solve: x
c 1458
3 Add 5
a 3x 2 5 5 19 b 4x 1 1 5 21
c 7x 2 8 5 25 d 2x 1 12 5 13 to both
1 a w2559 sides!
e 2x 1 3 5 5 f 6x 2 9 5 25
Add 5 to both sides:
5 Solve: w25155915
a 3p 2 5 5 4 w 5 14
b 26 5 8x 2 6
b 4w 5 w 1 3
c 7n 1 8 5 220
Subtract w from both sides:
d 8 5 10 2 y
e 9 5 7x 1 16 4w 2 w 5 w 1 3 2 w
f 2t 1 0.5 5 12.5 3w 5 3
g r 1 r 1 8 5 16 Divide both sides by 3:
h 18 5 8m 1 6 2 4m 3w 3
i 12 5 18 2 3x 5
3 3
j 12 5 77 2 5r w51
118
8888888888
3 Use the balance idea to solve for x:
x
c 1458 a 9x 1 3 5 4x 1 8
3
b 3x 1 7 5 5x 1 1
Subtract 4 from both sides: c 2x 1 3 5 28 2 3x
x d 4x 2 7 5 13 2 x
14245824
3 e 6x 2 7 5 2x 1 3
x
54 f 5x 2 12 5 3 1 2x
3
g 9x 2 11 5 3x 1 13
Multiply each side by 3:
h 8x 2 12 5 5x 2 3
x
3a b 5 3 1 4 2 4 Use the balance idea to solve the following
3
x 5 12 equations. Write down what you are doing
to both sides of the equation, as in Example 3.
a x1355 b x2357
x
Exercise 8C c 6 5 2x d 54
3
1 a Look at the diagram below. e 2x 1 3 5 9 f 2x 2 3 5 9
x
1kg 1kg
g 5p 2 7 5 8 h 1458
1kg 1kg 3
x 1kg 1kg i 7 1 6x 5 7x j 4 2 2x 5 2x
x x x 1kg 1kg
x
x x 1kg x 1kg 1kg k 2752 l 7x 5 20 2 3x
5
m 32x52 n 3x 5 x 1 6
5 Kevin tried to solve the equation
Do you agree that it shows the equation 5x 2 4 5 3x 1 6
5x 1 1 5 2x 1 10? Here is his working:
b Can you explain how the diagram below
was obtained from the diagram in part a? 5x − 4 = 3x + 6
Do the two sides still balance? [− 4] 5x = 3x + 2
1kg 1kg [− 3x] 2x = 2
1kg 1kg
[÷ 2] x = 1
x 1kg 1kg
x 1kg 1kg
x 1kg 1kg 1kg
a What was Kevin’s mistake?

b Solve the equation correctly for Kevin.
c Write an equation to show the information
in the diagram in part b.
d Draw a diagram like the one in part b, but Sometimes you have to simplify equations by first
this time remove 1 kg from each side. Do removing brackets.
the two sides still balance?
e Work out the mass of one tin, x. EXAMPLE 4
2 Solve the following equations: Solve 5 1 x 1 3 2 5 2x 1 27
a 7x 1 3 5 3x 1 11
(Hint: Subtract 3x from both sides) Expand brackets:
b 2x 1 19 5 5x 1 4 5x 1 15 5 2x 1 27
(Hint: Subtract 2x from both sides) Subtract 2x from both sides:
c 5x 1 1 5 8 2 2x 5x 1 15 2 2x 5 2x 1 27 2 2x
(Hint: add 2x to both sides) 3x 1 15 5 27
d 6x 1 2 5 16 2 x
(Hint: add x to both sides)
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8888888888
Subtract 15 from both sides:
3x 1 15 2 15 5 27 2 15
3x 5 12
Divide both sides by 3:
x54
3 Solve the equations:
a
e
x
3
x
4
1458
1 8 5 17
1x 1 32
2
1357
b
f
x
5
2651
1x 1 22
3
1x 2 32
2
5 10
5 42
Sometimes you need to expand brackets and

collect terms. Solving problems
Creating an equation and solving it is a powerful way
EXAMPLE 5 of working on many types of problem.
Solve 7 1 2p 1 3 2 1 6 1 p 2 2 2 5 10p 1 2 There are four steps to solving a problem:
1 Understand the problem
Expand brackets: 2 Devise a plan
14p 1 21 1 6p 2 12 5 10p 1 29
3 Carry out your plan
Simplify by collecting like terms:
4 Look back.
20p 1 9 5 10p 1 29
3 2 10p 4 10p 1 9 5 29
EXAMPLE 6
32 9 4 10p 5 20
3 4 10 4 p52
Exercise 8D
1 Solve: 10.5cm
a 3 1 x 1 3 2 5 21
b 10 1 t 2 3 2 5 40 A rectangle with length 10.5 cm has perimeter
c 60 5 4 1 2x 2 5 2 36 cm. What is its width?
d 42 5 3 1 3m 2 4 2
e 3 1 4 1 x 2 5 24 Understand the problem
f 21x 2 32 5 1 What is to be found?
g 31x 1 42 5 21x 1 72 The width, call it w.
h 5 1 x 1 2 2 5 3 1 x 1 10 2 Devise a plan
i 41x 2 52 5 21x 1 32 Form an equation:
j 71p 1 32 5 41p 1 62 w 1 10.5 1 w 1 10.5 5 36
k 4 1 2x 1 1 2 5 6 1 x 1 3 2
Carry out the plan
l 7d 5 5 1 3 1 d 2
Solve the equation.
2 Solve the following equations: First, collect like terms:
a 4x 1 2 1 x 1 1 2 5 16 w 1 w 1 10.5 1 10.5 5 36
b 3 1 x 1 1 2 1 2 1 x 1 2 2 5 17 Simplify:
c 2 1 2x 2 7 2 1 x 5 2x 1 6 2w 1 21 5 36
d 4 1 3 1 x 2 5 2 5 10 Subtract 21 from both sides:
e x 1 1 x 1 1 2 1 1 x 1 2 2 5 63 2w 5 15
f 2 1 x 1 7 2 2 6 5 x 1 15 Divide both sides by 2:
w 5 7.5
Look back
The width of the rectangle is 7.5 cm.
This is correct, since:
10.5 1 7.5 1 10.5 1 7.5 5 36
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Exercise 8E TECHNOLOGY
For all of these questions, first write down an Found this last section tough going?
equation, then solve it. Go over the ‘Intro to Solving Equations’ course at
1 The result when adding a number to 6 is 41. www.coolmath.com/prealgebra
What is the number? Make sure you do the questions!
2 A certain number when multiplied by 2 and
then added to 5 gives a result of 97. What is 8.2 Substitution into
the number?
expressions
3 The sum of two consecutive whole numbers You have already learned about expressions such as
is 91. What are the numbers? 3x 1 4, 2a 1 b and 7ty. Notice there is no equals sign in
4 The perimeter of this isosceles triangle is an expression. When you know the values of the letters,
29 cm. What is the missing side length, t? you can find the value of the expression. You have
already learned how to do this with positive numbers in
Book 1. The next exercise extends that to using negative
integers and expressions involving small powers.
Substituting negative values into expressions is just like
t t
substituting positive values.
EXAMPLE 7
If x 5 23, find the value of
7cm
a x2 b 5x2
5 Find the width of these rectangles.
a length 5 cm, perimeter 24 cm a x2 5 1 23 2 2 5 23 3 23 5 9
b length 8.1 cm, perimeter 28.5 cm b 5x2 5 5 3 1 23 2 2 5 5 3 9 5 45
c length 17.3 m, perimeter 41.7 m
6 The perimeter of a triangle is 34 cm. What are You can also work out more complex expressions.
the lengths of the sides if the first side is twice
the length of the second side and the third side EXAMPLE 8
is 2 cm longer than the second side?
If x 5 22, find the value of 2x3 2 x2 1 10x 1 6
7 Janet is 6 years younger than Safiya. How old
is each girl if the sum of their ages is 26? 5 2 1 22 2 3 2 1 22 2 2 1 10 1 22 2 1 6
8 Anton has three times as many marbles as 5 2 1 28 2 2 1 4 2 1 10 1 22 2 1 6
Kamil. Kamil has 4 more marbles than Abdul. 5 216 2 4 1 220 1 6
How many marbles does each boy have if 5 240 1 6
there are 96 marbles altogether? 5 234
9 In 16 years’ time Jim will be three times his

current age. How old will Jim be in 4 years’ time?
Exercise 8F
10 The sum of two consecutive even numbers 1 If m 5 2, n 5 23, p 5 25 and t 5 10, find the
is 214. What are the numbers? value of:
11 The sum of three consecutive odd numbers a m1n2t b 2t 2 m 1 3p
is 243. What are the numbers? c n1m 1 t2 d 2p 1 10t 2 3n
e 6t 1 p 1 n 2 f 3mp 1 30
g mp 2 tn h 51m 1 n 1 p2
i 2
p2n2m2t j 4np 2 6t
mnp 7m 1 2n
k t l
t1p13
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8888888888
2 Find the value of each of the following. The 8 Find the value of each expression when
first has been worked out for you. i x52 ii x 5 22
a 5x 2
b x4 1 x2
a 3x2 when x 5 22
c 3x 2 2x
4 2
d 25x2 1 x4
3x2 5 3 3 1 22 2 2
5 3 3 1 22 2 3 1 22 2 What do you notice about the answers?
5 12 9 Find the value of each expression when:
b x3 when x 5 21 c 4x3 when x 5 2 i x52 ii x 5 22
d 3x2 when x 5 5 e 4t2 when t 5 23 a 7x3 b x3 2 x
f 2p3 when p 5 25 c 2x 2 3x 3
d x5 2 x3 1 x
3 Find the value of: What do you notice about the answers?
a x2 1 4 when x 5 23 10 Look at the expressions in Questions 8 and 9.
b 2x2 1 5 when x 5 2
c 3 1 t3 when t 5 21 Can you see a pattern in the answers?
d 4y2 1 y 2 45 when y 5 25 Make up an expression in terms of x so that:
e 24 1 3p3 when p 5 22 a it has the same value for x 5 3 and x 5 23
f 100 2 2x2 when x 5 7 b it has the same value but opposite sign for
x 5 3 and x 5 23.
g 1 2 m3 when m 5 23
h 2w2 1 3v3 2 r when w 5 25,
v 5 22 and r 5 28
8.3 Formulae
4 Find the value of each expression when You have already learned about formulae such as
i x52 ii x 5 22 t 5 3p 1 4, C 5 2a and M 5 3fd. Notice there is an
a 3x2 2 x b 2x3 1 x 2 10 equals sign in a formula. A formula describes the
c 4 2
x 1 2x 1 7 d 4x3 1 3x2 1 2x 1 1 relationship between different variables. When you
e 3 2
x 2 5x 2 4x 2 15 know the values of some of the letters, you can find the
value of the unknown variable by using substitution.
5 Find the value of each expression:
a x2 2 x when x 5 23
b x 1 x2 2 x3 when x 5 24 Substituting into formulae
c 2x2 2 x 2 1 when x 5 25
d x3 1 4x2 2 16x 1 19 when x 5 21 EXAMPLE 9
e x3 2 3x when x 5 23 In electricity, Ohm’s law states that V 5 IR where
6 Copy these expressions. V 5 voltage, I 5 current and R 5 resistance.
4xy Find V when I 5 0.5 and R 5 6

2x 1 y2 x2 1 y 4y2 2 x2 1 x
Tick (¸) which expressions have the same V 5 0.5 3 6
value when x 5 3 and y 5 22. V53
7 a Find the value of each of the following:
i 1 21 2 3 ii 1 21 2 6 When something moves in a straight line with constant
iii 1 21 2 4 iv 1 21 2 7 acceleration, the following formulae apply:
b Can you guess the value of 1 21 2 100 v 5 u 1 at and
1
s 5 ut 1 2 at2
and 1 21 2 101?
where
c What is the value of 1 21 2 n if n is an odd
number? a 5 acceleration u 5 initial velocity
t 5 time taken s 5 displacement (distance
travelled from a point)
These are called equations of motion. They are used in
mechanics and physics.
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EXAMPLE 10 Note that all of the formulae used in the following
exercise are used in real life.
a Using v 5 u 1 at, find v when u 5 10,
a 5 2 and t 5 15
b
1
Using s 5 ut 1 2 at2, find s when u 5 15, Exercise 8G
a 5 3 and t 5 20 1 Using v 5 u 1 at, find v when
a u 5 20, a 5 2 and t 5 25
a v 5 u 1 at b u 5 50, a 5 23 and t 5 10
v 5 10 1 2 3 15 BIDMAS says Multiply 2 Using V 5 IR, find V when
before Adding a I 5 2 and R 5 5
v 5 10 1 30 b I 5 0.5 and R 5 4
v 5 40
1 3 Using v 5 u 1 at, find u when
b s 5 ut 1 2 at2 a v 5 100, a 5 5 and t 5 10
1
s 5 15 3 20 1 2 3 3 3 202 BIDMAS says b v 5 20, a 5 25 and t 5 9
Indices first 4 Using V 5 IR, find I when
1
s 5 15 3 20 1 2 3 3 3 400 Then Multiply a V 5 8 and R 5 4
s 5 300 1 600 Then Add b V 5 5 and R 5 10
s 5 900 5 Using v 5 u 1 at, find t when
a v 5 60, a 5 5 and u 5 20
b v 5 40, a 5 22 and u 5 68
Sometimes when you substitute into formulae you
need to solve an equation to find the unknown letter 6 Using F 5 ma, find m when
because the unknown letter is not on its own. a F 5 24 and a 5 8
b F 5 15 and a 5 6
EXAMPLE 11 7 Using v 5 u 1 at, find a when
a v 5 70, t 5 10 and u 5 20
a Using v 5 u 1 at, find u when v 5 50, a 5 3 b v 5 30, t 5 2 and u 5 36
and t 5 15
b Using v 5 u 1 at, find t when v 5 40, u 5 10 8 Using Ft 5 mv 2 mu, find v when
and a 5 2 F 5 42, u 5 10, t 5 5 and m 5 7
1
9 Using s 5 ut 1 2 at2, find s when
a v 5 u 1 at
50 5 u 1 3 3 15 a u 5 20, t 5 15 and a 5 2
50 5 u 1 45 b u 5 0, t 5 12 and a 5 7
1
Subtract 45 from both sides: 10 Using s 5 ut 1 2 at 2, find u when s 5 78,
50 2 45 5 u 1 45 2 45 t 5 3 and a 5 4
55u 11 Using v2 − u2 5 2as, find
b v 5 u 1 at a s when v 5 20, u 5 8 and a 5 4
40 5 10 1 2t b a when v 5 15, u 5 5 and s 5 200
Subtract 10 from both sides:
40 2 10 5 10 2 10 1 2t 12 Hooke’s Law states that F 5 kx where
30 5 2t F 5 force, x 5 displacement and k is the
spring’s constant (which tells you how powerful
Divide both sides by 2: the spring is). Find k when F 5 20 and x 5 0.1
30 2t
5 13 Using v2 2 u2 5 2as, find v when s 5 21,
2 2
15 5 t u 5 4 and a 5 2
123
8888888888
8888888888
1
14 Using s 5 ut 1 2 at 2, find t when s 5 96, Exercise 8H
u 5 0 and a 5 3 1
5k
Use the formula m 5 8 to convert the
15 Using v2 2 u2 5 2as, find u when v 5 35, following into miles:
a 5 3 and s 5 200 a 48 km b 80 km c 32 km
2 a Derive a formula to convert m miles into
k kilometres.
Deriving formulae b Use your formula to convert the following
In Chapter 4 you learned that some countries measure into kilometres:
5
distances in miles and that one kilometre is about of i 50 miles ii 75 miles
8
a mile. You can derive a formula to convert between 3 Leilah has $x and Myesha has $y. Derive an
miles and kilometres. equation for each of these statements:
a Leilah and Myesha have a total of $300.
5 b Myesha has 3 times as many dollars as
To convert 8 km into miles do 8 3 55
8 Leilah.
5
To convert 24 km into miles do 24 3 5 15 c If Leilah gave Myesha $400 they would
8 both have the same amount.
5 9
To convert 56 km into miles do 56 3 5 35 4 a Use the formula F 5 5 C 1 32, without a
8
5 5k calculator, to convert the following into
To convert k km into miles do k 3 5 Fahrenheit:
8 8
i 308C ii 808C iii 128C
5k
is an expression for the number of miles in k km. b Some people find this formula hard to
8
remember and use. Did you find part a iii
To turn it into a formula you need to have an equals
difficult without a calculator? Could you
sign. If m 5 the number of miles then the formula is
do it in your head or did you have to write
5k
m5 down working?
8
Instead of using the formula, people can
Some countries measure temperature using degrees find an approximation by doubling the
Fahrenheit and some use degrees Celsius. To compare degrees in Celsius then adding 32 to find
the two scales, consider the boiling point and freezing the degrees in Fahrenheit. Derive the
point of water: formula for this.
Celsius Fahrenheit c Without using a calculator, use your
Freezing temperature of water 0 8C 32 8F formula from part b to convert the
following into Fahrenheit:
Boiling temperature of water 100 8C 212 8F
i 308C ii 808C iii 128C
You can see that when the temperature in Celsius Was part iii easier this time?
increases by 100 8C the temperature in Fahrenheit 5 n cubes are stacked in a tower like the one
increases by 180 8F. below, then placed on a table.
So an increase of 18C will be an increase of 1.8 8F.
Since the freezing point of water in Fahrenheit is 32 8F
we need to add 32 8F as well.
If F 5 the temperature in Fahrenheit and C 5 the
temperature in Celsius, then
F 5 1.8C 1 32
You could write this using fractions to make
calculations easier to do without a calculator:
9
F5 C 1 32
5
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Faces that touch each other or the table when 9 Cubes are stacked in a tower like the one
the cubes are stacked are hidden from view below, with 4 cubes in each layer. The tower is
and can’t be seen. placed on a table. It is n cubes high.
a Derive a formula for the number of faces,
f, that can be seen.
b Derive a formula for the number of faces,
c, that can’t be seen.
c Amira thinks that this formula shows the
total number of faces: f 1 c 5 6n
Do you think she is right? Use your
answers to parts a and b to check.
6 José bought n apples and some oranges. He
had 4 times as many oranges as he had apples.
a If José bought 3 apples how many oranges
did he buy?
a Derive a formula for t, the total number of
b Write an expression showing how many
cubes used in the tower.
oranges José bought.
b Derive a formula for f, the number of
c If José bought 3 apples how many pieces
faces that can be seen
of fruit did he buy altogether?
c Use your formula from part b to find the
d Derive a formula showing t, the total
total number of faces that can be seen
number of pieces of fruit José bought.
when the tower is 12 cubes high.
e If José bought 30 pieces of fruit in total
d Use your formula from part b to find the
how many were oranges?
height of the tower when the number of
7 a Derive a formula for the perimeter, P, of faces that can be seen is 76.
this rectangle
10 Derive a formula to convert degrees
x+8 Fahrenheit into degrees Celsius.
2y
B INVESTIGATION
b Derive a formula for the area, A, of this To convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit we use the
rectangle 9
formula F 5 5 C 1 32
11 This is not so easy to remember or use so many
people use the approximation F < 2C 1 32
Try a few conversions using both formulae. When is
3d − 4m the approximation most accurate?
c Use your answer to part a to find the

value of y when P 5 76 and x 5 20
d Use your answer to part b to find the
value of d when A 5 110 and m 5 2
8 I think of a number, n. I square it, multiply the
answer by 4 and add 7. The answer is A.
a Derive the formula for A.
b Using your formula, find A when n 5 23
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a
a
Consolidation
Example 1
Solve:
x
3
2457
x
3
2457
b 8(x 2 5) 5 2(3x 1 4)
d
e
f
g
h
11y 2 24 5 3y
5(2x 2 4) 5 4x 1 10
d
4
2151
6(2x 2 7) 5 2(4x 2 1)
3(2x 1 7) 11 5 5x 1 2(7x 2 2)
x
[1 4] 5 11 2 The sum of three consecutive numbers is 54.
3
[3 3] x 5 33 a Write an equation to show this.
b Solve the equation.
b 8 1 x 2 5 2 5 2 1 3x 1 4 2
[Expand] 8x 2 40 5 6x 1 8 3 If t 5 3, v 5 22 and r 5 25, find the value of:
a v122r c v(r 1 t)
[2 6x] 2x 2 40 5 8
b 2r 2 v 1 3t d 3rv 1 5t
[1 40] 2x 5 48
1
[4 2] x 5 24 4 Using s 5 ut 1 2 at2,
find s when u 5 10,
Example 2 3y + 1 y+3 t 5 5 and a 5 4.
The perimeter of this triangle 5 If the area of this 2x + 5
is 21 cm. Find the side lengths. 5y − 1 rectangle is 55, write
an equation and 5
[Derive a formula] P 5 3y 1 1 1 y 1 3 1 5y 2 1 solve it to find the
value of x.
[Simplify] P 5 9y 1 3
[Substitute 21 for P] 21 5 9y 1 3 6 Find the value of
a x2 1 3 when x 5 23
[2 3] 18 5 9y
b 3x2 1 x 1 1 when x 5 2
[4 9] 25y c 3v 1 v3 when v 5 22
Use substitution to find the three side lengths: d 2y2 1 3y 2 4 when y 5 24
3y 1 1 5 3 3 2 1 1 5 7 e 125 1 m3 when m 5 25
y13521355 f 100 2 5x2 when x 5 24
5y 2 1 5 5 3 2 2 1 5 9 7 Using v2 2 u2 5 2as find s when v 5 17,
u 5 9 and a 5 4.
Example 3
8 I think of a number, n. I square it, multiply the
If d 5 23 find the value of 4d 2 1 7d answer by 5 and subtract 3. The answer is t.
a Derive a formula for t.
4d 2 1 7d b Using your formula, find t when n 5 22
5 4 3 (23)2 1 7 3 23 BIDMAS c Using your formula, find n when t 5 42
5 4 3 9 1 7 3 23 BIDMAS 9 A rectangle is 6 cm longer than it is wide.
5 36 1 221 BIDMAS It has a perimeter of 90 cm.
a Write down an equation to show this
5 36 2 21
information.
5 15 b Solve the equation to find the length and
width of the rectangle.
Exercise 8
10 Three times Fitzroy’s age 4 years ago will be
1 Solve: the same as twice his age in two years’ time.
a 5x 2 8 5 32 What is his current age?
b x 1 8 5 4x 2 4
c 7(x 1 1) 5 28
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11 These two rectangles have the same area.
3
x+5
Find the area.

4
2x − 5
12 The formula for the nth triangle number is
1
T 5 2 n(n 1 1)
a What is
i the 8th triangle number
ii the 19th triangle number?
b Which triangle number is
i 10 ii 78?
(Hint: you can use trial and improvement.)
Summary
1 How to construct and use formulae. 1 a Write a formula for the
For example: area, A, of this
rectangle.
2x + 7
7
5
2x − 3
Write a formula for the perimeter, P, of the rectangle.
P 5 5 1 2x 1 7 1 5 1 2x 1 7
P 5 4x 1 24
If the perimeter of the rectangle is 36, find its length. b If the area of this
36 5 4x 1 24 rectangle is 63, work
[− 24] 12 5 4x out x.
[4 4] 35x
The length of the rectangle is 2x 1 7, or
2 3 3 1 7 5 13
2 How to solve equations. 2 Solve:

For example: a 7x 2 3 5 2x 1 42
3(4d 2 6) 5 2(5d 1 1) b 5y 1 8 5 8(y 2 2)
[Expand] 12d 2 18 5 10d 1 2 c 4(3m 2 1) 5 2(4m 1 6)
[2 10d] 2d 2 18 5 2 d 6(2x 2 1) 2 5x
[1 18] 2d 5 20 5 2(5x 2 4) 2 7
[4 2] d 5 10
3 How to substitute integers into formulae. 3 T 5 2B2 1 3n 2 38

For example: Find n when T 5 1 and
D 5 x2 1 3p 2 7 B 5 23
Find p when D 5 12 and x 5 22.
12 5 (22)2 1 3p 2 7
[Simplify] 12 5 3p 2 3
[1 3] 15 5 3p
[4 3] 55p
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999 9
Objectives
Geometry
999
£ Identify alternate angles and £ Solve geometric problems using
corresponding angles. properties of angles, of parallel
£ Understand a proof for: and intersecting lines, and of
triangles and special quadrilaterals,
– the angle sum of a triangle is 180°
explaining reasoning with diagrams
and that of a quadrilateral is 360°
and text.
– the exterior angle of a triangle is
£ Find the midpoint of a line segment AB
equal to the sum of the two interior
given the coordinates of points A and B.
opposite angles.
What’s the point?

Cycling is a popular sport across the
world. Top cyclists practise on special
cycle tracks called velodromes. The
velodromes are usually banked at an
angle of 42° to prevent cyclists from
falling off at the bends.
Before you start

1 How to use letters to name an angle. 1 Name the angles marked.
A D
F
H
B
G E
C
This is angle ABC.
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9 Geometry
2 The symmetry properties of triangles and quadrilaterals 2 Describe the symmetry

and how to describe their angles and diagonals. properties, angles and
diagonals of these shapes:
For example:
a square
b rectangle
c isosceles triangle
d parallelogram
e rhombus
f equilateral triangle
g isosceles trapezium
A kite is a quadrilateral with one line of symmetry and

no rotational symmetry. This example has two equal
obtuse angles, a right angle and an acute angle. One
diagonal bisects the other.
9.1 All about angles A quarter turn is 90°.

In Book 1 you learned that an angle is formed when
two straight lines meet at a point.
angle
90°
Angles are measured in degrees. Vertically opposite angles are equal.

A complete turn is 360°.
360° That is, angles at a point

add up to 360°. You can use these facts to calculate angles.
EXAMPLE 1
A half turn is 180°.
Find the angle x.
That is, angles on
180° a straight line add
up to 180°. 133°
x
The angle on a straight line is 180°, so

133° 1 x 5 180°
x 5 180° 2 133°
5 47°
129
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9 Geometry
Exercise 9A c
1 Calculate the missing angles a, b, c and d.
a
131° c
142° a
b 86°
b
68° 55°
c d
d
37° e
283° c
Parallel lines
When a line crosses two parallel lines you get other
d properties.
137°
d Corresponding
angles
145°
2 Find the missing angles a, b, c and d.

a c
Corresponding angles are equal (look for an F shape).
a 42° Alternate
b angles
b
37°
d d
Alternate angles are equal (look for a Z shape).
3 Work out the missing angles a, b, c, d and e. You can use the ideas of corresponding and alternate
a angles to solve more complex problems involving
missing angles.
a
a a
a
EXAMPLE 2
a
Find the missing angles a, b and c.
37°
b
a
b
c
b Write the
b b
reason for
a 5 37° (corresponding angles) the answer.
a 5 b 5 37° (vertically opposite angles)
b 1 c 5 180° (angles on a straight line)
So 37° 1 c 5 180°
hence c 5 180° 2 37° 5 143°
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9 Geometry
Exercise 9B 3 Calculate angles a–l. Give reasons for your

1 Find the missing angles a–i. Give reasons for answers.
your answers. a
a
103°
a a b
145° 74°
b b
f d
e c
128°
b 137°
c c
d
f h
e
g i
48°
c
62° i
h
g 117°
d
j k
l
2
a 30° 4 Find angles a–f.
150° b
c
85°
Copy and complete these sentences a

a Angle a is ° because d
. b
b Angle b is ° because e
124°
.
f
c
c Angle c is ° because
.
131
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9 Geometry
5 Without measuring any angles, say which b Find the values of m, n and p.
diagrams below are drawn correctly. Give a 3n
reason for your answer.
55° p
m
64°
135° 112° 2n
64°
68° c Find the values of t, u, v and w.
6 Find the marked angles a–i in these

parallelograms. 2t
a w
a b v
u
58° 7t
c
b 9.2 Angles in common shapes

The sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°.
e c
a b
a 1 b 1 c 5 180°
Given two angles in a triangle you can find the third.
78°
d EXAMPLE 3
Find the missing angle in the triangle.
c f i
31° 88°
g x
34°
h
23°
As the angle sum is 180°,
7 One interior angle of a parallelogram is 142°. 34° 1 88° 1 x 5 180°
What are the other angles? 122° 1 x 5 180°
8 a Find the values of x and y. x 5 180° 2 122°
5 58°
y
4x
2x
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9 Geometry
You should understand the proof that the angle sum of Split the quadrilateral into two triangles with angles
a triangle is 180°. labelled a, b, c, d, e and f.
Start with a triangle with angles labelled a, b and c:
f
e
c c
d
a
a b
b
a 1 b 1 c 5 180° because the angles in a triangle add
Draw a line touching the apex (top) of this triangle and up to 180°
parallel to the base of the triangle, marking the angles d 1 e 1 f 5 180° because the angles in a triangle
formed x and y, as shown below: add up to 180°
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 1 e 1 f 5 180° 1 180° 5 360°
x
c y a 1 d 5 z, e 1 c 5 x, f 5 w and b 5 y
a 1 d 1 e 1 c 1 f 1 b 5 360°
so z 1 x 1 w 1 y 5 360°
a Therefore the angles of a quadrilateral always add

up to 360°.
b
You can use this fact to calculate missing angles in
x 1 y 1 c 5 180° because angles on a straight line a quadrilateral.
add up to 180°
x 5 a because alternate angles are equal EXAMPLE 4
y 5 b because alternate angles are equal
so x 1 y 1 c 5 a 1 b 1 c 5 180° Find the missing angle in the quadrilateral.
Therefore the angles of a triangle always add up to 180°. x
Quadrilaterals are made up of two triangles.
92°
Angle 110° 128°

Angle
sum 180°
sum 180°
The angle sum is 360°.
Hence, 92° 1 110° 1 128° 1 x 5 360°
Hence the angle sum in a quadrilateral is 330° 1 x 5 360°
180° 1 180° 5 360° x 5 30°
You should understand the proof that the angle sum
of a quadrilateral is 360°.
An exterior angle of a triangle is found by extending
Start with a quadrilateral with angles labelled w, x, one of the sides of the triangle. The exterior angle x is
y and z: marked in the diagram below.
w c
x
a
z b x
y
The exterior angle is related to the interior angles as
shown in the proof opposite.
133
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9 Geometry
a 1 b 1 c 5 180° because the angles in a triangle add

up to 180° Angle a 5 81° (alternate angles)
b 1 x 5 180° because angles on a straight line add up a 1 b 5 180° (angles on a straight line)
to 180° 81° 1 b 5 180°
So b 5 99°
a 1 b 1 c 5 b 1 x because they both equal 180°
subtracting b from both sides gives us a 1 c 5 x This shows that angle b and the angle of 81° are
supplementary (they add up to 180°).
Therefore the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles. You can use the same technique to show that
angle c and the angle of 81° are supplementary,
EXAMPLE 5 so c 5 99° as well.
Find the size of angle a.

Don’t forget to use common sense. In most questions
a to do with finding angles, diagrams will not be drawn
45° to scale, so you cannot measure them. It is worth
remembering that acute angles should be less than
90° and obtuse angles should be between 90° and 180°
when you work them out: do a common sense check of
your answer.
101°
Exercise 9C
1 Find the missing angles in these shapes.
a
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the 68° a
sum of the two interior opposite angles
so 101° 5 45° 1 a
Subtracting 45° from both sides:
a 5 56°
EXAMPLE 6
Find the missing angles in this parallelogram. 35°
b b c d
b 130°
c
60°
81°
c
112°
To find angle b, extend one side, as shown: 47°
a b
d 25° e 55°
f
81°
e
c
134
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9 Geometry
2 Calculate the missing angles. d

a
a
d
62°
73° 110°
b b 128° e
e
61° 57°
c 87°
103°
c f
127° f
3 Find the missing angles.

a
a 59°
73°
4 Find the missing angles.

128° a
b
143° a 63°
b
28°
54°
61° b
64° b
61°
c
c
104°
48° c
125°
135
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9 Geometry
5 Sam measures the three angles of a triangle. 9 Here is a quadrilateral:

Which of these sets of 3 angles could be for
his triangle? 84°
Set A: 64° 44° 62°
Set B: 57° 48° 74°
Set C: 25° 77° 78° d e
Set D: 97° 41° 52°

6 Work out angle w. 102°
w
Which two of the following angles could be
the values of d and e?
78° 136° 68° 116° 96° 48°
130°
10 Find the missing angles in these diagrams.
a
51°
7 One of the angles in this quadrilateral has
been labelled wrongly. How can you tell?
g
57°
b
129°
51°
212°
42°
c c
8 Find the missing angles in these
parallelograms.
t 315° b
a
z d
105°
m
44°
b
70°
c 279° a
d
136
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9 Geometry
11 Find all of the angles inside each of these TECHNOLOGY

triangles and quadrilaterals. For further revision on angles, including
a videos, visit
3a
www.onlinemathlearning.com/geometry-help.html
Click on the relevant sections under the heading
2a ‘Angles’. It has lots of information!
a
b
5x
B INVESTIGATION
2x Trace onto card the two identical right-angled
c triangles below. Cut them out.
4x
3x
6x
2x
d
20° Which of the following shapes can you make
from them?
5a a A parallelogram b A square
x c A rectangle d A rhombus
7a
Repeat for two identical isosceles triangles of
your own.
e 7x Repeat for two identical scalene triangles of
a your own.
c
9.3 Geometry problems using
b
coordinate axes
2x Sometimes geometry problems will involve a
coordinate grid. You should remember how to plot
coordinates in all four quadrants. The first number tells
you how far to move across, the second number tells
you how far to move up or down.
B INVESTIGATION
How many times in one day do clock hands make EXAMPLE 7
a right angle?
For example: Plot the points A (0, 5), B (8, 3), C (1, 1) and
11 12 1 D (9,21). Join them to make a quadrilateral.
10 2
What sort of quadrilateral is it?
9 3
4
Measure angle ABD. Work out the sizes of the
8
other three angles without measuring.
7 6 5
137
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9 Geometry
6
Exercise 9D
5 A 1 Plot the points A (1, 2), B (3, 4), C (5, 2) and
4 D (3,25). Join them to make a quadrilateral.
3 B What sort of quadrilateral is it? Measure
2
118° angles ABC and ADC. Work out the other
1 2 angles without measuring.
C
0 2 a Find the midpoint of the line segment AB
−1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
D
where A 5 (22, 4) and B 5 (10, 2)
b Find the midpoint of the line segment CD
ABCD is a parallelogram. where C 5 (22, 0) and D 5 (10, 6)
Angle ABD is 118°. The other three angles are c Draw the line segments AB and CD from
118°, 62° and 62°. parts a and b on the same axes. Mark the
point of intersection as point M. What are
the coordinates of M? What do you notice?
Sometimes you need to find midpoints of line d What sort of quadrilateral is ADBC?
segments. If you look at the line AB in Example 7, e Measure angle AMC.
you can see by counting squares that the midpoint, f Without measuring, what are angles
M, is at (4, 4). BMD, AMD and BMC?
6 3 Find the midpoints of the line segments with

5
A end points:
4
M a A(4, 3), B(2, 7) b C 1 1,22 2 , D 1 21, 6 2
3 B c E 1 2, 5 2 , F 1 2, 3 2 d G 1 0,26 2 , H 1 23,23 2
2 2
2 4 X is the midpoint of the line segment AB. The

1
coordinates of X are (2, 4) and of A are
0 1 21, 3 2 . Find the coordinates of B.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
You don’t have to draw the line segment to find the 5 The midpoint of a line segment AB is (6, 2).
midpoint – there is another way. Write down some possible coordinates for
A and B.
The coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment
6 The diagram below shows a rectangle ABCD.
AB, where A is the point 1 x1, y1 2 and B is the point
1 x2, y2 2 , are What are the coordinates of vertices A, B and C?
A D (14, 5)
x1 1 x2 y1 1 y2
¢ , ≤
2 2
M (8, 2)
Can you see why this is the case?
EXAMPLE 8 B C
Find the midpoint of the line segment XY where 7 The diagram below shows a square ABCD.
X is the point 1 23,22 2 and Y is the point 1 4,24 2 . What are the coordinates of the vertices B, C
and D?
B
2
3 1 4 22 1 24
Midpoint 5 ¢ , ≤
2 2
A (12, 3)
1 26
5¢ , ≤ M (7,1)
2 2
C
1
5 ¢ , 23≤
2
D
138
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9 Geometry
Consolidation
Example 1 Example 4
Find the sizes of the missing angles a, b and c. Find the midpoint of the line segment AB if A 5 (7, 2)
and B 5 (5, 24).
28°
b
115° x1 1 x2 y1 1 y2
Midpoint is at a , b
2 2
c 7 1 5 2 1 24 12 22
a 5a , b 5 a , b 5 (6,21)
2 2 2 2
a 5 28° (alternate angles) Exercise 9

28° 1 115° 1 c 5 180° (angles in a triangle add
1 Calculate angles a–d.
up to 180°)
a
So c 5 37° a
b 5 c (alternate angles)
b 5 37° 72°
26°
Example 2 b
Find angles x and y in parallelogram WXYZ. 83°
Z
Y
y b
c
40° x
c 95°
W X
The angles W and X are supplementary.

40° 1 x 5 180°
so x 5 140°
83°
The angles X and Y are also supplementary.
x 1 y 5 180° 63°
or 140° 1 y 5 180°
so y 5 40° d 33°
Example 3
105° d
Find angle a.
a
21°
73°
2 Without measuring, find the value of each
angle, a–f.
118° a
90°
b c
81°
f
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of

86°
the two interior opposite angles. d
e
118° 5 73° 1 a 95°
so a 5 45° 139
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9 Geometry
3 E 7 Calculate the sizes of angles a–e.

B a
C
b
s t
r Ou 65°
v a
w
b
A D
F 34°
AB, CD and EF are straight lines that d

cross at O.
63°
a If s 5 35° find v.
b If r 5 60° and t 5 65° find v.
c If r 1 s 5 120° and v 5 50° find u.
c
4 C
c e
x
A B 123°
x x
x
E
78° 67°
D
Find the size of x.
8 Copy and complete these proofs.
5 P a
x
c y
3x x
A B
O a
b
Find the value of x.
6 Calculate angles a–f. Give reasons for your x 1 y 1 c 5 180° because
answers.
a because alternate angles are equal
b c y 5 b because
so x 1 y 1 c 5 a 1 b 1 c 5 °
79° Therefore the angles of a triangle always add
a
up to °
68°
b
w
b 143° x
d
f
e z
y
140
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9 Geometry
Split the quadrilateral into two triangles with d a 130°

angles labelled a, b, c, d, e and f:
f 65° b
e
c
10 Find the missing angles marked by letters in
these parallelograms.
d a b c
a
b
a 30°
a 1 b 1 c 5 180° because
b
5 180° because
the angles in a triangle add up to 180° 110°
a1b1c1d1e1f5 °1 °
d
5 ° f
a 1 d 5 z, e 1 c 5 x, f 5 w and b 5 y
e
a1d1e1c1f1b5 °
so 5 360°
Therefore the angles of a quadrilateral always c
h
add up to ° i
9 Write down the size of the angles marked by

letters. Give reasons for your answers.
g
a 45°
z
x
y
11 a Find the midpoint of the line segment CD
125°
if C 5 (3, 4) and D 5 (21, 8)
70° b Find the midpoint of the line segment EF
if E 5 (6, 9) and F 5 (3,25)
12 a Find the midpoint of the line segment AC
where A 5 (24, 2) and C 5 (4, 0)
b p b Find the midpoint of the line segment BD
where B 5 (1, 5) and D 5 (21,23)
110° c Plot points A, B, C and D from parts a
and b on the same axes. What sort of
55° quadrilateral is ABCD?
s t d Draw in the diagonals of this quadrilateral.
Where do they intersect? What do you
c notice?
a
50° c
141
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9 Geometry
Summary
1 a Angles on a straight line add up to 180°. 1 Calculate the size of angles a–c.
a
a
a 1 b 1 c 5 180° 53° 38°
b
a c b
b Angles at a point add up to 360°. 80°
c
b 34°
b c
a 1 b 1 c 1 d 5 360 a
d
c Vertically opposite angles are equal.
b
a a
2 a Alternate and corresponding angles are equal. 2 Find the size of angles a–d.
a
a
a and b are alternate
a angles so a 5 b b
b 38°
a a and b are corresponding
angles so a 5 b b d
c 64°
142
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9 Geometry
3 The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the 3 Complete this proof for the
two interior opposite angles. triangle shown on the left.
c a 1 b 1 c 5 180° because
because angles
on a straight line add up to 180°.
a
b x a 1 b 1 c 5 b 1 x because they
both equal 180°.
a1c5x
Subtracting b from both sides
gives us
4 How to solve geometric problems using properties 4 Find the missing angles a–e,
of angles. giving reasons for your answers.
For example:
b
e
117° a c
b a
d d 60°
e c 27°
Angle a 5 117° (alternate angles) 40°

Angle b 5 63° (angles on a straight line add up to 180°)
Angle d 5 117° (vertically opposite angles)
Angle c 5 36° (angles in a triangle add up to 180°)
Angle e 5 36° (corresponding angles)
5 How to find the midpoint of a line segment. 5 Find the midpoint of line
For example: segment XY if
F 5 (3, 22) and G 5 (8, 10) a X 5 (7, 7) and Y 5 (21, 3)
x1 1 x2 y1 1 y2 b X 5 (2, 24) and Y 5 (7, 10)
Midpoint is at a , b
2 2
3 1 8 22 1 10 11 8
5a , b 5 a , b 5 (5.5, 4)
2 2 2 2
143
010 10 Fractions and decimals
010
Objectives
£ Consolidate adding and subtracting £ Convert a fraction to a decimal using
integers and decimals, including division; know that a recurring decimal
numbers with differing numbers of is a fraction.
decimal places. £ Order fractions by writing with common
£ Multiply and divide integers and denominators or by dividing and
decimals by decimals such as converting to decimals.
0.6 or 0.06, understanding where £ Recall simple equivalent fractions and
to place the decimal point by decimals.
considering equivalent calculations,
e.g. 4.37 3 0.3 5 (4.37 3 3) 4 10,
92.4 4 0.06 5 (92.4 3 100) 4 6.
What’s the point?

Doctors and nurses are just
two professions that work with
decimals on a daily basis. Have you
gained weight? How tall are you?
Do you have a temperature?
Before you start

1 A decimal is a way of writing a number using place 1 Write down the value of
values of tenths, hundredths, etc. each digit in these
decimals.
For example:
a 62 b 6.2
142.24 4
c 2.6 d 25.6
1 hundred 100
e 5.06 f 621.4
4 tens
2 g 26.41 h 2.416
10
2 ones i 2.461
144
1010101010
2 A fraction with a denominator of 10 or 100 can be written 2 Write as decimals:
as a decimal. 3 13
a b
10 100
For example:
78 U . 1 1 c
3
100
d 1 100
13
100
5
0 . 10
7
100 5 0.78
8
e
2
12 100
3 How to cancel fractions to their simplest form. 3 Cancel these fractions to

their simplest form.
For example:
42 24
4×36 a b
183 3 56 32
5 9 35 70
424 7
12 c d
×
46 3 49 77
26
e
39
10.1 Ordering decimals 3 Estimate the value of the points marked on

You can use a number line to help you order decimals. this number line.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
EXAMPLE 1
Which is larger, 0.2 or 0.18? G B C D E F A
4 Write in order of size, smallest first:

On a number line: a 0.3, 0.21, 0.46, 0.18, 2.1
b 4.8, 0.5, 0.46, 2.3, 0.41
0 0.1 0.2 0.3
c 0.9, 0.81, 1, 1.01, 0.68
d 2.4, 2.04, 4.2, 2, 2.13
0.18
5 Write down three numbers between 0.3
So 0.2 is larger than 0.18 and 0.4.
6 This line is 4.2 cm long.
Exercise 10A What are the lengths of these lines, in

1 Draw number lines to help you find the larger centimetres?
of each pair of numbers. a
a 0.3, 0.26 b 0.53, 0.7 b
c 0.04, 0.3 d 1.4, 0.86 c
e 2.3, 2.04 f 5.07, 4.89
7 Which is longer, 4 cm or 4.0 cm? Explain.
g 16.1, 6.98 h 3.25, 3.3
8 What is the value of each of the points shown
2 a Copy this number line:
on this line?
0 1.0 2.0
6.34 6.35
b On your line mark these points: A B C D
A 5 0.3 B 5 0.6 C 5 1.1
D 5 1.7 E 5 0.45 F 5 1.65
145
1010101010
10 Fractions and decimals
1010101010
10.2 Adding and subtracting 5 Teresa is 1.58 m tall. Her brother Tony is 2 m
integers and decimals tall. How much taller is Tony than Teresa?
To add and subtract decimals you must first line up the
6 To install his new bath, Ashton requires two
decimal points.
pieces of pipe.
EXAMPLE 2 The first piece needs to be 3.45 m long and the
second 4 m long.
Work out 2.40 1 0.61 1 9
a What is the total length of pipe that
Ashton requires?
It helps to write in the column headings: b If pipe is sold in 6 m lengths, how many
lengths should he buy?
Remember
9 = 9.00 c How much pipe would be left over from
1 1
T U 10 100
the job?
2 . 4 0
7 When James was well his body temperature was
0 . 6 1
! 9 . 0 0
36.8°C. When he was ill it went up to 38°C.
How much did his body temperature go up by?
1 2 . 0 1
8 A builder estimated these costs for a job:
line up the decimal points Material: $498.75
Transport: $38.65
Profit: $350
EXAMPLE 3 Labour: $835.50
Work out 6 2 0.23 What was his total estimate for the job?
9 Nadia has $5. She buys a pen for $1.79 and
two pencils costing $0.68 each. Will she have
1 1 6 = 6.00
U 10 100 enough money left to buy a ruler for $1.95?
6 . 0 0 Explain your answer.
− 0 . 2 3
10 Find the perimeter of the following two shapes.
5 . 7 7 a
line up the decimal points 7.3m 5m
9.87m
Exercise 10B
b 6.4cm 4.85cm
1 Work out:
a 2.3 1 1.4 b 2.7 1 2.83
3.63cm
c 4.2 1 5 d 0.68 1 4.3
e 1.98 1 2.1 f 1.3 1 5 1 0.67
7.8cm
g 16 1 2.5 1 0.9 h 3 1 0.42 1 6.3
i 102 1 0.3 1 6.25 j 0.103 1 4.1 1 38 8cm
2 Use your calculator to check your answers to

11 Yemi earns $1539 a month in his job.
Question 1.
Maduka earns $1384.76 a month in his job.
3 Work out:
What is the difference in their pay?
a 2.4 2 1.3 b 2.4 2 1.65
c 2 2 1.46 d 5.3 2 2.24 12 The mass of my hand luggage is 5.25 kg.
e 6.8 2 3.92 f 9 2 0.41 The mass of my suitcase is 18 kg.
g 12 2 2.67 h 103 2 7.963 a What is the total mass of my hand
i 31.3 2 0.04 j 11 2 0.94 luggage and suitcase?
b What is the difference between the two
4 Use your calculator to check your answers to
masses?
146 Question 3.
1010101010
The same is true when you multiply a decimal by 10,
13 Sami spent $39.68 on new shoes. She paid with 100 or 1000:
a $50 note. How much change did she receive?
3.64 3 10 5 36.4
14 Copy and complete the tables below using the
3.64 3 100 5 364
rules given. The first row in each table is done
for you. 3.64 3 1000 5 3640
a Rule: Add 2.84 3.64 3 10 000 5 36 400
Input Output
Dividing by 10, 100 and 1000
7 9.84
As with multiplication, there is a simple pattern when
3.6
you divide a number by 10, 100 or 1000.
4.78
3.935
42 4 10 5 4.2
2 42 4 100 5 0.42
6
42 4 1000 5 0.042
b Rule: Subtract 2.67 42 4 10 000 5 0.0042
Input Output
7.98 5.31 Exercise 10C
4.89 1 Work out:
2
12.6 a 10 3 3.65 b 10 3 4.3
8.3 c 10 3 9.1 d 10 3 2.06
7 e 10 3 0.63 f 10 3 0.124
2 Work out:
15 Expenses for the Hague’s family vacation a 100 3 3.65 b 100 3 4.3
were $1283.50 for accommodation, $483 for c 100 3 9.1 d 100 3 2.06
food, $876.45 for flights and $285.72 for gifts e 100 3 0.63 f 100 3 0.124
and souvenirs.
a How much did they spend in total? 3 Copy and complete these divisions:
b How much change did they have from a 74.5 4 10 5 u b 89 4 10 5 u
$3000? c 3.4 4 10 5 u d 30.4 4 10 5 u
e 0.6 4 10 5 u f 10.06 4 10 5 u
16 Victoria cycled 78.4 km one day, 87.65 km the g 184 4 10 5 u h 216.3 4 10 5 u
next day and 69 km the day after. How far did
she cycle altogether? 4 Copy and complete these divisions:
a 745 4 100 5 u
17 In July 1999, Hicham El Guerrouj of Morocco b 890 4 100 5 u
set a world record by running the mile in c 34 4 100 5 u
3 minutes 43.13 seconds. By how much did he d 304 4 100 5 u
beat the 4-minute mile barrier? e 6 4 100 5 u
f 100.6 4 100 5 u
10.3 Multiplying and dividing g 1840 4 100 5 u
decimals h 2163 4 100 5 u
5 Work out:
Multiplying by 10, 100 and 1000 a 6.253 3 1000 b 0.125 3 1000
When you multiply a number by 10, 100 or 1000 you c 6.48 3 1000 d 6.4 3 1000
get a pattern: e 0.4 3 1000 f 0.003 3 1000
36 3 10 5 360 6 Copy and complete these sentences.
36 3 100 5 3600 a When a decimal is multiplied by 10,
each number in the decimal moves . . .
36 3 1000 5 36 000
place to the . . . .
36 3 10 000 5 360 000
147
1010101010
1010101010
b When a decimal is multiplied by 100, 10 Another way to multiply a decimal by 10 or
each number in the decimal moves . . . 100 is to change it back into a fraction. Look
places to the . . . . at these examples:
c When a decimal is multiplied by 1000,
6 8
each number in the decimal moves . . . 10 3 2.68 5 10 3 a2 1 1 b
10 100
places to the . . . .
6 8
7 Copy and complete this table. 5 10 3 2 1 10 3 1 10 3
10 100
Number Number 4 10 Number 4 100 Number 4 1000 8
5 20 1 6 1
10
74.5 7.45 0.745 0.0745
5 26.8
89 8.9 0.89
3.4 1 7
100 3 0.17 5 100 3 a 1 b
10 100
30.4
0.6 1 7
5 100 3 1 100 3
10 100
485
5 10 1 7
1024 5 17
102.4
Do these multiplications in the same way.
10.24
a 10 3 1 20 1 4 2
6
3
b 10 3 a20 1 2 1 b
Use your calculator to check your answers. 10
8 Copy and complete these sentences. 3 5
c 10 3 a1 1 1 b
a When a decimal is divided by 10, each 10 100
digit in the decimal moves … place to 7 4 9
the … . d 10 3 a6 1 1 1 b
10 100 1000
b When a decimal is divided by 100,
each digit in the decimal moves … 2
e 100 3 a3 1 b
places to the … . 10
c When a decimal is divided by 1000, 3 7
each digit in the decimal moves … f 100 3 a5 1 1 b
10 100
places to the … .
6 9 8
9 Copy and complete: g 100 3 a 1 1 b
10 100 1000
a 3.8 3 u 5 380
b u 3 1000 5 120 h 10 3 1.2
c u 4 100 5 0.43 i 10 3 0.25
d 7.9 4 u 5 0.079 j 10 3 3.289
e 0.03 3 u 5 30 k 100 3 4.9
f 0.2 3 u 5 200 l 100 3 13.45
g 1.72 4 u 5 0.172 m 1000 3 7.163
h 3.9 4 u 5 0.039
i 43.5 3 u 5 43 500 Multiplying decimals by decimals
j u 3 100 5 135.7
Multiplying decimals is like multiplying whole
k u 4 1000 5 0.0543
numbers. The only difference is you have to put the
l 31.2 4 u 5 0.0312
decimal point in the right place. You can do this from
an estimate of the answer.
148
1010101010
EXAMPLE 4 Exercise 10D
Work out 7.4 3 8 1 Copy and complete:
Calculation Estimate Answer
The estimate is 7 3 8 5 56 3.2 3 4 12
7.4 The digits in the answer are 592 6.9 3 9
38 The estimate is 56 32.5 3 8
593.2 Place the decimal point to give 59.2 1.68 3 3
That is, 7.4 3 8 5 59.2 12.4 3 13
2 Work out:
The method is the same even if both numbers are a 0.4 3 8 b 0.9 3 6
decimals. c 2.3 3 5 d 4.7 3 8
e 6 3 1.4 f 12 3 0.6
EXAMPLE 5 g 11 3 0.42 h 4 3 0.65
i 3.24 3 8 j 4.85 3 12
Work out 2.3 3 0.6
3 Find the cost of 12 pencils each selling for
$0.45.
The estimate is 2 3 1 5 2
4 If a packet of rice holds 1.4 kg, what is the
2.3 The digits are 138
mass of 6 packets?
3 0.6 The estimate is 2
5 Given that 45 3 19 5 855, find:
1.318 Place the decimal point to give 1.38
a 45 3 1.9 b 4.5 3 19
That is, 2.3 3 0.6 5 1.38 c 45 3 0.19 d 4.5 3 1.9
e 0.45 3 19 f 0.45 3 1.9
Example 5 can be thought of like this: 6 Work out:
Do the sum 2.3 3 0.6 as if there are no decimal places, a 3.4 3 0.5 b 7.12 3 0.3
as 23 3 6. c 0.42 d 7.15 3 0.7
2.3 is 10 times e 8.2 3 0.02 f 4.8 3 0.06
Notice that
smaller than 23 g 62.3 3 0.4 h 0.34 3 0.08
23 3 6 5 138 0.6 is 10 times i 0.7 3 4.52 j 0.03 3 6.4
smaller than 6 k 0.09 3 53.1 l 0.062
so 1.38 is 100 m 0.23 3 1.4 n 0.38 3 2.6
2.3 3 0.6 5 1.38 times smaller o 2.32 p 2
0.7 3 3.7
than 138. q 22.61 3 20.04 (20.2)2
r
If there are two decimal 7 What is the total length of 20 pieces of pipe
places in the product, each 3.25 m long?
there must be two The product and the
answer both have 8 A tyre costs $153.94.
decimal places in
two decimal places.
the answer: What would be the cost of 6 tyres?
2.3 3 0.6 5 1.38 9 Another way to multiply decimals is to
consider equivalent calculations. Look at the
example below.
4.23 3 0.4 5 (4.23 3 4) 4 10
5 16.92 4 10 5 1.692
Use this method to copy and complete:
a 3.17 3 0.3 5 (u 3 u) 4 10
5 u 4 10 5 u
149
1010101010
1010101010
b 21.8 3 0.04 5 (u 3 u) 4 100 EXAMPLE 7
5 u 4 100 5 u Work out 0.028 4 0.04 Multiply by 100
c 9.87 3 0.8 5 (u 3 u) 4 u
0.028 to turn 0.04 into
5u4u5u 0.028 4 0.04 5 a whole number.
d 16.5 3 0.03 5 (u 3 u) 4 u 0.04
5u4u5u 0.028 3 100
5
e 458.3 3 0.002 5 (u 3 u) 4 u 0.04 3 100
5u4u5u 2.8
f 0.3 3 17.4 5 (u 3 u) 4 u 5 0.7
4
5u4u5u 4 q 2.8
5 0.7
g 0.6 3 9.84 5 (u 3 u) 4 u
5u4u5u
10 Another way to multiply decimals is to Exercise 10E
change them to fractions. Look at the 1 Look at this division:
example below. 72
32 72 4 0.9 5
6 3 4.32 5 6 3 4 100 0.9
432 a Is it easier to divide by 0.9 or by 9?
563 b By what must you multiply 0.9 to give 9?
100
2592 c So by what must you multiply the 72?
5 d Copy and complete:
100
92 72 72 3 10 u
5 25 100 5 5 5u
0.9 0.9 3 10 u
5 25.92 2 Look at this division:
Use this method to work out: 6.182
6.182 4 0.02 5
a 3 3 2.4 b 6.7 3 8 0.02
c 4 3 0.3 d 12 3 0.7 a Is it easier to divide by 0.02 or by 2?
e 2.48 3 9 f 13 3 0.07 b By what must you multiply 0.02 to give 2?
g 1.3 3 1.6 h 4.6 3 0.7 c So by what must you multiply the 6.182?
i 0.3 3 0.4 j 0.32 3 0.8 d Copy and complete:
6.182 6.182 u 100 u
Dividing decimals by decimals 0.02
5
0.02 u 100
5
u
5u
When you divide a decimal by a decimal, turn the 3 Work out:
divisor into a whole number. a i 6.4 4 0.8 ii 64 4 8
b i 3.5 4 0.5 ii 35 4 5
EXAMPLE 6 c i 4 4 0.5 ii 40 4 5
Work out 3.66 4 0.6 d i 4.8 4 0.03 ii 480 4 3
Multiply by 10
e i 3.64 4 0.4 ii 36.4 4 4
to turn 0.6
into a whole Compare your answers to parts i and ii in each
3.66
3.66 4 0.6 5 number.
case. What do you notice?
0.6
3.66 3 10 4 Work out:
5
0.6 3 10 a 5.6 4 0.4 b 6.4 4 0.04
36.6 c 57 4 0.03 d 1.25 4 0.5
5 6.1
6 e 69 4 0.3 f 34.65 4 0.07
6 q 36.6 g 2.5 4 0.05 h 14.4 4 0.6
5 6.1
i 1.38 4 0.6 j 1.34 4 0.08
In Example 6 both the numerator and denominator were
multiplied by the same number. You had to do this to
keep the answer the same, using an equivalent fraction
150 method. Sometimes you will need to multiply by 100.
1010101010
5 Another way to divide decimals is to consider 10 Work out:
equivalent calculations: a 5.28 4 2.2 b 19.52 4 6.1
2.36 4 0.4 5 (2.36 3 10) 4 4 c 29.93 4 4.1 d 0.441 4 1.4
5 23.6 4 4 5 5.9 e 2.52 4 0.126 f 0.336 4 2.4
Use this method to copy and complete: g 9.64 4 0.16 h 0.042 4 0.14
a 7.35 4 0.3 5 (u 3 10) 4 u i 628 4 3.14 j 1.75 4 0.005
5 73.5 4 u 5 u
b 6.88 4 0.04 5 (u 3 100) 4 u
5u4u5u TECHNOLOGY
c 10.08 4 0.8 5 (u 3 u) 4 u
5u4u5u That’s quite a bit on decimals. You may need to
d 30.1 4 0.07 5 (u 3 u) 4 u review what you’ve done in your own time.
5u4u5u Visit
e 1.284 4 0.006 5 (u × u) 4 u www.aaastudy.com/dec.htm
5u4u5u or
6 www.coolmath.com/prealgebra
for a complete series of lessons on all decimal
operations.
10.4 Writing fractions

as decimals
Any fraction can be written as a decimal.
For example,
a Measure the thickness of a coin, in 1
millimetres. 5 1 4 2 5 1.0 4 2 5 0.5
2
b How many coins, placed on top of one 3
another, would make a 10 cm tall pile? 5 3 4 4 5 3.00 4 4 5 0.75
4
c How many would make a 100 m tall pile? To convert fractions to decimals you will need to
7 There are 2.2 lb in 1 kg. divide.
How many kilograms are there in packets of
rice marked: EXAMPLE 8
a 1 lb b 2 lb c 7.5 lb? Change these fractions to decimals.
Give your answers to 2 d.p. 1 3
a b
8 4 8
1
a 5 1 4 4 5 1.00 4 4
4
A centipede is timed as travelling 4.65 m in 0. 2 5
7.5 s. What is its speed in metres per second? 4q1.020
9 1
So 5 0.25
4
3
b 5 3 4 8 5 3.000 4 8
8
0.3 7 5
8q3.06040
1.3 kg of Ultra Tide soap powder costs $10.66.
How much does: 3
So 5 0.375
a 1 kg of powder cost 8
b 0.75 kg of powder cost? 151
1010101010
1010101010
Exercise 10F 5 Convert the fraction to a decimal. If the
1 Change these fractions to decimals. decimal is non-terminating, find out whether it
2 3 4 1 recurs:
a b c d 5 2 4 2
5 5 5 4 a b c d
3 3 5 7 6 7 7 9
e f g h
4 8 8 8 5 2 1 1
1 5 e f g h
i j 9 11 14 12
16 16
6 In Question 6, did you find that all the
2 Change these fractions to decimals. decimals were recurring? When you change a
1 2 1 1 fraction to a decimal, does the decimal always
a b c d
3 3 6 7 either terminate or recur?
What do you notice?
These decimals are called non-terminating 7 Change these fractions to decimals. Check
decimals because they go on for ever. each answer on your calculator.
# 1 11 3 7
3
1
The fraction 3 5 0.333 c 5 0.3 a b c d
16 16 20 20
The digits in the decimal repeat themselves.
11 3 7 1
Decimals like this are called recurring e f g h
20 200 200 250
decimals. The dot above the 3 shows it repeats.
Find four other recurring decimals, using your 8 a Change these fractions to decimals.
2 3 1 3
calculator to help you. i 35 ii 78 iii 23 iv 1216
4 Look at this diagram. It shows ten identical
strips of paper. A fraction of each is shaded. b Change these decimals to fractions, giving
your answers as mixed numbers.
1 i 2.8 ii 7.625
1 #
2 # 0.5 iii 2.4 iv 15.4375
1
3 # 0.333 . . . 9 The decimal
1
4 # 1
1 0.333 c 5
5 # 3
1
6 # Find fractions that represent these decimals.
1 a 0.111 c b 0.555 c c 0.1818 c
7 #
1
8 #
1
# All recurring decimals can be written as fractions.
9
1
10 # Look at the examples below. Try to spot the pattern.
# 4 # 6 2
The fractions are written on the right-hand side. 0.4 5 0.6 5 5
9 9 3
The first two have been converted to decimals.
a Why are there dots after the fraction for 3?
1 ## 56 ## 12 4 ## 8
0.56 5 0.12 5 5 0.08 5
b Copy the list of fractions and convert the 99 99 33 99
rest of them to decimals. # # 175 # # 61
0.175 5 0.061 5
c Which of these decimals are 999 999
i terminating ii recurring? You should know some simple equivalent fractions and
decimals. Question 1 in the next exercise expects you
Use your calculator for these questions.
to know some fractions and decimal equivalents
without having to do any calculations.
152
1010101010
However, at stage 8 you do not need to know how to
convert recurring decimals to fractions. Questions 2 to 3 Make up five recurring decimals of your own
6 and the Challenge on the following page are and change them to fractions.
included as extenion material for you to try if you 4 Dhanesh wrote this working:
have time. 2
5 0.222
9
Exercise 10G 7
5 0.777
1 Copy and complete this table of equivalent 9
fractions and decimals. Cancel each fraction 0.222 1 0.777 5 0.999
to its simplest form. 2 7
So 9 1 9 5 0.999
Decimal Fraction What mistake has he made?
0.6 5 Look at the pattern:

# 7
3 0.07 5
90
4 # 6 1
# 0.06 5 5
0.6 (or 0.666 . . .) 90 15
# 6 1
7 0.006 5 5
900 150
10
## 13
0.25 0.013 5
990
Notice that not all numbers after the decimal
0.03 ##
point repeat. For example, 0.013 means
27 0.013131313 … and not 0.013013013013 … .
100 Look at how this affects the denominator of
2 the fraction.
5 Change these recurring decimals into
0.8 fractions. Cancel them to their simplest form
if necessary.
# #
Questions 2 to 6 are extension material. a 0.02 b 0.05
# ##
c 0.08 # d 0.029
2 Change these recurring decimals into e 0.007
fractions. Cancel them to their simplest form
if necessary. 6 Change these recurring decimals into
# # fractions. Cancel them to their simplest form
a 0.2# # b 0.3# #
c 0.2# 8# d 0.0# 9# if necessary.
##
e 0.0# 7 # f 0.3# 6 # a 0.001 # 8#
g 0.1# 43# h 0.007 b 0.0203#
i 0.012 c 0.0007
153
1010101010
1010101010
Challenge EXAMPLE 9
To convert a decimal that begins with a Which fraction is larger:

#
non-repeating part, such as 0.48888 . . . (or 0.48) 4 7 1 2
a or b or ?
to a fraction, follow these steps. 5 9 3 7
Step 1
4 8
Write it as the sum of the non-repeating part and a 5 5 0.8
the repeating part.
5 10
0.777. . .
0.4 1 0.088888 . . . 7
5 7.000 4 9 5 9q7.000. . .
Step 2 9
Convert each of these decimals to fractions. Make both decimals the same number of
(See the pattern in Exercise 10G, Question 5 to decimal places, e.g. 2 decimal places, to
help you.) compare them more easily. 0.80 is larger than
4 8 4
1 0.78, so the larger fraction is 5.
10 90
1 7
b 5
Step 3 3 21
Write these as fractions with a common 2 6
denominator. 5 Write both fractions
7 21 with a common
36 8 denominator.
1 1
90 90 So 3 is larger.
Step 4
Add the fractions.
36 8 44 Exercise 10H
1 5
90 90 90
1 By converting to fractions with a common
Step 5 denominator, which is larger
Cancel the result to its simplest form (if 1 3 2 3 7 2
necessary). a or b or c or ?
4 10 5 8 20 5
44 22 2 By converting to decimals, which is smaller
5
90 45 4 3 4 3 7 1
a or b or c or ?
Your challenge is to convert these recurring 9 7 25 20 50 8
decimals to fractions. 3 Choose five pairs of fractions of your own,
#
1 0.71
#
with different denominators. By writing
2 0.37
# equivalent fractions with a common
3 0.245 denominator for each pair, write which
#
4 0.016 fraction is larger.
# #
5 0.4823 3
4 Write down which of these is bigger than .
5
59 5 6 13
0.61 0.597
Ordering fractions 100 8 10 20
One of the reasons for converting fractions to decimals 5 Are these statements true or false?
is so that you can write fractions more easily in order 4 1 14 21 5 3
a , b 5 c .
of size. Another way of ordering fractions is to write 15 5 30 45 9 5
them with common denominators. You will practise 6 Choose five pairs of fractions of your own,
both methods in the next exercise. with different denominators. Convert each
fraction to a decimal by division, then write
which fraction is larger for each pair.
7 Choose from ,, 5 or . to complete these:
4 5 4 2 9
a u b u1 c 1.8 u
7 9 3 5 5
154
1010101010
Consolidation
Example 1 3
b
Work out: 7
a 6.2 1 0.08 1 12 b 17 2 0.13 3
5347
7 You need to work
1 1 1 1
a T U b T U 10 100 0.428 out 3 d.p. so you
10 100
6 . 2 1 7 . 0 0 7q3.000 know how to round
to 2 d.p.
0 . 0 8 2 0 . 1 3 3
1 6 . 8 7 So 5 0.43 (2 d.p.)
1 1 2 . 0 0 7
1 8 . 2 8
Example 6
Example 2
Write these numbers in order, starting with the
What is smallest.
a 0.63 3 10 b 17.4 3 100
2 3 # 1
c 0.63 4 10 d 17.4 4 100? , 0.42, , 0.6,
5 10 3
a 0.63 3 10 5 6.3 b 17.4 3 100 5 1740 There are two ways to do this.
c 0.63 4 10 5 0.063 d 17.4 4 100 5 0.174 r Method 1
Example 3 Convert all to fractions then write with a common
What is 3.2 3 0.06? denominator.
32 The digits are 192. As fractions:
36 42 21
There are 3 decimal places in 3.2 3 0.06 0.42 5 5
100 50
192 so there are 3 decimal places in the answer. # 6 2
0.6 5 5
So 3.2 3 0.06 5 0.192 9 3
2 21 3 2 1
Example 4 Change 5, 50, 10, 3, 3 so they all have a common
Work out: denominator of 150 (the LCM of all the
a 6.55 4 5 b 17.37 4 0.03 denominators):
60 63 45 100 50
, , , ,
a 1.31 17.37 17.37 3 100 150 150 150 150 150
b 5
5q6.55 0.03 0.03 3 100
Put these in order:
1737 45 50 60 63 100
5 , , , ,
3 150 150 150 150 150
579
3q1737 List in order the numbers as they were given in the
question:
So 17.37 4 0.03 5 579 3 1 2 #
, , , 0.42, 0.6
Example 5 10 3 5
Write as decimals: r Method 2
3 3 Convert all to decimals then write with the same
a b to 2 d.p.
5 7 number of decimal places to help compare.
3 2 3 # 1
a 5345 , 0.42, , 0.6,
5 5 10 3
0.6 As decimals:
5q3.0 2
5 2 4 5 5 0.4
3 5
So 5 0.6
5
155
1010101010
1010101010
3
5 3 4 10 5 0.3 5 6 13 2
10 i j k l 1
6 13 25 3
1 #
5 1 4 3 5 0.3 1 4
3 m 2 n 3
# # 8 5
Change 0.4, 0.42, 0.3, 0.6, 0.3 so they are all decimals 6 The cost of 9 kg of pistachio nuts is $111.24.
with 2 d.p.: a What is the cost of 10 kg?
0.40, 0.42, 0.30, 0.67, 0.33 b What is the cost of 10.6 kg?
Put these in order: 7 Write these numbers in order of size, starting
0.30, 0.33, 0.40, 0.42, 0.67 with the smallest, by
List in order the numbers as they were given in the a converting to fractions
question: b converting to decimals.
3 1 2 # # 1 3 1
, , , 0.42, 0.6 i 0.2, , , 0.25,
10 3 5 8 10 5
2 7 5
ii , , 0.8, , 0.75
3 9 8
Exercise 10 8 Find the perimeter of each shape.
1 Work out: a b
a i 0.7 1 0.5 ii 5 1 0.6
iii 12.3 1 0.14 iv 6 1 0.02
v 3.8 1 0.04 1 2
b i 4 2 1.2 ii 16 2 0.1 3.7cm 3.51cm 3.27cm
iii 99 2 0.99 iv 4.35 2 3.8
v 101.1 2 0.011
2 Calculate: 3cm 1.9 cm
a i 6.1 3 10 ii 6.15 3 10
iii 23.4 3 10 iv 0.13 3 100 9 A pay packet of $2980.11 is shared equally
v 2.784 3 100 between 7 people. How much does each
b i 4.6 3 0.3 ii 0.38 3 0.04 receive?
iii 13.68 3 0.7 iv 41.6 3 0.06 10 What is the area of this rectangle?
v 1.3 3 2.4 5.4cm
3 Calculate:
a i 6.15 4 10 ii 0.615 4 10
iii 47 4 10 iv 0.3 4 100 0.7cm
v 36.2 4 1000
b i 7.5 4 5 ii 0.75 4 5
iii 36.3 4 3 iv 15.3 4 9
11 A scientist observes a snail move 1.2 cm in
v 0.688 4 4
8 seconds.
c i 4 4 0.2 ii 36 4 0.09
a How far does the snail move, on average,
iii 4.78 4 0.02 iv 57.6 4 0.04
in one second?
v 7.11 4 0.9
b At this rate, how far could the snail go, in
4 Write these recurring decimals as fractions, metres, in 100 seconds?
cancelling where necessary.
# # 12 A square garden plot requires 63.4 m of fence
a 0.7 b 0.6
## ## to enclose it.
c 0.12 d 0.45
a What is the area of the plot?
5 Write as decimals: b If the plot’s area is increased by 10 m2 but
3 2 7 3 it still remains square, how much fencing
a b c d
4 5 8 8 is required to enclose it?
5 7 2 2
e f g h Give your answers to 1 d.p.
16 25 7 9
156
1010101010
Summary

1 To add and subtract decimals you need to line up decimal points 1 Work out:
and write numbers with the same number of decimal places. a 2.46 1 3.89 1 7
For example: 7 – 4.38 b 8 2 4.76
c 3.2 2 0.487
1 1
U 10 100 d 2.82 1 3.4 2 4.23
7 ? 0 0
2 4 ? 3 8
2 ? 6 2
2 You can multiply decimals by decimals. 2 Calculate:

For example: 2.8 3 0.3 a 3.2 3 0.5
28 b 0.4 3 7.4
The digits in the answer are 84.
c 12.2 3 0.6
3 .3 There are 2 decimal places in 2.8 3 0.3 so there d 8.4 3 0.03
84 are 2 decimal places in the answer. e 9.42 3 0.8
So 2.8 3 0.3 5 0.84 f 1.36 3 0.42
3 To divide a decimal by a decimal you turn the divisor into a 3 Work out:
whole number. a 8 4 0.5
3.8 3.8 3 100 380 b 4 4 0.2
For example: 3.8 4 0.04 5 5 5 5 95 c 3.6 4 0.3
0.04 0.04 3 100 4
d 5.8 4 0.02
e 0.4 4 0.02
4 You can change fractions to decimals. 4 Write as decimals.

For example: 1 2
a b
1 4 3
5 1 4 3 5 1.00 4 3 This decimal 3 5
3 goes on forever! c d
0. 3 3 . . . 8 6
3q1.010 . . . 2 3
e f
9 16
1
So 5 0.33 c
3
#
5 0.3
5 How to order fractions by writing them with common denominators 7 17 3

5 Write , and in
or by dividing and converting them to decimals. 9 20 4
order of size, starting
For example:
with the smallest.
3 2 11
Write , and in order of size, starting with the smallest.
5 3 20
3
5 3 4 5 5 0.6 5 0.60 to 2 d.p.
5
2 #
5 2 4 3 5 0.6 5 0.67 to 2 d.p.
3
11 55
5 5 55 4 100 5 0.55 to 2 d.p.
20 100
11 3 2
In size order they are: , ,
20 5 3 157
1 111 11 Time and rates of change
1 111
Objective
£ Draw and interpret graphs in real-life contexts involving more than one component,
e.g. travel graphs for more than one person.
What’s the point?

Drawing graphs helps you to identify
patterns in numbers more easily.
From graphs you can make simple
predictions and use them to answer
such questions as: how much rainfall
is expected in September? Will sales
increase in March? How much should
my baby sister weigh next month?
Before you start

1 How to write down the coordinates of plotted points. 1 y
For example: P
4
y
3
A 2
3
R
1
2 Q
0 1 2 3 4 5 x
1
0 Write down the
0 1 2 x
coordinates of
The coordinates of A are (2, 3). Coordinates are P, Q and R.
also called ordered pairs.
2 How to convert fractions to decimals. 2 Convert these fractions
For example: to decimals.
1 7
1 a b
5 0.1 8 8
10 9 2
c d
11 3
158
11 11 11 11 11 11
11 11 11 11 11 11
11 Time and rates of change
11.1 Plotting points

Before beginning work on graphs in real-life contexts
The interval between 0 and 5 on the x-axis is
it is important that you understand coordinates or
divided into 10 small squares so 2 squares
ordered pairs. The first exercise revises these. You will
represent 1 unit. The interval between 0 and 5
need graph paper.
on the y-axis is divided into 5 small squares so
1 square represents 1 unit.
Scales and decimals
r The way in which numbers are marked on an axis A represents (4.5, 6)
is called the scale. B represents (2.5, 9.5)
The divisions on the scale are not always whole numbers.
EXAMPLE 1
Exercise 11A
What are the coordinates of the points A, B, C 1 Write down the coordinates of the eight
and D on the graph below? vertices of this shape:
y
y
2 The interval between
0 and 1 is divided 5
into tenths.
A 4
1
B 3
0.6 2
1
−1 0 1 2x
D −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 x
1.2
−1
C
2 Make a copy of the graph below. Show the
position of the points with coordinates:
B (4, 1), C 1 4,22 2 , D (4, 6), E (2, 3), F (0, 3),
B is (1.2, 0.6). G 1 22, 3 2
Each small division on both axes represents 0.1. y
Look carefully at the graph to see why B has 6
coordinates (1.2, 0.6). The coordinates for the
other three points can then be matched. 5
A (1.2,0.6) 4
A (4, 3)
B (0,−0.8) 3
C (−0.6,−0.2) 2
D (0.5,1)
1
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
EXAMPLE 2 −1
What are the coordinates of the points A and B? −2
One small 3 a On centimetre graph paper, what does

y One small square
square is
is 0.5 units. each small division represent if
1 unit. 10 B
i 1 cm represents 2 units
A
5 ii 2 cm represents 1 unit
iii 1 cm represents 5 units?
0 5 x
159
11 11 11 11 11 11
11 11 11 11 11 11
b How many small divisions will represent 7 y

0.1 if B
i 4 cm represents 1 unit I
ii 8 cm represents 1 unit 10 N(7,8.5)
8.5
iii 6 cm represents 1 unit?
H 5 A C
4 Write down the coordinates of the points L D
shown in the graph. −5 x
0 5 10
y J −5 G
K 7 E
F
M− P
10 O
C a What does each small division on the
K
y-axis represent?
1 E b What does each small division on the
A x-axis represent?
J
D c Write down the coordinates of the points
G shown.
01 0 1 2 x
8 a Copy on graph paper the axes in Question 7,
H B
M using the same scale.
F L
I b Plot these points:
01 A (1, 4), B (3, 7), C 1 23, 8 2 , D 1 25,25 2 ,
E (1.5, 7), F 1 24.5,29 2 , G 1 7.8,22 2 ,
5 a Copy the axes in Question 4 on graph H (22.3, 6.8), I 1 24.9,22.9 2 , J 1 6.7,23.7 2
paper. Plot the following points:
9 a What does each small division on each
(0.2, 0.8), (0.2, 1.2), (0.6, 1.6), (1, 1.2),
axis represent in this graph?
(1, 0.8), (1.4, 0.8), (1.4, 1.2), (1.8, 1.4),
(2, 1.2), (1.8, 1.2), (1.8, 0.8), (1.6, 0.6), y The point
(1.6, 0), (1.4, 0.4), (1, 0), (1, 0.2), (0.6, 0.6), 6 (7.6, 3.2)
H B
(0.6, 0.4), (0.2, 0.8) 4 A
b Join the points in order with straight lines. F C
2
c Suggest a name for the picture you have G D
made. −4 −2 0 2 4 6 8 x
−2
6 a On the graph how many small divisions E
are there between 1 and 2? What does
I
K −4 J L M
each division represent?
b Do you agree that the point marked A has
y
coordinates (7.6, 3.2)?
c Write down the coordinates of the other
4 C F is
K points.
H (5.2, 2.8)
3 D
J F 10 Use a scale of 4 cm to represent 1 unit on both
2 A the x- and y-axes on your graph paper. Number
B M E both axes from 0 to 2.
1 I
N a Plot each of the following points and join
L G the points in order with straight lines.
x (1.1, 0.9), (1.1, 1), (1, 1.1), (0.8, 1.1), (0.7, 1),
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
b Write down the coordinates of the points (0.7, 0.8), (0.8, 0.7), (0.9, 0.7), (0.9, 0.5),
shown. (1, 0.5), (1.4, 0.4), (1.7, 0.3), (1.8, 0.2),
(1.8, 0.1), (1.7, 0.2), (1.4, 0.3), (1, 0.4),
(0.8, 0.4), (0.4, 0.3), (0.1, 0.2), (0, 0.1),
(0, 0.2), (0.1, 0.3), (0.4, 0.4), (0.8, 0.5), (0.9, 0.5)
b What have you drawn?
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y
{ ACTIVITY C
A coordinate game for the whole class
2 A
Arrange the desks in your class in rows and
columns. Number the rows and columns so B
that each student is sitting at a coordinate
0
(row, column). 2 4 6 x
The game
−2
D
A student calls out an ordered pair. The student
sitting in that position stands up and calls out Figure 3
another ordered pair. Any student who fails to stand
when his or her ordered pair is called is out of the y
game. Also, any student calling out an ordered pair C
which is an empty or non-existent seat is out of
the game. 20 A
B
Each of these graphs uses a different scale,
0
but the figure looks the same. 10 20 30 x
In each case write down the coordinates of A, B, D

−20
C and D.
Figure 4
(Note: the scale on the x-axis is not necessarily
the same as the scale on the y-axis.) Are the coordinates of A, B, C and D the same in each
figure? Explain.
y
C
11.2 Interpreting real-life
1 A graphs
B
If it makes sense, you can join the points on a graph to
make a curve. Then you can read off values between
0 the points.
1 2 3 x
D EXAMPLE 3
−1
Figure 1 The temperature of some hot water in a beaker is
taken every 50 seconds. The results are shown in
y
the graph.
C
y
5
A
Temperature (°C)
B 40°
0
5 10 15 x 25°
20°
D
−5
95s
Figure 2
0 100 200 300 x
Time (seconds)
a What is the temperature of the water after

220 seconds?
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2 The cost per unit of electricity is shown in

b When is the temperature 358C? the graph.
y
First look carefully at the scale on both axes.
Number of units of electricity

On the time axis, a large division represents 100
100 seconds, so each small division represents
80
100 4 10 5 10 seconds.
On the temperature axis, a large division 60
represents 208C, so each small division
represents 20 4 10 5 28C. 40
a From the graph, the temperature after 20

220 seconds is 258C.
b From the graph, the temperature is 358C
0 10 20 30 x
after 95 seconds. Cost ($)
a What is the cost of:

Exercise 11B i 20 units ii 28 units
iii 76 units?
1 The graph shows the number of people present
b How many units of electricity are used if
at a cricket match at different times during
the total cost is:
the day.
i $5 ii $9.50 iii $29?
a What does each small division on the
c What is the standing charge, that is, the
vertical axis represent?
charge applied even if no electricity
b How much time does each small division
is used?
represent on the horizontal axis?
y 3 The graph shows the number of US dollars
that can be obtained for a given number of
Emirati dirhams (AED).
y
3000
No. of people at match
10
8
2000
US dollars
1000 4
0
10 am 12 noon 2 pm 4 pm x 0 10 20 30 x
Time AED
c How many people were there at the
a How many US$ can be obtained for:
match at:
i AED15 ii AED20
i 11 am ii 12.36 pm
iii AED8?
iii 2.48 pm?
b How many AED can be obtained for:
d At what times was the number of people
i US$6 ii US$4.40
at the match:
iii US$3.60?
i 1500 ii 1900
iii 2700?
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4 The masses of different volumes of kerosene a y

are shown in the graph. Join points
y 80 with a
SMOOTH
120 70 curve.
Mass of kerosene (grams)
100 60 62
Temperature (°C)
80 50
60 40 Don’t forget
to LABEL your
40 30 axes!
20 20
10 4.3
0 50 100 150 x
3
Volume of kerosene (cm ) x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (min)
a What mass of kerosene has a volume of:
i 50 cm3 ii 70 cm3 b The temperature was 628C after 4.3 min.
iii 106 cm ?3
b What volume of kerosene has a mass of:

i 20 g ii 32 g iii 105 g?
c What is the mass of 1 cm3 of kerosene Exercise 11C
(its density)? 1 The table shows the conversion from metres
per second to kilometres per hour.
Speed (m/s) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
11.3 Drawing graphs Speed (km/h) 0 36 72 108 144 180 216
When you draw a graph you must pay special attention a Draw a graph to show this information. Use
to the scale. a scale of 2 cm to 10 m/s on the horizontal
axis and 1 cm to 10 km/h on the vertical axis.
EXAMPLE 4 b Use your graph to convert these speeds
to km/h:
The temperature of water heated in a kettle is taken
i 15 m/s ii 45 m/s
every minute. The table shows the results.
c Use your graph to convert these speeds
Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 to m/s:
Temperature i 90 km/h ii 150 km/h
24 29 36 46 58 71 80 88
(8C) 2 A piece of meat is taken out of a freezer. Its
a Plot a graph of the information in the table temperature rises steadily, as shown in the table.
using a scale of 1 cm to 1 minute on the Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50
horizontal axis and 1 cm to 108C on the 5
Temp (8C) 2
0 5 10 15 20
vertical axis.
b Use your graph to find when the temperature Draw a graph, using a scale of 1 cm to
was 628C. represent 5 minutes on the horizontal axis, and
2 cm to represent 58C on the vertical axis.
Use the graph to estimate:
a the temperature of the meat after 17 minutes
b the time taken for the meat to reach a
temperature of 128C.
163
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3 The speed of a car is measured in kilometres

11.4 Travel graphs
per hour (km/h). In Book 1 you learned how to draw and interpret
distance–time graphs. Here, this is extended to showing
This table shows the speed of the car starting more than one person’s journey on the same graph.
from rest after a given number of seconds:
EXAMPLE 5
Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Speed (km/h) 0 4 16 30 44 56 60 The graph shows the car journeys made by the
Astley family (A) and the Brown family (B).
a Draw a graph to show this information.
Use a scale of 1 cm to 1 s on the horizontal
axis and 2 cm to 10 km/h on the vertical 200
Distance from starting point (km)

axis. Make sure you join the points with a
smooth curve.
b From your graph find the speed of the car 150
after:
1
i 5 seconds ii 9 2 seconds A
100
c From your graph find the time taken for
the speed to become: B
i 20 km/h ii 35 km/h
50
4 The volume of water that flows into a water tank
over a period of 20 minutes is given in the table.
0
Time (min) 0 1 3 11 13.5 17 20 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
Water Time
0 13 39 143 175.5 221 260
volume (ℓ)
r What time does each family set off?
a Draw a graph to show this information. The Astley family left home at 08:00, the
Use a scale of 2 cm to represent 4 minutes Brown family at 09:00.
on the horizontal axis and 2 cm to r Which family stops for a break in their journey?
represent 50 litres on the vertical axis. The Astley family stops for a break between
b From your graph, find how much water is 09:00 and 10:00 after driving 100 km, shown
in the tank after: by the horizontal line in their graph.
i 10 min ii 16.4 min r At what time have both families travelled the
c From your graph, find when the volume same distance?
of water in the tank is: 10:40 (the point where both lines intersect, or
i 20 litres ii 155 litres cross each other).
5 The cost of petrol for a given number of litres r Which family is driving faster at the start of
is shown in the table. their journey?
The Astley family. Their line is steeper and
No. of they travel 100 km in the first hour of their
2 6 16 22 38 46
litres journey (or at a speed of 100 km/hr), whereas
Cost ($) 3.70 11.10 29.60 40.70 70.30 85.10 in the first hour of their journey the Brown
family travel 80 km (or at a speed of 80 km/hr).
a Draw a graph of this information. Use a r Which family is driving faster for the last
scale of 1 cm to represent 5 litres on the 100 km of their journey?
horizontal axis and 1 cm to represent $10 The Brown family has a steeper line for the
on the vertical axis. last 100 km of the journey.
b From your graph, find the cost of the 1
They travel 100 km in 14 hours, whereas the Astley
following quantities of petrol:
family take 2 hours to travel 100 km.
i 5 litres ii 33 litres
c From your graph, find how much petrol
can be bought for:
i $20 ii $55
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Exercise 11D Time (seconds) Distance from home (metres)

1 The graph below shows two people making 0 0
the same journey, starting at the same time, 50 50
one cycling and the other walking.
80 50
4 300 400
V a Copy the graph and draw Samira’s

3 journey on it.
b How far is the park from Neema and
T
2 Samira’s house?
c The two sisters met each other.
1 i After how many seconds into their
journey did they meet?
0 ii How long did they spend talking to
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 each other?
Time (min) d Describe how the graph shows who is
travelling faster in the first 50 seconds
a Does graph V or T show the cyclist? Give of the journeys.
a reason for your answer. e In m/s, how fast was Neema cycling for
b For how long did person V stop? the first part of her journey?
c Describe what happened 37.5 minutes f In m/s, how fast was Samira walking
into the journey. during the first part of her journey?
d What time did person V reach the
destination? 3 The graph below shows two friends, Devaj
e Who arrived at the destination first? and Farhad, going for a run and coming
f What speed, in km/hr, was person V home again.
travelling
6 Devaj
i before they stopped
5 Farhad
ii after they stopped?
Distance (km)
g What speed, in km/hr, was person 4

T travelling?
3
2 Neema left the park and rode her bike home.
2
The graph below shows her journey.
1
400
0
350
Distance from starting
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
300
point (metres)
Time (min)
250
150 a Farhad stopped for half an hour.
100 b The slowest running was by Devaj, in the
50 last kilometre he ran.
0 c After 70 minutes Devaj was nearer home
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 than Farhad.
Time (seconds) d Farhad began running at 15 km/hr.
Starting at the same time as Neema, Neema’s e Devaj ran the last part of his journey at
sister Samira walked from home to the park. 18 km/hr.
The table opposite describes her journey. f Devaj and Farhad were away from home
for the same length of time.
g The friends met each other twice on their run.
h On the way home Devaj stopped for a
10 second break.
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Consolidation
Example 1 b Yasmina stopped for 20 minutes, Jadee
1
The graph shows the stopped for 2 hour.
speed of an athlete in 8 c Jadee passed Yasmina after 25 minutes.
metres per second
over time.
a What is the
6 Exercise 11
athlete’s speed 1 a On graph paper with the x-axis numbered
Speed (m/s)
after 2 seconds? from 25 to 5 and the y-axis numbered

4
b When is the from 26 to 6, plot the following points:
athlete’s speed 1 2,21 2 , 1 2,25 2 , 1 3,24 2 , 1 5,24 2 , 1 4,25 2 ,
2 m/s? 2
1 23,25 2 , 1 21,24 2 , 1 21,22 2 , 1 23, 0 2 ,
1 22, 1 2 , 1 24, 3 2 , 1 24, 6 2 , 1 22, 5 2 , (0, 6),
On the vertical (speed)
(0, 3), 1 21, 2 2 , 1 2,21 2 .
axis each small
0 b Join the points in order with straight lines.
square represents 1 2 3 4 5 c Suggest a name for your picture.
1 4 5 5 0.2 m/s Time (s)
2 Starting at A and moving in a clockwise
direction, list in order the coordinates of the
a After 2 seconds, speed is 6.4 m/s. vertices.
On the horizontal (time) axis, each small square y
represents 1 4 5 5 0.2 s.
start here
b The athlete’s speed is 2 m/s after 0.4 s.
A
Example 2 2
The graph below shows the journeys of Yasmina and
Jadee as they went out for a run.
6 Yasmina 1
Jadee
5
Distance (km)
4 0
0 1 2 x
3
3 The population of a colony of insects
2 increases as follows:
1 Week 1 2 3 4 5 6
No. of insects 3 9 27 81 243 729
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 a Using a scale of 2 cm to represent 1 week
Time (min) on the horizontal axis and 1 cm to
represent 100 insects on the vertical axis,
a Who travelled furthest? plot the graph of the above information.
b How long did each runner stop for? b From your graph, estimate the number of
c When did Jadee pass Yasmina? insects after:
1 1
i 3 2 weeks ii 5 2 weeks
a Jadee travelled furthest, as she ran 12 km in c From your graph, estimate how long it is
total while Yasmina only ran 10 km. before there are:
i 50 insects ii 620 insects
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4 The graph shows the time it takes a car to 5 One car travels from Town A to Town B.
complete a journey when travelling at Starting at the same time, another car travels
different speeds. from Town B to Town A.
y The journey of one car is shown on the graph
below.
10
Distance from A (km)

40
8
30
Time (h)
6 20
4 10
0
2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (min)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 x
The other car started at Town A, drove 30 km
Speed (km/h) in 15 minutes, stopped at the garage for
a How long does the journey take at a 5 minutes for fuel, then it drove the rest
speed of of the way at a speed of 120 km/h.
i 30 km/h ii 15 km/h? a Describe the journey of the car starting at
b At what speed is the car travelling when Town B.
the journey takes b Copy the graph above and draw on it the
i 5 hours ii 8 hours? journey of the car starting at Town A.
c Approximately how far is the journey? c After how long did the cars pass each
other? How far from Town A were they?
Summary
1 How to read and plot points with positive, negative and 1 a Write down the
decimal coordinates. coordinates of the
y points P, Q, R and S.
y
A For example: P
5 20
B A is the point (1, 5)
B is the point (2, 3) 10
S
C is the point (1.4,22)
−1 0 1 2 3 x D is the point 1 21.2,24.5 2 −1 0 1 x
Q −10
C R
D −5
b Copy the graph and
plot T (0.5, 4) and
U 1 20.2, 20 2
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2 How to read information from graphs. 2 A baby’s temperature

For example: was taken every
y 30 minutes starting at
50 5 o’clock.
y
Temperature (°C) 40 Watch that
scale! 110
Temperature (°F)
30
20
100
10
90
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 x
Time (seconds) x
5.00 5.30 6.00
The temperature after 185 seconds is 46.58C. Time
a At what time was
the baby’s
temperature 1008F?
b What was the baby’s
temperature at 5.18?
3 How to draw and interpret graphs with more than one component. 3 Using the graph on
For example: the left:
This graph shows a journey to and from the town centre a How long did the
made by bus and by car, starting at the same time. car driver stop in
the town centre?
car journey b How long did the
40 bus driver stop for
bus journey
at the bus station?
Distance (km)
30 c The car driver was

on the way home
while the bus was
20
still on its way into
A town. At what time
10
did they pass each
B other?
0 d Between which
09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
times was the car
Time (min)
driver’s journey
How many stops did the bus make on the way to the i fastest ii slowest?
bus station (which is in the town centre)?
There was one stop at 10 am.
168
2 12
12 Presenting data and
interpreting results
2 12
Objectives
£ Draw and interpret: £ Interpret tables, graphs and diagrams
– pie charts for discrete and continuous data, and
– frequency diagrams for discrete and draw conclusions, relating statistics
continuous data and findings to the original question.
– simple line graphs for time series £ Compare two distributions using the
– stem-and-leaf diagrams. range and one or more of the mode,
median and mean.
£ Compare proportions in two pie charts
that represent different totals.
What’s the point?

Statistics are used all the time in the
real world, in many different areas. For
example, a good way to see the profits
or losses of a company is by drawing
a graph which shows visually whether
the general trend is up or down, and
which can be read far more quickly and
easily than a page of numbers.
Before you start

1 How to calculate the mean, mode, median and range of a 1 Find the mode, median,
given set of data. mean and range of these
For example: numbers:
Carlene scored a total of 520 marks in 8 subjects in her 15, 13, 13, 12, 11, 11, 10
520
last examination. Her mean score was 8 5 65. 10, 10, 10, 9, 7, 8, 8, 7
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12 12 12 12 12
12 Presenting data and interpreting results
2 How to draw a frequency table from given data. 2 The following are the
For example: numbers of pairs of shoes
The number of eggs laid each week by Kurt’s hens during owned by 20 people.
a 20-week period are: 7, 9, 6, 10, 8
4, 6, 4, 7, 3, 3, 2, 6, 3, 1 8, 9, 11, 8, 7
3, 7, 4, 6, 2, 7, 2, 7, 4, 3 9, 6, 8, 10, 9
This is the frequency table for the data: 8, 7, 7, 8, 9
Draw a frequency table for
No. of eggs Frequency
this information.
1 1
2 3
3 5
4 4
5 0
6 3
7 4
12.1 Frequency diagrams

and pie charts for
discrete data sleeping
Remember there are two basic types of data: homework

r discrete and
eating
r continuous.
Discrete data can only take definite values. at school
For example:
Clothes size – Small, Medium, Large etc.
1
Continuous data can take any value. He spends 8 of his time doing homework.
For example: 1
The angle of the sector is 8 3 360° 5 45°
Height
Mass
EXAMPLE 1
Time
Alan has $180. He uses it to buy the following:
Bar charts and pie charts are usually used to represent
discrete sets of data. Item
Shoes Books Shirt Umbrella
bought
A frequency table displays data as numbers. A
frequency diagram represents these frequencies in a Amount
$60 $40 $50 $30
spent
graph or chart. A bar chart is a frequency diagram for
discrete data. Show this data on a pie chart.
Pie charts
There are 360° in a circle.
Pie charts are another way to show information.
Alan spends a total of $180.
For example, the pie chart on the right shows how Bob
This is represented by 360°.
spends 24 hours.
360°
That is, $1 is represented by 5 2°
180
Angle representing $60 spent on shoes 5 60 3 2°
5 120°
170
12 12 12 12 12
The other angles are:
Angle representing girls in pie chart

Books: 40 3 2° 5 80° 5
12
3 360°
Shirt: 50 3 2° 5 100° 30
Umbrella: 30 3 2° 5 60° 5 144°
Check the angle sum: Pie chart showing boys and girls in class:
120° 1 80° 1 100° 1 60° 5 360°
Now draw a circle. With your protractor, carefully Boys
mark in the angles and label the sectors. 216°
Pie chart showing how Alan spends his $180:
144°
Girls
Books
Shoes
80°
120°
Notice the two different methods for drawing pie
100° charts. In Example 1 the method used is to work out
60°
how many degrees for each $1 then multiply this by
Shirt
Umbrella the amount of money spent on each item. In Example 2
the method used is to work this out in one step by
multiplying the appropriate fraction by 360°.
Exercise 12A
EXAMPLE 2
1 A family had 8 cows. Here is a bar graph of
In a class of 30 there are 18 boys and 12 girls.
milk produced by each cow in 2012.
Show this data on: a a bar chart
b a pie chart.
Milk yield (2012)
1000
a Chart showing boys and girls in class
Milk yield (litres)
800
Notice the space
20 between bars. 600
Number of students
15 400
10 200
5 0
A B C D E F G H
0 Cow
Boys
Girls
a How much milk was produced by Cow G?

b Which cow produced most milk?
b Angle representing boys in pie chart c Which cows produced the same amount?
18
5 3 360°
30
5 216°
171
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2 The frequency table shows the favourite sports

of Class 2C.
c Now draw a circle of radius 6 cm. Using
a protractor, draw an angle in your circle
to represent each make of car. Label each
Favourite sport Number of students
sector.
Cricket 14
4 The bar chart shows the rainfall statistics, for
Football 9
each month last year, for a South American
Badminton 5
country.
Volleyball 4
Swimming 6 J
Tennis 2 F
a Draw a bar chart of this data. M

b How many students are in Class 2C? A
c What size of angle would represent one
M
student on a pie chart?
d Copy and complete the table, for each sport. J
Month
Favourite Number of Size of angle J
sport students on pie chart
A
Cricket 14
Football 9 S
Badminton O
Volleyball N
D
e Now draw a circle of radius 6 cm. Using
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90100
a protractor, draw an angle in your circle
Rainfall (cm)
to represent each sport. Label your chart.
3 36 motorists together own four separate makes a What do, J, F, M, c stand for?
of car. The numbers who own each make is b How much rain fell in July?
listed: c In which month did most rain fall?
d When was the dry season?
Toyota 15
5 In a government survey, 240 people were
Suzuki 9 asked their occupations. Their replies were:
Ford 2 Management 10 Services 30
Mitsubishi 10 Clerical 36 Skilled Labour 72
Teaching 12 Unemployed 50
a What size of angle would represent one Agricultural 30
motorist on a pie chart?
Show this information on a pie chart.
b Copy and complete the table for each
make of car. 6 Here are the shoe sizes of 80 people:
Size 3 2 Size 7 12
Car make Number of Size of angle Size 4 2 Size 8 28
motorists on pie chart Size 5 6 Size 9 16
Toyota 15 Size 6 8 Size 10 6
Suzuki 9 Show this information on a pie chart.
Ford 2
Mitsubishi 10
172
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7 Mr Pinder earns $400 a week. Here is what he
did with his salary last week:
Then, highlight your table and select the pie chart.
Pie chart of car sales

Food $120 Entertainment $40
Toyota Suzuki Ford Mitsubishi
Clothes $50 Rent and fuel $100
Travel $30 Savings $60
a In a pie chart to show this, $400 is
represented by 360°.
What angle represents $1?
b Copy and complete the table.
Amount Angle
Food $120 108°
Clothes $50
Travel $30
Use a spreadsheet to draw pie charts for the other
c Draw a pie chart to show the information questions in Exercise 12A.
in your table. Don’t forget to label it.
8 a Make a tally chart to show how often each Reading pie charts
vowel appears in this poem: A vowel is To read a pie chart you have to find the quantity or
A funny old beast is the yeti, a, e, i, o number that each angle actually represents.
Mostly he eats just spaghetti, or u
Tomatoes, ham
EXAMPLE 3
And iced mulberry jam,
Then he showers himself with confetti. There are 120 second-year students in St Mary’s
b Draw a frequency table to show this data. College. The pie chart shows their favourite colours.
c Draw a bar chart to show this data.
9 Carry out a survey of 20 students. Find out
their favourite: Red Blue
a game b colour c singer. 90°
Draw a pie chart to show the information in 120°
each case. 30°
Green
75° 45°
Yellow Orange
TECHNOLOGY
You can draw pie charts using Microsoft Excel®
(or other spreadsheet software). Find out how many students chose each colour.
Use the data from Question 3 of Exercise 12A.
First type the data into separate cells of a
120 students are represented by 360°
spreadsheet:
360
So 1 student is represented by 120 5 3°
A B C
90°
1 Toyota 15 The colour blue, 90°, represents 3° 5 30 students
2 Suzuki 9
3 Ford 2
4 Mitsubishi 10
5
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The other colours are chosen by

2 The pie chart shows how the workers at the
National Cement Works travel to work.
Red 5
120°
5 40 students Method of travel used by cement workers
3°
75°
Yellow 5 3° 5 25 students Walk
45°
Orange 5 5 15 students 220°
3°
30°
Car 42°
Green 5 3° 5 10 students 88° 10°
Bus Bicycle
Check:
total number of students a If 5 people cycle to work, what angle
5 30 1 40 1 25 1 15 1 10 represents 1 worker?
5 120 b Find out how many workers come by bus,
by car, and by walking.
c How many workers are employed at the
Exercise 12B cement works?
1 This pie chart represents the flavours of the 3 The favourite subjects of Class 2A
180 ice creams sold by Joss in one weekend.
Chocolate Science
Vanilla
120°
60°
Geography
60°
90° Maths
Mango
Strawberry 30°
Spanish
Cherry
a What size of angle represents one

English History
ice cream?
b How many chocolate ice creams did
Joss sell?
c Copy and complete the table.
Ice cream flavour Angle Number sold

a From the pie chart, can you tell how many
students are in Class 2A?
Chocolate 120°
b Can you tell how many students prefer
Vanilla 60° History?
Mango 60° c Measure the angle for History.
Cherry 30° d If 6 students prefer History, what angle
Strawberry 90° represents one student?
e Now measure the angle for each of the
other subjects.
f Calculate the number of students
preferring each of the other subjects.
g How many students are in Class 2A?
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12 12 12 12 12
4 The bar chart shows Class 2B’s favourite
subjects.
a
About what fraction of his wages did John

spend on rent?
Class 2B’s favourite subjects b About what fraction did he save?
7 c Measure the angles at the centre.
Write them down.
6 d Can you tell how much John earned
last month?
Number of students
5
e Last month John spent $200 on food.
4 Work out how much money was used in
each of the other ways.
3
f How much did John earn last month?
2 g If John’s wages last month were $1080,
calculate how much he spent on:
1 i clothes ii travel.
0 6 The pie chart shows how Farmer Errol spends
English
Spanish
Maths
History
P.E.
Science
Agriculture
Geography
Art
a typical day.
working
a How many students are in Class 2B?

b Draw a frequency table for the graph. poultry
cows
c Do you think it is easier to read
information from a bar chart than from a sleep
pie chart? Why? other work
d Compare this bar chart for Class 2B with
the pie chart for Class 2A, in Question 3.
What can you find out from the bar chart
that you cannot find out from the pie chart? meals
leisure
5 The way John Boyd spent his wages last
month is shown in this pie chart.
a What fraction of the day does Errol spend

eating his meals?
Food b What percentage of the day does Errol
Entertainment have for leisure?
c How many degrees represent one hour?
d Work out how long Errol spends on
each activity.
Travel
Rent
Savings
Clothes
175
12 12 12 12 12
12.2 Line graphs

A line graph is another way of showing data.
Exercise 12C
1 a Draw a line graph to show the change of
temperature over the course of a day.
EXAMPLE 4 Start the temperature axis at 20°C.
a Draw a line graph to show Bently’s height on
Time 6 am 8 am 10 am 12 noon 2 pm 4 pm
1 January each year, from his birth in 2009.
Temperature
24 25 27 29 29 26
b Estimate his height in July 2011. (°C)
b What do you think the temperature was at
a i 7 am ii 3 pm?
Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
c At what times do you think the
Height (cm) 40 65 80 90 100
temperature was 28°C?
d Why does it make sense to join the points?
100 e Redraw the graph with the temperature
90 axis beginning at 0°C. Which graph is
80 easier to read?
70
Height (cm)
60 2 Kamil was conducting a science experiment

50 to see how boiling water in a mug cools in
40 10 minutes. He took 9 measurements of the
30 temperature, as shown in the table below.
20 Time Temperature (°C)
10
10:00 100
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 10:01 96
Year 10:02 91
10:03 87
b 85 cm
10:04
Why does it make sense to join the points? 10:05 83
10:06 80
10:07 81
Notice from Example 4 that the scale chosen is 10:08 77
important. A change of scale can make the graph 10:09 75
look different: 10:10 74
100 a Draw a line graph to show the

80 temperature of water in a mug as it
Height (cm)
60 cools over 10 minutes.
40 b Maria says Kamil must have made a
20 mistake in recording of one of the
0 temperatures.
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 i Which temperature is she talking about?
Year ii How does she know a mistake has
been made?
You need to choose scales and axes carefully when c Kamil forgot to take the temperature at
drawing charts. If you do not, your graphs could mislead! 10:04. What do you think the temperature
of the water was at this time?
176
12 12 12 12 12
3 The graph shows temperatures during a day
in July in Oxford, UK.
5 Look at these two graphs of sales at an

electronics store over a six-month period.
35 Graph A
30
Temperature (°C)
20000
25
Sales ($)
15000
20 10000
15 5000
10 0
5 Mar Apr May June July Aug
0 Graph B
14000
11 0
12 0
13 0
14 0
15 0
16 0
17 0
18 0
19 0
20 0
21 0
0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
10
13000
Sales ($)
Time
12000
a At what time was the highest temperature 11 000
recorded? 10000
b Estimate the temperature at 17:30. 0
Mar Apr May June July Aug
c The temperature stayed the same for an
hour. When was this? a Why do the graphs look different?
d Which hour showed the greatest rise in b Which graph is easier to read?
temperature? c Would it be fair to say that the sales in
e Which hour showed the greatest fall in June were excellent? Why?
temperature? d Which graph would you show to the
f Estimate the time when the temperature manager of the electronics store? Why?
was 23°C.
4 A football match was due to start at 15:00.
The sports stadium gates were opened at TECHNOLOGY
14:00. The number of people inside the
stadium was recorded every 10 minutes. View the page on misleading graphs and charts at
The results are shown in the table. www.bbc.co.uk/schools
(type 'misleading graphs' into the search bar).
Time Number of people
inside stadium Look for examples of misleading graphs and charts
from magazines, newpapers or the internet.
14:00 0
Present some of these to your class.
14:10 4000
14:20 15 000
14:30 23 000 12.3 Histograms
14:40 30 000 Histograms are very similar to bar charts.
14:50 34 000 A histogram is usually used to show continuous
data, while a bar chart is used to represent
15:00 35 000
discrete data. Histograms are also often used for
a Draw a line graph to show the number of grouped data.
people in the stadium between 14:00 For example, look at the heights of 25 children
and 15:00. measured to the nearest centimetre:
b Use your graph to estimate how many
people were in the stadium at 14:25. 139, 141, 142, 142, 145, 146, 147, 147, 151, 151, 152,
c In which 10-minute period did the most 152, 153, 153, 154, 156, 156, 157, 157, 158, 160, 161,
people enter the stadium? 162, 162, 166
d What have you assumed when answering
part b?
177
12 12 12 12 12
Number of children
Drawing this information on a graph gives:

Heights of 25 children
You may wish to look back at Chapter 6, section 6.3
on frequency tables to see the different ways people
use to label classes in tables. These can also be used to
2
label the horizontal axis of a histogram.
1 The horizontal axis of the histogram above shows the
height of the children. This is a continuous variable. It
0 is quite possible to have a height of 138.43 cm, for
138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 168
example.
Height (cm)
Such a graph is not very useful – explain why. Exercise 12D

Instead it is better to construct a grouped frequency 1 a Draw a histogram for the heights of the
table. Using groups 135–139, 140–144, etc. the 25 children using intervals of:
frequency table is: i 10 cm ii 20 cm
b Look at all the charts for this data.
Interval Tally Frequency
Which one shows best how heights vary?
135–139 1 1
2 The masses, in kilograms, of 25 children are:
140–144 111 3
145–149 1111 4 Mass (kg) 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59
150–154 52 7 No. of
1 4 7 12 1
155–159 5 5 children
160–164 1111 4 a Draw a histogram to show this information.

165–169 1 1 b What is the modal mass?
The histogram of this data is: 3 The heights of 30 plants, in centimetres,

6 weeks after planting were:
Histogram of heights of 25 children
Height (cm) Frequency
7
5–9 5
6 10–14 9
Notice their 15–19 8
Number of children
5 are no gaps
20–24 6
between the
4 25–29 2
bars of the
3 histogram.
Draw a histogram to show the data.
2 4 The heights in centimetres of 30 different
plants were measured 6 weeks after planting.
1
The results are shown in this histogram:
0 14
135 140 145 150 155 160 165
12
to to to to to to to
139 144 149 154 159 164 169 10
Frequency
8
Height (cm)
6
Note that it is more usual to label the horizontal axis as 4
shown below, instead of using the ‘135 to 139’ 2
notation: 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 Height (cm)
Height (cm)
178
12 12 12 12 12
a Copy and complete the table.
7 The masses, in kilograms, of 30 items to be

transported are shown below.
Height ( )
5–9 7, 13, 18, 24, 46, 29, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 38,
8 41, 43, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55,
56, 59, 63, 72, 85, 97
15–19
20–24
a Jalad drew this histogram for the data.
1 10
9
b Compare the two histograms from 8
Questions 3 and 4. Do you think these 7
Frequency
plants were the same species? Justify 6
5
your answer.
4
5 Vendra counted the words in the first 3
40 sentences of her book. Her findings were: 2
1
Number of words Frequency 0
Mass (kg)
0–9 13
10–19 15 What class intervals did he use?
20–29 5 b Amy drew this histogram for the data.
30–39 3
25
40–49 3
50–59 1 20
Frequency
15
a Draw a histogram for this information.
b What is the modal interval? 10
5
0
Mass (kg)
What class intervals did she use?

c Compare the two histograms. Which do
you think is better? Why? Can you
think of a reason why the other one
might be used?
6 The waiting time, in minutes, for 25 patients
to see a doctor was:
8, 35, 12, 45, 4, 15, 38, 28, 30, 23, 14, 38, 53, { ACTIVITY
26, 33, 32, 15, 18, 48, 37, 34, 34, 28, 51, 16 Measure the heights and masses of the students
a Construct a frequency table using an in your class.
interval of your choice to show the data. a Construct suitable frequency tables to show
b Draw a histogram to illustrate the data. this data.
c How many patients waited less than b Draw histograms to illustrate the distribution of
10 minutes? heights and masses in your class.
d What percentage of patients waited half c Repeat the process, but this time draw
an hour or more? separate tables and histograms for boys
and girls.
e Was your interval choice the best?
d Comment on your results.
179
12 12 12 12 12
12.4
Stem-and-leaf diagrams
A stem-and-leaf diagram is similar to a histogram in are a lot of values in a list. Starting from the
that the shape of the diagram gives an overall picture beginning and working your way through the
of the trend. The advantage of a stem-and-leaf diagram data, write in the other values. Don’t worry too
over a histogram is that you can still see all the data much about spacing at this point as this is just
values. Bars in histograms are often drawn vertically, rough work.
while in stem-and-leaf diagrams numbers are usually
written horizontally. Your stem-and-leaf diagram should look now look
like this:
A stem-and-leaf diagram has four main features:
Unordered
r The key – which explains what the stem and
Stem Leaves
leaves are worth.
1 4
r The stem – often the tens column (but not always –
2 1 0
check the key to find out). 3 4 6 3
r The leaves – often the units column (but not 4 5 4 9 7 9
always – check the key to find out). Note the 5 6 2 8
leaves must be in numerical order. 6 3
r The spacing – numbers must be evenly spaced to
Key
maintain the shape clearly.
1 | 4 means 14cm
EXAMPLE 5 Now place all the leaves in numerical order and
Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for the data make sure that they are evenly spaced. Label the
below, which shows the height, in centimetres, new diagram ‘Ordered’.
of 15 plants. Ordered
14, 34, 21, 20, 36, 45, 56, 52, 33, 44, 63, 49, 47, Stem Leaves
49, 58 1 4
2 0 1
3 3 4 6
Look at the numbers to see what the stems should 4 4 5 7 9 9
be. The tens columns for these numbers are 1, 2, 3, 5 2 6 8
4, 5 and 6. Write these in a vertical list with a 6 3
vertical line to the right of them. Write the first two
values, 14 cm and 34 cm, in the stem-and-leaf Key
diagram and include a key. Make sure you label 1 | 4 means 14cm
the diagram ‘Unordered’ so that you remember to
put it in order later.
Notice that if a bar chart or histogram was used, only
Unordered
the shape would be known, not the original values:
Stem Leaves
10–19
1 4
2 20–29
3 4
30–39
4
5 40–49
6
50–59
Key 60–69
1 | 4 means 14cm
Beginning with an unordered stem-and-leaf

diagram is the best way to make sure that you do
not miss any values out, particularly when there
180
12 12 12 12 12
A useful feature of stem-and-leaf diagrams is that they
are good for finding averages.
Eva
1 7
1 4
2 0 1 2 6
3 3 4 6 3 0 1
4 4 5 7 9 9 4 0 2 6 8
5 2 6 8 5 1 5 7 7 8
6 0 1
6 3
Key Key
1 | 4 means 14cm 1 | 7 means 17 houses
Using this stem-and-leaf diagram, you can see that the Explain what is wrong with each of these
mode is 49 cm as that is in the only row with repeated stem-and-leaf diagrams.
digits. Because the numbers are in order you can easily 2 a Draw an ordered stem-and-leaf diagram
find the middle number: the median is 45 cm. Finding from this unordered diagram about the
the mean is also possible as you have all the original masses of spare parts for a machine.
data. The mean for this data is:
Unordered
(14 1 20 1 21 1 33 1 34 1 36 1 44 1 45 1 47 1 49 Unordered
1 49 1 52 1 56 1 58 1 63) 4 15 5 41.4 cm to 1 d.p. 2 7
3 3 1 9
4 6 8 8 1 5
5 3 5 2 5 0 5 9
6 5 8 6 1
Exercise 12E 7 2 3
1 For a school project, Guntur surveyed 15 streets
Key
in his town to see how many houses there were
2 | 7 means 2.7kg
in each street. These were the results:
17, 55, 48, 57, 61, 30, 26, 57, 46, 51, 40, 60, b In the stem-and-leaf diagram in part a,
58, 31, 42 which two numbers are represented by
this row?
His friends Kersen, Fatima and Eva drew
7 2 3
these stem-and-leaf diagrams:
c What is the modal mass?
Kersen d What is the median mass?
1 7 e What is the smallest mass?
2 6 f What is the largest mass?
3 0 1
4 0 2 8 3 All of the students in a class were asked by
5 1 5 7 7 8 their maths teacher to estimate the size of an
6 0 1 angle that she drew on the board. These were
the results:
Fatima
45, 62, 38, 51, 44, 38, 36, 43, 50, 44, 40, 55,
1 7
48, 37, 32, 38, 29, 40, 41, 35, 46, 25, 42, 41,
2 6
3 0 1 39, 39, 45, 32, 43, 46
4 8 6 0 a Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for
5 5 7 7 1 8 this data.
6 1 0
b What is the modal guess?
Key c What is the median guess?
1 | 7 means 17 houses d Only one student guessed the angle
correctly. Which angle do you think this
was? Justify your answer.
181
12 12 12 12 12
4 The two data sets below show the heights of

all the teachers in Yasmina’s school, measured
6 This stem-and-leaf diagram shows the number
of watches sold by a jeweller each day, for a
in centimetres. period of 20 days.
Set A 0 4 6 7
162, 153, 157, 159, 165, 168, 190, 184, 1 1 3 3 3 6 8 9
181, 173, 174, 172, 166, 164, 155, 162, 2 1 2 4 7 7 7
171, 153, 164 3 1 2 4
4 1
Set B
192, 182, 176, 190, 168, 180, 179, 177, Key
174, 191, 185, 181, 183, 186, 167, 183, 4 | 1 means 41
177, 182, 158
a Work out the mean, median, mode and
a Copy and complete the two stem and leaf range for this data.
diagrams started below.
The next day 27 watches are sold.
15 3
16 b Without doing any calculations, what
17 effect does this extra value have on the
18 mean, median, mode and range? Why?
19
Key
15 | 3 means 153cm
12.5 Interpreting and
15 8 comparing data and
16 diagrams
17
18 Comparing distributions means looking for what is
19 similar and what is different about them. In particular,
we usually look for which values are larger or smaller,
Key for example which distribution has the larger mean,
15 | 8 means 158cm median, mode or range.
b One set of data is for the male teachers Interpreting tables, graphs and diagrams means
the other set is for the female teachers. understanding what these show. For example,
Which set, A or B, do you think a larger range shows that data is more spread out
represents the male teachers? Why? or more varied.
c Is it easier to answer part b by looking at
Often when you have interpreted and compared data
the stem-and-leaf diagrams or by looking
you will be able to write some sort of conclusion. In
at the lists of numbers?
Question 4 of Exercise 12E you interpreted the two
5 Draw a line on a piece of paper. Ask your stem-and-leaf diagrams and compared them to come
classmates to estimate the length of the line, to a conclusion based on female and male heights.
in millimetres. Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram
The next exercise is all about interpreting and
for this data.
comparing data. It is important that you think not just
about the numbers, but also about how these numbers
relate to the original question.
182
12 12 12 12 12
EXAMPLE 6
The dual bar chart below shows the number of ice
EXAMPLE 7
The holiday destinations of 30 students during
creams and pizzas sold in a café during one week 2012 are recorded in the first pie chart. The second
in September 2012. pie chart shows the holiday destinations of
Ice cream and pizza sales 60 students during 2013.
60
50 Ice creams 2012 holiday destinations
Number sold
Pizzas
40
30 10% 13%
20
10 Europe
0 America
27%
Asia
y
ay
ay
ay
ay
ay
30%
da
da
Africa
d
sd
id
rd
nd
on
es
es
Fr
tu
ur
Su
Tu
n
M
Sa
Th
Australia
ed
W
Day 20%
a The café closes one day a week. Which

day was the café closed?
2013 holiday destinations
b Give a possible reason for the high level
of ice cream sales on Tuesday.
c The café closed early one day. Which day
do you think this was? Why?
27% 30% Europe
a The café was closed on Monday, as it is America
the only day nothing was sold. Asia
b The high level of ice cream sales on Africa
13%
Tuesday could be because it was a much 13% Australia
hotter day or because ice creams were
17%
being sold with a special discount that
day. We cannot tell this information for
certain from the chart – there may be
Compare the two pie charts by considering
other reasons. Did you think of any?
a the most and least popular resorts
c The shop may have closed early on
b the students travelling to Asia each year.
Wednesday, as sales are much lower that
day, but we cannot know this for certain
a The most popular two holiday destinations in
– we can only make a sensible guess.
2012 were America and Africa but these were
the least popular in 2013. The least popular
destination in 2012 was Australia, however
this was one of the most popular in 2013.
b 20% of students went to Asia in 2012. This
was 6 students in total (0.2 3 30 5 6). 17%
of students went to Asia in 2013. This was
10 students in total (0.17 3 60 5 10.2, rounded
to the nearest whole number). So although a
lower percentage of students went to Asia in
2013, this represented a higher number.
183
12 12 12 12 12
You will have seen in Example 7 that it is important to

be careful when pie charts represent different total
numbers. You must make sure you talk about
a How many students scored
i the lowest mark
percentages and numbers with care. ii the highest mark?
b What mark did most students score?
Exercise 12F c What is
1 The histogram shows the heights of some men. i the mode of the set of marks
ii the range of the set of marks?
Heights of men
40 d 30 students in Class 3 took part in the
same quiz. The modal score for Class 3
was 6 and the range was 5. The lowest
score in Class 3 was 4. Compare the two
Classes. What can you say about them?
30
3 Govinda, Jack, Billy and Chakor are playing
cricket. Their runs for 10 overs are:
Govinda 10, 8, 5, 8, 5, 9, 4, 5, 9, 7
Number
Jack 6, 7, 1, 4, 5, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5
20
Billy 12, 8, 9, 1, 1, 54, 5, 3, 6, 1
Chakor 15, 11, 14, 10, 9, 11, 8, 5, 5, 12
a For each boy, find the mean score
per over.
10 b Find the range for each boy.
c Find the modal score for each boy.
d Which boy would you want on your
team? Why?
e Which is the better average to use in this
150 155 160 165 170 175 case, the mean or the mode? Why?
Height (cm) 4 a In the graph below the solid line
a How many men are represented in the represents the number of baboons.
histogram? The dotted line represents the number
b How many men are shorter than 160 cm? of cheetahs. Compare the shapes of
c How many men are 165 cm or taller? the two graphs. What conclusions can
d Is it possible to say how tall the tallest you reach?
man is? Explain your answer.
2 30 students from Class 2 took part in a quiz.
The bar chart shows their scores. Baboons
Population size
How 30 students scored in a quiz

8
7
6
5
Number
Cheetahs
4
Time
3
2 b Suggest a possible scale for the horizontal
axis. Justify your choice.
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Score
184
12 12 12 12 12
5
6 An artist showed four paintings, A, B, C and

D, to some adults and asked them which one
they liked best. She then showed them to some
children. The pie charts below show the adults’
and children’s choices.
Adult choices
A
B
C
D
Child choices
A
B
C
The masses of adult Asian and African
elephants are given in this table D
Mass (kg) Frequency

African Asian
3000–4000 2 8
Which of the following statements are
4000–5000 4 23 i true
5000–6000 19 7 ii false
6000–7000 10 1 iii impossible to say?
7000–8000 6 0 Give reasons for your answers.
a The same percentage of adults and
a Show this data on two frequency graphs. children liked Picture A.
b What is the modal mass of b More adults than children liked Picture B.
i Asian elephants c More children liked Picture D than
ii African elephants? Picture A.
c An elephant has a mass of d A higher percentage of children than
i 7250 kg adults liked Picture D.
ii 3245 kg e Picture B was the most popular among
iii 5050 kg. the adults.
Decide which species you think each of f The same number of adults liked Picture
these elephants is. A and Picture D.
d How confident can you be about your g A lower percentage of adults than children
answers to part c? liked Picture C.
h Picture A was the most popular among
the children.
185
12 12 12 12 12
7 Two samples of 80 people at a school were

surveyed to see how far they lived from the
8 The table below shows the working time for
two different laptops, Type A and Type B.
school. The results are shown in the
histograms below. Number of laptops Type A Type B
still working after
Histogram A 0h 32 38
60 1h 30 37
50 2h 29 35
3h 26 28
40
4h 21 15
Number
30 5h 11 7
20 6h 3 2
10
a How many laptops were there in the
sample, altogether?
0 b Is it easy to see from the data above which
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 laptop seems to last longer?
Distance of home c Copy and complete the line graph started
from school (km)
below.
Histogram B Laptop life
25 40
35 A
Number of laptops
B
20 30
still working
25
15 20
Number
15
10 10
5
5 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (h)
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 d After 3.5 hours how many laptops of
Distance of home
from school (km)
i Type A
ii Type B
a In Histogram A, what was the modal are still working?
distance from school? e What percentage of the original laptops
b In Histogram B, what was the modal are still working after 3.5 hours?
distance from school? f Is it easy to see from the graph which
c Is this statement true, false or impossible laptop seems to last longer?
to say: ‘The range for histogram A was
24’? Give a reason for your answer.
d One histogram was for the students and
one was for the teachers. Which do you
think was for the teachers? Justify your
answer.
e Write a sentence comparing the two
histograms.
186
12 12 12 12 12
9 The pie charts show the number of students
passing or failing their driving test on
c
Is it possible to work out the range for the

ages of death? Give a reason for your
the first attempt. The sample is taken from one answer.
year group in Cransley High School. d Can you suggest any possible problems
Boys Girls with the data?
11 The two pie charts below show how students
Fail in Year 10 spend their free time.
Fail
Other
hobbies 10% Boys
Pass Pass
Watching
TV 5% Reading
15%
a Write a comparison between the
percentage of girls and boys passing or Meeting
failing. friends 20%
The number of boys who failed the test Sport 45%
first time is 20.
Twice as many girls as boys took the test.
Music 5%
b Copy and complete this two-way table.
Other
Boys Girls Total hobbies 8% Girls
Pass
Watching
Fail 20 TV 8%
Total Reading
27%
c Write a comparison between the numbers
of girls and boys passing or failing.
Meeting
10 The dual bar chart below shows the ages at friends 32% Sport 12%
death to the nearest year for male elephants,
based on a sample of 166 elephants in India. Music
13%
Male elephant deaths
35
Number of deaths
30 Natural deaths a Compare the percentages in the two

25 Deaths caused by man
pie charts.
20
b Boys spent 10% of their time on ‘Other
15
10 hobbies’ while girls only spent 8% of
5 their time in this way. 8 boys spent their
0 time on other hobbies. If there were
180 students surveyed in total, how many
4
4
29
9
0–
–1
–2
–3
5–
–1
–3
girls spent their time on other hobbies?

–
10
15
20
30
25
35
Age (years) c Write a paragraph comparing the way Year

10 boys and girls spend their free time.
a How do the bars for the 0–4 range
compare to all the other age ranges?
Why do you think this is the case?
b What is the modal age of death of these
male elephants for
i natural deaths
ii deaths caused by man?
187
12 12 12 12 12 12 Presenting data and interpreting results
Consolidation
Example 1 a Which interval is the mode?
A class of 30 seven-year-olds were asked what sort of b How many children were 150 cm or more in height?
job they would like when they grew up. Their answers c Five children were all in the same interval for
were as follows: height. Which interval was that?
Occupation Number of students a The mode is from 145 to 150.

Teacher 10 b Six children were 150 cm or more in height.
Policeman 8 c The five children were all in the 140 to 145 cm
height interval.
Doctor/Nurse 4
Farmer 3 Example 3
Other 5 The depth of water in a tidal river over a 12-hour
Draw a pie chart to show this information. period is shown in the table.
In the pie chart, 360° represents the 30 children.
That is, one student is represented by 360° 4 30 5 12° Time Depth (m)
Angle representing teachers 5 10 3 12° 5 120° 03:00 1.2

Angle representing policemen 5 8 3 12° 5 96°
05:00 2.6
Angle representing doctors/nurses 5 4 3 12° 5 48°
Angle representing farmers 5 3 3 12° 5 36° 07:00 4.2
Angle representing others 5 5 3 12° 5 60°
09:00 5.4
Desired job
11:00 4.6
Police 13:00 3.0

96°
Teachers 15:00 1.4
Farmers 120°
36° rs/ a Draw a line graph for this time series.
cto
Do rses Others b Use your line graph to estimate the depth of the
Nu 8° 60°
4 river at 06:00.
c When was high tide?
Example 2 d Do you think joining with straight lines is
appropriate?
The heights of 25 children, measured to the nearest
centimetre, are shown in the histogram.
Heights of 25 children a 6
6
5
5
Number of children
4 4
Depth (m)
3 3
2
2
1
0 1
125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165
0
00
00
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:
:
03
05
07
09
11
13
15
Height (cm)
Time
188
12 12 12 12 12
b
c
d
At 06:00 the river was about 3.4 m deep.
High tide is at around 09:00.
Joining with straight lines assumes constant
The modal score for biology is 60–69 and the modal

score for physics is 40–49. More candidates scored lower
in physics so it looks like physics was the harder test.
increase or decrease in water levels. This may not
be the case but it will give a good estimate.
Exercise 12
Example 4 1 Dave sells soft drinks at his stall in the
a Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for these grades market. His sales for this week are shown
of 11 students out of 50 marks in a recent in the bar chart.
chemistry test: Bottles of soft drink sold this week
70
11, 47, 34, 21, 20, 36, 45, 48, 50, 34, 44
b What was the modal score in the test? 60
50
a
Number of bottles
1 1
2 0 1
40
3 4 4 6
4 4 5 7 8
5 0 30
Key 20
1 | 1 means 11 marks out of 50
b The modal score in the test was 34. 10
Example 5 0
Cola
Lemonade
Orange
Pineapple
Water
Mango
Peach
The two frequency diagrams below show the scores of
40 students in their biology and physics tests.
Biology results
14
Name
12
10 a How many bottles of soft drink has Dave
Frequency
8 sold altogether, this week?

6 b Which drink should Dave keep the largest
4
2 stock of? Why?
0 2
Subject Maths Physics Biology Sociology Accounting
10 9
20 9
30 9
40 9
50 9
60 9
70 9
80 9
90 9
9
0–
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
–9
No. of
Mark out of 100 15 12 5 9 19
graduates
Physics results The table gives the number of graduates by
12
10 subject from Seaview College in 2012.
a Calculate the number of students that
Frequency
8
6 graduated.
4 b What angle on a pie chart would represent
2 one graduate?
0 c Draw a pie chart to show the information.
10 9
20 9
30 9
40 9
50 9
60 9
70 9
80 9
90 9
9
0–
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8
–9
Mark out of 100
Which was the hardest test? Justify your answer.
189
12 12 12 12 12
3 The table shows the number of people

employed at a building firm.
A different group of students had the
following masses:
Types of personnel Number employed 16
14
Number of students
Unskilled workers 30
12
Masons 25
10
Carpenters 25 8
Draughtsmen 7 6
Tilers 3 4
2
Draw a bar chart to represent this information. 0
40 45 50 55 60 65
4 Raw materials
Mass (kg)
d Which group of students do you think was

Wages younger? Give a reason for your answer.
25°
Transportation
30° 6 The mass of a baby during its first 24 months
35°
Rental of life is shown in the graph.
Other overheads
Mass of baby (kg)

The pie chart illustrates how a firm spent its 10
budget of $540 000 for a year on rental,
raw materials, transportation, wages and other
overheads. 5
Calculate the amount spent on each area.

5 The masses of 50 students in a school are 0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24
shown in the table.
Age (months)
Mass (kg) No. of students
40–44 8
a What was the mass of the baby:
i at birth
45–49 12
ii after 6 months
50–54 17 iii after 19 months?
55–59 9 b At what age was the baby’s mass:
60–64 4 i 5 kg ii 9 kg iii 7.3 kg?
a Draw a histogram of the data. 7 Display each of these data sets on a pie chart.
b What is the modal mass interval? a 60 students select sports options as
c How many students had a mass of 55 kg follows:
or more? 20 choose football 10 choose cricket
15 choose rounders 15 choose netball
b 120 adults travel to work as follows:
60 walk 20 by car
10 by bicycle 30 by bus
190
12 12 12 12 12
8 Half of a class of 32 students completed a
psychological test and were timed while
c
Estimate in which year the 50th person

was employed by the company.
doing so.
10 The pie chart shows how a local government
a Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for the
agency allocates a budget to different areas.
following list of times taken, in seconds,
to complete the test:
7.2, 8.9, 5.8, 7.4, 10.3, 6.1, 8.3, 6.2, 7.4, H A
6.7, 7.2, 9.1, 7.4, 8.3, 9.4, 5.7
b What is i the mean 80° 45°
ii the median E 45° T
iii the modal time? L
c What is the range of times?
A: Agriculture
The second half of the class watched while
E: Education
the first 16 students completed the test. Then
H: Health
the second group were asked to complete the
L: Labour
same test. Their results are shown in the
T: Transportation
following stem-and-leaf diagram
The agency allocates $30 000 to Education.
5 3 Calculate:
6 0 4 7 8 a the total budget
7 0 0 1 2 4 7 b the amount allocated to
8 3 4 i Health
9 1 3 ii Labour
10 1 iii Agriculture.
Key c A different region allocates their budget
5 3 means 5.3 seconds as shown in the pie chart.
d Work out all three averages and the range 4%
for the second set of students. Compare 19%
the two groups of students. Agriculture
e Which average was the least helpful in 37% Education
9% Health
part d? Why?
f Thinking about the two different groups Labour
(the first half and the second half), what Transportation
31%
conclusions can you make?
9 The table below shows the growth in the
This region spends $6400 of its budget on
number of staff at a company over the space
Agriculture. Copy and complete the table.
of 20 years. (For the purpose of this question,
assume no one ever leaves the company.) Area Budget allocation ($)
Agriculture 6400
Year Number employed
Education
1 7
Health
4 25
Labour
8 40
Transportation
12 55
Total budget
16 60
20 65 d Compare the two regions. What
conclusions can you make?
a Draw a line graph for this time series. e One of the regions is an inner city and one
b Estimate how many staff the company is rural. Which do you think is in the city
employed after 7 years. and why?
191
12 12 12 12 12
Summary
1 How to draw and interpret pie charts. 1 The favourite colours of 20 girls are:
For example: Yellow 3
The favourite outdoor games of 15 boys are: Blue 6
Football 7 Basketball 4 Green 2
Tennis 3 Rugby 1 Red 5
The 15 boys are represented by Orange 4
360° so 1 boy is represented by Draw a pie chart to show this.
360°
15 5 24°
Football
168°
72° 96°
Tennis Basketball
24°
Rugby
The angles representing favourite
games are:
Football: 7 3 24° 5 168°
Tennis: 3 3 24° 5 72°
Basketball: 4 3 24° 5 96°
Rugby: 1 3 24° 5 24°
1 Total angle 5 168° 1 72° 1 96° 1 24° 5 360° 2
2 How to draw and interpret stem-and-leaf 2 a Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for

diagrams. the heights, in centimetres, of these
15 people:
For example:
Draw a stem and leaf diagram for the prices, 154, 147, 181, 149, 163, 168, 171, 175,
in cents, of snacks 170, 174, 157, 154, 164, 167, 168
sold in a school canteen: b What is the mean height?
c What is the range of heights?
43, 99, 55, 74, 62, 24, 83, 29, 65, 89, 33, 34,
d What is the modal height?
35, 43, 38
192
12 12 12 12 12
Don’t forget to include a key and to write
the leaves in numerical order.

2 4 9
3 3 4 5 8
4 3 3
5 5
6 2 5
7 4
8 3 9
9 9
Key
2 4 means 24 cents
mode 5 43
median 5 43
range 5 75
3 How to draw and interpret line graphs for 3 Ruth bought a car in 2007 for $22 000. The
time series. estimated value of the car during the
following six years is recorded in the table
For example:
below.
The number of tourists visiting a resort
were recorded during the first 10 days in Year Value ($)
August. The total visitors to the resort are 2007 22 000
recorded on this time series graph. For
2008 20 500
example, there were 78 tourists on
1 August and 72 tourists on 2 August, so 2009 17 600
there were 150 tourists in total by 2 2010 15 500
August. 2011 12 000
During which day in August do you think 2012 8000
there was a big tourist market? 2013 4300
Total visitors to resort in August

Draw a line graph for this time series and
900 comment on what it shows.
Total number of visitors
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Day in August
8 August shows a big jump from the

previous day, so it is likely to be the day of
the big tourist market.
193
12 12 12 12 12
4 How to compare data. 4 These frequency diagrams show the data on

the left.
For example:
The lists below show the number of books Books read by Class 7
read in a year in a random sample of 15 6
Number of students
Class 7 students and 15 Class 11 students. 5
4
List A 3
29, 18, 16, 32, 41, 26, 50, 54, 7, 19, 24, 28, 2
32, 23, 9 1
0
List B
9
17, 42, 53, 46, 19, 33, 44, 52, 47, 35, 32,
0–
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
10
40
50
20
30
43, 28, 18, 31
Number of books read
Assuming Class 11 do more studying and
read more books, which list do you think Books read by Class 11
6
Number of students
belongs to Class 11 and why?
5
List A 4
In order: 7, 9, 16, 18, 19, 23, 24, 26, 28, 3
29, 32, 32, 41, 50, 54 2
Median: 26 1
Mean: 7 1 9 1 16 1 18 1 19 1 23 1 0
24 1 26 1 28 1 29 1 32 1 32
9
9
0–
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
10
40
50
20
30
1 41 1 50 1 54 5 408
408 4 15 5 27.2 Number of books read
Mode: 32 a Why is the mode no good for comparing?
Range: 54 – 7 = 47 b What does the range tell you?
c Using the frequency diagrams, what is
List B
the modal interval for books read for
In order: 17, 18, 19, 28, 31, 32, 33, 35,
each class?
42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 52, 53
d Give one advantage of using a stem-and-
Median: 35
leaf diagram rather than the diagrams
Mean: 17 1 18 1 19 1 28 1 31 1 32
above to represent the data.
1 33 1 35 1 42 1 43 1 44
1 46 1 47 1 52 1 53 5 540
540 4 15 5 36
Mode: none
Range: 53 2 17 5 36
The best average to compare here is the
mean. List B is probably for Class 11, as
the mean is higher.
194
12 12 12 12 12
5 How to compare proportions in two pie 5
a Using the pie charts on the left, copy and

charts that represent different totals. complete these tables.
For example: Day A
The two pie charts below show the drinks Drink Number sold
sold in a café on different days. Tea
Day A Coffee
Hot chocolate
45°
Lemonade
108° Tea
54° Orange juice 36
Coffee
Total 120
Hot chocolate
27° Lemonade Day B
Orange Juice
126° Drink Number sold
Tea 28
Coffee
Day B
Hot chocolate
5.0% 10.0% Lemonade
Tea Orange juice

35.0% Coffee Total 80
22.5% Hot chocolate b One of the days was in the summer and
Lemonade
the other was in the winter. Which day
Orange Juice
do you think was in the summer, A or B?
27.5% Give a reason for your answer.
On Day A, 36 glasses of orange juice were

sold.
On Day B, 28 cups of tea were sold.
Find the total number of drinks sold on each
day.
Day A
36 glasses of orange juice are represented
by 108°. So one drink is represented by
108° 4 36 5 3°
360° 4 3° 5 120 drinks in total.
Day B
28 cups of tea reprsent 35%. So one drink is
represented by 35% 4 28 5 1.25%
100% 4 1.25% 5 80 drinks in total.
195
Review B
1 Copy and complete: b What was the temperature:

2 u 7 21 8 u 15 3 i when the unit was switched on
a 5 b 5 c 5 d 5 ii after 1 hour
3 6 8 u 12 3 25 u
1
2 Solve these equations. iii after 3 2 hours?
a 2x 1 3 5 9 b x 1 4 5 2x 2 2 5 Work out:
c 31x 1 12 5 6 d 2x 2 3 5 x 1 6 a
7
of 6 t b
3
of 22 kg
10 5
3 Find the size of angles a–d.
2 3
a b c of 20 ml d of 8 m
3 5
6 Solve:
a 7m 2 8 5 41 b 47 5 5x 2 3
60° c 6n 1 4 5 220 d 3582y
a
e 60 5 7x 1 4 f 39 5 54 2 5r
b
7 Sami has $15. She buys a book for $8.79 and two
162° bookmarks costing $2.38 each. How much change
c 58° does she get?
124°
8 15 students were asked to try to draw a line 4.5 cm
long without measuring.
c d
The lengths of the lines they drew are shown in
48° this stem-and-leaf diagram.
2 4 9
3 1 2 7
4 The graph below shows the temperature of a cold
4 0 1 4 4 5 7
store after first switching on the cooling unit.
5 4 7 9
6 1
Temperature of a cold store
20
key
2 4 means 2.4 cm
10
Temperature (°C)
a What was the shortest length drawn?

b What was the longest length drawn?
c What was the i mean ii median iii modal length?
1 2 3 4
0 9 Amy has a sweets and Ben has b sweets. Derive
Time (hours)
an equation for each of these statements:
a Amy and Ben have a total of 50 sweets.
−10 b Amy has 4 times as many sweets as Ben.
c If Amy gave Ben 10 sweets they would both
have the same amount of sweets.
−20
10 Find the sizes of angles a–e.
a After how long is the temperature a
i 08C ii 2108C?
a 44°
196
Review B
b 15 Find the missing numbers:

4 11 1 1
a 35 1 u 5 620 b u 2 13 5 45
2 3
c u 4 27 5 5 d u 3 24 5 7
16 Solve:
120°
a 6(x 1 4) 5 5(x 1 7)
b 3(x 2 3) 5 7(x 2 7)
b c 4(x 2 9) 5 2(x 1 7)
d 10( p 2 5) 5 5( p 1 2)
e 7(4x 2 10) 5 9(2x 2 5)
c 17 Find the midpoint of the line segment AB where

a A (6, 8) and B (12, 2)
b A (22, 3) and B (14, 7)
c d
28° c A (25, 6) and B (8,24)
18 Work out:
a 0.3 3 8 b 6 3 2.7
d c 12 3 0.04 d 0.08 3 9
e 0.006 3 4
19 Using v 5 u 1 at, find u when
e e a v 5 110, a 5 6 and t 5 10
b v 5 40, a 5 25 and t 5 9
11 Work out: 20
a 4 1 0.65 1 3.7 35°
a
b 9 2 5.73 b
c 2.458 1 0.7 1 3.62 145°
d 102 2 9.784
12 Write these fractions in their simplest form. c
6 12 16 20
a b c d
8 16 20 24
15 49 48 51 Copy and complete:
e f g h
35 84 64 85 a Angle a is 8 because
1 1 1 .
13 If 5 u 1 v find f when: b Angle b is 8 because
f
a u 5 2 and v 5 4 b u 5 8 and v 5 12. .
c Angle c is 8 because
14 A traffic survey counted the number of occupants .
of 40 cars:
21 Work out:
Occupants Frequency 3 4 7 5 6 9 17 9
a 1 b 2 c 1 d 2
8 8 12 12 7 7 4 4
1 23
3 2 1 3 3 1 5 1
2 7 e 15 1 35 f 74 2 54 g 1 h 2
8 4 12 6
3 4 7 2 11 3 4 3 9 6
i 1 j 2 k 1 l 2
4 5
9 3 15 5 5 7 10 7
5 1 22 Given a 5 2, b 5 21, c 5 3, evaluate:

a a 1 2b b ab 2 c
a Calculate the mean number of occupants per car. c ac 2 3b d ab 1 bc
b On a different day the mean number of occupants a
e b2b c f abc
2
per car was 2.3. Which day you think was at the 6
weekend? Why?
197
Review B
23 A cricket ball is thrown up into the air and caught 25 The perimeter of this isosceles triangle is 39 cm.
again. The graph shows the height h of the ball at Construct and solve an equation to find missing
time t. side length, t.
30
t t
h (metres)
20
10
11cm
26 Using v 5 u 1 at, find t when

0 1 2 3 4 5 a v 5 40, u 5 30 and a 5 5
t (seconds) b v 5 20, u 5 48 and a 5 27
a How long does the ball take to reach its 27 The midpoint of a line segment AB is (4, 7). Write
greatest height? down some possible coordinates for A and B.
b Estimate the height at t 5 3.5 28 Work out:
c At what times is h 5 15? a 2.6 3 0.5 b 4.15 3 0.4
24 Copy and complete this table of equivalent c 0.32 d 3.25 3 0.09
decimals and fractions. Cancel the fractions to e 6.5 3 0.07 f 3.2 3 0.004
their simplest form and, where appropriate, show 29 Find:
them as mixed numbers. 3 4
a 14 1 25 b 38 2 13
5 2
1 5 3 5
Decimal Fraction c 56 1 39 d 4 8 2 3 12
30 How Clive spends his week
0.8
50
1 45
4
.
40
0.3 (or 0.333…) 35
30
Sleeping
3
Hours
10 25
Working
Watching TV
Cycling
20
0.05
15
Swimming
Eating
1.06 10
5
11 0
100
Activity
4
2 The bar chart shows how Clive spends his week.
5
7
How many hours are there in a week?
9 Write down the fraction of each week Clive spends:
a cycling b working
8.2 c sleeping d swimming
e awake f exercising.
198
Review B
31 Work out: b
3 4 5
a 73 5 b 9 35 c 12 3 6 e
1 2 1
d 8 3 14 e 23 3 7 f 6 3 44
1 2 1
g 442 h 843 i 543
104°
3 1
j 844 k 9 4 24
32 The speed of a model airplane at time t seconds is c
shown in the table. d
Time (s) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
130°
Speed (m/s) 5 4 4 5 7 6 5
46°
Draw a graph from this information and use it to
estimate: 36 Copy and complete:
a the time at which the speed first reaches 6 m/s. a 7.35 4 0.5 5 (u 3 10) 4 u
b the speed after 9 s. 5 73.5 4 u 5 u
b 68.4 4 0.04 5 (u 3 100) 4 u
33 These are the lengths, in centimetres, of a catch of 5u4u5u
15 fish.
28, 38, 40, 31, 30, 38, 32, 35 37 Find the perimeter of this triangle.
29, 30, 32, 37, 38, 38, 39
a Put the numbers in order and find the mean, 5.522cm
median, mode and range of the lengths of 2.8cm
the catch.
b A different catch of fish had the following data:
mean 5 24.7 4.76cm
median 5 25
38 The pie chart shows the favourite colours of
mode 5 38
Class 5.
range 5 23
Compare the two catches.
c Do you think the two catches are the same
species? Why?
Red
34 Find the value of Yellow
a x3 1 4x when x 5 22 Green
b 4x2 2 4 when x 5 3 Blue
c 5y 1 y3 when y 5 21
d 3m2 1 2m 2 4 when m 5 23
e 3p3 2 p2 2 7 when p 5 2
35 Find the sizes of angles a – e.
Colour Angle Number of children
Red 1808 9
55° 63° Yellow 608
Green 408
c Blue 808
b a
199
Review B
39 In the diagram, find the value of x. 47 The height, in centimetres, of 30 plants was
measured after 8 weeks of growth. The results
40° are shown in the table below.
x
3x Height (cm) Frequency
20°
5–9 3
40 Write each of these fractions as a decimal. 10–14 8
7 13 429 15–19 11
a b c
10 100 1000
20–24 7
4 3 7
d e f 25–29 1
5 4 8
17 23 49
g h i Draw a histogram for this data.
20 50 50
5 109 413 48 Work out:
j k l
4 25 200 a 4.9 4 0.7 b 4.8 4 0.04
2 c 7.5 4 0.005 d 1.38 4 0.06
41 a A tin of paint has a mass of 3 kg. What is the e 23.8 4 0.7 f 3.2 4 0.004
mass of 8 tins?
1 3 1
b Jan buys 2 2 kg of seed in one store and 1 5 kg in 49 Using s 5 2ut 1 at2 find u when s 5 80, t 5 5
another. How much does he buy altogether? and a 5 4.
2
c Sandra spent 3 of her pocket money on sweets
1 50 Find the size of the marked angles.
and 7 on a comic. What fraction of her pocket
money did she have left? a
d Julia bought a piece of material 3 metres wide 5x
1
and 3 4 metres long. What was the area of this
material?
42 Given x 5 10, y 5 25, z 5 25, find: x
x xy x 10z
a z b 2z c z d 2x 3x
43 These are the heights, in centimetres, of 25 children: b
140, 155, 157, 142, 167, 153, 163
154, 154, 152, 145, 152, 153, 143
158, 143, 157, 159, 147, 161, 163
147, 159, 161, 170
Draw a stem-and-leaf diagram for this data. 3y
5
44 If 24 3 5 15, what is
8
5
a 2400 3
8
5
b 2400 3
80 2y
5
c 24 000 3 ?
800
45 Sharad is 8 years younger than Gurucharan. How
old is each man if the sum of their ages is 52?
46 Write a proof to show that
a the angle sum of a triangle is 1808
b the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 3608
c the exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the
sum of the two interior opposite angles.
200
Review B
51 Two people start out on the same journey at the 54 The pie charts below show how two different
same time. One person walks and the other cycles. groups of children travel to school.
How Group A travel to school
4
Cycling
3 Bus
72°
Walk
2 180° Car
Walking 72°
Other
1 36°
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min) How Group B travel to school
a For how long did the cyclist stop?
b Describe what happened just after 41 minutes. 18°
c After how long did each person reach the Bus
destination? 54°
Walk
d What speed, in km/h, was the cyclist travelling Car
i before they stopped 108° 180°
Other
ii after they stopped?
52 Derive a formula for the perimeter, P of this rectangle.
Use this formula to find y when P 5 96 and x 5 9.
x+3 In Group A, 15 students get the bus.
In Group B, 12 students travel by car.
4y a How many students are there altogether in
Group A?
b How many students are there altogether in
53 Write these in order of size, smallest to largest. Group B?
1 21 c How many students in each group walk to
a 0.25, , , 0.03
5 100 school?
3 87 4 7 d Write down some comparisons between the
b , 0.8, , , , 0.07
4 100 50 8 two pie charts.
e One group of students are age 15 and the other
group are age 9. Which group do you think was
made up of 15-year-olds, A or B? Give a reason
for your answer.
201
13 13 13
Objectives
Fractions, decimals
and percentages
13 13
£ Find equivalent fractions, decimals £ Calculate and solve problems
and percentages by converting involving percentages of quantities
between them. and percentage increases or
£ Use equivalent fractions, decimals decreases; express one number as a
and percentages to compare different fraction or percentage of another.
quantities. £ Recall simple equivalent fractions,
decimals and percentages.
£ Use known facts and place value
to calculate simple fractions and
percentages of quantities.
What’s the point?

Percentages are everywhere. Your
teachers probably give you test
results as percentages. Percentages
are regularly used in the news.
For example, ‘Unemployment has
fallen by 2%’. Percentages are used in
the economy – for example, a
percentage of your earnings will be
paid in tax.
Before you start

1 How to convert a fraction to a decimal by using equivalent 1 Write these fractions as
fractions or dividing. decimals.
For example: 3 4
a b
2 4 10 5
5 5 4 4 10 5 0.4
5 10 5 7
c d
8 20
3 0. 3 7 5
5
8 8q3.306040
202
3
13 13 13 13 13
2 How to convert a decimal to a fraction and cancel the
fraction to its lowest terms.
For example:
0.6 5
0.65 5
6
10
65
100
5
5
13
20
3
5
13 Fractions, decimals and percentages
2 Write these decimals as

fractions.
a 0.8
c 0.52
b 0.45
d 0.04
3
3 That a recurring decimal can be written as a fraction. 3 a Write these fractions
For example: as decimals.
# 5 2
0.5 5 i
9 3
4
ii
9
b Write these recurring

decimals as fractions.
#
i 0.7
#
ii 0.2
13.1 Equivalent fractions, EXAMPLE 1

percentages and Write the fraction
36
80
as a percentage.
decimals
You often see percentages in the newspapers. Cancel the fraction using equivalent
36 9
fractions: 5
Daily Journal 80 20
9
Then multiply by 100: 5 3 1005
120
3% rise in population since 2000 5 45%
For harder fractions you can convert the fraction to a

decimal using a calculator.
Experts discuss long-term EXAMPLE 2

19
agriculture strategy Using a calculator, write
32
as a percentage
When you are given test results at school, the total rounded to the nearest whole per cent.
mark for tests can differ. For example, one test might be
marked out of 10, while another is marked out of 50.
First convert the fraction to a decimal using a
Changing your marks from fractions to percentages
calculator:
will help you compare the tests to see how your
performance has changed (you will see this later on). 19 4 32 5 0.59375
The term ‘per cent’ comes from the Latin per centum. Then multiply by 100 to convert to a percentage:
The Latin word centum means 100. You will see cent 0.59375 3 100 5 59.375% 5 59% to the nearest
in various words, for example a century is 100 years whole per cent.
and there are 100 cents in a dollar.
You need to be able to convert fractions and decimals
to percentages. 203
13 13 13 13 13
You also need to be able to work backwards and

convert a percentage into a fraction or decimal.
EXAMPLE 3
Exercise 13A
Do these questions without a calculator unless the
question says otherwise.
Change these percentages into fractions in their 1 Write these percentages as fractions in their
lowest terms and decimals: simplest form.
a 35% b 8% a 25% b 50% c 75%
a d 16% e 85% f 40%

45
g 35% h 3% i 12%
35 7
35% 5 5 5 0.35 j 8%
100 20
2 Write these fractions as percentages.
45
38 3 4
a b c
To change to 100 100 10
a fraction or
7 17 9
decimal divide the d e f
percentage by 100. 50 25 20
6 8 300
g h i
b 44 15 200 500
4 51 36
8 2 j 15 k l
8% 5 5 5 0.08 68 400
100 25
3 Copy and complete the table.
44
Fraction Equivalent per Percentage
cent fraction
You need to be able to express one quantity as a 3 60
percentage of another. You use the same ideas, just 60%
5 100
with a context for the problem. 1 25
4 100
EXAMPLE 4 6
200
450 g of peas contain 18 g of sugar. What 3
percentage of the peas is sugar? 1
4
7
18 10
Write this as a fraction:
450 3
Cancel the fraction to its lowest terms: 20
40
418 250
18 1 9
5 50
450 25
1
418 8
96
Change the fraction to a percentage: 120
1 54
3 100 5 4%
25 90
So 4% of the peas is sugar. 84
175
204
13 13 13 13 13
4 You may use a calculator for this question.
Write these fractions as percentages rounded
to the nearest whole per cent.
Which of these statements are true?

a More boys than girls wanted extra
homework.
1
17 49 b 5 of the students did not want extra
a b
32 64 homework.
17 62 c Of the girls, 9% wanted extra homework.
c d d Of the boys, 80% did not want extra
18 70
5 Change each of these test scores to homework.
1
i a fraction in its lowest terms e 5 of the boys wanted extra homework.
ii a percentage. f 36% of the students were girls who did
a 31 out of 50 not want extra homework.
b 135 out of 150 g The percentage of boys that wanted extra
c 60 out of 75 homework was higher than the percentage
d 141 out of 200 of girls that wanted extra homework.
6 Jenny has to cycle 8 km to school. She
has cycled 5 km already. What a fraction
b percentage of her journey has she travelled? 13.2 Fractions, decimals and
7 Change these decimals to percentages. percentages of
a 0.13 b 0.07 c 0.2 quantities
d 0.325 e 1.25 f 2.5 Finding the percentage of an amount is useful in
8 48 g out of 200 g in a recipe is sugar. everyday life. For example, in a 20% discount sale, it
What a fraction b percentage would be useful to know how much you will save.
of sugar is there in the recipe? There are a few methods for finding the percentage of
9 Change these percentages to decimals. an amount. They are in fact all the same calculation,
completed in slightly different ways. Here are just
a 71% b 5% c 80% some of them – you have lots of choices and the
d 60.5% e 148% f 324% working can also be set out in different ways (you will
10 15 cents in each dollar is paid in tax. see this in the next exercise).
a What fraction is paid in tax? Method 1: using fractions
b What percentage is not paid in tax? To work out 75% of 800 kg:
11 Change these decimals to fractions in their 3
Using fractions, 75% is
simplest form. 4
a 0.6 b 0.02 c 0.55 3 1
3 800 5 3 3 of 800
d 0.875 e 1.75 f 2.4 4 4
1 3
12 Out of a box of 200 apples 10 of them had Since of 800 5 200, then 3 800 5 3 3 200
4 4
gone bad. 5 600 kg
a What fraction had gone bad? Method 2: using a ratio method (in this case
b What percentage of the apples were still by finding 10%)
good to eat? To work out 30% of $400:
13 The table below shows the results when some $400 represents 100%
students were asked if they would like extra
maths homework. 410 410
$40 represents 10%
Yes No Total
Boys 11 44 55 33 33
Girls 9 36 45 $120 represents 30%
Total 20 80 100
205
13 13 13 13 13
Method 3: using decimals

To work out 15% of 350 m:
15% of 350 m 5 0.15 3 350 5 52.5 m
Exercise 13B
1 Sam and Joshua worked out the answer to
the question.
Change 15% to ‘Find 10% of $6.30.’
a decimal by They both wrote:
dividing by 100 10
Change the 10% =
100
‘of’ to ‘×’ 10
10% of $6.30 = x $6.30
Each method is useful in different circumstances. 100
Methods 1 and 2 are often useful for non-calculator 1
= x $6.30
work or working out percentages in your head. 10
Method 3 is useful for working out percentages with Then Sam wrote: And Joshua wrote:
a calculator and a good method if you are moving on $6.30 $6.30 $6.30
= = = = $6.3
to percentage increase and decrease questions. 10 10 10
You can use equivalent fractions, decimals and = $0.63
percentages to compare different quantities. Which student has made a mistake? What was
the mistake?
EXAMPLE 5 2 Work these out using a mixture of Methods 1, 2
Mr Green and Mrs Brown both have classes of and 3.
40 students. a 5% of $100 b 12% of 100 km
7 c 25% of 20 ℓ d 75% of $80
8 of Mr Green’s class are in school today.
e 37% of $200 f 20% of $7.50
90% of Mrs Brown’s class in school today. g 8% of 300 g h 15% of 60 children
Whose class has the most students present today? i 3% of $1000 j 4% of $25
7
3 Lintang worked out the answer to 35% of $600.
Mr Green has 8 5 7 4 8 5 0.875 5 87.5% students She wrote:
600 ÷ 100 = 6
Since both classes have the same 6 x 35 = $210
number of students you can just She hasn’t quite set this out in the same way
compare the fractions or as the methods shown above. Out of Methods
percentages – there’s no need to 1, 2 and 3, which do you think she has used?
work out the actual numbers. Explain your answer.
4 In each of these sets of quantities, which is the
Mrs Brown has 90% 5 90 4 100 5 0.9 or
9 odd one out? Why?
10 students 17 17
a 17%, , 0.17,
100 10
1 10
b , 20%, 0.02,
The fractions in their simplest 5 50
terms (78 and 109 ) are hard to 5 15
c , 63%, , 0.625
compare. It is easier to compare 8 24
the decimals or percentages. 30
d 300%, 0.3, , 3
10
2 333
e , 66.6%, , 0.666
90% > 87.5% so Mrs Brown had the most 3 500
students present. 5 Find:
a 10% of $9.30 b 10% of $11.40
c 20% of $6.50 d 30% of $3.40
e 15% of $25 f 23% of $42
206
13 13 13 13 13
6
g
i
3% of $20
7% of $95
h
j
Anya and Sue each have $90.
5% of $10.50
4% of $7.50
14 In each of these sets which is the odd one

out? Why?
2
a 10% of 300, of 75, 0.2 3 15
5 5
Anya spends 8 of her money. 3
b 0.3 3 60, 5% of 36, of 24
Sue spends 60% of her money. 4
4
Who has spent the most money? c of 45, 0.02 3 10, 80% of 25
9
7 You may use a calculator for this question. 15 Jamie and Indra share $372. Jamie receives
Find: 35% of the money. How many dollars do they
a 12% of $458 b 17.5% of 32 kg each receive?
c 18% of 240 ℓ d 1.4% of 5750 km
16 At a garage, 720 cars were given a safety test.
8 If 85% of them passed the safety test, how
350 g chee se 500 g e many cars was this?
32% fat chees
1 fat
4
13.3 Percentage increase
a Which cheese contains the highest
and decrease
percentage of fat? A teacher earning $30 000 has a well-earned 5%
b Which cheese contains the most grams increase in annual salary. There are two ways of
of fat? working out their new salary.
c Are your answers to parts a and b The slow way: Change 5% to
the same? Work out 5% of 30 000: a decimal,
0.05, and
9 Which is larger: 0.05 3 30 000 5 1500 ‘of’ to ‘×’
3 30 000 1 1500 5 31 500 Add the
a of 400 or 20% of 1250 increase on to
5 the original
b 15% of 220 or 0.04 3 800 The faster way:
1 This can be done in a single calculation. An increase of
c 0.25 3 90 or of 60? 5% means that you have 105% of the original.
3
10 In an exam 55% of the candidates passed. Work out 105% of 30 000:
How many passed if there were 1.05 3 30 000 5 31 500
a 200 candidates
b 3000 candidates Change 105% to
c 40 000 candidates? a decimal, 1.05,
and ‘of’ to ‘×’
11 Mr Tang has a 472 km journey to drive. He has
driven 45% of this journey already. How many
kilometres has he left to drive? Both methods show that the teacher’s new salary is
$31 500.
12 Of the 900 children in a school 45% walk to
school, 25% go by bus 22% cycle and the rest
come by car. EXAMPLE 6
a What percentage come by car? In a sale, a coat costing $350 was reduced by 20%.
b Copy and complete this table: What was its sale price?
Mode of transport Walk Bus Cycle Car

100% 2 20% 5 80% so the coat now costs 80% of
Percentage 45% 25% 22%
its original price.
Number of children
80% of $350 5 0.8 3 350 5 280
13 7.5 tonnes of rubbish were collected.
The sale price is $280
If 42% of the rubbish can be recycled, how
many tonnes can be recycled?
207
13 13 13 13 13
Exercise 13C
1 Match the boxes. The first is done for you.
4 A farmer produced 7000 tonnes of crop last
year. This year the mass of his crop was down
23%. What was the mass of crop he produced
To increase by 35%
this year?
3 by 0.65
5 Work out the new values.
a Decrease 200 km by15%
To decrease by 35% 3 by 1.3 b Increase $750 by 50%
c Increase 425 ml by 8%
d Decrease 5750 cm by 24%
To decrease by 5% 3 by 1.35 6 A radio is priced at $120. What is the selling
price if 15% value added tax is charged?
7 Factory workers want a 12% increase in pay.
To increase by 30% 3 by 0.7
How much would a worker get if they
currently receive
a $225 a week
To decrease by 30% 3 by 1.05 b $350 a week?
8 In a restaurant a service charge of 10% is
added to the price of the meal. What will be
To increase by 5% 3 by 0.95
the total bill, when service charge is added, for
a meal costing $78?
2 Kulwinder and Lee were working out the price
9 After harvesting, the mass of honey in a row
of a car originally costing $24 000 after a tax
of beehives went down by 12%. If there was
of 8% was added on. Here is their working:
originally a mass of 85 kg, how much honey
Kulwinder was left in the beehives?
24 000 3 1.8 5 432 000
10 Last year at Southfield High School,
New cost $432 000
150 students passed their maths paper. This year
Lee there was a 4% increase in passes. How many
24 000 3 0.92 5 22 080 students passed their maths paper this year?
New cost $22 080
11 The insurance premium on Mr Masood’s car
Both have made mistakes. Describe their normally costs $380. With a no-claims
mistakes and write down what the correct discount the premium is reduced by 25%.
working should be. What is his reduced premium?
3 To increase something by 15% the multiplier 12 A runner has a mass of 60 kg at the start of a
you should use is 1.15. What multiplier should marathon. During the race his body mass is
you use for reduced by 4%. What is his body mass at the
a an increase of 12% end of the race?
A multiplier is
b a decrease of 17% the number you 13 A machine produces car parts at a rate of
c a decrease of 60% multiply by. 260 per hour. How many car parts per hour
d an increase of 24%
does the machine produce if
e a decrease of 4%
a it develops a fault and the rate is reduced
f an increase of 8%
by 15%
g a decrease of 18%
b an improvement is made to the machine
h an increase of 80%
and the rate is increased by 20%?
i an increase of 12.5%
j a decrease of 5.5%?
208
13 13 13 13 13
14 Would you rather
a have 10% of $5 or 75% of 80 cents?
b sit in a queue of traffic for 66% of 1 hour
1
Exercise 13D
Rewrite the following questions as percentage
questions. You do not need to work out the
and 10 minutes, or 32% of 2 hours and answer. The first one is done for you.
5 minutes? 6
c have 80% of 15 sweets or 26% of 50 sweets? a of 800 m 5 60% of 800 m
10
b 0.23 3 $18
Ask your teacher for a copy of the Percentages game 3
c of 20 kg
from Teacher Book 2. Play to see who can win. 8
d 0.05 3 700 mm
7
Using known facts and place value 2 If 6400 3 5 4480, what is
10
We can use known facts and place value to make a 35% of 6400
calculations easier. b 35% of 64 000?
2
You know that 4 3 7 5 28, so 40 3 700 5 28 000. The 3 If 520 3 5 208, what is
5
same applies to fractions and percentages of quantities.
a 20% of 520
b 80% of 520
EXAMPLE 7 c 20% of 5200?
2
a If 180 3 5 5 72, what is 80% of 180? 4 If 35% of 320 is 112 then
7
of 3200 is
10
b If 60% of 6800 = 4080, what is 2240.
3 7
Without working out 10 of 3200, and instead
i 6800 3 ii 15% of 340?
10 using known facts and place value, decide if
2 Double both this statement is true or false. Explain why.
a 5 40%
5 figures
If 40% of 180 5 72
then 80% of 180 5 144

3
b i 5 30%
10
If 60% of 6800 5 4080 Halve both
figures
3
then or 30% of 6800 5 2040 Halve both
10
figures
ii then 15% of 6800 5 1020 Divide both

figures by
10
then 15% of 680 5 102 Halve both

figures
then 15% of 340 5 51
209
13 13 13 13 13
Consolidation
Example 1 Example 3
a Change 32% to A newspaper headline reads:
i a decimal ii a fraction
6
b Change 25 to 5% wage increase for teachers
i a percentage ii a decimal
c Change 0.05 to
i a percentage ii a fraction in its lowest For a teacher earning $2500 a month, his new pay can
terms be found. 100% + 5% is 105%
105% of $2500
a i To change 32% to a decimal, divide 32 by 100: 5 1.05 3 $2500
32 4 100 5 0.32 5 $2625
ii To change 32% to a fraction write 32 over 100 Example 4
then cancel: An apple tree had 475 apples on it last year. This year
32 8 there were 24% fewer apples on the tree. How many
5
100 25 apples were on the tree this year?
6
b i To change 25 to a percentage multiply by 100:
To decrease 475 by 24%,
6 6 find 76% of 475:
3 100 5 3 1004 5 24% 100% – 24% is 76%
25 125 0.76 × 475 = 361
6 There were 361 apples on the tree this year.
ii To change 25 to a decimal divide the
percentage by100:
24 4 100 5 0.24 Exercise 13
c i To change 0.05 to a percentage multiply by 100: 1 Copy and complete this table of equivalent
0.05 3 100 5 5% fractions, decimals and percentages.
ii To change 0.05 to a fraction in its lowest terms Decimal Fraction (cancelled Percentage
write the percentage over 100 then cancel: to simplest form)
5 1 0.2
5
100 20
Example 2 25%
Work out: 7
8
a 15% of $500 #
0.3 (or 0.333…)
b 3% of 24 km
12.5%
15 19
a 15% of $500 5 3 $500
100 100
15 5
5 3 $500 0.75
1100
75 8%
5$ 5 $75
1
3
b 3% of 24 km 5 0.03 3 24 5
24
3 3 70%
72
2 Mr Shah has to drive 20 km to work. He has
1
driven 18 km already. What percentage of his
So 0.03 3 24 5 0.72 km
journey has he travelled?
210
13 13 13 13 13
3
4
David said that 3% is 0.3 as a decimal.
Explain why he is wrong.
The table below records the masses of 2000
8
9
Out of 160 boxes of bananas, 15% were

rejected. How many boxes were accepted?
To decrease something by 32%, the multiplier
babies born during 3 months in a city hospital. you should use is 0.68. What multiplier should
you use for
Less than 4 kg or Total a an increase of 2%
4 kg more
b a decrease of 27%
Boys 620 280 900 c a decrease of 53%
Girls 880 220 1100 d an increase of 35%
Total 1500 500 2000 e an increase of 40%?
a What percentage of the total number of 10 A sales tax of 3% is placed on goods. What is
babies were the selling price of a bicycle priced at $950
i boys with a mass of less than 4 kg before tax?
ii girls with a mass of 4 kg or more? 11 A manufacturer produced 9000 cars last
b What percentage of the girls had a mass month. This month production was down by
of less than 4 kg? 12% from last month. How many cars were
5 Write the first amount as produced this month?
i a fraction
12 Marlene’s meal at the Top Class restaurant
ii a percentage of the second.
cost $95. How much did she pay altogether if
a 120 cm out of 480 cm
there was a 10% service charge and an 8%
b 140 g out of 2000 g
government tax on all bills?
c 108 ℓ out of 450 ℓ
d 0.51 m out of 3.4 m 7
13 If 3200 3 20 5 1120, what is
6 Find: a 70% of 3200
a 20% of $460 b 17.5% of 8800 kg b 35% of 32 000?
c 4% of 575 ℓ d 72% of 2250 km 1
14 Would you rather have 50 of $3500 or 95%
7 At St Joseph’s Academy there are 800 students. of $80?
65% of the students are boys. How many
students are girls?
Summary

1 To convert fractions and decimals to percentages 1 Copy and complete this table of equivalent
multiply by 100. fractions, decimals and percentages.
To convert percentages to fractions and
decimals divide by 100. Decimal Fraction (cancelled to Percentage
simplest form)
For example:
3 0.4
3 100 5 15%
20 65%
0.025 3 100 5 2.5% 3
35 7 8
35% 5 35 4 100 5 0.35 5 5
100 20 0.03
6%
17
100
211
13 13 13 13 13
2 How to find percentages of amounts.

For example:
2 Work out:
a 10% of $50 b 5% of $10
6 c 3% of $6 d 12% of $25
6% of $200 5 3 $200
100
$12
5 5 $12
1
or 0.06 3 $200 5 $12
3 How to express a given number as a fraction 3 Write the first amount as

or percentage of another number. i a fraction
For example: ii a percentage of the second:
Write 169 g as
a 437 mm out of 1900 mm
a a fraction b a percentage of 260 g.
b 4 t out of 50 t
169 13
a 5 using equivalent fractions c 70 ml out of 200 ml
260 20
13 65 d 42 minutes out of an hour
b 5 using equivalent fractions
20 100
65
5 65%
100
Or (if you are allowed your calculator)
169 4 260 5 0.65 5 65%
4 How to increase and decrease by a 4 Work out the new values.

given percentage. a Increase $80 by 5%
For example: b Decrease 800 km by 45%
100% + 28% c Increase 625 g by 16%
To increase 325 by 28% is 128%
find 128% of 325: d Decrease 32 ℓ by 12.5%
1.28 3 325 5 416
To decrease 3800 by 15% 100% − 15%
find 85% of 3800: is 85%
0.85 3 3800 5 3230
212
141
14 Sequences, functions
and graphs
141
Objectives
£ Generate terms of a linear sequence £ Express simple functions algebraically
using term-to-term and position-to-term and represent them in mappings.
rules; find term-to-term and position- £ Construct tables of values and use
to-term rules of sequences, including all four quadrants to plot the graphs
spatial patterns. of linear functions, where y is given
£ Use a linear expression to describe explicitly in terms of x; recognise that
the nth term of a simple arithmetic equations of the form y 5 mx 1 c
sequence, justifying its form by referring correspond to straight-line graphs.
to the activity or practical context from
which it was generated.
What’s the point?

A famous mathematician called Leonardo
Fibonacci was well known for writing
a book called Liber Abaci (‘Book of
Calculation’) early in the thirteenth
century. In this book he wrote about a
special number sequence now called
the Fibonnaci sequence. The sequence
is 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, . . . , in which the
next number is found from adding the
previous two. The Fibonnaci sequence is
commonly seen in nature, for example in
the arrangement of leaves on the stem of
a plant. In computing the Fibonacci search
technique is faster than a binary search.
Before you start

1 How to work with negative numbers. 1 Work out:
For example: a 6 2 10
2 2 7 5 25 b 23 1 12
2
c 28 2 5
31552 d 212 1 5
213
14 14 14 14 14
14 Sequences, functions and graphs
14 14 14 14 14
2 How to find the value of an expression.
For example:
What is the value of 5n 2 3 if n 5 4?
When n 5 4,
5n 2 3 5 5 3 4 2 3
5 20 2 3
5 17
2 Find the value of these
expressions when n 5 4.
a 2n 1 7
b 5n 2 8
c 7n 2 10
d 3n 1 15
3 How to complete simple sequences by looking at the 3 Write down the next two
common difference. terms in these sequences.
For example: a 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, . . .
The next two terms of 4, 6, 8, 10, . . . are 12 and 14 b 30, 40, 50, 60, . . .
(add 2 each time). c 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, . . .
14.1 Rules of sequences 4 Which numbers can be written as the

difference between two square numbers?
Simple investigations 5 The number 141 reads the same when written
Mathematical investigations are often open-ended backwards as it does when written forwards.
questions or problems. It is also a multiple of 3. Which other such
For example: numbers are there?
r What two numbers sum to 5? 6 Which numbers have exactly four factors?
r What are the dimensions of a rectangle with area
15 cm2? 7 You have an unlimited supply of 3 cm and 5 cm
r Which shapes have two lines of symmetry? rods. What lengths can you make with them?
There is more than one possible answer to such 8 Which prime numbers can be written as the
questions. Further, such questions are often just the sum of two squares?
starting point of an investigation, as other follow-up
questions spring to mind. Looking for patterns
For example: In many open-ended questions it is quite easy to see
r What two numbers sum to: patterns.
a 6 b 7 c 13?
EXAMPLE 1
r What are the dimensions of a triangle with area
15 cm2? Which pairs of numbers sum to 7?
r Which shapes have three lines of symmetry?
Four lines of symmetry? 017
116
Exercise 14A 215
Find at least five solutions to each of these 314
open-ended questions. 413
1 Which two numbers sum to 8? 512
2 Which two numbers have a product of 36? 611
3 You can write the number 7 as the sum of two 710
consecutive whole numbers: 3 1 4 5 7. The numbers on the left-hand side increase by
Which other numbers can be expressed as the one each time while those on the right decrease
sum of consecutive whole numbers? by one.
214
14 14 14 14 14 14 Sequences, functions and graphs
14 14 14 14 14
Searching and finding patterns is basic to mathematics. A position-to-term rule describes how to calculate the
When you find a pattern the next step is to see if you term from its position in the sequence. This is often
can write down a related rule for the pattern. more useful than the term-to-term rule, particularly
when you want to find terms that are a long way into
EXAMPLE 2 the sequence (e.g. the 100th term) without having to
The work out the sequence from the beginning. In the next
Write down the next three difference exercise you will be using position-to-term rules. You
numbers of the sequence: between each will learn how to work them out later.
term is 4
6, 10, 14, 18, c
EXAMPLE 4
14 14 14
6 10 14 18 Find the first five terms of the sequences with the
position-to-term rules
The difference between 10 and 6 is 4, the difference
between 14 and 10 is 4, etc., so the rule is: add 4. a multiply by 6
The next three numbers will be 22, 26 and 30. b multiply by 3 then add 2
a Position Sequence
A term-to-term rule describes how to get from one 1 13656
term to the next. For the sequence in Example 2 the 2 2 3 6 5 12
term-to-term rule is add 4. By continuing the pattern 3 3 3 6 5 18
we can find terms further along in the sequence. We 4 4 3 6 5 24
can find the 8th term by continuing to add 4 until we 5 5 3 6 5 30
have 8 numbers:
36
6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26, 30, 32
b Position Sequence
So the 8th term is 32.
1 1331255
A sequence can be found if you know the term-to-term 2 2331258
rule and one number in the sequence. 3 3 3 3 1 2 5 11
4 4 3 3 1 2 5 14
EXAMPLE 3 5 5 3 3 1 2 5 17
The first term of a sequence is 5. The term-to-term 3312

rule is: multiply by 2 then subtract 4.
1st term: 5
2nd term: 5 3 2 2 4 5 10 2 4 5 6
Exercise 14B
3rd term: 6 3 2 2 4 5 12 2 4 5 8 Write the next three numbers in these sequences.
4th term: 8 3 2 2 4 5 16 2 4 5 12 1 a 3, 8, 13, 18, c
5th term: 12 3 2 2 4 5 24 2 4 5 20 b 2, 3, 5, 8, 12, c
c 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, c
d 600, 300, 150, 75, c
An arithmetic sequence or linear sequence is one e 12, 26, 40, 54, c
in which the difference between the terms is the same f 89, 86, 83, 80, c
each time. This is called the common difference. g 243, 81, 27, 9, c
In Example 2 the difference was 4 each time so 6, 10,
14, 18, . . . is an arithmetic sequence. In Example 3 the 2 For each of the sequences in Question 1, write
sequence is 5, 6, 8, 12, 20, . . . . Notice that the down the term-to-term rule.
differences are 1, 2, 4 and 8. While Example 3 is still a 3 For each of the sequences in Question 1, write
sequence it is not an arithmetic sequence, because the down the 10th term.
common difference is not the same each time.
215
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
4 What are the missing numbers in these 9 Here is a page from a calendar:
sequences?
a 23, 29, 35, u, 47, 53, u, 65, . . . August
b u, 3, 8, 13, 18, u, 28, . . . Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun
c 22, u, 2, u, u, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, . . . 1 2 3 4
d 5, u, u, 21, 23, 25, 27, u, . . . 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
5 Write down the first five terms of these 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
sequences. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
a The first term is 100, the term-to-term rule 26 27 28 29 30 31
is subtract 5
b The first term is 1, the term-to-term rule is Write down as many linear sequences as you
multiply by 3 can find. Do they have anything in common?
c The fourth term is 11, the term-to-term 10 a Write down three different arithmetic
rule is add 3 sequences with a third term of 10.
d The third term is 90, the term-to-term rule b Write down three different arithmetic
is subtract 10 sequences with a fifth term of 100.
e The second term is 6, the term-to-term c Try to find position-to-term rules for the
rule is multiply by 2 sequences you have made in parts a and b.
f The fifth term is 1, the term-to-term rule
is divide by 3 11 The 10th, 12th and 15th terms of an arithmetic
g The first term is 3, the term-to-term rule sequence are 35, 43 and 55. Write down the
is multiply by 3 then subtract 5 first five terms of this sequence and the
h The first term is 4, the term-to-term rule position-to-term rule.
is multiply by 5 then add 2
i The first term is 116, the term-to-term rule 14.2 The nth term
is divide by 2 then add 2
When we use algebra to describe terms using a position-
6 For each of the sequences in Question 5 say to-term rule, this is known as finding the nth term.
whether or not they are an arithmetic
If you wish to predict the 10th or the 52nd number in a
sequence.
sequence you will need to write the rule algebraically.
7 Write down the first five terms of these This is can be a more challenging task.
sequences.
You need to identify the position of each term of the
a The position-to-term rule is subtract 2
sequence.
b The position-to-term rule is add 7
c The position-to-term rule is multiply by 3
EXAMPLE 5
then add 4
d The position-to-term rule is multiply by 10 What is the 75th term in the sequence
then subtract 1 2, 4, 6, 8, c?
e The position-to-term rule is multiply by 5 What is the nth term?
then subtract 3
f The position-to-term rule is multiply by 4 Position Term
then add 2 1 2
8 You should have found that the sequences in 2 4
Question 7 are all arithmetic sequences. For 3 6
each sequence write down the term-to-term 4 8
rule. Can you see any connection between
The table clearly shows that each term is double
the term-to-term rule and the position-to-
the position, so the 75th term will be
term rule?
75 3 2 5 150
The position-to-term rule is 3 2. Using algebra,
the nth term will be 2n.
216
14 14 14 14 14
Finding the nth term or the algebraic formula for the EXAMPLE 7
sequence is not always as easy.
What is the nth term in this sequence?
28, 24, 20, 16, 12, …
EXAMPLE 6
What is the nth term in the sequence Look at the differences: This is what
is written
2, 5, 8, 11, c? in front of
24 24 24 24
the n
Look at the differences:
28, 24, 20, 16, 12,
13 13 13
Notice you subtract 4 each time.
2 5 8 11 Work backwards by
The common difference is 3 so the sequence will adding 4 to the first
term to get to the term
be related to the 3 times table.
in position zero. This is
Put the terms in a table: written after the −4n
Position Term
0 32
Position Term 14
1 28 nth term is 24n 1 32
1 2 2 24 24
2 5 3 20
3 8
4 16
4 11
5 12
Compare the sequence with the 3-times table: This can also be written with the positive number
first. So the nth term is 32 2 4n.
2 5 8 11
3 6 9 12
You can see that each term in the sequence is just Exercise 14C
one less than the 3 times table so the position-to-
term rule is 3 3 then 21 Find the nth term and hence the 43rd term in each
of these arithmetic sequences.
Using algebra, the nth term is 3n 2 1. 1 3, 5, 7, 9, c
2 207, 205, 203, 201, c
There is another way to do Example 6 that doesn’t
3 7, 10, 13, 16, c
involve comparing with the 3-times table. This is the
‘position zero’ method. Put an extra row at the start of 4 3, 8, 13, 18, c
your table with position 0 in it. Continue the sequence
5 34, 31, 28, 25, c
backwards by subtracting 3: you get −1 for position
zero. The term in position zero is what you need to add 6 5, 9, 13, 17, c
or subtract to the 3n part. 7 511, 498, 485, 472, c
Position Term 8 Find the nth term for the multiples of 19.
0 2
1
23 9 Write down some arithmetic sequences of
1 2 nth term is 3n 2 1
13 your own and find the nth term for each one.
2 5
3 8 10 Write down the first five terms of the sequence
4 11 with nth term 7n 1 3.
217
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
11 Match the cards. The first is done for you.
a The 4th shape is:
nth term is 5n 2 6 2nd term is 0
It has 9 sticks.
The 5th shape is:
nth term is 7n 8th term is 28 It has 11 sticks.
b Put the terms in a table:
nth term is 4n 2 8 9th term is 39 Shape Number
of sticks
1 3
nth term is 50 2 3n 7th term is 49 2 5
3 7
4 9
nth term is 2n 6th term is 37
5 11
The sequence is:

nth term is 6n 1 1 15th term is 5
12 12 12 12
12 Find the nth term and hence the 43rd term in 3 5 7 9 11

each of these sequences. The common difference is 2 so the terms are
a 1, 4, 9, 16, … Note that the related to the 2 times table:
nth terms in
b 3, 6, 11, 18, … these sequences 2 4 6 8 10
are not linear. 3 5 7 9 11
This is beyond
stage 8 In fact the terms in the sequence are 1 more
than the two times table.
Many sequences are formed naturally or grow from The nth shape will have 2n 1 1 sticks.
simple patterns. In each case the mathematician’s task Hence, the 76th shape will have
is to find the underlying structure. This structure is 2 3 76 1 1 5 153 sticks.
usually expressed as an algebraic relationship or a
formula. The relationship or formula can then be used
to predict terms. It is important to be able to understand and justify
where the nth term comes from using the picture.
EXAMPLE 8 You will see from the diagram that there is one blue
stick to start the pattern. This is the 11 part of the
Look at the sequence generated by the shapes: formula. Then when each pattern is formed two extra
sticks are added – shown in red, green, and black –
which is where the 2n comes from.
a How many sticks are needed for the 4th and

5th shapes?
b What is the rule for generating these shapes?
Use it to find the number of sticks required for
the 76th shape.
218
14 14 14 14 14
Exercise 14D a Draw the next two shapes that continue
1 Look at the sequences generated by these the sequence.
shapes. b Continue the table for the next two
a shapes.
c How many line segments are needed to
b make the 8th shape in this sequence?
d Write down a formula to show the number
In each case find the number of sticks
of line segments, ℓ, needed to make the
required for:
nth shape in the sequence.
i the 4th and 5th shapes e Use your formula to find the position in
ii the nth shape
the sequence of the shape with 351 line
iii the 58th shape.
segments.
iv Explain where the nth term comes
from using the picture. 4 Look at the tiling pattern shown in the
table below.
2 The table below shows a sequence of shapes
made from equilateral triangles with sides of Tile pattern Number of tiles
one unit.
4
Shape Area of shape Perimeter
(in triangles) of shape 7
1 3
10
2 4
3 5 a Copy and continue the table for the next

three rows.
a Draw the next three shapes that continue b How many tiles will be in the 10th tile
the sequence. pattern?
b Copy and continue the table for the next c How many tiles are needed for the nth tile
three shapes, indicating their area and pattern?
perimeter. d In which position in the sequence is the
c A shape has area 9 triangles. What is its tile pattern that has 334 tiles?
perimeter? e Explain where the nth term comes from
d If the perimeter of a shape is 61 triangles using the picture.
what is its area? 5 Look at this tiling pattern.
e What would be the perimeter if the area
was n triangles?
f Explain your answer to part c using the
picture to justify where the nth term
comes from.
g Write a formula for the perimeter, p, of Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3
the shape when the area is n. a Draw the next two shapes.
3 The table below shows a sequence of octagons b How many tiles will be needed for the
made from line segments. 10th shape?
c How many tiles will be needed for the
Shape Number of line nth shape?
segments d Explain where the nth term comes from
8 using the picture.
e Which shape contains 121 tiles?
15
22
219
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
6 Look at the pattern of blue circles in these c How many dots has the 10th shape in the
diagrams. sequence?
d A shape is made up of 78 dots. Where
does this shape come in the sequence?
e Copy and complete:
Number of dots in nth
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 1
shape 5 n 3 (........)
2
a Write down the nth term for the number
of blue circles in each diagram.
b How many blue circles will there be in the
100th pattern?
14.3 Functions
c If a diagram in the sequence contains This is a function machine:
82 blue circles, which diagram is it? Input Output
7 Look at the pattern of blue circles in these Multiply
diagrams. Add 4
by 3
For example:
If 7 is input, then 7 3 3 1 4 5 25 is output.
A number entered into the function machine is called
Diagram 1 Diagram 2 Diagram 3 the input. When a function machine uses the function
a Write down the nth term for the number (in this case multiply by 3 then add 4) it produces an
of blue circles in each diagram. output. Here, if the input is 2 then the output is 10
b How many blue circles will there be in because 2 3 3 1 4 5 10. If the input is 10 the output
the 50th pattern? is 34, and so on. If the input is n the output is 3n 1 4.
c If a diagram in the sequence contains We can use a mapping diagram like this one to show
65 blue circles, which diagram is it? what outputs go with particular inputs:
function
8 Draw some patterns of your own with blue "314
and black counters. (Make sure there is one
black counter in the first diagram, two in the 2 10
second diagram and so on.) Find the nth term
for the number of blue counters in your 10 34
diagrams.
n 3n + 4
9 The table below shows a sequence of shapes
made from dots. input output
Shape Number of dots Or it can be shown in a table:
1 Input Output
2 10
3
10 34
6 n 3n 1 4
a Draw the next two shapes that continue

the sequence.
b Continue the table for the next two
shapes.
220
14 14 14 14 14
EXAMPLE 9 2 Copy and complete this mapping diagram
Complete the table for the function machine. using the function shown.
Input Output function
"4−3
Multiply Subtract
1
by 5 2
2
3
Input Output
4
1
n
2
3 input output
4 3 For each mapping diagram,
n i draw a function machine
ii write the output when the input is n.
Input Output a function
1 3 " !
2 8 1 12
3 13 2 22
4 18 3 32
n 5n 2 2 4 42
5 52
Notice when the input is n the output 5n 2 2 is the
nth term of the sequence 3, 8, 13, 18, … . input output
b function
" −
Exercise 14E 1 2
1 Use the function machine to fill in the 2 8
table below. 3 14
Input Output 4 20
Multiply 5 26
Add 3
by 7
input output
Input Output c
1 1 9
2 14
2
3 19
3
4 24
4
5 29
n
input output
d
1 13
2 28
3 43
4 58
5 73
input output
221
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
Mapping diagrams don’t have to have their inputs 6 Copy and complete this mapping diagram.
in the sequence 1, 2, 3, 4, … . Be careful with a
these next questions. 20
4 For these mapping diagrams x
−3
i draw a function machine
ii write the output when the input is n. 23
a n 6n − 7
2 5
4 9 input output
6 13
b
10 21 4x + 5
20 41 37
0.5
input output
49
b n 4n + 5
100 200
13 26 input output
0.5 1
4 8
8 16
14.4 Linear graphs
input output Coordinates
5 On a graph the horizontal axis is often called the x-axis
29 and the vertical axis the y-axis. The ordered pairs that
41 describe a mapping on rectangular axes are called
80 coordinates.
11
In the graph below, the black point shows that 5 maps
n 3n + 8 to 8. The coordinates of the point are (5, 8).
input output
y
Using the mapping diagram, 8

The mapping
Leila wrote the equation 3n + 8 = 29 7 5→8 is
Then she solved it: 3n = 21 described by
6 the coordinates
n = 7
Then Leila wrote: 5 (5, 8)
‘The input is 7 for the output of 29.’ 4
Write and solve equations like this to find the 3
missing inputs.
2
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
5 is the x-coordinate.
8 is the y-coordinate.
The x-coordinate is always written first.
t The coordinates (a, b) of a point on a graph
represent the x- and y-coordinates respectively.
222
14 14 14 14 14
Example 10 illustrates how the rule for a mapping can
Exercise 14F be shown on a graph.
The graphs show mappings on rectangular axes.
a For each graph list the set of coordinates shown. EXAMPLE 10
b What rule has been used for the mapping?
c Draw a function machine which will produce Draw a graph of the mapping
this mapping. xSx14
1 y
8 The rule is add 4 so
7 1 S 5, 2 S 6, 3 S 7, 4 S 8, 5 S 9
6
5 The point (5, 9)
shows that
4 5→9
y
3
10
2 9
1 8
x 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6
5
2 4
y
3
6 2
5 1
x
4 0 1 2 3 4 5
3
2
1
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Exercise 14G
1 For the inputs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5:
3 y a Draw a graph of the mapping x S x 1 2.
6 b Draw a mapping diagram of the mapping
5 x S x 1 2.
c List the ordered pairs of the mapping
4
x S x 1 2.
3
d Which of the three ways of showing the
2
mapping x S x 1 2 do you prefer?
1 Why?
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2 For the inputs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5:
The x-coordinate is mapped to the
4 y y-coordinate by the rule x S 2x, so
6 1 S 2, 2 S 4, 3 S 6, and so on.
5 a List the set of coordinates of the mapping.
b Draw a graph of the mapping.
4
3 3 For the inputs 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, draw a graph of
2 the mapping of the x-coordinate to the
1 y-coordinate using:
x a x S 3x 2 2
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 b x S 2x 1 3
c xSx
223
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
Alternatively, the mapping x S x 1 3 can be shown as
4 The function machine produces coordinates ordered pairs on a graph:
(input, output).
y
If 3 is the input, the output is 10. The
8
coordinates are (3, 10).
7
Input Output The point
6 (4, 7)
Double the i.e. 4→7
Add 4 5
Number
4
a List the set of coordinates produced 3
when the inputs are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2
b Draw a graph to show the mapping. Label
the axes. 1
5 Using the inputs 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, draw, on the −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 x

−1
1 2 3 4 5
same axes, graphs of the mapping of the
x-coordinate to the y-coordinate using −2
a x 2x 1 3
b x 2x 1 1 Instead of drawing a mapping diagram it is more usual
c x 2x 2 3 to complete a table for the mapping:
In each case, join the five points with a x 1 2 3 4 5
straight line. y 4 5 6 7 8
What do you notice? The rule for the mapping x S x 1 3 is rewritten as the
6 Using the inputs 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, draw, on the
2 2 equation y 5 x 1 3.
same axes, graphs of the mapping of the The points on the graph can be joined with a
x-coordinate to the y-coordinate using straight line.
a x 2x 1 2
b x x12 This is because all of the points in between x 5 1, 2, 3,
c x 3x 1 2 4 and 5 also follow the same rule. For example, if
you had x 5 1.5 as your input, the output would be
In each case, join the five points with a
y 5 1.5 1 3 5 4.5, which also lies on the line. The
straight line.
same applies to inputs before 1 and after 5: the line has
What do you notice? been extended back to x 5 25, and in fact carries on
forever in both directions. The line represents all the
A very simple relation is given by the rule add 3. mappings of the linear function.
This rule is shown in the mapping diagram. We say the line is represented by the equation
add 3 y5x13
1 4
2 5
The equation y 5 x 1 3 means that to find
3 6 y-coordinates you apply the function add 3 to the
4 7 x-coordinates.
5 8
x y EXAMPLE 11
a If y 5 2x 1 1, copy and complete the table for
As a number machine this is:
the mapping.
Input S 13 S Output
2
x y x 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
y
or as a mapping:
xSx13 b Make a graph of this relation.
224
14 14 14 14 14
2 Repeat Question 1 for each of these mappings.
a The equation y 5 2x 1 1 can be written as the a x 3x
mapping 1 3
x S 2x 1 1 2 6
3
or as the function machine 4
x S 3 2 S 11 S y 5
so when x 5 5, y 5 2 3 5 1 1 5 11
b x x!2
when x 5 4, y 5 2 3 4 1 1 5 9 1 3
so the table becomes: 2 4
3
x 2
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 4
y 2
1 1 3 5 7 9 11 5
1 21, 21 2 1 1, 3 2 1 3, 7 2 1 5, 11 2 c x x−3
1 −2
1 0, 1 2 1 2, 5 2 1 4, 9 2 −1
2
b These ordered pairs can be plotted on a graph: 3
y 4
5
The point (3, 7)
10 lies on the line
y # 2x + 1 y = 2x + 1 d x 2x ! 2
8 1 4
2 6
6
3
4 4
5
2
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 x 3 Copy and complete the sentences using the

−2 cards (cards can be used more than once).
multiply add 2 2
1 subtract halve
a When y 5 5x, to find the y-coordinates

Exercise 14H
you ……………. the x-coordinates by 5.
1 a Copy and complete the mapping diagram b When y 5 x 2 7, to find the y-coordinates
for the mapping x S 2x. you …………. 7 from the x-coordinates.
x y c When y 5 2x 2 3, to find the
x 2x y-coordinates you ……………. the
1 2 x-coordinates by ….. then you ………. 3.
2 4 1
3 d When y 5 2x 1 8, to find the
4 y-coordinates you ……………. the
5 x-coordinates then you ……………. 8.
e When y 5 6 2 x, to find the y-coordinates
b Write down the ordered pairs of the you multiply the x-coordinates by
mapping. ……………. then ……………. 6 or you
c Show the mapping on a coordinate graph. can ……………. the x-coordinate from 6.
d Join the points on the graph. What is the
equation of the line?
225
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
4 The function machine for the equation 11 Which of these points lie on the line
y 5 2x 1 2 is y 5 7 2 x?
x S 32 S 12 S 2x 1 2 5 y (3, 4) (0, 7) (21, 6) (22, 9)
Write down function machines for the 12 y
following equations: 7
H
a y 5 3x b y5x14 6
c y5x26 d y 5 2x 1 4 5
x 4
e y 5 3x 2 9 f y5 17 A B C Line 1 D
4 3
x 1 2 3x 1 2 G
g y5 h y5 2
5 4 1
F
5 To draw a straight line you only need to plot x
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
2 points. Why is it a good idea to actually −1
work out 3 or more points? Line 2
−2
E
−3
6 a If y 5 2x 1 3, copy and complete the
table for the mapping.
a Complete the coordinate pairs for Line 1
x 2
2 2
1 0 1 2 3 and Line 2 drawn on this graph.
y 5 9 Line 1: A (24, ) B (0, )
C (3, ) D (7, )
b Plot the points on a graph and join them Line 2: E ( , 23) F ( , 0)
with a straight line. G ( , 2) H ( , 6)
7 For each equation, copy and complete the b What are the equations of these lines?
table and then draw its graph. y
13
2 2
7 E
x 2 1 0 1 2 3
6
y
5 C
a y5x14 b y 5 3x 1 4
4
c y 5 3x 2 2 d y 5 2x 2 5
e y 5 5x 2 6 f
1
y 5 2 x1 2 3 B
2
8 For each equation, copy and complete
the table. 1
x 2
5 2
4 2
3 2
2 2
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
−1
y A
−2
a y 5 5x 1 5 b y 5 3x 1 7
D −3
c y 5 2x 1 3
9 Copy and complete these coordinate pairs for a Use the graph to complete the coordinate
the equation y 5 10x 1 7 by calculating the pairs.
missing y-coordinate using the given A (21, ) B (1, ) C (2, )
x-coordinate. D (22, ) E (3, )
a (7, ) b (5, )
c (22, ) d (21, ) b How is the y-coordinate connected to the
x-coordinate?
10 One of these points does not lie on the line c What is the equation of the line?
y 5 2x 1 7. Which one is it?
(1, 9) (4, 15) (3, 12) (0, 7)
226
14 14 14 14 14
In Book 1 you learned that the equation y 5 4 means
14 a On centimetre-square paper, draw a pair that the y-coordinate is always 4, no matter what
of rectangular axes. On the x-axis, show the x-coordinate is. Any equations of the form
all the numbers from 25 to 5. On the y 5 ‘a number’ are horizontal lines. Vertical lines are
y-axis show all the numbers from described by x 5 ‘a number’. For example, x 5 2
2
20 to 30. means that the x-coordinate is always 2, no matter
b Using these axes, show each set of what the y-coordinate is.
ordered pairs (x, y) from your tables in y
Question 8. Use a different colour for x=2
5
each set of points.
c Join the points in each set with a 4
y=4
straight line. 3
d Write down the coordinate of the point 2
where each line crosses the y-axis
(intercept). 1
e Compare your answer to part d with
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 x
the equations. What do you notice? −1
f Which line is the steepest?
−2
15 a For each equation, copy and complete
the table. Exercise 14H involved mostly diagonal lines.
Diagonal lines contain an x and a y in the equation.
2 2
x 2 1 0 1 2 3 There are no powers of x other than x1 in the equation
y 1
(for example there is no x2, x , x3, etc.). We usually
i y5x write the equation for a diagonal line in the form
ii y 5 2x y 5 mx 1 c, where m and c stand for numbers. If the
iii y 5 3x value of c is 0 the line will still be diagonal. If the
iv y 5 4x value of m is 0 then the line will be horizontal rather
than diagonal. The values m and c can be positive or
b On suitable axes, plot each of these four negative. Diagonal straight lines can be described in
graphs. other ways – you will learn about this in Book 3. You
c Which graph is the steepest? will also learn more about the significance of the
d Repeat parts a, b and c for values of m and c in stage 9.
i y 5 2x
ii y 5 2 2x
iii y 5 2 3x
iv y 5 2 4x
e What do you notice? Exercise 14I
1 Kanika says that in the line y 5 8 2 3x,
m 5 8 and c 5 23. She has made a mistake.
What mistake has she made?
TECHNOLOGY
2 For these equations of straight lines in the
Review how to plot graphs of equations by visiting form y 5 mx 1 c, write down the value of
www.purplemath.com/modules i m ii c
(look for 'graphing linear equations') a y 5 5x 1 8
b y 5 2x 1 2
c y 5 3x
Equations in the form y 5 mx 1 c d y572x
There are many different equations which make many e y5x16
different graphs. Some produce straight lines, some f y 5 9 2 2x
produce curves. It is important to be able to tell just g y541x
from looking at an equation whether or not it will h y 5 23x 2 7
produce a straight line.
227
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
3 Sort these equations of lines into one of the b y
three straight line categories shown. 6
y5x y53 y 5 23x x57
2 5
y 5 3x 2 4 y5 x13 y 52x
4
Categories:
3
2
1
−3 −2 −1
−1
0 1 2 3 4 x
Horizontal line Vertical line Diagonal line −2
−3
4 Which of these are straight lines?
1
y 5 4x 2 7 y 5 x2 x57 y5 x
c
y582x y 5 x2 2 3x 1 4 y 5 7 2 x3 y
y 5 23 5
5 Sort these lines into the two groups shown 4

below. 3
y5x y 5 24x y 5 6x 2 2 y 5 7x 2
2
y5 x19 y 5 5x 1 5 y 5 11 2 6x 1
y 5 2x
Groups: −5 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
−2
−3
−4
Line sloping Line sloping
upwards downwards
d y
6 For each of these straight lines write down five 5
points on the line and work out the equation of 4
the line.
3
a y
6 2
5 1
4 −4 −3 −2 −1
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
3
−2
2
−3
1
−4
−4 −3 −2 −1
−1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
−2
−3
−4
228
14 14 14 14 14
Consolidation
Example 1
Find the first five terms of these sequences.
a The first term is 5, the term-to-term rule is add 3.
b The position-to-term rule is multiply by 2 then
add 5.
c Each time you change diagrams you have 5 extra
squares added. This is where the 5n comes from.
The 1 2 comes from the extra two squares at the
top of the final column of squares.
Example 3
a Complete this mapping diagram using the
13 13 13 13 function shown.
a
5, 8, 11, 14, 17 function
"2!1
b Position 1 2 3 4 5
3215 1
Sequence 1 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 5 3 2
2
15 15 15 15 15
57 59 5 11 5 13 5 15 3
4
So the first five terms of the sequence are n
7, 9, 11, 13, 15
input output
Example 2
a What is the sequence of the areas made by the b If the inputs are the x-coordinates and the outputs
shapes below? are the y-coordinates write the equation of the line.
b What is the nth term of the areas made by the c Copy and complete the table below using the
shapes below? equation you found in part b.
c Justify the nth term by relating it back to 2 2
x 2 1 0 1 2
the diagram.
y
d Write down the coordinates of the five points you
found from the table.
e Draw the line of the equation you found in part b.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Diagram

a function
"2!1
a The sequence in the areas of the shapes is 1 3
7, 12, 17, 22, 27, … 2 5
b To find the nth term look at the differences: 3 7
15 15 25 15 4 9
n 2n + 1
7, 12, 17, 22, 27
input output
The difference is add 5 each time so it is a linear
relationship to do with multiples of 5.
b Using x 2x 1 1 gives us the equation y 5 2x 1 1.
Compare the terms of the sequence with the
Notice this equation is of the form y 5 mx 1 c so
sequence 5n:
it will be a straight line graph.
7, 12, 17, 22, 27 Sequence
c
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 5n (or multiples of 5) x 2
2 2
1 0 1 2
2 2
The terms in the sequence are each 2 more than y 3 1 1 3 5
the corresponding multiple of 5. The nth term is d The table gives us the coordinates:
therefore 5n 1 2. (22,23) (21,21) (0, 1) (1, 3) (2, 5)
229
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
e Plotting these points and joining with a straight
line gives: 4 Write down the first five terms of these
sequences.
y
y = 2x + 1 a The first term is 6, the term-to-term rule
6 is add 4
5 (2, 5) b The first term is 72, the term-to-term
rule is subtract 10
4 c The first term is 64, the term-to-term rule
3 (1, 3)
is divide by 2
d The first term is 3, the term-to-term rule is
2 multiply by 3
e The first term is 3, the term-to-term rule is
1 (0, 1)
multiply by 4 then add 2
5 For each of the sequences in Question 4, say
−4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6x
(−1,−1) −1 whether it is an arithmetic sequence or not.
−2 6 Write down the first five terms of these

sequences.
(−2,−3) −3 a The position-to-term rule is subtract 5
b The position-to-term rule is add 6
c The position-to-term rule is multiply by 4
then add 7
Exercise 14 d The position-to-term rule is multiply by 8
1 Write down the next three terms in each then subtract 3
arithmetic sequence. 7 a Copy and complete this mapping diagram
a 7, 15, 23, 31, c using the function shown.
b 104, 93, 82, 71, c
function
c 10, 20, 30, 40, c
"2−1
d 5, 11, 17, 23, c
−1
e 17, 13, 9, 5, c
0
2 Find the nth term of each of the sequences in
1
Question 1.
2
3 Look at the tiling pattern: n
input output
b If the inputs are the x-coordinates and the

Shape 1 Shape 2 Shape 3 outputs are the y-coordinates write the
equation of the line.
a How many red tiles are needed for the c Copy and complete the table below using
5th shape? the equation you found in part b.
b How many red tiles are needed for the
15th shape? x 2
1 0 1 2
c How many red tiles are required for y
the nth shape?
d If the mth shape has 100 red tiles, what is d Write down the coordinates of the four
the value of m? points you found from the table.
e Justify your nth term by using the e Draw the line of the equation you found
diagrams to explain where it comes from. in part b.
8 What can you say about your answers to
Question 7, parts a, c and d?
230
14 14 14 14 14
9 a Using the inputs 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, draw 15 Using the inputs 22, 21, 0, 1, 2, draw graphs
mapping diagrams for the functions of the mapping of the x-coordinate to the
i 3214 ii 3 3 2 5 y-coordinate using:
a x x21 b x 3x 1 1
b Using your answers to part a, draw
c x 2x 1 4 d x 5 2 2x
the lines
i y 5 2x 1 4 ii y 5 3x – 5 16 Using the equation y 5 9x 1 10, copy and
complete these coordinate pairs by calculating
10 What are the missing numbers in these
the missing y-coordinate using the given
sequences?
x-coordinate.
a 32, 38, 44, u, 56, 62, u, 74, …
a (6, u) b (3, u)
b u, 46, 42, 38, 34, u, 26, …
c (24, u) d (25, u)
11 Find the nth term for the multiples of 8.
17 Write the equation that goes with each
12 One of these points does not lie on the line sentence.
y 5 8x 2 3. Which is it? a To find the y-coordinate multiply
(1, 5) (4, 29) (0,23) (7, 59) the x-coordinate by 4 then subtract 3.
b To find the y-coordinate subtract
13 Copy and complete the table for the equation
the x-coordinate from 2.
y 5 2x – 3.
c To find the y-coordinate halve the
Use it to draw the graph of y 5 2x – 3
x-coordinate then add 8.
x 2
2 2
1 0 1 2 d To find the y-coordinate add 3 to
y the x-coordinate then halve that result.
18 Which of these points lie on the line
14 Write down the first five terms of the sequence y 5 8 2 2x?
with nth term 11n 1 4. (3, 4) (0, 8) (21, 10) (22, 4)
Summary
1 How to find terms in a sequence. 1 a Find the next three terms
For example: in these sequences.
a Find the next four terms of the sequence with first term 81 i 17, 22, 27, 32, c
and term-to-term rule subtract 4 ii 3, 6, 11, 18, c
b Find the first five terms of the sequence with position-to- b Find the first five terms
term rule multiply by 10 then add 5 of the sequence with first
term 7 and term-to-term
24 24 24 24 rule add 11
a
c Find the first five terms
81 77 73 69 65
of the sequence with
So the next four terms are 81, 77, 73, 69, 65 position-to-term rule
multiply by 6 then
b Position 1 2 3 4 5 subtract 10
3 10 1 5
Sequence 1 3 10 2 3 10 3 3 10 4 3 10 5 3 10
15 15 15 15 15
5 15 5 25 5 35 5 45 5 55
So the first five terms are 15, 25, 35, 45, 55
231
14 14 14 14 14
14 14 14 14 14
2 How to find the rule for a sequence.
For example:
6, 13, 20, 27, c
6
17
13
17
20
17
7 is added to the previous term.

27
2 Find the:
i term-to-term rule
ii nth term
of these sequences.
a 3, 5, 7, 9, c
b 19, 22, 25, 28, c
c 88, 81, 74, 67, c
The sequence is related to the 7-times table:

7 14 21 27
Each term is one less than the 7-times table,
so the nth term is 7n 21.
3 Graphs with equations in the form y 5 mx 1 c are straight 3 For these lines with equations
lines. in the form y 5 mx 1 c write
For example: down the value of
y 5 12x 2 4 and y 5 8 2 x are straight lines. i m
For y 5 12x 2 4, m 5 12 and c 5 24 ii c
For y 5 8 2 x, m 5 21 and c 5 8 a y 5 2x 1 7
b y5x24
c y 5 8x
d y 5 10 2 x
4 The function x x 2 3 represents the equation 4 For each equation, complete

y 5 x 2 3. To find the y-coordinates you need to the table and draw the graph.
subtract 3 from the x-coordinates.
x 2
2 2
1 0 1 2
Completing a table gives you
y
2
x 1 0 1 2 3 a y 5 2x
y 2
4 2
3 2
2 2
1 0 b y5x13
c y 5 2x 2 3
The graph of y 5 x 2 3 is
d y542x
y
2
y=x−3
1
(3,0)
−2 −1 0 1 2 3 4x
−1
(2,−1)
−2
(1,−2)
−3
(0,−3)
(−1,−4) −4
232
515
15
Objectives
Transformations
515
£ Transform 2D shapes by rotation, £ Understand and use the language and
reflection and translation, and notation associated with enlargement;
by simple combinations of these enlarge 2D shapes, given a centre of
transformations. enlargement and a positive integer
scale factor.
£ Interpret and make simple scale
drawings.
What’s the point?

A suitable enlargement of a
photograph of yourself will result in a
life-size image. In the same way the
transformation of enlargement is vital
for using and making maps and scale
drawings.
Before you start

1 About rotational symmetry. 1 What is the order of rotational symmetry
For example: of these shapes?
a b
c d
This shape has rotational symmetry of order 4

because it fits back on itself four times when
turned through one complete turn.
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15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
2 About lines of symmetry. 2 How many lines of symmetry do

For example: these shapes have? Copy each
shape and draw its lines of
symmetry.
a b
c d
This rhombus has two lines of symmetry.
15.1 Reflection d Without measuring, what can you

You will need tracing paper, squared paper and a conclude about the size of angle PXY?
small mirror. e Do you agree that the line joining an
r An object reflected in a mirror line produces object and its image must intersect the
an image. mirror line at right angles?
The object and image are identical, but point in opposite 2 Copy these shapes onto squared paper.
directions. The reflection forms an opposite image. Draw their reflections in the dashed line.
object mirror image
Q Q′ a
line
P P′
X
b
The image of P is Pr. We say P maps to Pr. In the same
way Q maps to Qr.
A line from P to Pr intersects the mirror line at X. The
distance PX 5 PrX. c
r A reflection is a ‘flipping over’ movement.
Exercise 15A
1 In the diagram, PQ is reflected in a mirror line
m to produce PrQr. d
PPr meets m at X, QQr meets m at Y.
a What is the image of PrQr?
b What is the image of PXYQ?
c What is the image of angle PXY?
Q e
P
m
X Y
P′
Q′
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15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
3 Trace each shape and the dashed line. Draw c

the reflection of the shape in the dashed line. Line y
a
Line x
5 On the same diagrams that you drew for

Question 4 draw the images formed by
reflection in Line x.
6 Copy each diagram onto squared paper. Draw
c the reflection of the shape in the dashed line.
a
4 Copy each diagram onto squared paper.

Reflect the shape in Line y.
Line y
a b
Line x
b Line y c
Line x
235
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
d
15.2 Rotation
Angles of turn are usually measured in an anticlockwise
direction. So, in the exercises that follow, rotation is
anticlockwise unless stated otherwise.
EXAMPLE 1
Describe these S′
rotations.
S is mapped to Sr
by the rotation 230°
centre C, angle C
7 a Copy this drawing of a screw, and draw its 130°
reflection in the dashed line. 130°.
Sr is mapped to S
by the rotation
centre C, angle S
230°
b Would a nut that fitted a bolt also fit its r A rotation is a turning movement.
reflection?
8 Each diagram below shows both the object
and the image after reflection. Copy the
Exercise 15B
diagrams and draw in the mirror lines. 1 Describe the rotation of the butterfly.
a
2 Copy each of these shapes onto squared paper.

Draw the image formed by rotating the shape
through the angle shown about the point O.
You may use tracing paper to help you.
a
c
O
i 90°
ii 180°
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15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
b Draw the image formed by rotating

quadrilateral ABCD
a 90° about the point O
O b 180° about the point P
c 270° about the point Q
4 Use tracing paper to help you describe these
rotations.
a y
4
i 90°
3
ii 180° object
c 2
1
image
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
O
b y
4
3
object
2
image
1
i 270°
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 x
ii 180°
d
15.3 Translation
You will need tracing paper, squared paper and a ruler.
O A reflection and a rotation are two ways of mapping an
object onto its image.
Another way is a translation.
r A translation is a sliding movement.
i 180° The point A has

ii 270° A′ been translated
to A'
3 Copy the diagram. You may use tracing paper
to help you.
A
Look at the diagram above. The point A has been

moved or translated to the point Ar.
Q
P
O
237
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
This change of position can be described using a

EXAMPLE 3
column vector:
Draw the transformation represented by these vectors.
2
2 3
a A S Ar 5 a 2 b b B S Br 5 a 2 b
A′
( 63 ) 5 4
3 2
a A S Ar 5 a 2 b means start at A, move
5
A 6 2 units to the right then go 5 units vertically
downwards to Ar.
The vector a 63 b represents a movement of 6 units to the A
2
right and 3 units upwards.
Note you will learn more about vectors in Chapter 19. –5
Vectors are not in the Cambridge Secondary 1
curriculum framework but they are an easier way to
describe translations than writing a sentence. A′
‘Translate by a 63 b ’ is quicker to write than ‘Translate 6
2
units to the right then 3 units up.’ 3
b B S Br 5 a 2 b means start at B, move 3
4
EXAMPLE 2 units to the left then go 4 units vertically
downwards to Br.
Write a column vector to describe these translations:
–3
B
a b c
Y –2
X′ Z
–4
–3
5
4
B′
Y′ Z′
–2
X
Notice the arrow on the line – this is important as it

a X S Xr is a movement of 2 units to the left shows the direction.
1 22 2 and 4 units upwards (4),
2
Translating shapes
2
so a b 3
4 B′
1
b Y S Yr is a movement of 0 units to the right B
(0) and 5 units downwards 1 25 2 ,
C′
0 A′
so a 2 b
5 C A
c Z S Zr is a movement of 2 units to the left
1 22 2 and 3 units downwards 1 23 2 , In the diagram above triangle ABC is translated to
2
2 3
so a 2 b triangle ArBrCr by the vector a b.
3 1
The vertices of triangle ABC are translated to the
vertices of ArBrCr.
Given the column vector you can easily draw the Notice that the two triangles ABC and ArBrCr are
translation. identical in every respect: they both have the same size
and shape. In other words triangle ABC is congruent
238 to triangle ArBrCr.
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
Exercise 15C 3 Write a column vector to describe the

1 Write column vectors to describe each of these translation of each triangle A to its image B.
translations. a
B
a A′ b B′
A
B
C′ A
c
d b
D D′
C B
E′
e A
f F′ F
c
E
g h H′
G
A B
d
G′ A
H
i I j
J
J′ B
I′
e
k K′ l L
B
K
L′
2 On squared paper, draw the translation A

represented by the column vector:
2 3
a A S Ar 5 a b b B S Br 5 a b
3 2 4 Copy this triangle onto squared paper.
2
4 3
c C S Cr 5 a b d D S Dr 5 a b
0 2
2
4 2
e E S Er 5 a b f F S Fr 5 a2 b
3 3
2
5 5
g G S Gr 5 a 2 b h H S Hr 5 a2 b
1 2 5
2 2
3 4 Translate the vertices using the vector a b.
i I S Ir 5 a b j J S Jr 5 a2 b Draw the image. Is it congruent to the 1
0 5
first triangle?
239
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
Transformations such as reflection, rotation and

5 Repeat Question 4 but this time translate the translation leave the size and shape of an object
triangle using the vectors: unchanged. The object and image under such
2 2
5 2 1 4 transformations are congruent to each other.
a a b b a b c a b d a2 b
2 3 3 2
6 Write a column vector for a single translation TECHNOLOGY
from S to U, shown in the diagram.
Learn more about congruent triangles by visiting
the website
5
4 www.onlinemathlearning.com/congruent-
4 triangles.html
−1 U
15.4 Combinations of
S transformations
T So far all of the transformations we have looked at
have been single transformations. Transformations can
7 a From this diagram write a, b and c as be combined so that an object goes through two or
column vectors. more transformations to map it onto an image.
EXAMPLE 4
Reflect object A in the dotted mirror line.
U
Then rotate 90° about the point O.
c
V Remember this
is anticlockwise
unless the question
S
says otherwise.
a
A
O
T
b What can you say about a and c?

c Write a single column vector for the
translation of S to U.
d What single column vector gives the Reflect object A in the dotted mirror line.
translation of S to V? Label it Ar.
e Complete the statements:
2
5 4 You may want to
a2 b 1 a b 5 look at Chapter 19 A
5 12 for help. O
2
5 4 5
a2 b 1 a b 1 a2 b 5
5 12 5
f What column vectors give the translations A′
of U to S and of V to S?
240
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
c
Then rotate image Ar 90° about the point O.
Label it As.
A
A O
A′′
Reflect object A in the dotted mirror line.
4
A′ Then translate by the vector a b .
3
2 Rotate object A 270° about centre O. Label
the image Ar. Then reflect Ar in the mirror
line m1. Label the image As.
The notation Ar means the image of A after one 2
5
transformation. As is the image after two transformations. Finally, translate As by the vector a b.
0
If three transformations are used, write At. Label the image At.
Exercise 15D
1 In each part of this question, shape A goes
A
through two transformations. The first
transformation maps A onto Ar. The second O
m1
transformation maps Ar onto As. Copy each
diagram onto squared paper. Draw each of the
images Ar and As.
a 3
A
A
Reflect object A in the dotted mirror line. 2

3
Then rotate 90° about the point O. a Translate A using the vector a 2 b.
5
b Label the image Ar.
A 3
Then translate Ar through a b.
1
Label the image As.
a
b If you translate As through a b you end
O b
up back at shape A.
Rotate object A 270° about the point O.
What are the values of a and b?
Then reflect in the dotted mirror line.
241
15 1515 15 15
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15 Transformations
15.5 Enlargement
Here are two enlargements of a photograph:
r An enlargement is a transformation that changes To define an enlargement you must be given:

the size of an object. The point O is called the r the scale factor of the enlargement
centre of enlargement. r the centre of the enlargement.
You will need squared paper. For example, triangle ABC is enlarged by a scale
factor of 2 where O is the centre of enlargement:
D′ C′
A maps to Ar
B maps to Br
D C C maps to Cr
A′
A B
A′ B′ A
Look at the two rectangles above.

O B B′ C C′
ArBr 5 2 3 AB
BrCr 5 2 3 BC
We say that rectangle ABCD has been enlarged with
Notice:
scale factor 2.
From O to A you
move 2 squares right Distances OA’, OB’
then 2 up. and OC’ are double
From O to Ar it is 4 OA, OB and OC as
squares right and 4 up. the scale factor is 2.
From O to B you
move 1 square right.
From O to Br it is 2 squares right.
From O to C you move 3 squares right.
From O to Cr it is 6 squares right.
242
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
You can use this to help you draw enlargements.

Exercise 15E
Sometimes the enlargement is not on squared paper so
1 Use a ruler to measure the edges of these
you can’t count squares to enlarge the shape.
shapes then write down the scale factor for
each enlargement.
EXAMPLE 5
a
Draw the image of triangle ABC after an
enlargement with centre O and scale factor 2.
O image
object
B C
b
A
object
image
Measure the distances OA, OB and OC with
a ruler:
c
OA 5 3 cm, OB 5 2 cm, OC 5 4 cm.
object
Since the scale factor is 2,
image
OAr 5 2 3 3 cm 5 6 cm d
OBr 5 2 3 2 cm 5 4 cm
OCr 5 2 3 4 cm 5 8 cm
O object
image
B C e
B′ C′
A
image
object
2 Copy these shapes onto squared paper. Using

A′ the centre O, enlarge them by the scale factor
(Note: diagram not drawn to scale.) shown.
a Scale factor 3
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15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
b Scale factor 4 5 Copy these shapes and, using the centre O,

enlarge them by the scale factor shown.
a Scale factor 2
O
c Scale factor 2
b Scale factor 3
O
O
d Scale factor 3
c Scale factor 4
O
3 Trace each shape and draw the image of the d Scale factor 2
shape after the given enlargement.
a
O
scale factor 2, O
centre O
b
scale factor 2, 15.6 Scale drawing
centre O
O This is a scale drawing of a football field which in real
life is 80 m long and 55 m wide. It has a scale of 1 cm
c to 10 m.
Football field
O scale factor 3,
centre O
4 The centre of enlargement can be inside the

shape. The following diagram shows an
enlargement with centre of enlargement O.
A′ B′
A B
O
C
D
C′
D′
Scale: 1cm represents 10m
What is the scale factor of the enlargement
that maps ABCD onto Ar Br Cr Dr? The scale drawing has a length of 8 cm and a width
244 of 5.5 cm.
15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
EXAMPLE 6 2 Copy and complete this table.

A plan of a house is drawn with a scale of 1 cm
Length on Scale Actual
to 2 m. drawing length
a 7 cm 1 cm represents 5 m
b 3.5 cm 1 cm represents 10 m
Bedroom 2 Kitchen
c 8.2 cm 16.4 m
d 13 cm 1 cm represents 20 km
e 1 cm represents 10 m 70 m
Bathroom f 1 cm represents 25 km 170 km
Living g 12 cm 42 m
room
Bedroom 1 3 A rectangular room is 7 m long and 5 m
wide.
Make a scale drawing of the room using a
Scale: 1cm represents 2m scale in which:
a 1 cm represents 1 m
a What are the dimensions of the living room? b 1 cm represents 2 m
b A 20 m long wall is to be built at the back of
the house. What would be the wall’s length 4 Use a scale of 1 cm to 1 m to make a scale
on the scale drawing? drawing of a room measuring 12 m by 9 m.
Find the distance between opposite corners
of the room.
a The living room on the plan is 3 cm long and
2 cm wide. 5 The plan shows the grounds of a school.
1 cm represents 2 m
so 3 cm represents 3 3 2 m 5 6 m
TECHNICAL
and 2 cm represents 2 3 2 m 5 4 m SCHOOL
The room is 6 m long and 4 m wide
WING
b 2 m is represented by 1 cm EN
PATH
20
so 20 m is represented by 2 cm 5 10 cm RD
A
G
The wall would be shown by a 10 cm line on
the plan. Scale: 1cm represents 10m
a On the plan, measure with your ruler:
i the length of the school
ii the length of the technical wing
Exercise 15F iii the width of the school
1 These lines are scale drawings. iv the width of the technical wing
i ii v the length of the garden
iii iv vi the length of the path.
a Measure the lengths of the lines in cm. b What are these distances in real life?
b What are the actual lengths of the lines if
6 Measure the dimensions of your classroom.
A 1 cm represents 4 cm
Use a scale where 1 cm represents 1 m to make
B 1 cm represents 10 cm
a plan of your classroom.
C 1 cm represents 5 m?
7 Make a scale drawing of your bedroom.
What scale did you use?
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15 1515 15 15
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15 Transformations
Using ratios
b Find the distance on the map between
Scales can be written as ratios. i the high school and the primary
school when the actual distance is
EXAMPLE 7 1.75 km
ii the bakery and the supermarket when
a Write the scale in which 1 cm represents
the actual distance is 0.35 km.
20 m in ratio form.
b A plan is drawn using a scale of 1 : 500. Find 4 The diagram shows the plan of a town.
the actual measurement of a line of length
4 cm on the plan. Market
Post
a 20 m 5 20 3 100 cm
office
5 2000 cm
So 1 cm represents 2000 cm. High
school
The scale is 1 to 2000,
which is written as 1 : 2000
b 1 : 500 means 1 cm represents 500 cm Primary Police station
So 4 cm represents 2000 cm 5 20 m school
Scale 1 : 50000 Hospital

Exercise 15G
1 Write these scales in ratio form: Using the scale of 1 : 50 000, find the shortest
a 1 cm represents 1 m possible walking distance between
b 1 cm represents 5 m a the post office and the market
c 1 cm represents 10 m b the primary school and the high school
d 1 cm represents 1 km c the hospital and the police station
e 1 mm represents 10 m d the market and the hospital
e the post office and the primary school.
2 Find the actual length and width of these
rectangles if they have been drawn to a scale of 5 Copy and complete this table.
i 1 : 100
Length on Scale 1 : n Actual length
ii 1 : 50
drawing
iii 1 : 2000
0.85 cm 1 : 1000
a b 1
12 cm 1 : 50 000 2.1 km
1cm
5.2 cm 5.2 km
2cm 3.5 cm 1 : 250
2cm 7.2 cm 360 m
c 1 : 1 000 000 21 km
1
1 2 cm
1
2 2 cm
3 A map is drawn showing some buildings in a

town. The scale used is 1 : 50 000.
a Find the actual distance between
i the town hall and the park when the
distance on the map is 3.5 cm
ii the hospital and the market when the
distance on the map is 7.3 cm.
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15 1515 15 15
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15 Transformations
Consolidation
Example 1 For an enlargement scale factor 2,
Find the image of triangle ABC after reflection in the OAr 5 2 3 OA
dashed mirror line.
OBr 5 2 3 OB
OCr 5 2 3 OC
C C′ Where O is the centre of enlargement.
The image of ABC is Ar Br Cr.
B B′
A A′
Example 4
Find the image after triangle ABC is rotated 90°
anticlockwise about the point O, then translated
When reflected in the mirror line the triangle 0
is Ar Br Cr. through a 2 b.
4
Example 2
What is the image of triangle ABC after the B′
4
translation a b?
1
A′ C′ A
()
4
1
C′ 0
Q− R
4
B′′
O
90°
C
C
B′ A′′ C′′
B A′
A
Triangle Ar Br Cr is the image after rotating triangle
4 ABC 90° anticlockwise about the point O. Then
The translation a b shifts the triangle As Bs Cs is the image after translating Ar Br Cr
1
4 units to the right and 1 unit upwards. through no units to the right and four units down.
The image of ABC is Ar Br Cr. Example 5

A map has a scale of 1 : 50 000.
Example 3
a What is the actual distance represented by 2.7 cm
Find the image of triangle ABC after an enlargement on the map?
with scale factor 2 and centre O. b How is a distance of 6 km represented on the map?
B′ a Actual distance 5 2.7 3 50 000 cm

5 135 000 cm
5 1350 m 1 or 1.35 km 2
B b Map distance 5 6 km 4 50 000
C′ 5 6000 m 4 50 000
C
5 0.12 m
O 5 12 cm
A A′
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15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
Exercise 15 4 Repeat Question 2 but this time rotate the

1 Copy the diagram. triangles
a 90° clockwise
b 180°
5 Copy these shapes and, using the centre O,
enlarge them by the scale factor shown.
a Scale factor 4
Reflect all three triangles in the dashed O

mirror line.
b Scale factor 2
2 Copy the diagram.
O
O
c Scale factor 2
Rotate all three triangles 90° anticlockwise
about O. O
3 Copy the diagram.
A
d Scale factor 3
Drawing all the images on the same diagram, O

draw the image of triangle A after translation
through
0
a a b. Label this Ar. 6 Quadrilateral X is mapped onto quadrilateral
3
Xr by a reflection. Out of lines A, B and C,
4 which is the correct mirror line?
b a b. Label this B.
0
2
2 B A
c a 2 b. Label this C.
3
5 X
d a b. Label this D.
3
8 C
e a 2 b. Label this E.
1 X′
3
f a 2 b. Label this F.
3
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15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
7 a b
A O
A
Reflect object A in the dashed mirror Reflect object A in the dashed mirror line.
line. Then rotate 90° clockwise about 4
Then translate through a 2 b.
the point O. 1
Summary
1 A reflection produces an opposite image of an object. 1 Copy the diagram.
For example:
B B
C A A C
Reflect the triangle in the

dashed line.
Triangle ABC is reflected in the mirror line to produce its

image, triangle ArBrCr.
2 A rotation is described by its centre, angle of turn and 2 Copy the diagram.
direction of turn.
For example:
image
90° object
Find the image of this

O triangle after a rotation
about the centre O of
Centre of rotation is O, angle of turn is 90° anticlockwise. a 90°
The direction is usually anticlockwise unless stated otherwise. b 90° clockwise
c 180°
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15 1515 15 15
15 1515 15 15
15 Transformations
3 A translation is a sliding movement, with no turning. 3 Copy the diagram.

You can describe a translation with a column vector.
For example:
4
a2 b
3
4
A
03 Draw the image of this

triangle after the translation:
2
4 4 1
A A′ = 03
A a a2 b b a b
1 4
2
1
c a2 b
The 4 tells you move 4 units to the right. 4
The 23 tells you move 3 units down.
4 An enlargement needs a scale factor and a centre of enlargement. 4 Copy the diagram.
For example:
This square has been enlarged by a scale factor of 3, with centre of
enlargement O.
The distance OA 3 3 5 OAr
OB 3 3 5 OBr O
OC 3 3 5 OCr
OD 3 3 5 ODr
Draw the image of this
triangle after an enlargement
D′ with centre O and scale
C′
factor 2.
D
C
O B′
A B A′
object image
5 A scale drawing can be used to represent a larger object. 5 A drawing has a scale of
For example: 1 : 500.
A distance of 8 m is represented by 4 cm on a plan. a Find the actual
What is the scale used? measurement in metres
of a length of 7.5 cm on
4 cm represents 8 m (800 cm)
the drawing.
So 1 cm represents 200 cm
b Find the length on the
Or, using ratio: 1 : 200.
drawing for an actual
measurement of 135 m.
250
010
16 Ratio and proportion
010
Objectives
£ Recall relationships between units of £ Use the unitary method to solve simple
measurement. problems involving ratio and direct
£ Simplify ratios, including those proportion.
expressed in different units; divide a £ Solve simple word problems, including
quantity into more than two parts in a direct proportion problems.
given ratio.
What’s the point?

People use ratio and proportion every day
when they are cooking. For example, to bake
a cake you might need 2 eggs and 125 g
each of sugar, flour and butter. To make a
cake twice as big all the ingredients need
to be doubled so that they stay in the same
proportion and the recipe will still work.
Before you start

The metric abbreviations: From the list on the left,
mm – millimetres which are measurements of
cm – centimetres a length
m – metres b mass
km – kilometres c capacity?
g – grams
kg – kilograms
t – tonnes
ml – millilitres
ℓ – litres
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16.1 Units of measurement. 2 Copy and complete this crossnumber puzzle
You need to be able to recall relationships between using the clues given.
units of measurement.
1
r Measurements of length:
10 mm 5 1 cm
100 cm 5 1 m
1000 m 5 1 km
r Measurements of mass: 2
1000 g 5 1 kg
1000 kg 5 1 t
r Measurements of capacity:
1000 ml 5 1 ℓ
3
r Measurements of time:
60 seconds in a minute
60 minutes in an hour
24 hours in a day
7 days in a week
365 days in a year (366 in a leap year)
r Measurements of area:
100 mm2 5 1 cm2
10 000 cm2 5 1 m2 Across
1 000 000 m2 5 1 km2 1 Akanni has a mass of 56 000 g. What is his
r Measurements of volume: mass in kg?
1000 mm3 5 1 cm3 2 A piece of metal 5.1 m long is to be divided
1 000 000 cm3 5 1 m3 into three equal pieces. How many centimetres
is each equal part?
3 4 tins of tomatoes have a total mass of 1.5 kg.
Exercise 16A What is the mass, in grams, of 1 tin?
a 0.31 km 5 u m Down
b 48 hours 5 u days
c 68 000 ml 5 u ℓ 1 A piece of material is 6 m long. A 33 cm
d 4300 m 5 u km length is cut from this material. How many
e 0.7 t 5 u kg centimetres of material are left?
f 300 minutes 5 u hours 2 Anna is 1.37 m tall. What is her height in
g 500 mm 5 u cm centimetres?
h 16 ℓ 5 u ml 3 8 bottles contain a total of 2.6 ℓ of water. How
i 0.8 kg 5 u g many millilitres of water are there each bottle?
a 3 m2 5 u cm2
b 1.7 km2 5 u m2
c 2.6 m3 5 u cm3
d 990 000 cm2 5 u m2
e 6 000 000 mm2 5 u m2
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1010101010
16.2 Ratio Exercise 16B
A ratio compares the size of two quantities.
1 Write each ratio in its simplest form.
a 30 : 40 b 35 : 25
c 10 : 40 : 25 d 18 : 36
e 52 : 13 f 24 : 84 : 108
g 17 : 51 h 140 : 200 : 80
2 In what ratio are the side lengths of these
In this diagram the ratio of triangles to squares is 3 : 5. triangles? Write the smallest number first and
largest last. Don’t forget to simplify the ratio.
The ratio of squares to triangles is 5 : 3.
a b
We can also write these fractions:
10
3
of the shapes are triangles.
8 49
42 12
5
of the shapes are squares.
8
Simplifying ratios
21
Ratios are equivalent ratios if they are in the same
proportion. c
7
The ratio of triangles to squares in this diagram is
4 : 6. This means that for every 4 triangles there are 3 Which pairs of ratios are equivalent?
6 squares. However, you can see from the red and blue 18 : 27, 2 : 3
shapes that for every 2 triangles there are 3 squares, 22 : 77, 200 : 700
so the ratio 4 : 6 can be simplified to 2 : 3. 8 : 16, 2 : 3
34 : 51, 4 : 6
To write a ratio in its simplest form you divide by 95 : 38, 15 : 6
the HCF (highest common factor) of the numbers in 32 : 56, 7 : 4
the ratio.
4 Construct two different triangles with sides
EXAMPLE 1 in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5. What sort of triangles
are they?
Simplify: a 15 : 25 b 4 : 8 : 12
a 15 : 25
4
4
×3
3×
45 45
3:5
12
21
b 4 : 16: 12
4
4
×3
3×
3×
44 44 44
1 : 4 : 3
12
21
21
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Using the same units
5 Ratios in their simplest whole number form
will not contain decimals. For example, to find r When writing a ratio, both quantities must be in
0.8 : 6 as a ratio in its simplest whole number the same units.
form:
Multiply EXAMPLE 2
0.8 : 6 by 10 to
4
4 clear the Length of line P is 2 cm: P

×3
3×
3 10 3 10
decimal. Length of line Q is 13 mm: Q
8 : 60
12
21
The ratio comparing the length of P to the length

which then simplifies to 2 : 15. of Q is:
2 cm : 13 mm
Write each of these as a ratio in its simplest
or 20 mm : 13 mm
whole number form.
or 20 : 13
a 0.5 : 7
b 4.9 : 1.4
c 5 : 6.5 : 3.5 The ratio itself has no units.
d 14 : 8.2
EXAMPLE 3
6 Write each of these as a ratio in its simplest
whole number form: It takes James 2 hours 14 minutes to walk from
1 1 Lake Pupuke to Auckland zoo.
a :5 b 2.2 : It takes him 50 minutes to cycle there.
4 5
The ratio of walking time to cycling time is:
3 2 3 2
c 36% : 0.6 : d : :
25 5 4 3 2 hours 14 minutes : 50 minutes
or 134 minutes : 50 minutes
or 134 : 50
or 67 : 25
B INVESTIGATION
Use the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
a Choose any three digits and add them up. Exercise 16C
For example, 3 1 6 1 7 5 16
b Make all possible two-digit numbers using those
three digits. Do not use repeated digits, for
example 33, 66 and 77 are not allowed. Add up
these two-digit numbers. For our example, this
is 36 1 37 1 63 1 67 1 73 1 76 5 352
c Write the ratio ‘answer to a : answer to b’
For our example, this is 16 : 352 1 a Which bag contains the most sugar?
d Simplify the ratio. For our example, 1 : 22 b Is it correct to use the ratio 100 : 5 to
e Repeat steps a to d for another set of three compare the two quantities of sugar?
numbers. Do this a few times. What do you Why?
notice? c Express 5 kilograms in grams.
d Now write a ratio to compare the
If you wish to extend this investigation further there
are various questions you can consider: quantities of sugar in X and Y .
ü What happens if you choose four or more digits 2 Write a ratio to compare the mass of the first
in part a? object with the mass of the second.
ü Can you see a pattern between the number of
a
digits chosen and the ratio?
ü What happens if you do allow repeated digits
(so for our three-digit example 33, 66 and 77
would be added too)?
ü Can you explain why this works?
b
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1010101010
You can also use ratios to divide quantities into more
3 Use a ratio to compare these quantities. than two amounts.
a 1 m 10 cm; 57 cm b 100 mm; 1 cm
c 1.3 cm; 18 mm d 100 mm; 1 m
EXAMPLE 5
e 1.2 kg; 311 g f 5 min; 40 s
g 350 ml; 1.1 litres h 5; three dozen Share 50 elephants among Jo, Minny and Sam in
(Hint: a ‘dozen’ means 12) the proportion 1 : 2 : 7.
4 Use a ratio to compare these quantities. 1 1 2 1 7 5 10 parts

a 1 hour; 13 min b 1 week; 4 days There are 50 elephants. So there are 5 elephants in
c 0.8 cm; 15 mm d 980 kg; 1 t each part.
e 1.4 t; 700 kg
Jo gets 5 elephants
5 This was Farhan’s homework on simplifying Minny gets 5 3 2 5 10 elephants
ratios: Sam gets 5 3 7 5 35 elephants
Question Working Answer
a 3 g : 3 kg divide by 3 1 : 1
b 17 cm : 85 cm divide by 17 5 : 1
c 10 m : 70 cm divide by 10 1 : 7 Exercise 16D
d 150 ml : 50 ml divide by 10 15 : 5 1 A cake is shared between Annabel, Ria and
Farhan has made some mistakes. Mark and Faith in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3.
correct his homework.
6 Use a ratio to compare these quantities.
a 5 cm2, 250 mm2
b 0.4 m2, 16 000 cm2
c 1.6 cm3, 20 000 mm3
d 0.25 m3, 75 000 cm3
Dividing a quantity in a given ratio

a If Annabel gets 1 part, how many parts
You can divide a quantity into two amounts using ratio should Ria get? How many parts should
to decide how much is in each amount. Faith get?
b Into how many equal slices should you
EXAMPLE 4
cut the cake?
$250 is divided between Lola and Yemi in the ratio 2 Divide:
3 : 7. How much do they each get? a 450 kg in the ratio 3 : 2
b 135 m in the ratio 7 : 8
For every 3 parts Lola gets, Yemi gets 7 parts.
c 700 ml in the ratio 2 : 5
3 1 7 5 10 parts in total
d $204 in the ratio 5 : 7
Divide $250 by 10 to find the value of 1 part.
3 Sometimes you may want to change units
1 part is worth $25
before dividing in a ratio to make calculations
Lola gets 3 3 $25 5 $75 easier. For example, dividing 1 hour in the
ratio 5 : 7 is easier if you change the hour into
Yemi gets 7 3 $25 5 $175
60 minutes – then the answer is 25 : 35.
After changing to appropriate units, divide:
a 0.2 kg in the ratio 3 : 7
It is a good idea
to check these
b 0.6 m in the ratio 2 : 3
answers by adding: c 0.112 ℓ in the ratio 3 : 4
$75 + $175 = $250 d 1 hour in the ratio 3 : 7 : 10
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4 Share the following among A, B and C.
16.3 Proportion
a 60 nuts, in the ratio 4 : 1 : 7 The ratio questions you have looked at so far have
b 100 ml, in the ratio 2 : 5 : 3 involved sharing a total amount in a given ratio.
c 75 m, in the ratio 8 : 2 : 5 Sometimes you are instead given one of the proportions
d 1.8 m, in the ratio 1 : 7 : 1 and asked to find the total or the other proportion.
e $25, in the ratio 2 : 13 : 5
f $54, in the ratio 8 : 5 : 14 EXAMPLE 6
g $100, in the ratio 2 : 4 : 19 The ratio of staff to students in a school is 2 : 25.
h 1000 kg, in the ratio 117 : 62 : 21 There are 425 students. How many staff are there?
5 a Draw a line 12 cm long. Divide it in the
ratio 2 : 1 : 3. For every 25 students
b Draw a line 72 mm long. Divide it in the there are 2 staff. Find out how many
ratio 2 : 4 : 3. 425 4 25 5 17 lots of 25 students
there are.
6 Share: 17 3 2 5 34
a 0.9 kg, in the ratio 3 : 17 : 10
b $24.50, in the ratio 1 : 1 : 12 So there are 34 staff.
c 1.5 kg, in the ratio 13 : 2 : 5
7 Milly was completing her ratio homework. When one quantity increases and another quantity
Below is her work for the question ‘Share $56 increases at the same rate this is known as direct
between Jamil and Harry in the ratio 3 : 5’. proportion.
3 + 5 = 8
An example of direct proportion is a telephone call
Jamil gets 8 × 3 = 24
costing 8 cents per minute. If you double the number of
Harry gets 8 × 5 = 40
minutes, you double the cost. If you have 10 minutes you
Mark Milly’s homework. Write the correct have 10 times the cost (80 cents) of 1 minute (8 cents).
working if she has made a mistake.
Sometimes the proportions are not as easy as this to
8 The angles A, B and C in this triangle are work with because they do not involve the number 1.
in the ratio 3 : 5 : 7. Work out the size of The next two examples show the unitary method,
each angle. which is when you find the value of a single unit then
scale it up or down, or change the ratio to the form 1 : n.
C B
EXAMPLE 7
A pink paint mixes white and red paint in the
A Diagram not ratio 5 : 3.
to scale
If 32 litres of white paint are used, how many litres
9 Look at the diagram below. of red paint must be used to make the pink paint?
Divide by 5 to
get the ratio in
White : Red the form 1 : n
5 : 3
4
4
×3
3×
45 45
1 : 0.6
124
421
How many more rectangles need to be shaded

×3
3×
so that the ratio of shaded to unshaded is 2 : 7? 3 32 3 32

32 : 19.2
12
21
10 Find two numbers which are in the ratio

So 19.2 litres of red paint
7 : 4 and have the sum 165.
are needed.
Multiply both
11 The angles of a quadrilateral are in the
by 32, using
ratio 1 : 6 : 3 : 5. What are the angles? equivalent ratios
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1010101010
EXAMPLE 8 Calculate the price of
If ribbon costs $0.80 for 2.5 m, how much does it a 6 kg of apples
cost for 26 m? b 3 kg of mangoes
c A bag of fruit with 2 kg of bananas, 2 kg
The cost for 1 m of ribbon is of mangoes and 3 kg of apples.
Find the
$0.80 4 2.5 5 $0.32 value of 7 A grey paint is a mix of white and black paint
a single
So the cost for 26 m is in the ratio 14 : 5.
metre then
$0.32 3 26 5 $8.32 scale it up. If 24 litres of black paint are used, how many
litres of white paint are needed to make the
grey paint?
8 A road 3.2 cm long on a map is 8 km long in
Exercise 16E real life. A river is 4.1 cm long on the same
1 Solve these direct proportion questions using map. How long is the river in real life?
the unitary method.
a If 15 tickets cost $36, what do 7 tickets cost? 9 Neema had this question in her homework:
b If 8 boxes of washing powder have a mass ‘If Sandra shares some sweets with James in
of 40 kg what is the mass of 20 boxes? the ratio 4 : 3 and Sandra gets 24, how many
c If 3 chocolate bars cost $1.59, what do does James get?’
8 chocolate bars cost? Neema wrote:
d If 3 bags of potatoes have a mass of 36 kg, 24 ÷ 3 = 8
what is the mass of 11 bags? Sandra gets 4 × 8 = 32
e A 5-litre tin of paint covers 65 m2. What Is this working correct? If not, correct it.
area would 8 litres of paint cover? 10 Look at this recipe for English pancakes.
2 I change $60 into ;45.
a How many euros would I get for $50?
b How many dollars would I get for ;36?
3 Pens and pencils in a box are in the ratio 12 : 18 For 4 pancakes you will need:
a How many pencils are there if there are
20 pens? 100 g flour
1
b How many pens are there if there are litre milk
4
33 pencils? 1 pinch salt
4 Zainab uses 3 tomatoes for every 1.5 litres of 2 eggs
sauce he makes.
a How much sauce can she make from
14 tomatoes? a How much flour do you need to make
b How many tomatoes does she need for 10 pancakes?
2 litres of sauce? b How many pancakes can you make with a
litre of milk (assuming you have plenty of
5 In a kitchen drawer the ratio of spoons to
the other ingredients)?
knives to forks is 7 : 3 : 5
c How much milk do you need for 18
a How many knives are there if there are
pancakes?
21 spoons?
b How many forks are there if there are 11 A photograph is enlarged to make a poster.
21 knives? The photograph is 10 cm wide and 15 cm high.
c How many spoons are there if there are The poster is 35 cm wide. How high is the poster?
32 knives and forks? 12 It takes Jen half an hour to run 5.4 km.
6 A market stall sells goods at these prices: a At the same speed, how far can Jen run in
r "QQMFTGPSLH 40 minutes?
r .BOHPFTGPSLH b At the same speed, how long does it take
r #BOBOBTGPSLH to run 6.3 km?
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Consolidation
Example 1
4 Divide:
Write as a ratio:
a 0.3 m in the ratio 3 : 2
a 2 m 15 cm : 85 cm Hint: you
b 0.42 kg in the ratio may want to
5 215 cm : 85 cm
6:5:3 change units
5 215 : 85
c 2.7 l in the ratio 2 : 4 : 3 first.
b 2 hours : 50 minutes
d 2 hours in the ratio 3 : 7 : 5
5 120 minutes : 50 minutes
5 120 : 50 5 I change $80 into ;64.
a How many euros would I get for $130?
Example 2
b How many dollars would I get for ;50?
Write 5 : 25 : 45 as a ratio in its simplest form.
6 If 5 bags of sweets contain 140 sweets in total,
Divide by 5: calculate how many sweets 8 bags will
5 : 25 : 45 contain.
4
45 45 45 7 A grey paint is a mix of white and black paint

×3
3×
3×
in the ratio 12 : 5.
12
21
21
1:5 : 9
If 32 litres of black paint are used, how many
Example 3 litres of white paint must be used to make the
Share 80 marbles among Alan, Kamil and Yasmin in grey paint?
the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. 8 8 calculators cost $55.60.
There are 2 1 3 1 5 5 10 parts a How much will 3 calculators cost?
Each part 5 80 marbles 4 10 5 8 marbles b How many calculators can you buy
Alan gets 2 3 8 5 16 marbles for $88?
Kamil gets 3 3 8 5 24 marbles 9 In a chemistry lab, acid and water are mixed
Yasmin gets 5 3 8 5 40 marbles in the ratio 1 : 5.
A bottle contains 228 ml of the mixture.
Exercise 16 How much acid and how much water were
needed to make this amount of the mixture?
1 Compare these quantities as ratios.
1
10 To make 3 glasses of orange squash you need
a 2 hour; 15 minutes 825 ml of water and 75 ml of orange cordial.
b 2 kg; 300 g a How much water do you need to make
c 250 m; 3 km 10 glasses of orange squash?
1 b How many glasses of squash can you
d 6 2 hours; 100 minutes
make with 0.2 ℓ of orange cordial?
e 25 mm; 2 m
f 18 cm; 4 km 11 Which is the better value for buying a
cola drink:
2 Write these ratios in their simplest form. 2-litre bottles on offer 3 for $5.10
a 2 : 20 : 200 b 36 : 40 or 24 cans, each 330ml, for $5.94?
c 85 : 17 : 51 d 25 : 625 : 75
e 184 : 56 f 91 : 65 : 117
3 Share the following between Anton and
Dannisha:
a 860 marbles in the ratio 3 : 2
b 36 pens in the ratio 5 : 7
c 90 kg in the ratio 1 : 8
d $216 in the ratio 7 : 5
e 800 ml in the ratio 7 : 13
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Summary
1 How to compare one thing to another using a ratio. 1
For example:
What is the ratio of

a squares to triangles
b triangles to circles
The ratio of triangles to squares is 5 : 2.
c circles to squares to
The ratio of circles to squares to triangles is 1 : 2 : 5 triangles?
2 To compare two quantities using a ratio, the quantities must 2 Use a ratio to compare
be in the same units. these quantities.
a 1 hour; 45 minutes
For example:
2 hours : 15 minutes b 25 mm; 2 cm
5 120 min : 15 min c 3 kg; 200 g
5 120 : 15
58:1
A ratio itself has no units.
3 How to simplify a ratio by dividing the numbers in the ratio 3 Write each ratio in its
by the HCF of the numbers. simplest form.
For example: a 6 : 12
The ratio 8 : 12 : 20 5 2 : 3 : 5 (divide all numbers by 4) b 28 : 70
c 24 : 9 : 33
d 40 : 15 : 35
1
e 2 4 hours : 30 minutes
4 How to share something in a given ratio. 4 Share $80 in the ratio

a 4:1:5
For example:
b 5:3
Share $30 in the ratio 2 : 3 : 1
c 1:9
There are 2 1 3 1 1 5 6 parts
Each part is worth $30 4 6 5 $5 d 8:7:5
so 2 parts are worth 2 3 $5 5 $10 e 1:1:3
and 3 parts are worth 3 3 $5 5 $15 f 3 : 5 : 12
so $15 to $10 to $5
5 How to use the unitary method to solve problems involving 5 Solve these word problems.
ratio and direct proportion. a A holiday costs $1047
for 3 adults. How much
For example:
does it cost for 5 adults?
The cost of 6 cakes is $8.10. Find the cost of 8 cakes.
b Mr Walton earns $388.50
The cost of 1 cake is 8.10 4 6 5 $1.35
for 30 hours of work.
So 8 cakes cost 1.35 3 8 5 $10.80
How much does he earn
in an 8-hour day?
c 4 books have a mass of
0.92 kg. What is the mass
of 7 of these books?
259
717 17 Area, perimeter and volume
7 17
Objectives
£ Know the definition of a circle and £ Derive and use formulae for the area of
the names of its parts; know and use a triangle, parallelogram and trapezium;
formulae for the circumference and calculate areas of compound 2D
area of a circle. shapes, and lengths, surface areas
and volumes of cuboids.
£ Use simple nets of solids to work out
their surface areas.
What’s the point?

Estate agents deal with the sale of
properties. The key criteria for fixing
the price of a piece of land are its
location and its area. The larger the
area, the more valuable the land.
Precise measurements of land area
are therefore very important!
Before you start

1 2 2 2 2
Area can be measured in mm , cm , m and km . 1 Estimate the area of:
a a postage stamp
1mm
b your thumbnail
1cm
1mm c a page of your exercise
1cm book.
260
7
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
2 You can find the area of a shape by counting squares.
For example:
2
a
17 Area, perimeter and volume
Find the areas of these

shapes. Each square is 1 cm2.
7
A B
Area A is 6 cm2 Area B is roughly 6 cm2
3 How to draw nets. 3 Draw the nets of these

For example: shapes.
The net of this triangular prism
a
is 3
5 3
3
4
6 6
4
4 b 6
6 4
5 4
4
3
17.1 Perimeter Exercise 17A

r The distance around the edge of a shape is called
1 Find the perimeter of these shapes:
its perimeter.
a b 6 cm
6 cm
EXAMPLE 1
cm
8. 5
7 cm
Find the perimeter of the shape below. 9c

7 cm
m
7c 7.2 cm
m m
6c
4c
c d m m
.5 c
m 4c
5.5 cm 10
3 cm
9c
7cm
7cm
7 cm
m
9 cm
6cm
The perimeter is
6 cm 1 7 cm 1 7 cm 1 3 cm 1 5.5 cm
cm
5 28.5 cm
8.7
12 cm
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17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
r The circumference of a circle is the distance

2 Find the lengths of the unknown sides in these around it.
shapes.
a This is a chord
m 5c m This is a segment
3c
a Perimeter 21 cm
4cm
7 cm This is a sector
b 7cm This is an arc
3cm
Perimeter
b 26 cm
9 cm
r A chord is a straight line from one point on the
c diameter to another point on the diameter.
cm
r A chord splits a circle into two segments.

6.3
r An arc is part of the circumference.

r A sector is formed by joining a radius to an arc to
a radius.
Perimeter 22.5 cm
5cm c
P ACTIVITY
Here is a good way to find the circumference of a
cylindrical tin.
4cm
a Wrap a thin strip of paper around it, making
sure the ends overlap. Stick a pin through
d d the overlap.
Perimeter 25.8 cm
Perimeter of circles – circumference

This is the b Unwrap the paper and lay it flat on the table.
radius
cm RULER
0 1 2 3 4 5
The circumference
is the distance
around the perimeter pinhole
Circumference
c Measure the distance between the two
pinholes. This gives the circumference of
Thiss is the
the tin.
diameter
ameter
d Use this method to find the circumference, C,
of five cylindrical objects.
r The radius of a circle is the length of a line drawn
e With your ruler carefully measure the diameter,
from the centre to a point on the circle. D, of each object.
r The diameter of a circle is the length of a line
passing through the centre from one point on the
circle to another (diameter 5 2 3 radius).
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17 17 17 17 17 17 Area, perimeter and volume
17 17 17 17 17
f Copy and complete the table below.
Object Circumfernce
tin
plate
cup
C cm
25.1 cm
Diameter
D cm
8 cm
C4D
Exercise 17B
Use 3.14 for p in this exercise.
1 Calculate the circumference of a circle with a
2
diameter of:
a 2 cm
c 12 cm
b 10 cm
d 21 cm
Calculate the circumference of a circle with a
radius of:
a 5 cm b 8 cm
What do you notice about the values of C 4 D c 13 cm d 39 cm
in your table? 3 The centre circle on a playing field has a
radius of 7.5 m. Find its circumference.
If you were careful you should have found that 4 A bicycle wheel has a diameter of 70 cm.
What is the circumference of the wheel?
C 4 D is roughly 3.1
That is:
The circumference of a circle is just over three
times the diameter of the circle.
The circumference of a circle is given more accurately
by the relation
5 Each year the Earth goes around the sun in a
C5p3D nearly circular path.
The Greek letter p, or pi (pronounced ‘pie’), cannot be
1
found exactly. It is about 3.14 or 3 7.
Since SUN
D 5 2 3 radius 1 r 2
You can also write
The Earth is about 150 000 000 km from the
C 5 2pr sun. How far does the Earth travel each year?
r The circumference of a circle is approximately 6 The distance from the tip of the minute hand
3.14 3 diameter or 2 3 3.14 3 radius. to the centre of a clock is 6 cm.
a How far will the tip of the minute hand
EXAMPLE 2 move in one hour?
b How far will it move each minute?
Find the circumference of
a circle with diameter
m
8c 8 cm. Take p 5 3.14
Circumference 5 p 3 diameter
5 3.14 3 8 cm 7 A circular toy railway has a radius of 1.4 m.
5 25.12 cm Calculate the time that a toy train will take to
travel once round the track at a constant
speed of 22 cm/s. Give your answer to the
nearest second.
263
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
8 The diameter of the Earth is about 12 750 km. 11 The distance around the inner circle of a
Find the distance around the equator. rubber tyre is 220 cm.
a Find the inner radius.
b If the thickness of the tyre is 14 cm, find
the distance around the outside of the tyre.
17.2 Areas of rectangles

and triangles
9 Find the perimeters of these shapes. A w
a l
r The area of a rectangle, A, is:

A5l3w
14cm where l is the length and w the width of the
b 1cm 1cm rectangle.
5cm
EXAMPLE 3
9cm 7m
c 3m
Find the area of a rectangular yard 7 m long and

3 m wide.
20cm
Area of yard 5 length 3 width

21cm 5 7m 3 3m
d 5 21 m2
5c
m
4cm
3cm Exercise 17C

e 1 Find the area of these rectangles.
a b
8cm
2cm 2cm
10 An athletics track consists of two equal

3cm 2cm
semicircles joined by 100-metre straights.
Check your answers by counting squares.
r 2 Calculate the area of these rectangles.
a b
100m 3cm
4m 8.4cm
The radius of each semicircle is 35 m. Find the
perimeter of the track. 6 21 m
264
17 17 17 17 17
3 Copy and complete this table for rectangles.
a
b
c
d
e
Length (cm)
13
25
31
4.5
Width (cm)
3
5
7
3.2
Area (cm2)
126
279
Then divide the triangle into two triangles, A and B:
A B
1
4 Ahmed has a rectangular-shaped lawn with Area of triangle A 5 of 6 cm2
2
width 5.3 m and length 8.7 m.
5 3 cm2
Calculate the area of the lawn.
1
5 Find the missing side lengths. Area of triangle B 5 of 2 cm2
2
a 5 1 cm2
Area Area shaded triangle 5 3 cm2 1 1 cm2
6cm
49.8cm2 5 4 cm2
Notice area of surrounding rectangle
?cm
5 8 cm2
b
Area
?cm
38.5cm2
Exercise 17D
11cm
1 Using the method from Example 4, find the
c area of these shaded triangles.
Area
289cm2 a
?cm
Areas of triangles b
EXAMPLE 4
Find the area of the triangle below, drawn on
centimetre squares.
A simple way to find the area is to complete a

rectangle surrounding the triangle: d
Surrounding
rectangle
265
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
4 Find the area of the shaded triangles.

e a b 3cm
3cm
4cm
f
3cm
5 Look at this triangle.

6cm
g
8cm
2 a Using your answers to Question 1, copy a Is the area of the triangle the same as half
and complete the table: of a rectangle with sides 6 cm and 8 cm?
b Find the area of the triangle.
Area of surrounding rectangle Area of triangle
In Exercise 17D you should have found:

r The area of a triangle is half the area of the
rectangle that surrounds it.
D C
4cm
b What do you notice about the two columns? 7cm

A B
c Copy and complete.
Area of triangle 5 u 3 area of 1
surrounding rectangle? Area of shaded triangle 5 area of rectangle ABCD
2
3 a Find the area of this rectangle. 1
5 1 7 cm 3 4 cm 2
2
5 14 cm2
3cm
You need to be able to derive the formula for the area

of a triangle.
This rectangle has length b and width h.
6cm
b What fraction of the rectangle is the h

shaded triangle?
c What is the area of the shaded triangle? b
You know that the area is b 3 h.
266
17 17 17 17 17
If you draw in the diagonal of this rectangle you split
it into two equal triangles. Exercise 17E
The area of each of these two triangles is half the area 1 Work out the area of these triangles.
of the rectangle a b 11cm
h 12cm
15cm
b
7.2cm
b3h
So the area of the triangle is
2 2 Measure the base of each triangle and its
If you start with a triangle with base b and height h, vertical height. Calculate their areas.
a b
h
b
then you can draw a rectangle around it which has
twice the area of the triangle:
3 Copy and complete the table for triangles.
Base (cm) Vertical height (cm) Area (cm2)
h
a 10 4
b 16 96
b
c 4.5 12
r Generally, the area of a triangle, A, with base
d 2.4 14.4
length b and vertical height h is
e 6.3 9.2
b3h 1
A5 or b 3 h
2 2
4 Find the missing side lengths.
a
height h
7cm
Area
base 58.8cm2
b
?cm
EXAMPLE 5 b
Find the area of these triangles.

3cm
a 3cm
b
Area
4cm 4cm 18.6cm2
6cm ?cm
1 1 c d
a Area of triangle 5 b 3 h 5 3 4 cm 3 3 cm 2.3m
2 2
2
5 6 cm Area
13.8m2 Area
1
b Area of triangle 5 b3h ?m 72cm2
2
1 ?cm
5 3 6 cm 3 4 cm
2
5 12 cm2
267
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
17.3 Area of a circle

5 What is the area of the shaded part?
You will need a ruler, a pair of compasses, a protractor,
2m 3m scissors, cm-squared paper and a calculator.
3m
A square has been drawn around a circle of radius r.
4m What is the area of the square?
Area of
2m this square
1m = r x r
= r2
3m 2m
6 Find the area of this shape.
4cm 10cm 6cm r
8cm
The area of the square is 4r2.
7 Find the area of the quadrilateral. This time the shaded square has been drawn inside the
circle of radius r. What is the area of the shaded
square?
Area of this
8cm triangle
= 21 r x r
12cm
= 21 r2
10cm
r
TECHNOLOGY The area of the square is 2r2.

Watch the video on finding the area of a triangle in So the area of the circle of radius r lies between the
the Geometry section of the website areas of the two squares; that is, between 4r2 and 2r2.
www.mathplayground.com/mathvideos.html The area of the circle is about 3r2.
Exercise 17F
B INVESTIGATION
1 Draw a circle of radius 4 cm on cm-squared
Look at these triangles. paper. Find the area of the circle by counting
squares.
5cm 4cm 4cm
3cm 2 Repeat Question 1 for a circle of radius
a 5 cm b 3 cm c 6 cm
4cm 4cm 3 a Use your answers to Questions 1 and 2
5cm to help you copy and complete the table
below.
2cm
5cm Radius of circle r (cm) 3 4 5 6
r2 16
They each have perimeter 12 cm.
a Draw five other triangles with perimeter 12 cm. 3 3 r2 48
b Find the areas of the triangles you drew. Area of circle (cm2)
c Which triangle has the largest area?
268
17 17 17 17 17
4
b Do you agree that the areas of the circles
you found in Questions 1 and 2 are slightly
more than 3 3 r2?
Estimate the area of a circle of radius.
a 8 cm
P ACTIVITY
b 3 cm c 6 cm
Exercise 17G
Use 3.14 for p in this exercise.
1 Find the area of a circle with a radius of:
2
a 2 cm
c 10 cm
b 7 cm
d 14 cm
Find the area of each circle.
a b
m
7.1 c
Draw a circle and divide it into 16 equal parts. 16.2cm
Circumference
= 2 r
3 Write down how to find the area of a circle
when you know its diameter.
4 Find the area of a circle with a diameter of:
a 20 cm b 24.6 cm c 102 cm
1 5 Find the area of the shaded part of each circle:
circumference 5 pr
2 a b
Cut out each sector and fit them together. Cut the
last sector in half and place one half at each end of
your shape.
4cm 21cm
c d
Your new shape is almost a rectangle.
What is its height? (r) 42cm
What is its base length? (pr) 15 cm
What is its area? (pr 3 r 5 pr2)
From Exercise 17F and the last activity you should

see that: 6 Find the area of these shapes.
r The area A of a circle with radius r is given by the a b
formula
A 5 p 3 r2
24cm
where p is about 3.14. 4.1cm
c
EXAMPLE 6
8cm
Find the area of a circle with radius 4 cm.
8cm
4cm 7 Find the area of the shaded part of each shape.
a b
m
4c
24cm
Area of circle 5 p 3 r2
5 3.14 3 42
5 3.14 3 16
5 50.24 cm2 269
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
17.4 Areas of parallelograms

8 Find the area of the shaded part of each shape. and trapeziums
a b
Area of a parallelogram
10cm 4cm P ACTIVITY

A B
9 Find the area of the shaded part of these

shapes.
a b
10cm 6cm
a Make a tracing of the shaded triangle in the
first parallelogram above.
b Does your tracing fit exactly on to the white
triangle in the first parallelogram?
10 Find the radius of a circle with an area of: c What can you say about the white triangle and
a 314 cm2 b 12.56 cm2 c 100 cm2 the shaded triangle?
d Repeat parts a to c for drawing B.
11 Find the area of the shaded parts of these e What is the connection between the area of
shapes. each parallelogram above and the area of its
a b 115cm shaded triangle?
f Can you suggest a quick way to find the area of
7cm
parallelogram?
cm 70cm
21
A parallelogram is made up of two identical triangles.
1
The area of each triangle is 2 1 b 3 h 2 . The area of the
parallelogram is twice this.
c 35cm d
r The area of a parallelogram is A 5 b 3 h
(b is base length, h is vertical height).
1.4m
35cm
h
2.1m
b
12 The largest possible circle is cut from a square The area of a parallelogram can be shown another way.
sheet of paper of side 14 cm. What area of Cut a triangle off the end of the parallelogram:
paper is left?
h
TECHNOLOGY
Review what you have learnt about the area of b
simple shapes by visiting the Geometry section at
www.mathsisfun.com
Then do the review test in the Shape and space
section at
www.bbc.co.uk/schools/ks3bitesize/maths/
270
17 17 17 17 17
Put the triangle you cut off on the other end of the
parallelogram: 3 By measuring carefully, find the area of this
parallelogram.
b
You can see it makes a rectangle. 4 Copy and complete the table for parallelograms.
So a parallelogram has the same area as a rectangle Base Height Area
with the same base and height. (cm) (cm) (cm2)
a 3.5 8
EXAMPLE 7
b 16 144
c 6.5 52
4cm d 2.3 3.2
e 7.1 26.27
6cm 5 Find the missing side lengths.

What is the area of the parallelogram? a
Area
5cm
Area of the parallelogram 5 base 3 height 43.5cm2
5 6 cm 3 4 cm
5 24 cm2 ?cm
b
Area
Exercise 17H 26.88cm2
?cm
1 Find the area of each parallelogram.
a b 6.4cm
c
5cm
3cm
?cm
6cm
4cm 8cm
c d Area
75cm2
8cm
11cm 20cm
Area of a trapezium
14cm
This shape has only one pair of parallel sides.
2 Find the area of these parallelograms. It is called a trapezium.
a
9cm
8.2cm
r A trapezium is a quadrilateral with one pair of
b
sides parallel.
10.2cm
The area of a trapezium can be found by dividing it
into two triangles.
9.8cm 271
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
EXAMPLE 8
4 Work out the area of this parallelogram made
Find the area of this trapezium. up of two identical trapeziums.
5cm
2cm 6cm
3cm
B
6cm
6cm 2cm
A
Look at this trapezium.

8cm b
Divide the trapezium into two triangles, A and B.

1 h
Area of triangle A 5 2 3 8 cm 3 6 cm
5 24 cm2
1
Area of triangle B 5 2 3 5 cm 3 6 cm
a
5 15 cm2 1
The area of the shaded triangle 5 2 a 3 h
Area of trapezium 5 A 1 B 1
2 2
The area of the white triangle 5 2 b 3 h
5 24 cm 1 15 cm 1 1
The area of the trapezium 5 2 a 3 h 1 2 b 3 h
5 39 cm2
1
5 2 1a 1 b2 3 h
The formula for the area of a trapezium can be derived
another way.
Exercise 17I Look at this trapezium.
1 For each diagram, find the area of: a
i the shaded triangle
ii the unshaded triangle
iii the trapezium. h
a 3cm b 3cm
b
Rotate the trapezium round 180° and draw it touching
the original trapezium:
6cm
a b
h
5cm 5cm
2 Draw a set of trapeziums each with a base of b a

5 cm, a height of 6 cm and a top edge of 3 cm. The new shape is a parallelogram with base a 1 b and
Do they all have the same area? height h.
3 Find the area of the trapezium. The area of the parallelogram is (a 1 b) 3 h
5cm The trapezium is half this shape and so the area is
1
2 (a 1 b) 3 h
4cm r The area of a trapezium with two parallel sides of
length a and b a perpendicular distance h apart is
1
9cm A 5 2 (a 1 b) 3 h
272
17 17 17 17 17
TECHNOLOGY
Need another look at this?
Watch the video on finding the area of a trapezium
in the Geometry section of
www.mathplayground.com
EXAMPLE 9
3
4
1
Using the formula A 5 2 1 a 1 b 2 3 h find the
area of a trapezium when:
i a 5 7 cm, b 5 11 cm and h 5 10 cm
ii a 5 4 cm, b 5 3 cm and h 5 8 cm
iii a 5 2.6 cm, b 5 7.4 cm and h 5 5.6 cm
iv a 5 9.3 m, b 5 6.3 m and h 5 12.2 m
Find the area of a trapezium with parallel
sides of length 24 cm and 16 cm and
Find the area of the trapezium. perpendicular height of 18 cm.
8cm 5 Copy and complete the table for trapeziums.
6cm Length of Perpendicular Area of

parallel sides distance trapezium
between
12cm
PQ RS PQ and RS
a 9m 15 m 7m
1 b 16.8 m 12.5 m 8.4 m
Area of trapezium 5 1 a 1 b 2 3 h
2
1 c 23 cm 37 cm 40 cm
5 1 12 1 8 2 3 6 d 12.4 m 6.8 m 4.5 m
2
1 e 24 cm 16 cm 15.5 cm
5 3 20 3 6
2
5 60 cm2 6 The area of a trapezium is 80 cm2. Its parallel
sides are 32 cm and 16 cm in length.
Find the perpendicular height.
Exercise 17J
1 Find the area of each trapezium.
a b
3cm
3cm
17.5 Areas of compound
shapes
6.5cm A compound shape is what you get when two or more
5cm
different shapes are combined to make a shape.
7cm 4.6cm For example, this compound shape is made up of a
triangle and a parallelogram:
c d
8cm 4cm 5cm 9cm

7cm 7.3cm
e 12.5cm f 16m
To work out the area of a compound shape, simply

4.2cm 8m work out the area of the separate shapes then add them
together to find the total area.
8.5cm 10m
Some exercises you have completed so far have
2 By measuring, find the area of the trapezium. already used the idea of compound shapes. For
example, see Exercise 17E, Questions 6 and 7.
Some areas may be worked out more easily using
subtraction, rather than by adding up lots of smaller areas.
273
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
EXAMPLE 10
2 Ali’s garden is the shaded region.
Work out the shaded area in these compound shapes. M
P 6m 8m Q
a 10cm
4m
3cm N 10m
6m
3cm S R
Find the area of Ali’s garden.
b 12cm 3 Andy wants to cut the shaded triangle from a

piece of cardboard.
3cm M N
9 cm
5cm
3cm 7cm Q
9cm
P 10cm R 8cm O
a There are two parallelograms, each with base
10 cm and height 3 cm. Find the area of the shaded triangle.
Area of one parallelogram 4 Find the area of the shaded parts in these
5 b 3 h 5 10 3 3 5 30 cm2 figures:
Area of both parallelograms a
5 30 3 2 5 60 cm2
b The area of the large rectangle is 12 cm by 2cm
7 cm. You need to take from this the area of 20cm
the 3-cm square. 2cm
Area of rectangle 5 l 3 w 5 12 3 7 5 84 cm2
Area of square 5 l 2 5 32 5 9 cm2 30cm
Shaded area 5 84 2 9 5 75 cm2
b 4cm
Exercise 17K
1 Find the area of each of these shapes.
10cm
a b
3m
5m
5cm
6m
4m
12m
4cm
6m 8cm
c
21cm
c 5m
3m 13cm 18cm
7m
8m 25cm
2m
274
17 17 17 17 17
d
12cm
5cm
5cm
4cm
7 An arrow for a signpost has to be cut from a
rectangular metal sheet measuring 30 cm by
40 cm.
12cm
30cm
30cm
4cm 12cm
12cm
40cm
e
Find the area of the arrow.
8 The diagram shows a piece of metal which is
15cm to be used to make the blade of a saw.
60cm
5cm
7cm
16cm 14cm
f
a Find the area of the blade.
b Metal costs $78 per square metre.
16cm What is the cost of metal contained in the
blade?
8cm
9 The diagram shows a piece of wood which has
6cm
been cut to make the deck of a toy boat. Find
12cm its area.
g 14cm
4cm
6cm 1cm
1 2cm 2cm 4cm
4cm 9 3 cm
8cm
5 In her metalwork class, Anja cut a square of 10 Give the base and height of as many triangles
tin, of edge 3.7 cm, from a larger square of with area 24 cm2 as you can. (Use only whole
edge 6.3 cm. What area of tin was left? number lengths).
6 The diagram shows an antique gramophone 11 The front of a brick house is 10 m wide and
record of diameter 29 cm. 6 m high. There are four windows, each 2.5 m
by 1.5 m, and one door 2 m by 0.8 m.
What area of the front is brick?
12 a Calculate the area of a square with side
5 cm. What is the area of a square whose
sides are twice as long? How are the two
areas connected?
The diameter of the label is 7 cm. Find the area of b What happens if the new square has sides
the shaded (green) playing surface of the record. three times the original?
275
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
Larger objects are measured in m3:

13 A rectangular floor measuring 18 m by
15 m is to be covered with carpet, leaving a
border 1.6 m wide round the room.
Find the area of the carpet required.
14 Here is the plan of a room.
12m
4m 3m
2m A refrigerator has
a volume < 1 m3
a What is the area of the room?
b If the room is to be paved with rectangular
tiles 20 cm by 30 cm, what is the area of a
tile in i cm2 ii m2? Exercise 17L
c How many tiles are needed to pave the room? 1 Which unit is most suitable to measure the
d What would be the cost of paving the volume of:
whole room if each tile cost $1.30? a your classroom
15 The inside of an athletics track needs to be b a pencil case
re-seeded with grass. The area that needs c an orange
seeding is sketched below. Find the total d a car
amount of seed required if 0.25 kg of seed is e a grain of rice
needed for 1 m2 of ground. f a cricket ball
g a swimming pool
h a hen’s egg
i a shoe box
60m j an oil drum?
2 Write down five objects which have a volume:
a more than 1 m3
110m
b less than 1 cm3.
3 Find the volume of these solids if each cube
17.6 Volume of a cuboid is 1 cm3.
Volume is always measured in cubic units: mm3, cm3, m3. a b
1cm3
1cm
one cubic centimetre
1cm 1cm
c d
Small objects are measured in mm3:
Pen nib has a volume
< 50 mm3
Medium-sized objects are measured in cm3:
R CLIPS
PAPE
4 a How many cm make a m?
Box of paperclips has b How many cm2 make a m2?
a volume < 40 cm3 c How many cm3 make a m3?
276
17 17 17 17 17
Cuboids
c d
A cuboid has length l, width w and height h, as shown.
A
h 9cm
8cm
w 7cm 6cm
l
7.5cm
r Its volume is:
V 5 l 3 w 3 h or V 5 lwh
1cm
Since A 5 l 3 w is the area of the shaded face of
2 Copy and complete the table for cuboids.
the cuboid, we can also write V 5 Ah
We can use this idea to help us find missing side l cm w cm h cm V cm3
lengths when we know two side lengths and the a 2 6 12
volume of a cuboid. b 8 4 64
c 0.5 8.2 82
EXAMPLE 11 d 2.4 6.7 48.24
Find the missing side length of this cuboid.
3 Find the area of the shaded face of the cuboid,
?cm then find its volume:
a b
6cm Volume 192cm3

4cm 4cm
8cm
2cm 2.5cm
V 5 Ah 2cm 3.5cm
Volume 5 192 cm3 4 Copy and complete the table for cuboids.
Area of front face 5 6 3 8 5 48 cm2
A cm2 h cm V cm3
V5A3h Solve the equation
a 4 64
192 5 48 3 h 192 = 48 × h
by dividing both b 4 10.4
h 5 192 4 48
sides by 48. c 5.2 2.5
54
So the missing side length is 4 cm. d 3.55 28.40
5 For each of these cuboids find the missing side
lengths:
Exercise 17M a
a
1 Find the volume of these cuboids: Volume
a b 90cm3
3cm
6cm
3cm 5cm b
4cm
3cm 4cm Volume 168cm3
3cm
3cm b
12cm
277
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
c 11 A water tank holds 3000 litres of water when

full. The tank has a rectangular base with area
3 m2. Find the height of the tank.
12 The volume of this cuboid is 527.28. Find the
2m value of y.
Volume
3y
0.24m3
5y
2y
0.3m
c
d
7cm 17.7 Surface area
Volume The total area of all faces of a solid is called the
112cm3 surface area. For a cuboid this is the sum of the areas
d
of its six rectangular faces. You can draw the net of the
shape to help you work out the surface area. You
learned about drawing nets of solids in Chapter 3.
d
6 What is the height of a room which is 8 m EXAMPLE 12
long, 6 m wide and contains 144 m3 of air?
Find the surface area of this cuboid.
7 How many cubes of side 2 cm can be fitted
6cm
into a box 12 cm long, 8 cm wide and 4 cm
2cm
high?
8 A store sells cereal packets that measure
4cm
20 cm 3 30 cm 3 8 cm.
They are delivered to stores in larger boxes
measuring 90 cm 3 40 cm 3 40 cm. Draw a
diagram to show how the packets may be Draw the net and work out the areas of the six
packed to fit inside the larger box. How many rectangular faces.
packets would fill the larger box? 6cm
9 What is the capacity in litres of a metal box
20 cm wide, 50 cm long and 30 cm high? 4cm A = 4 × 6 = 24cm2
1 1 litre 5 1000 cm3 2
10
A = 2 × 6 = 12cm2 2cm
2cm 2cm A=2×4
1.5m = 8cm2
A = 4 × 6 = 24cm2 4cm
2m
2m
a What is the volume of this water tank in A=2×4 A = 2 × 6 = 12cm2 2cm

i m3 ii cm3? = 8cm2
b How many litres of water does it hold? Add up the six areas:
24 1 12 1 24 1 12 1 8 1 8 5 88
So surface area = 88 cm2
278
17 17 17 17 17
Exercise 17N
1
2
a
b
Draw the net of a cube with side 2 cm.
What is the surface area of a cube with
side 2 cm?
Repeat the questions from a but this time
for a cube with side 3 cm.
Draw the nets of these cuboids and work out
c
d
25mm
2.4m
32mm
50mm
their surface areas.

a 5cm 3.8m
2cm
6m
3cm
4 Each of the side lengths in Cuboid Y are
double those in Cuboid X.
b 4cm 6cm
8cm
6cm 3cm
4cm
4cm
2cm
Cuboid X Cuboid Y
4cm a Find the surface area of
i Cuboid X ii Cuboid Y
b How many times bigger is the surface
area of Cuboid Y than the surface area of
3 Angela said ‘You don’t need to draw the net to Cuboid X?
work out surface area. Just work out the area c Find the volume of
of the three faces you can see in the diagram, i Cuboid X ii Cuboid Y
add them together and double this answer to d How many times bigger is the volume of
include the three faces that you can’t see.’ Cuboid Y than the volume of Cuboid X?
Use Angela’s method to work out the surface 5 The diagrams show a prism and its net. Using
area of these cuboids. the net, work out the surface area of the prism.
a
5cm
5cm
3cm 5cm 4cm

8cm
4.5cm 6cm
b 1cm 8cm
5cm
5cm
7cm 4cm 6cm
5cm
5cm
2cm
279
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
Consolidation
Example 1 Example 3
Find the perimeter of these shapes. Find the area of the trapezium.
a 6m 7.2m 4m
6m
8m
9.4m 12m
6m
1
Area of trapezium 5 2 1 a 1 b 2 3 h
5.3m 1
5 2 1 4m 1 12m 2 3 6m
b
5 48 m2
8m
Example 4
Find the area of this compound shape.
5cm
a Perimeter 5 distance around shape 2cm

5 6 m17.2 m18 m16 m15.3 m19.4 m
5 41.9 m
b Perimeter 5 circumference of circle 2cm
5 2p 3 radius
5 2 3 3.14 3 8
5 50.24 m This shape is made up of a parallelogram and a triangle.
Example 2 Area of the parallelogram
Find the area of these shapes. 5 b 3 h 5 5 cm 3 2 cm 5 10 cm2
a b Area of the triangle
9cm
1 1
4.6cm 5 2 b 3 h 5 2 3 5 cm 3 2 cm 5 5 cm2
Total area 5 10 cm2 1 5 cm2 5 15 cm2
3cm
Example 5
1
Find the missing side length in this cuboid.
a Area of triangle 5 2 3 base 3 height
1 3cm
5 2 3 3 cm 3 4.6 cm
5 6.9 cm2
b Area of circle 5 pr2 5cm Volume 105cm3
5 3.14 3 92 cm2
5 3.14 3 81 cm2
5 254.34 cm2 ?cm
V 5 Ah
Volume 5 105 cm3
Area of side face 5 3 cm 3 5 cm 5 15 cm2
V5A3h
105 cm3 5 15 cm2 3 h Solve the equation
h 5 105 cm3 4 15 cm2 105 = 15h by
dividing both
5 7 cm
sides by 15
So the missing side length is 7 cm.
280
17 17 17 17 17
Example 6
c 8cm d
Find the volume and surface area of this cuboid.
4cm
2cm
8cm
5cm
3cm
12cm
2 a Find the lengths of the unknown sides in

Volume 5 l 3 w 3 h 5 4 cm 3 2 cm 3 3 cm 5 24 cm3 these figures.
To find the surface area of the cuboid you can draw a i c ii 3cm
net to help: a 2cm
4cm 4cm
8cm a
4cm
b 8cm
7cm
3cm A = 3 × 4 = 12cm2
3cm 3cm
b
iii 5cm
A = 2 × 4 = 8cm2
2cm
2cm
b
a
2cm
A=2×3 A=2×3
A = 3 × 4 = 12cm2 3cm
= 6cm2 = 6cm2 12cm
b Find the perimeter of each figure.
2cm
c Find the area of each figure.
A = 2 × 4 = 8cm2 3 Draw a circle and label on it the following
2cm
parts:
a radius b diameter
c circumference
The total surface area is 4 Work out
12 1 8 1 12 1 8 1 6 1 6 5 52 cm2 i the circumference ii the area of these circles.
a
Exercise 17 4cm
1 Find the area of these triangles.
a b 6cm
12cm
b
15cm
6cm
10cm
281
17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
5 Find the shaded area. 8cm

a c
6cm
6.5cm
5cm
6cm d e
b 4cm
14cm 4cm
3cm
7cm
7cm
f 3.4cm
5.8cm
4cm
10cm 7.8cm
c d 7.4cm 9 Find the i volume and ii surface area of these
cuboids:
12cm a
2cm
7cm 5cm
6 What is the area of this field? b

80m
8cm
30m
m
110 45m 2cm
2cm
100m c
7 Draw a circle and label on it the following 4.5cm
parts:
a arc b chord 7cm
c sector d segment 5cm
8 Find the area of these shapes. 10 Find the missing side lengths.
a
a
a
5cm 6cm
V = 132cm3
8cm 5.5cm
6cm
b 8cm
b
3cm 3.8cm
7cm
V = 121.6cm3
4cm b
4cm
282
17 17 17 17 17
Summary
You should know ...
1 Perimeter is the distance around the edge of a shape.
For example:
5 cm
5c
Check out
1 The perimeter of this shape
is 30 cm. Find the length of
the unknown side.
7cm
m
3 cm
4cm
5cm
a 2cm
4c
m
7 cm 4cm
Perimeter 5 1 3 1 5 1 5 1 7 1 4 2 cm
5 24 cm
2 The circumference of a circle is pD or 2pr, 2 Find the circumference of

where p 5 3.14 these circles.
For example: a
5cm
Circumference 5 pD
cm 5 3.14 3 10 cm
10
5 31.4 cm
b
cm
12
1 1
3 Area of a triangle 5 2 base 3 height 5 2 bh 3 Find the area of these
shapes.
a
h
7cm
b
Area of a circle 5 pr2
6cm
For example:
What is area of a circle b
with radius 6 cm?
r
Area 5 pr2 5 3.14 3 62 cm2 9 cm
5 3.14 3 36 cm2
5 113.04 cm2
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17 17 17 17 17
17 17 17 17 17
4 The area of a parallelogram, A, is given by the formula 4 Find the area of these
A5b3h parallelograms.
h a
4cm
b
For example: 7cm

b
2cm
9.1m
3cm 5m
A 5 3 cm 3 2 cm 5 6 cm2
5 The area of a trapezium, A, is given by the formula 5 Find the area of these
a trapeziums.
1
A 5 2 1a 1 b2 3 h a 4cm
h
For example:
2cm
b
4cm
7cm
5cm b 4.2m
6cm
3m
1
A 5 1 4 cm 1 6 cm 2 3 5 cm
2
2.9m
5 25 cm2
6 The volume of a cuboid, V, is given by the formula 6 Find the

V5l3w3h i volume
For example: ii surface area of these
cuboids.
a
3cm
5cm
4cm
6cm 2cm
7cm
3
V 5 l 3 w 3 h 5 6 cm 3 4 cm 3 3 cm 5 72 cm b
The surface area of a cuboid is the total area of the six
rectangular faces. Drawing a net may help here.
For example: 6m
To find the surface area of the cuboid above:
Area of top 5 6 cm 3 4 cm 5 24 cm2
Area of bottom 5 24 cm2
Area of front 5 6 cm 3 3 cm 5 18 cm2 1m
Area of back 5 18 cm2 2m
Area of right-hand side 5 4 cm 3 3 cm 5 12 cm2
Area of left-hand side 5 12 cm2
Surface area 5 24 cm2 1 24 cm2 1 18 cm2 1 18 cm2 1
12 cm2 1 12 cm2 5 108 cm2
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18 18
18 Probability
18 18
Objectives
£ Compare estimated experimental £ Know that if the probability of an event
probabilities with theoretical occurring is p, then the probability of it
probabilities, recognising that: not occurring is 1 – p.
– when experiments are repeated £ Find probabilities based on equally
different outcomes may result likely outcomes in practical contexts.
– increasing the number of times an £ Find and list systematically all possible
experiment is repeated generally leads mutually exclusive outcomes for single
to better estimates of probability. events and for two successive events.
What’s the point?

How likely is it that your team will
win a football match? What are
the chances that it will rain today?
Probability gives answers to such
questions and many more.
Before you start

1 How to read information from a bar chart. 1 From the bar chart in the
For example: example on the left, find:
Here is a bar chart of students’ favourite colours: a the number of
students that said red
The top of was their favourite
the bar is colour
at 8.
10 b the number of
8 students that did not
Number of
students
choose red, blue or

6
green as their
4
favourite colour.
2
0
red blue green other
Favourite colour
Blue is the favourite colour of 8 students.
285
18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
2 How to simplify a fraction by dividing the numerator and 2 Write these fractions
denominator by the highest common factor. in their simplest form.
For example: 9 4
a b
24 18 16
8 # 2 12 15
c d
12 3 4 is the HCF 30 35
24 of 8 and 12.
3 How to add and subtract decimals. 3 Work out:

For example: a 0.4 1 0.2
0.2 1 0.35 5 0.55 b 0.5 1 0.25
1 2 0.6 5 0.4 c 1 2 0.8
d 1 2 0.35
4 How to add and subtract fractions using a common denominator. 4 Work out:
For example: 1 2 3 4
a 1 b 1
1 1 2 1 3 4 5 8 7
1 5 1 5 or 0.75
2 4 4 4 4 3 7
c 12 d 12
2 5 2 3 5 8
12 5 2 5 or 0.6
5 5 5 5
18.1 The idea of probability event is as likely to happen as not, its probability
is 0.5.
Some events are more likely to happen than others. In
mathematics, the word probability is used to describe Probability can be written as a fraction as well as a
this situation. decimal. Probability can also be written as
percentages. When using percentages the probability
There is a high probability that you will put on shoes
scale goes from 0% to 100%. Most of the work in this
tomorrow.
chapter will be using decimals and fractions.
There is a low probability that you will stay awake for
Never write probability in words or using ratios. For
24 hours.
example, ‘3 : 4’ or ‘2 out of 5’ are both commonly
In mathematics, the probability of an event is given as used but incorrect ways of writing probability.
a number from 0 to 1.
The diagram shows the meaning of different probabilities: Exercise 18A
1 certain 1 I will live to be a hundred.
0.9 nearly certain
How likely is this event?
0.8
0.7 2 Three students answered Question 1. Their
answers are shown on the diagram. Try to
0.6
write their answers in words.
0.5 just as likely to happen as not (even chance) a certain b certain c certain
0.4 live to
×
0.3 be 100
0.2
0.1 very unlikely live to
×
be 100
0 impossible live to
×
be 100
You can see that the probability of a certain event impossible impossible impossible
is 1; the probability of an impossible event is 0; if an
286
18 18 18 18 18
3 Draw a diagram like those in Question 2.
18.2 Experimental
probability
18 Probability
Mark and label a cross on it to show whether

you think each event is nearly certain, nearly You will need a coin, a plastic cup and a dice.
impossible, or as likely as not.
a I will get married.
b If I buy a new pen it will write.
c It will rain tomorrow.
d I will get to school on time tomorrow.
You can define the probability that an event occurs, i.e.
e I will take 20 catches in a cricket match.
a ‘successful outcome’ P(S), as
4 Are some of the events in Question 3 more number of successful outcomes
likely to happen than others? Pick out the r P 1 S 2 5
total number of outcomes
most likely event.
For example, if you throw a coin 100 times the
5 Write down three events that you think are: probability of getting a head is
a impossible number of times heads occurred
b certain P 1 Head 2 5
total number of throws
c just as likely to happen as not.
about 50 1
6 Try to decide for yourself how certain or 5 or about or 0.5
100 2
impossible an event is, if its probability is Many probabilities can be found either by experiment
described as: or survey.
1
a 0 b 1 c
2
9 2 EXAMPLE 1
d e
10 10
7 Look again at Question 3. Give each event a Fifty people were asked their favourite sport.
probability between 0 and 1. The results are shown in the table.
8 Assign a probability of 0 or 1 to each event. Sport Cricket Basketball Netball Football
a One day I will die. No. of people 17 8 20 5
b Tomorrow it will snow.
c I will get 100% in my maths exam. Calculate the probability that:
d If I put ice outside in the sunshine it a a person’s favourite sport is football
will melt. b a person’s favourite sport is not netball.
e I shall grow 2 cm taller today.
9 Choose a fraction between 0 and 1 that you a P(favourite sport is football)
think describes the probability of each event: number of people liking football
a The next baby born at the local hospital 5
total number of people
will be a boy. 5 1
b A throw of a dice will give a 5. 5 5
50 10
c A number chosen from 1 to 10 will begin
with F when spelled out in words. b P(favourite sport is not netball)
number of people who like
sports other than netball
5
total number of people
17 1 8 1 5 30 3
5 5 5
50 50 5
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18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
Exercise 18B
1 Call the face of a one-cent coin with a 1 written
c Now collect the results from four students
in your class and record them in a table
on it face one. Call the other face face two. like this:
Put the coin in the plastic cup, shake it, and tip 1 2 3 4 5 6
it on to your desk top. Repeat this 100 times. My result
Keep a record of which face turns up each Student 1

time in a table like this: 2
Face one Face two 3
4
Total
For what fraction of the total number of
throws was the outcome: d Compare your results with friends.
a face one b face two? e Repeat part b using the data in part c,
from 150 throws.
2 Now collect the results from nine students in
your class and record them in a table like this: 5 Packets of flower seeds are checked for purity,
in case any weed seeds have been included.
Face one Face two Here is a frequency table showing the results
My result 48 52 of checking 100 packets:
Student 1 Number of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 weed seeds
A Number of 5 16 26 19 13 12 5 2 2
9 packets
Total What is the probability that a packet contains:
a Compare your results with friends. a 6 weed seeds b 1 weed seed
b For what fraction of the total number of c more than 6 weed seeds?
throws was the outcome: 6 A scientist weighs kittens at birth with the
i face one ii face two? following results:
3 Look at your results for Questions 1 and 2. Mass (g) 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
When you throw a coin are you:
Frequency 13 34 57 50 29 12 5
a more likely to get face one or
b more likely to get face two or a How many kittens did the scientist weigh?
c equally likely to get either? b Find the probability that a kitten has a
mass of:
4 Throw a dice 30 times.
i 250 g ii less than 250 g.

Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency
b What is the probability of throwing:

i a2 ii an even number?
288
18 18 18 18 18
7 A test report on 32 cars gives these maximum
speeds:
EXAMPLE 2
18 Probability
One letter is chosen at random from the word

Maximum speed Number of STATISTICS. What is the probability that it is
(km/h) cars a S b a vowel c not a vowel?
100–119 3
number of Ss 3
120–139 9 a P(S) 5 5
total number of letters 10
140–159 5
number of vowels 3
160–179 5 b P(vowel) 5 5
180–199 5 number of consonants 7
200–219 3 c P(not a vowel) 5 5
220–239 1
240–259 1 You will see from the answers to Example 2, parts b
Find the probability that a car picked at and c that the probability of getting a vowel and the
random has a maximum speed of: probability of not getting a vowel add up to 1:
a 120 –139 km/h 3 7
1 51
b less than 120 km/h. 10 10
8 These are the marks of 50 people who took a So there is a quick way of working out the answer to
skills test. The maximum mark was 240. part c:
3 7
Marks Number of candidates 12 5
10 10
0–29 2
r If the probability of an event occurring is p, then
30–59 5 the probability of it not occurring is 1 2 p.
60–89 9
90–119 16
Exercise 18C
120–149 8
1 A dice is thrown.
150–179 7
a How many different ways could it land?
180–209 2 b What is the probability that a 3 is thrown?
210 or over 1 c What is the probability of not throwing
What is the probability that a person chosen at a 3?
random scored: 2 What is the probability of picking a 6 at
a 120–149 b less than 30 random from 10 cards labelled 1 to 10?
c 120–179 d 180 or over? 3 A bag contains two white beads and three
black beads. One bead is chosen at random.
18.3 Theoretical probability

Often it is impractical or too time consuming to carry
out an experiment. In these cases you can still calculate
the theoretical probability of an event. It is defined in What is the probability that the bead is
the same way as experimental probability, that is: a white b black?
number of successful outcomes 4 A letter is chosen at random from the word
P 1 success 2 5
total number of outcomes MATHEMATICS. What is the probability that
the letter is
a A b M c not A d not I?
289
18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
5 25 yellow cards numbered 1 to 25 and 25 blue

cards numbered 1 to 25 are mixed together.
10 A box of buttons is made up as follows:
5 blue, 6 green, 8 red, 4 yellow, 7 white.
One button is picked from the box.
Here are some of the cards:
a How many buttons are there altogther?
12 16 b Are these true or false?
7 25
4 1
i P(R) 5 ii P(B) 5
15 5
What is the probability that a card picked at iii P(G) 5 20% iv P(not Y) 5 0.8
random is 11 A bag contains the following currency notes:
a a3 ten $1, twenty $5, forty $10, thirty $20.
b blue The notes are shaken up and one is chosen.
c not a 7 a How many notes are there altogether?
d not blue b Calculate:
e a number which is a multiple of 3 i P($1) ii P($5)
f a blue 24? iii P($10) iv P($20)
6 a One month of the year is to be chosen. 12 A box contains 20 pens. Three of them are
List the possible outcomes. faulty. One pen is chosen from the box.
b How many of the possible outcomes in What is the probability that it is:
part a begin with the letter J? a faulty b not faulty?
c What is the probability that the chosen
month will begin with the letter: 13 A dice is rolled once. Calculate:
i J ii M iii D iv P? a P(5)
d What is the probability that the month b P(6)
will not begin with J? c P(even number)
d P(odd number)
7 A class has 15 boys and 30 girls. The teacher e P 1 number , 5 2
chooses the class monitor as follows: f P 1 number . 2 2
The students’ names are written on slips of g P(multiple of 3)
paper, which are folded and put in a bag; the h P(number not divisible by 3)
bag is shaken and one name drawn out.
This person will be the monitor.
You should have seen in Exercise 18B, Questions 2
What is the probability that the monitor and 4 that when you repeat an experiment different
will be outcomes usually happen. If every student in your
a a boy b a girl? class throws a dice 20 times, it is unlikely that
8 Look at your answers for Question 7. everyone will throw the same number of sixes.
a Is it more likely that the monitor will be a Look at Exercise 18B, Question 4. When you throw a
boy or a girl? dice 30 times you would expect, in theory, to get these
b What can you say about the sum of the results:
two probabilities?
c What does a probability of 1 mean? Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 A bag contains 3 blue beads, 5 green beads
and 2 red beads. One bead is picked from the 1 1 1 1 1 1
Probability
bag. Which colour is: 6 6 6 6 6 6
a most likely to be picked Did you or any of your friends get these results?
b least likely to be picked?
You should know that the theoretical probability of
1
getting each of the dice scores is 6 or, as a decimal,
0.17 (to 2 d.p.). Were any of your results close to this?
It may be easier to change your fractions to decimals
to compare.
290
18 18 18 18 18
Now look at the data when you had 150 results
(Exercise 18B, Question 4, part c). Were your
probabilities closer to 0.17?
2
18 Probability
Throw a drawing pin in the air 50 times. Copy

the table below and record whether the
drawing pin lands point up or point down.
When comparing estimated, experimental probabilities
with theoretical probabilities you should find that Outcome Point up Point down
increasing the number of times an experiment is
repeated generally leads to better estimates of
probability.
Note that experimental probabilities and theoretical
Tally
probabilities are often not the same, but the more times
you repeat the experiment the closer the experimental Number of times
probability should get to the theoretical probability,
a What is the experimental probability of
assuming that the experiment is fair.
the drawing pin landing point up? Give
your answer as a decimal.
Exercise 18D b Now combine your results with a friend to
find the experimental probability of a
1 A biased coin was thrown 10 times. The
drawing pin landing point up for 100
results are recorded in this table.
throws. Give your answer as a decimal.
Outcome Heads Tails c Now combine your results with 8 more
Frequency 3 7 friends to find the experimental probability
of a drawing pin landing point up for 500
a What is the experimental probability of throws. Give your answer as a decimal.
this coin landing heads up? Give your d Out of the three probabilities in parts a, b
answer as a decimal. and c, which do you think is closest to the
The same coin was thrown 100 times. The theoretical probability? Why?
results are recorded in this table. 3 Conduct an experiment of your choice for
Outcome Heads Tails which you know the theoretical probabilities.
Frequency 38 62 Work out the experimental probabilities after
10 trials, then 100 trials. See how close your
b What is the new experimental probability experimental probabilities are to the
of this coin landing heads up, using this theoretical ones.
data? Give your answer as a decimal.
The same coin was thrown 1000 times.
The results are recorded in this table.
18.4 Listing outcomes
Outcome Head Tail r Mutually exclusive outcomes means ‘outcomes
Frequency 410 590 that cannot happen at the same time’.
c What is the new experimental probability For example, if you roll a dice, this is an event with
of this coin landing heads up, using this lots of possible outcomes.
data? Give your answer as a decimal.
d Out of the three probabilities in parts a, b
and c, which do you think is closest to the
theoretical probability? Why? Two possible outcomes are rolling a 1 and rolling a 6.
These two outcomes are mutually exclusive because
they can’t both happen at the same time.
Two other possible outcomes are rolling a 1 and rolling
an odd number. These are not mutually exclusive
because if you roll a 1 both events have happened.
291
18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
In Exercise 18C, Question 6, part a you were asked to

list all the possible outcomes. When there is only a
single event, listing all possible mutually exclusive b In the table, those outcomes for which the
outcomes is easy. score on the second dice is higher than the
score on the first dice are shown in blue: there
When there are two or more events you need to make are 6. There are 16 possible outcomes, so:
sure that you follow a logical method when listing 6 3
outcomes to make sure that you do not miss any out. P(score on the second dice is higher) 5 16 5 8
For example, if you were writing the possible
outcomes for throwing two dice, it does not make
sense to list them randomly, e.g. 1, 4 or 6, 2 or 2, 5 … .
Exercise 18E
You can see that it would be very easy to miss out
some outcomes. The next example shows a more 1 Two coins are thrown. This is Sarah’s
logical way of listing. working:
The possible outcomes are HH, HT, TT
EXAMPLE 3 so P(TT) = 3
1
A dice is rolled and a coin is thrown. a Sarah has made a mistake. What mistake
a Write down all the possible outcomes. has she made?
b What is the probability of throwing a head b What should the probability of two
and a 5? tails be?
a First, list all the possible outcomes with heads 2 Two dice are rolled. Each dice is numbered 1
thrown with the coin: H, 1 or H, 2 or H, to 6.
3 or H, 4 or H, 5 or H, 6
Then list all the possible outcomes with tails
thrown with the coin: T, 1 or T, 2 or T, 3 or T,
4 or T, 5 or T, 6
b You can see there are 12 possible outcomes. a Copy and complete this two-way table to
1
Only one outcome is H, 5, so P(H, 5) 5 12 show all the possible outcomes.
Dice 1
Some people prefer to use a two-way table to list 1 2 3 4 5 6
outcomes. This is shown in the next example. 1 2, 1
2
EXAMPLE 4
3
Dice 2
a Two tetrahedral (4-sided) dice are rolled. Each 4 5, 4

dice is numbered 1 to 4. Draw a two-way table
5
to show all the possible outcomes.
6
1 2 3 1 b What is the probability of rolling

i a 3 on the first dice and a 6 on the
second dice
b What is the probability of the score on the ii the same score on both dice
second dice being higher than the score on the iii a higher score on the first dice than
first dice? the second?
a 3 Two children are born in a family. List all

Dice 1 possible outcomes and work out the
1 2 3 4 probability that they are both boys.
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1
Dice 2
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4
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18 18 18 18 18
4 On a restaurant set menu you can choose a
starter and a main course:
18 Probability
8 Danushka has 3 bags full of coloured sweets.

Each bag has an equal number of red, yellow,
green and purple sweets. Without looking,
Danushka picks a sweet from each of the three
bags at random.
a List all the possible outcomes for the
colours of his three sweets.
b What is the probability that at least two of
the sweets are red?
c What is the probability that at most one of
a Copy and complete this list of possible the sweets is yellow?
outcomes (using just the first letter of each
dish):
M, L M, T etc.
{ ACTIVITY
b What is the total number of possible
This is a game for two people, Player A and
combinations of meals?
Player B.
c Assuming a starter and main course are You will need two dice and some paper.
chosen at random, what is the probability
that at least one of those dishes will
contain fish (sardines or trout)?
d If there were 6 starters and 8 main
courses, what would the total number of
possible combinations of meals be?
One player rolls both dice. The score is the sum of
5 Alex, Budi, Carl and Dinesh all run a race. the two rolls.
a Write down all the possible outcomes for Player A gets a point if the score is 2, 3, 4, 10, 11
who wins and who comes second. or 12.
b What is the probability Carl wins and Player B gets a point if the score is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9.
Dinesh comes second (assuming that the
Jane said: ‘This game is not fair because Player A
runners all have roughly the same ability)?
gets a point if 6 different scores are rolled but
6 Jane is having pizza. She is allowed two Player B only gets a point for 5 different scores.’
toppings on her pizza. (If she really likes Play the game for 10 rolls. Who won?
something she is allowed two lots of the same Play the game for 100 rolls. Who won?
topping.)
a If Jane chooses her toppings from Do you think this game is fair? Why?
pineapple, meat, sweetcorn, mushroom Change the scoring system of the game to make
and olives, list all the possible outcomes it fair.
for her two toppings. Make up a game of chance of your own.
b Assuming Jane chooses her two toppings Write the rules so that each player has an equal
at random, what is the probability that her chance of winning.
pizza is vegetarian (has no meat)? Now change the rules so one player has a better
chance of winning.
7 Jamil wants to phone a friend. He knows the
phone number contains 6 digits. He knows the
first four digits of the phone number are 3027
but he doesn’t remember the last two digits.
a Jamil decides to phone all the possible
numbers until he gets the right one. Calls
cost $0.25 each. How much would it cost
if he had to try all the numbers?
b What is the probability of him calling the
correct number first time?
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18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
Consolidation
Example 1
d Not picking a green ball from a bag
Choose a number between 0 and 1 to describe the
containing 7 blue, 2 red, 3 yellow and
probability that:
8 green balls
a you will win the toss at a cricket match
e Picking a letter from the alphabet at
b the sun will come out tomorrow
random and it is a vowel (a, e, i, o or u)
c you will weigh 2 kg more tomorrow.
f Picking a letter from the alphabet at
random and it is not a vowel
a neither likely nor unlikely, 0.5
b likely, 0.7 or above (depending on where you live 3 Jason rolls two dice. Here are his results:
and the time of year)
Dice A
c very unlikely, 0.1 or below
Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
Example 2
Frequency 61 69 58 56 65 64
A bag has 3 blue beads, 2 green beads and 8 red beads.
What is the probability that the first bead picked at Dice B
random is: Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
a blue? Frequency 103 81 113 90 68 75
P(bead is blue)
a How many times did he roll:
number of blue beads i dice A ii dice B?
5
number of beads b What is the probability of throwing a
3
5 1 on:
13
i dice A ii dice B?
b green or red?
c Can you tell if the dice are fair? Explain.
P(green or red)
number of green or red beads 4 In the last year, 129 days were recorded as
5 ‘wet’ days in Cambridge, UK.
number of beads
218 What is the probability that it will be dry in
5
13 Cambridge today?
10 5 Mr Masood decided to give his class double
5
13 homework if both the spinners below were the
c not blue? same colour when spun.
P(not blue) 5 1 2 P(blue)
3 10
512 5
13 13
Exercise 18
1 Choose a number between 0 and 1 that
describes the probability that: List all possible outcomes.
a it will rain tomorrow What is the probability of Mr Masood’s class
b you will throw a 5 when you roll a dice getting double homework?
c there will be no school tomorrow.
2 What is the probability of these events?
a Rolling a dice and getting an even number
b Picking a single digit at random from the
digits 1 to 9 and it being less than 3
c Picking a yellow ball from a bag
containing 3 blue, 4 red and 8 yellow balls
294
18 18 18 18 18
Summary
18 Probability

1 Some events are more likely to happen than others. In 1 Write down two events
mathematics, the likelihood of an event happening is that are:
described by a number between 0 and 1. a impossible
b certain
This number is the probability of the event.
c very likely to happen
As likely Very d unlikely to happen.
Impossible Unlikely Certain
as not likely
0 0.2 0.5 0.9 1
2 How to find the probability of an event by performing an 2 In a survey of 40 people,

experiment. 6 said they wore small
The occurrence of a particular event is called a successful t-shirts, 15 wore medium and
outcome. 19 wore large t-shirts.
This means P 1 success 2 5
number of successful outcomes a What is the probability
the probability total number of outcomes that a person chosen at
of a success For example: random from the sample
A coin was thrown 100 times and 52 heads wears a small t-shirt?
occurred, so b What is the probability
52 13
P 1 head 2 5 100 5 25 that a person wears a
is the experimental probability. medium or large t-shirt?
3 How to find the probability of simple events without 3 From the letters in the word
performing experiments. ADDING, one letter is
chosen. What is the
For example:
probability that it is:
If a coin is tossed, the theoretical probability of getting a head is
a aD
number of successful outcomes b not a D
P 1 head 2 5
total number of outcomes c a vowel?
1
5
2
4 If the probability of an event occurring is p, then the 4 a If the probability of

probability of it not occurring is 1 2 p. picking a yellow sweet
2
For example: is 5, what is the
3
The probability of picking a red sweet is 8 then the probability probability of not
3 5
of not picking a red sweet is 1 2 8 5 8 . picking a yellow sweet?
b If the probability of it
raining tomorrow is 0.7,
what is the probability of
it not raining tomorrow?
c If the probability of
winning a football
match is 45%, what is
the probability of not
winning the football
match?
295
18 18 18 18 18
18 Probability
5 When comparing estimated, experimental probabilities with 5 Three groups of students

theoretical probabilities, it is important to remember that conducted an experiment
r when experiments are repeated different outcomes using the same biased coin.
may result Here are their results:
r increasing the number of times an experiment is repeated Group 1 results
generally leads to better estimates of probability. Outcome Heads Tails
Frequency 1 9
Group 2 results
Outcome Heads Tails
Frequency 31 69
Group 3 results
Outcome Heads Tails
Frequency 256 744
a For each of the three
groups, work out the
experimental probability
for getting heads.
b Which of the three
groups’ results will give
the best estimate of
probability? Why?
c The theoretical
probability for getting
heads with this biased
coin is actually 0.25. Why
do you think that none of
the groups’ results, from
part a, were 0.25?
6 How to list systematically all possible mutually exclusive 6 List all the possible
outcomes for two successive events. outcomes when a letter from
A, B or C is chosen at
For example:
random and a 6-sided dice is
A 6-sided dice and a tetrahedral dice are both rolled.
rolled. The list has been
started below for you.
1 2 A1, A2, …
The possible outcomes can be listed or shown in a two-way

table like this:
Tetrahedral dice
1 2 3 4
1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 1 4, 1
2 1, 2 2, 2 3, 2 4, 2
6-sided dice
3 1, 3 2, 3 3, 3 4, 3
4 1, 4 2, 4 3, 4 4, 4
5 1, 5 2, 5 3, 5 4, 5
6 1, 6 2, 6 3, 6 4, 6
296
Review C
1 Write each ratio in its simplest form. 8 Look at the diagram below.
a 20 : 60 b 75 : 35
c 20 : 80 : 25 d 27 : 45
e 91 : 26 f 36 : 156 : 72
g 34 : 119
2 Find
a the circumference b the area of these circles. How many more rectangles need to be shaded so
that the ratio of shaded to unshaded is 2 : 3?
9 Using a scale of 1 cm to 2 m, make a scale drawing
5cm
of a room measuring 12 m by 5 m. By measuring
your scale drawing, find the distance between
7cm
opposite corners of the room.
10 Copy and complete this mapping diagram using
the function shown.
3 Find the first 5 terms of these sequences. function
a The position-to-term rule is multiply by 3. "6!7
b The position-to-term rule is multiply by 4 then 1
subtract 1. 2
9 3
4 Which is the largest, 10, 0.088, 1.02 or 98%?
4
5 The probability that a school’s netball team wins n
1
the next match is 5. What is the probability that it
will not win? input output
6 Copy each diagram onto squared paper. Draw their 11 On the circle below three lines – black, red and
reflections in the dashed line. purple – and a blue curve are shown. What are the
names of these parts of the circle?
12 A box contains a set of tennis balls. Six are red,

four are white and five are green.
They are mixed and one is chosen at random.
Find the probability of each of the following
7 Express these fractions as
events:
i decimals ii percentages
a a red ball is chosen
7 9 3 b a white ball is chosen
a b c
10 100 25 c a red or green ball is chosen
3 2 3
d 4 e 1 f d a red ball is not chosen.
4 5 8
13 27
g h
5 50
297
Review C
13 a Write the equation that goes with these 19 Use a ratio to compare the quantities:
sentences a 1 m; 20 cm
i To find the y-coordinate multiply the b 20 mm; 1 cm
x-coordinate by 2 then add 5. c 3 minutes; 30 seconds
ii The x-coordinate is always 24. d 45 minutes; 2 hours
iii To find the y-coordinate subtract the e 25 g; 0.75 kg
x-coordinate from 15. f 3.6 kg; 90 g
iv The y-coordinate is always 3.
b Draw the graphs of all the lines from part a.
Fraction Decimal Percentage
14 Change each of these test scores to
i fractions in their lowest terms 3
4
ii percentages
a 21 out of 50 0.1
b 105 out of 150
2
c 45 out of 75 66 3 %
d 118 out of 200
1
12 2 %
15 Copy this diagram.
1
15
21 On squared paper, make a copy of this L-shape

made from 4 squares.
Translate the triangle through these vectors.

6 0
a a b b a b
3 4
2
5 4
c a b d a2 b
0 8
16 Copy and complete: S
a 420 m 5 u km
b 3 days 5 u hours
c 2.7 ℓ 5 u ml
d 79 100 m 5 u km Draw an enlargement of the shape using S as the
e 600 kg 5 u t centre of enlargement and a scale factor of 2.
f 420 minutes 5 u hours How many squares are needed to make the
g 20 cm 5 u mm enlarged L-shape?
h 320 ml 5 u ℓ
i 0.4 kg 5 u g 22 Calculate:
a 10% of $65 b 25% of $170
17 For the equation y 5 3x 1 8, copy and complete 1
c 12 2 % of $1600 d 125% of $60
these coordinate pairs by calculating the missing 1
y-coordinate using the given x-coordinate. e 2 % of $50
a (7, u) b (5, u) 23 Using the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 for x, draw a
c (22, u) d (21, u) mapping diagram to show:
18 To increase something by 15% the multiplier you a xSx15 b x S 2x 1 1
should use is 1.15. What multiplier should you use 24 Using 3.14 for p, find the circumference of
for each of these? a circle with radius:
a An increase of 32% b A decrease of 7% a 12.56 cm b 37.68 cm
c A decrease of 40% d An increase of 35% c 50 cm d 157 cm
298
Review C
25 Look at the diagrams below: 29 Find the areas of these shapes.

a b
cm
.3
5cm
13
Each time new squares are added around the
outside of the previous shape. 16cm
a Draw the next few shapes.
30 Write down the first five terms of the sequences
b Copy and complete the table.
described.
Shape Number of a The first term is 80, the term-to-term rule is
squares subtract 11
1 1 b The first term is 0.5, the term-to-term rule is
multiply by 2
2 3
c The first term is 11, the term-to-term rule is
3
add 8
4 d The third term is 200, the term-to-term rule is
5 divide by 10
85 31 You may use a calculator for this question. Find:
13 a 3.4% of 5700 km b 17.5% of $36
n c 17% of 36 ℓ d 12% of $448.50
c Looking at the diagrams, explain why the nth 32 Two cards are drawn at random from a group of
term works. ten cards numbered from 1 to 10.
Once a card is selected, it is not replaced.
26 Find the area of each shape:
a List all the possible outcomes.
a 8cm b
b Find the probability of drawing each of these
7.5cm outcomes.
4.5cm i A 5 and then a 3
ii Two even numbers
7cm iii Two numbers greater than 4
c 12cm iv A 6 and then an odd number
v A number greater than 7 and then a number
less than 6
7cm
33 If 12 cents out of each dollar is paid in tax:
a What fraction is paid in tax?
4cm b What percentage is paid in tax?
27 It takes Mr Speedy 32 minutes to cycle to work, or 34 Copy this diagram.
1 hour 48 minutes to walk to work. Write as a ratio
the cycling time to the walking time. Simplify
your ratio.
28 For the mapping below
a draw the function machine O
b write down the ordered pairs
c draw an X, Y graph on a grid
function Rotate each triangle 90° anticlockwise about the
X Y point O.
1 3
2 7
3 11
4 15
5 19
299
Review C
35 A green paint mixes yellow and blue paint in the 42 Look at the graph below.
ratio 7 : 3. a List the ordered pairs for the 7 points.
a If 4.8 litres of blue paint are used, how many b Write down the rule as: x S
litres of yellow paint are needed to make the y
green paint? 36
b If 9.1 litres of yellow paint are used, how many 32
litres of blue paint are needed to make the 28
green paint? 24
20
36 90 kg of animal feed is delivered to a zoo. After
16
the elephants were given their lunch, this mass 12
went down by 11%. What mass remains? 8
37 4
x 2
2 2
1 0 1 2
y 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x
Copy and complete the table for each of these 43 Each of the shapes below is made from part of a
equations. Use the table to draw a graph. circle. Use p 5 3.14 and find the area and
a y 5 3x 1 4 b y 5 2x 2 1 perimeter of each shape.
c y572x a b
38 Copy the diagram.

4 cm
5cm
O c d
3cm
Using the centre of enlargement O and a scale
factor of 4, draw the enlargement of the triangle.
2.5cm
39 Neema and Isis each have $180.
3
Neema spends 8 of her money.
Isis spends 40% of her money.
Who has spent the most money?
Show your working. 44 What is the volume of these cuboids?
a b
40 a Find the area of a triangle which has a height of 3cm 4.7cm
7.2 cm and a base of 2.5 cm.
b The area of a triangle is 40 cm2. If the base 4cm
of the triangle is 2.5 cm find the height of 7cm 3.8cm 2cm
the triangle.
45 What is the surface area of each of the cuboids in
41 A farm has hens, goats and sheep in the proportion Question 44?
1 : 2 : 5.
a Find how many goats and sheep there are
if there are 8 hens.
b Find how many hens and goats there are
if there are 35 sheep.
c Find how many hens and sheep there are
if there are 12 goats.
d Find how many of each type of animal there
are, if there are altogether
i 16 animals ii 48 animals
iii 72 animals iv 120 animals.
300
Review C
46 It is intended to make a 400 m running track from two 52 Work out the new values.
120 m straights and two semicircular ends, as shown: a Decrease 300 ml by 18%
b Increase $340 by 15%
r c Increase 325 km by 16%
d Decrease 4800 cm by 34%
53 If ribbon costs $1.53 for 4.5 m, how much does it
cost for 17 m?
120m
54 Which of these points lie on the line y 5 8 2 2x?
Using p 5 3.14: (3, 18) (0, 8) (21, 6) (22, 12)
a What is the length of the curved part of the track?
b What is the radius of each of the semicircular ends? 55 What are i the next two terms ii the term-to-term
rule iii the nth term for these sequences?
47 a Make an accurate scale drawing of the running a 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, …
track in Question 46 using a scale in which b 7, 18, 29, 40, 51, …
1 cm represents 10 m. c 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, …
b On your scale drawing measure the length of d 550, 500, 450, 400, 350, …
the diagonal of the rectangle formed by the
two straights. 56 Find the area of each shape:
c Use your answer to part (b) to write down the a b 5cm
actual length of the diagonal on the running track.
6cm
48 Write each of these as a ratio in its simplest whole 8cm
number form: 3cm
1 7 3cm 2cm
a :3 b 3.5 : 2.8 :
2 10 5cm 4cm
2
c 1.4 : 8.2 : 6.3 d : 6.4
25 57 Divide:
49 Find the nth term for the multiples of 12. a 240 m in the ratio 7 : 8
50 a Given a set of numbers 1, 20, 2, 43, 6, 7, 3, 106, b 540 kg in the ratio 3 : 2 : 4
what is the probability of choosing at random c $216 in the ratio 3 : 5
from the set d 1400 ml in the ratio 3 : 4
i a number greater than 7 e 0.91 kg in the ratio 7 : 5 : 1
ii the number 7 f 0.35 m in the ratio 2 : 3
iii a number less than 7? g 0.119 ℓ in the ratio 5 : 2
b What is the sum of the probabilities in part a? h 1 hour in the ratio 1 : 9 : 10
51 The shape A goes through two transformations. 58 Write down the first five terms of the sequence
The first transformation maps A onto A9 by with nth term 3n 2 2
reflecting A in the dashed mirror line. 59 A letter from the word STATISTICS is picked at
The second transformation maps A9 onto A0 by random. Find the probability that the letter is:
rotating A9 908 anticlockwise about the point O. a a vowel
Copy the diagram onto squared paper. Draw each b an S
of the images A9 and A0. c a consonant
d an I or a C
e also a letter from the word PROBABILITY.
3
A O 60 If 8200 3 5 2460, what is
10
a 15% of 8200 b 60 % of 820?
61 6 pens cost $5.28.
a How much will 11 pens cost?
b How many pens can you buy for $22?
301
Review C
62 Sort these lines into one of the three straight line 66 Copy the diagram below.
categories shown below
y 5 2x x 5 24
y5 x2
y57
1 A
y 5 3x 1 0.5 y 5 2x
y 5 6x 2 2 O m1
Categories:
Horizontal line Vertical line Diagonal line Rotate A 908 clockwise about centre O. Label the
image A9. Reflect A9 in the mirror line m1. Label
63 In a restaurant, a service charge of 15% is added to the image A0.
the price of the meal. Including the service charge, 2
6
what will be the bill for a meal costing $140 Finally, translate A0 through a b. Label the
2
without the service charge? image A-.
64 The table shows the number of customers and 67 What are the missing side lengths in these
skate rental at a rollerskating rink during one week cuboids?
in summer. a
Day Customers Pairs of skates rented

3
20 cm
Monday 192 130
4cm V=1
Tuesday 328 212
Wednesday 296 222 a
4cm
Thursday 325 195
b
Friday 456 292
a What is the probability that a customer will rent
skates on Wednesday? b
b What is the probability that a customer will rent V= 270cm3
skates on Thursday?
c What is the probability that a customer has their
own skates (and doesn’t rent any) on Thursday? 5cm
6cm
d During all five days, what is the probability that
a customer will rent skates? 68 a Find the area of a rectangle which is 8 cm wide
and 15 cm long.
65 Write the first amount as b A rectangle has an area of 96 cm2 and a length
i a fraction ii a percentage of the second. of 16 cm. What is the width of the rectangle?
a 112 cm out of 8 m
b 400 g out of 5 kg
c 350 ml out of 7 ℓ
d 15 minutes out of 2 hours
e an angle of 2888 out of a full turn
In part i, write the fraction in its simplest form.
302
919
19
Objectives
Vectors and matrices
The work in this chapter is not
919
in the Cambridge Secondary 1
£ Describe vectors as 2 3 1 column vectors. Mathematics curriculum
£ Add and subtract vectors. framework. Vectors and matrices
£ Associate position vectors with points. are not in the Checkpoint tests.
£ Use vectors to solve geometry problems. They are in the Cambridge
IGCSE ® maths curriculum and
£ Define a matrix as an array of numbers.
are here for you to try if you
£ Add, subtract and multiply simple matrices. have completed the work from
the other chapters.
What’s the point?

We use vectors simply for getting
from A to B. They are a great way of
describing the space around us and
even within us. Vectors are quantities
that have both magnitude and direction.
They have many applications. A sail-
boat captain, for example, has to take
account of both the wind and the
current in order to steer his course
correctly. Both of these are vectors.
Before you start

How to find the midpoint of a line segment AB, given the Find the midpoint of the line
coordinates of points A and B. segment AB if
a A is at (4, 3) and B is
For example:
B (10,7) at (10, 5)
b A is at (17, 1) and B is
at (11, 7)
A (2,3)
10 1 2 7 1 3
The midpoint, M, is at a , b
2 2
M (6, 5)
303
191919191919
19 Vectors and matrices
19.1 Vectors
You will need squared paper.
A vector is a quantity that has both size (magnitude)
and direction.
3 6 2
3
a 5 a b, b 5 a b, c 5 a 2 b
2
6
4
3
b 5 a b 5 2 3 a b 5 2a
2
4 2
A vector is distinguished from a scalar quantity, which
b is parallel to a and twice its length.
possesses size only.
2
For example: 3 3
c 5 a 2 b 5 2 a b 5 2a
2 2
Scalar Vector
c is parallel to a and has the same length but goes
Mass Weight
in the opposite direction.
Speed Velocity
Distance Displacement
Note: The velocity of a car is its speed in a particular Exercise 19A

direction.
1 Write the vectors in the diagram in the form
Vectors are represented geometrically by arrows. The S a
length of the arrow represents the size of the vector AB 5 a b.
b
and the direction of the arrow gives the direction of
the vector. Such vectors are usually described in terms Q I
of their components as column vectors.
H A
EXAMPLE 1 M
Write the vectors as column vectors. J

Q
P
T B
a b
x G L S
K
P
J U
X
O W V
S 3 2 2
a PQ 5 a b b x 5 a2 b P
2 3
2 Draw these column vectors.
Parallel vectors have the same or opposite directions 1 1
but may differ in magnitude. a a5a b b b 5 a2 b
2 2
2
EXAMPLE 2 1 2
c c5a b d d 5 a2 b
2 4
Look at the vectors below. 2
2 1
Explain how b and c are related to a. e e5a b f f 5 a2 b
4 2
3 3
a g g 5 a2 b h h5a b
6 0
0 0
c i i 5 a2 b j j5a b
b 2 1
304
191919191919
3 a
b
In Question 2, which pairs of vectors are
parallel?
Of the parallel pairs, e 5 2a. What other
relationships can you find?
Vectors as translations
A vector is often used to represent a translation.
B
4 Using the vectors a and b given below, show
on squared paper the vectors
()
2
1 A
a 1 b, a 1 2b, a 2 b, 2a 1 b, 2a 1 2b.
S D
a
C
b
Look at the diagram above. The shaded shape S is

mapped on to shape A by a translation described by the
5 Write these vectors in terms of a. 1
column vector a b.
2
a This vector means move 1 square right and 2 squares up.
r Use this diagram for Exercise 19B, which follows.
p
s
Exercise 19B
q
1 Use a column vector to describe the translation
t that maps shape A in the diagram onto:
a shape B b shape C c shape D.
1 2 Which shape does shape C map onto if the
6 If a 5 a b, draw the vectors translation is described by:
2
a 2a b 3a 3 2
a a b b a b
c 2a d 24a 1 4
2
7
1 5 2
Draw 2 a, 4 a, 3a, 23a, 23a for each of these
2
2 1
c a b d a b?
vectors. 1 3
a b 3 What can you say about the translation that
a maps shape A onto shape B and the translation
a
that maps shape C onto shape D?
c d 4 Copy and complete this table.
a a
Translation Vector Translation Vector
a ASB ¢˚ ≤ BSA ¢˚ ≤
b BSD ¢˚ ≤ DSB ¢˚ ≤
2
2 2
c ¢ ≤ ¢2 ≤
4 4
5 What is the connection between the vectors in

each part of Question 4?
305
191919191919
Adding vectors
In geometrical applications of vectors, it is useful to
think of vectors as representing translations.
The addition of two vectors can then be thought of as
You should notice that you can add vectors by adding
their components:
x1
y1
x2
a b1a b5a
y2
x1 1 x2
y1 1 y2
b
the single translation that is equivalent to the two You can subtract vectors in the same way too.
successive translations.
For example,
3 2 2
1
2 if a 5 a 2 b and c 5 a b then
2 q Q 1 4
p5a b
P 3 2
2 1
a 2 c 5 a2 b 2 a b
1 4
p p+q
1 2 1 3
4 5 a2 b 1 a2 b 5 a2 b
q5a b 1 4 5
O 1
In the diagram, the translation of Flag 1 to Flag 2 is Pictorially, this is
shown by the arrow from O to P. a 2 c 5 a 1 1 2c 2
The translation of Flag 2 to Flag 3 is shown by the
arrow from P to Q.
a 2
The translation of Flag 1 to Flag 3 could be shown by 1
c5a b
an arrow from O to Q. It is equivalent to translation p 4
followed by translation q, that is: −c 1
2
c 5 a2 b
2 4 6 4
a b1a b5a b
3 1 4
Vectors are added by placing the arrows which
represent them tip to tail:
Exercise 19C
q 3 2 5
p a b 1 a2 b 5 a b 2 2
3 2
1
2 1 1 1 If a 5 a 2 b, b 5 a b, c 5 a b
p+q 1 2 4
2
2
and d 5 a 2 b, draw diagrams to find:
3
a a1b b b1a
EXAMPLE 3 c a1c d c1a
2
3 2 e b1d f c1d
If a 5 a 2 b and b 5 a 2 b, draw a diagram to g a1d h a2c
2 1
show a 1 b. 2 Draw diagrams to show p 2 q when
4 1
a p 5 a b, q 5 a b
3 2
a
1 2
a+ b b p 5 a b, q 5 a b
3 1
b
Check your answers by subtracting the
2 2 column vectors.
3 2 1
a 1 b 5 a2 b 1 a2 b 5 a2 b
2 1 3
306
191919191919
3 Draw diagrams to illustrate these vector
additions.
1 2
a a b1a b5a b
3 4
2
3
7
2
2
3
That is, a 1 b 5 b 1 a.
Vector addition is commutative.
Vector a can be subtracted from vector b to give

vector b 2 a.
1 2 1
b a b 1 a2 b 5 a2 b 4 2
3 4 1 For example, if b 5 a b and a 5 a b
2 1 3
2 0 2 0
c a b 1 a b 1 a2 b 5 a b 422 2
0 1 1 0 then b 2 a 5 a b 5 a2 b
123 2
p
4 Use the diagram to show that 4 A vector a can be multiplied by a number k.
p1q5q1p The result is another vector, ka. When the vector is
q
q written as a column vector, each component is
multiplied by k.
p 2
p For example if a 5 a b
5 Use the diagram to show that 3
a p 2 q 5 p 1 1 2q 2 532 10
b q 1 p 1 1 2q 2 5 p (−q) then 5a 5 a b5a b
q 533 15
5 For each vector a there is an opposite or inverse
p vector 1 2a 2 , and a 1 1 2a 2 5 0.
The result 0 is called the zero vector or null
6 By drawing a sketch find: vector.
2
3 1 7 2 3 2
3
a a b 1 a2 b b a b 1 a2 b For example, if a 5 a 2 b then 2a 5 a b
8 2 2 5 2 2
6 6 5 6
c a b1a b d a2 b 1 a2 b 0
5 7 5 2 and a 1 1 2a 2 5 a b.
2
0
7 2 3 4
e a b 1 a2 b f a b1a b
4 3 0 1 Exercise 19D
Check your answers by vector addition. 2
1 4 3
1 r5a b, s 5 a 2 b, t 5 a 2 b
7 Calculate: 5 3 15
2
1 2 4
a a b1a b1a b a Write down: i 2r ii 2s iii 2t
3 1 2
3 2
4 2
6 b Show that:
b a b 1 a b 1 a2 b i r1s5s1r ii t 1 1 2t 2 5 0
4 2 1
13 20 3 iii t 5 23r iv t 1 r 5 22r
c a b2a b1a b
15 25 8 c Find:
2 i r1s1t ii 3s 1 2r 1 t
0 1 1
d a2 b 1 a b 2 a2 b 1 2
1 2 1 iii t iv t
3 3
Use sketches to check your answers. v 3t 2 2s
5 3
Vector algebra 2 If r 5 a b and s 5 a b, find:
6 4
All vectors have the following properties: a r2s b s2r
c 2r 2 s d 3r 2 2s
1 Two vectors a and b can be added.
2 4 Show also that 3 1 r 1 s 2 5 3r 1 3s
For example, if a 5 a b and b 5 a b
3 1
214 6
then a 1 b 5 a b5a b
311 4
307
191919191919
3 Find the values of x and y if

x
a a b1a b5a b
3
y
y
2
3
6
4
5
EXAMPLE 4
Two lines, AC and DB, intersect at M. M is the
midpoint of both AC and DB.
A B
b a b 1 a b 5 a2 b
x 2 3 p q
x 1 7
c 3a b 2 2a b 5 a b M
2 y 4
2 2
4 6 8
4 Given a 5 a 2 b, b 5 a 2 b and c 5 a b, D C
find: 3 5 4
S S
a 3a 1 2c If AM 5 p and MB 5 q, show that AB 5 DC and
b 23c 1 4b AB is parallel to DC.
c 2a 2 3b 2 c
S S S
4 2
4 AB 5 AM 1 MB 5 p 1 q
5 If a 5 a b, b 5 a b,
3 2 As M is the midpoint of AC and DB,
S S S S
2
3 2
6 DM 5 MB 5 q and MC 5 AM 5 p
c 5 a 2 b and d 5 a 2 b, S S S
2 5 So, DC 5 DM 1 MC 5 q 1 p
S S
find: Hence AB 5 DC.
a a2b b 2a 1 b S S
c 3a 1 2b d a 1 5b Since the vectors AB and DC are equal, they have
e 22c 2 3d f 2c 2 5d the same length 1 AB 5 DC 2 and the same
g a 2 2b 1 c h a 2 b 2 3c direction, so they are parallel.
i 2a 2 4d 2 2c j a 2 2b 2 3c
k 22c 2 d 2 a l 2
3d 2 c 2 b
Exercise 19E
1 B C
19.2 Using vectors in
geometry
You can use vectors to prove simple geometrical
A D
properties of shapes.
Copy and complete:
There are two basic ideas: S S
a AB 1 BC 5 u
1 B 2 Y S S
b BC 1 CD 5 u
X S S S
W c AB 1 BC 1 CD 5 u
A 2 b
B C
Z
S S S S S S a c
AB 5 2BA WX 1 XY 1 YZ 5 WZ
A d D
Copy and complete:

S S
a AB 1 BD 5 u
S S
b AC 1 CD 5 u
S S S
c BA 1 AD 1 DC 5 u
308
191919191919
3 X and Y are the midpoints of AB and DC,
which are sides of the parallelogram ABCD.
D Y C
9 In the diagram,
and AC respectively.
Copy and complete:
S
M and N are the midpoints of AB

B
C
b 1
a AM 5 2 1 2
S 1 M
b AN 5 2 1 2
A X B
S S N
a c AB 1 u 5 AC
S S S S
If AX 5 a and AD 5 b, write in terms of a d AM 1 u 5 AN
A
and b: S
S S S 10 In the diagram in Question 9, if AB 5 p and
a ABS b DY
S c AY S S
d AC e YB f CA AC 5 q, write expressions in terms of
p and q for:
4 Use the figure to complete: D S S S S
S S a AM b AN c BC d MN
a AB 1 BC 5 u S 1 S
S S Use your answers to show that MN 5 2 BC.
b CD 1 DE 5 u E C
S S 11 In Question 9, the vector representing MN is
c AC 1 CD 5 u
half the vector representing BC. Explain why
this shows that MN is parallel to BC and why
Now explain why A B
the length of MN is half that of BC.
S S S S S
AB 1 BC 1 CD 1 DE 1 EA is the B M C
12 OACB is a square
zero vector. S
with OA 5 2a and
5 Draw any hexagon ABCDEF. Copy and S
OB 5 3b.
complete: M is the midpoint 3b
S S S S
a AB 1 BC 5 u b AC 1 CD 5 u of BC and N is a N
S S S S
c AD 1 DE 5 u d AE 1 EF 5 u point one third of
the way along AC. O A
Use your results to show that: 2a
S S S S S S
AB 1 BC 1 CD 1 DE 1 EF 1 FA 5 0 Write down in terms of a and b the
vectors for:
6 Look at your answers for Question 4 and 5. S S S S
Explain why the sum of the vectors a BM b MC c AN d CN
representing the sides of any closed polygon, Use your results to write down the vectors for:
taken in order, is always the zero vector. S S S S
e OM f ON g BN h MN
S S
7 OA 5 a and OB 5 b B
Write in terms of a and b: 13 In the triangle OAB, C is the midpoint of AB,
S b S S
a AO OA 5 a and OB 5 b.
S B
b AB O A
S a b
c BA
S C
8 In the parallelogram ABCD, AB 5 u and
S O
BC 5 v. Write in terms of u and v: a A
S
a AD D C
S Write in terms of a and b:
b CD S S
S a AO b AB
c AC v S S
c AC d OC
A u B
309
191919191919 19 Vectors and matrices
Position vectors
Instead of using coordinates to describe the position of
a point on a graph, you could use a vector.
S
Any point P in the plane defines the vector OP which
S
b
S
S
6
ON 5 a b
4
S S S
MN 5 MO 1 ON 5 2OM 1 ON
S
joins the origin O to P. OP is called the position vector 3 6 3
S 5 2a b 1 a b 5 a b
of P. The position vector for another point Q is OQ. 0.5 4 3.5
S 2
Value of y
5 OP 5 a b The next example shows how position vectors can

3 assist you when a line is divided in a ratio.
P (2,3)
3 S 4
OQ 5 a b
1 EXAMPLE 7
2
Q (4,1) Find the coordinates of the point K which divides
1
the line PQ in the ratio 2 : 3.
P (6,7)
0 1 2 3 4 5 K
Value of x
The coordinates of P are (2,3).
O Q (16,2)
S 2
The position vector of P 5 OP 5 a b
3
S
A column vector is used for OP to make sure you do In the diagram PK : KQ 5 2 : 3. So if PQ is divided
not confuse it with the coordinates of P. into five parts, PK is two parts and KQ is three
2
parts. In other words PK 5 5 PQ.
EXAMPLE 6 S 6 S 16
OP 5 a b, OQ 5 a b
XY is a line with midpoint M, where X is the 7 2
point (2, 3) and Y is the point 1 4,22 2 . S S S S S
PQ 5 PO 1 OQ 5 2OP 1 OQ
a Write down the position vectors of X, Y
and M. 6 16 10
5 2 a b 1 a b 5 a2 b
b If N is the point (6, 4), find the components 7 2 5
S S S S S
of MN. 2S
OK 5 OP 1 PK 5 OP 1 PQ
y 5
N
4 S 6
X 2 10
3 (2,3)
So OK 5 a b 1 a 2 b
7 5 5
2
1
M
6 4
5 a b 1 a2 b
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 x 7 2
−1
(4,−2)
−2 10
Y 5a b
5
S 2 S 4 The coordinates of K are therefore (10, 5).
a OX 5 a b, OY 5 a 2 b
3 2
2 1 4 3 1 1 22
2
M has coordinates a , b
2 2
5 1 3, 0.5 2
S 3
So OM 5 a b
0.5
310
191919191919
Exercise 19F
1 A has coordinates (1, 3) and B has coordinates
1 21,4 2 . What is:
a the position vector of A
19.3 Matrices
Number tables are matrices
The number of runs made by the five best batsmen in

High Town School in the first innings of four cricket
b the position vector of B matches are given in the table. The opposing schools
S
c the vector AB? are called P, Q, R and S.
S 2
2 Given A 1 3,22 2 and AB 5 a b, find: P Q R S
a the position vector of A 4 Benhoe 8 10 21 9
b the position vector of B
Lee 10 3 30 15
c the coordinates of B.
S 7 Singh 7 15 2 23
3 Given B 1 23, 5 2 and AB 5 a b, find:
3 Marshall 18 6 14 12
a the position vector of A
Williams 3 12 0 22
b the position vector of B
c the coordinates of A.
The runs made by these same batsmen in their second
4 y
S 1 innings were:
P (1,4)
4 OP 5 a b
4 P Q R S
3 S 3
OQ 5 a b Benhoe 17 3 1 7
2
Q (3,2) 2 Lee 3 8 5 15
1
Singh 7 16 21 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 x Marshall 0 27 3 6
Williams 18 4 1 16
a For the diagram above, complete the
S S S
statement: PQ 5 PO 1 u 5 2OP 1 u A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows and
b Find the column vector for PQ. columns. Most numerical tables, like the ones above,
c If M is the midpoint of PQ, write down can be written as matrices.
S
the column vector for PM. A matrix is written in brackets. It can also be named
S S
d Complete the statement OM 5 OP 1 u. using one of the letters of the alphabet.
e Write down the position vector of M. For example, the two tables could be written as:
S S
5 Compare the column vectors for OP, OQ and
S 8 10 21 9
OM in Question 4. S 10 3 30 15
Can you find a quick way of obtaining OM
S S A 5 • 7 15 2 23 µ and
from OP and OQ?
18 6 14 12
6 In the diagram, O is the origin. R and S are 3 12 0 22
points with position vectors r and s.
M is the midpoint of RS. 17 3 1 7
R 3 8 5 15
B 5 • 7 16 21 4 µ
M
0 27 3 6
O S 18 4 1 16
S
a Write RS in terms of r and s. The first row of A is (8 10 21 9)
S
b By first finding RM write the position
vector of M in terms of r and s.
c Use this result to check your answer for
Question 4.
311
191919191919
17
3
The first column of B is • 7 µ
0
Adding and subtracting matrices
Only matrices of the same type can be added.
EXAMPLE 8
18 If possible, work out:
A has 5 rows and 4 columns. It is called a 5 3 4 2 3 1 22 2 3 1
a a b1a b b a b1a b
matrix. 4 1 3 23 4 1 3
(This is read as a ‘five by four matrix’.) 2
2 3 1 2 2 1 1 3 1 22
B is also a 5 3 4 matrix. a a b1a 2 b 5 a b
4 1 3 3 4 1 3 1 1 23
3 1
5a 2 b
Exercise 19G 7 2
1 Use A to find the total number of runs made 2 3 1
b a b1a b
by Benhoe in the first innings of the four 4 1 3
matches. This cannot be done as the first matrix is
2 Use B to find the total number of runs scored 2 3 2 and the second is a 2 3 1 matrix.
by the five batsmen in the second innings
against school Q.
3 Find: Exercise 19H
a the total number of runs scored by Benhoe 1 Here are some matrices:
against school P 2 4 3 2
4
b the total number of runs scored by Singh A5a b B5a b
3 9 11 6
against school R.
2
4 The total scores by the five batsmen for both 3 4 0 0
C 5 a2 2 b D5a b
innings will be given by the matrix A 1 B. 11 6 0 0
2
Copy and complete the matrix A 1 B by 3
E5a b F 5 12 62
adding the components of A and B. 1
25 13 22 16 Where possible, work out:
a A1B b A1D
c B1A d E1C
A1B5 • µ
e F1E f B1C
2 a Which of the matrices in Question 1
are 2 3 2?
5 What type of matrix (how many rows and b What is the effect of adding matrix D to
columns) is each of the following? another matrix?
2 21 c What can you say about B and C?
a (1 2 3) b a b
1 6 d Can you add A to E? Why not?
2 1 22 4 3 For the matrices in Question 1, work out:
c a b d a b
3 2 3 21 a 1A 1 B2 1 C b A 1 1B 1 C2
2
3 2 1 2 4 Are the results the same?
e £4 1≥ f £6 2
2 3≥
2 6 1 7 8
312
191919191919
4 X and Y are matrices:
X 5 a2
2
1
3
0
2
b, Y 5 a
1
2
1 21
2
3
b
2
a
b
in stock.
The manager wants twice as many of each
Write down the table for this.

In matrix form you can show the
The matrix X 2 Y 5 a 2 b 10 22
3 23 multiplication by 2 as: 2a b
15 36
a Explain the rule for subtracting a matrix. Write down the answer as a matrix.
b For the matrices in Question 1, where c In the multiplication, 2 is a scalar.
possible find: Explain how you would multiply a 2 3 2
i A2B ii D 2 A matrix by the scalar 3.
iii E 2 F iv F 2 E 5
v A2D vi C 2 B 2 Let a be the vector a b. Write down the
2
3 1 5 0 column vector 4a. Is the rule for multiplying
5 If A 5 a b, B 5 a 2 b and
5 4 2 7 by a scalar the same for both vectors and
2
matrices?
1 3
C 5 a2 b 3 Write as a single matrix:
4 0
3 0 3
find: a 2a b b 5a b
a A2B b B2A 0 1 4
c A1C2B d C2A1B 2 1 1 2 4
c 3a 2 b1 a b
1 0 2 1 6
Multiplying by a scalar d
1 3
3a b 2 2a 2 b
You can multiply a matrix by a number (or scalar) by 2 1
multiplying every component (or element) in the 4 Find the value of each letter in these matrices:
matrix by that number. 1 2 a 4
For example: a 2a b5a b
3 4 6 b
4 3 534 533 1 22 3 26
53a b5a b b 3a b5a b
1 6 531 536 c d d 12
20 15 e 2 3 22 10 22
5a b c a 2 b 1 2a b 5 a2 b
5 30 f 3 f g 12 6
0 h 1 2 k 14
d ha 2 b
2a b5a 2 b
i 3 3 j 5 12
Exercise 19I
1 A manufacturer of candies produces two 5 3 25 2
2 3 2
4 0
A5a b B 5 a b C 5 a 2 b
flavours (chocolate and strawberry), and 8 4 1 5 5 1
supplies them in two sizes (large and small). Evaluate a 2B b 2A 1 2B c 3C 2 2A
The manager of Green Valley Stores finds he 1 1
d 2A 2 2B
1
e 3B 1 4C
3
has the following stock:
Size 19.4 Multiplying matrices

Large Small To multiply matrices, you have to multiply the rows of
the first matrix by the columns of the second matrix.
Chocolate 10 22
Strawberry 15 36
313
191919191919
EXAMPLE 9
Work out a
1 2 5
ba b
3 4 6
Exercise 19J
1 What is the total number of pieces of pottery
to be completed by:
a all the boys in Year 1
Divide the first matrix into rows, R1 and R2 and b all the boys in Year 2
the second matrix into columns, C1: c all the girls in Year 1?
C1
2 What is the total number of pieces of pottery
R1 1 2 5 to be completed:
a ba b a in Year 1 b in Year 2?
R2 3 4 6
3 Write the answer to Question 2 in a table:
Now multiply each element in R1 by
Pottery
the corresponding element in C1 and add:
Year 1
1355 5
2 3 6 5 12 1 Year 2
17
4 Write the answer to Question 3 as a matrix Z.
Similarly, multiply the elements of R2 and C1:
5 The matrix Z could be obtained from the
3 3 5 5 15
matrix multiplication X 3 Y, as shown below:
4 3 6 5 24 1
39 B G P P
Y1 10 17 B 3 Y1 47
This gives the elements of the product of the two a b3 a b5 a b
Y2 14 9 G 1 Y2 51
matrices:
For the matrix Z:
1 2 5 17
a ba b 5 a b a what does the 47 tell you
3 4 6 39 b what does the 51 tell you?
Notice that the size of the resulting 2 3 1 matrix 6 The number of art pieces that have to be
is determined by the number of rows in the first completed is given by the matrix D where:
matrix (2) and the number of columns in the A
second matrix (1). B 2
D5 a b
G 5
The number of boys and girls in the first and second What is the total number of art pieces that
years of Green Trees High School is as follows: must be completed by:
a all the students in Year 1
Boys Girls b all the students in Year 2?
Year 1 10 17 7 Set out the multiplication X 3 D in the same
Year 2 14 9 way as X 3 Y in Question 5.
8 Work out:
10 17 1 2 7 1 3 2
This can be written as the matrix X 5 a b a a b
14 9 ba b a ba b
3 4 8 4 2 1 2
In the first and second years, Pottery 3 0 1 4 21 2
the boys and girls all do c a d
Boys 3 2 b a2 b a2 b a2 b
pottery and art. 1 4 2 3 0 1
During each year, they each Girls 1 1 0 3 0 1 3
have to complete pieces of e a ba b f a ba b
0 1 4 1 0 4
pottery as shown on the right. 2
2 21 1 a b 1
g a2 ba b h a b a2 b
3 3 0 4 c d 3
This can be written as the matrix Y 5 a b
1 The method can be extended to multiply a 2 3 2
matrix by a 2 3 2 matrix.
314
191919191919
At Green Trees High School, the number of pieces of
pottery and art to be done by each boy and girl can be
written as a single matrix T:
T5 a
P A
B 3 2
b
EXAMPLE 10
Work out:
a
1 2 5 7
ba b
G 1 5 3 4 6 8
The product of T with the matrix X can be worked out
as follows: 1 2 5 7
a ba b
Step 1 3 4 6 8
10 x 3 = 30
17 x 1 = 17 1 135 2 1 1 236 2 1 137 2 1 1 238 2
Now add them.
5a b
1 335 2 1 1 436 2 1 337 2 1 1 438 2
( 1014 17
9 ) ( 31 5
2 ) = (30 + 17) 5a
17 23
39 53
b
Step 2
Exercise 19K
8 1 1 4 10
( 1014 17
9 )( 3
1
2
5 ) = ( 47 105
) a a ba
2 3 2 3
b5a b
3 5 2 21
b a2 ba b5a b
This is (10 x 2) + (17 x 5) = 105 2 4 3 0 2
2
2 3 2 1 7
c a b a2 b5a b
6 7 1 3
2
Step 3 3 4 5 1
d a2 ba b 5 a2 b
( )( )=( )
10 17 3 2 47 105 2 1 2 3 8
14 9 1 5 51 2 Find the products of these 2 3 2 matrices:
5 2 2 8 3 8 2 6
a a ba b b a 2 ba 2 b
Now do (14 x 3) + (9 x 1) = 51 4 3 7 6 2 1 5 3
1 0 2 3 2 3 3 0
c a ba b d a ba b
0 1 4 2 4 2 0 6
0 1 22 1 2
2 0 2 3
Step 4 e a ba b f a ba b
1 0 3 1 1 2 4 5
( 1014 17
9 )( 3
1
2
5 ) = ( 4751 105
73 ) g a
1
2 2
1 2 4
b a
1 0 5
b h a
2
1
0
2
1 23
ba
2 22
2
2
1
4
b
Finally, (14 x 2) + (9 x 5) = 73
You can multiply matrices so long as the number of

columns in the first matrix is the same as the number
of rows in the second.
315
191919191919
Consolidation
Example 1 Example 4
Draw the column vectors: Given the matrices
3 2
2 3 22 1 4 3
a a2 b b a2 b A5a b, B 5 a 2 b, C 5 a 2 b, find
2 5 2 4 3 1 5
a AB b AC
a 3 2
2 1 3 3 1 1 1 22 2 3 1 23 2
AB 5 a b a2 b 5 a b
2 4 3 2 3 1 1 4 3 1 23 2
316 9
5a b 5 a2 b
(3 across, 2 down) (2 left across, 5 down) 2 2 12 10
3 22 4 3
Example 2 b AC 5 a ba b
2 4 21 5
3 2 0
If A 5 a 2 b, B 5 a b and C 5 a b, what is: 3 3 4 1 1 22 2 3 1 21 2 3 3 3 1 1 22 2 3 5
2 1 2 5a b
2 3 4 1 4 3 1 21 2 2331435
a A1B1C 2
12 1 2 9 2 10 14 1
3 2 0 5a b5a b
A 1 B 1 C 5 a2 b 1 a b 1 a b 8 2 4 6 1 20 4 26
2 1 2
5
5a b Exercise 19
1
1 Draw these column vectors.
b 3A 2 2B? 2 3 2
3 2 a a b b a b c a b
3A 2 2B 5 3a 2 b 2 2a b 3 5 0
2 1 2 2
0 2 3
9 4 5 d a2 b e a b f a2 b
5 a2 b 2 a b 5 a2 b 2 1 1
6 2 8
2
1 2 3
Example 3 2 Given A 5 a b, B 5 a 2 b and C 5 a 2 b,
S S find: 3 1 5
In the parallelogram PQRS, PQ 5 A and PS 5 B.
a A1B b 3A
S R c 2B d A2C
e 3A 1 C f 3A 1 2B
B g A1B2C h 4C 2 A
i 5C 1 2B
P 2 2 2
1
A Q 3 Given A 5 a b, B 5 1 4 3 2 , C 5a b
1 1 4
S S
Write a PR and b QS in terms of A and B. 3 0
and D 5 a 2 b, find:
2 4
S S a BA b AB c CA
a PR b QS
S S S S S S d DA e BC f BD
PR 5 PQ 1 QR QS 5 QP 1 PS
2 g CD h DC i CDA
5A 1 B 5 A 1 B
5B 2A
316
191919191919
4 In triangle OAB, the midpoints of OA, OB
and AB are W, X and Y respectively.
a
A
5
A ship leaves port and sails 5 km south and

4 km west. It then changes course and sails
2 km north and 3 km west.
a Using a scale of 1 cm 5 1 km, draw the
ship’s course on a grid.
W Y b Write down the ship’s journey as the sum
of two vectors.
c How far is the ship from port?
d The ship is now returning directly to port.
O X b B
Write down a vector that represents
S S its track.
If OA 5 a and OB 5 b
a Write down expressions for:
S S S
i OY ii AX iii BW in terms of
a and b.
S S S
b Show that OY 1 AX 1 BW 5 0.
Summary

1 How to use a column vector to describe a translation. 1 Describe these translations as
column vectors.
( 32 )
−
a a= a b c
a b c
2 How to add or subtract vectors. 4 2

2 2
3
For example: 2 If a 5 a b, b 5 a b, c 5 a 2 b
C 3 4 2
find the value of:
a a1b
B b a2b
c 2a 2 3c
d 3a 1 b 2 c
A
S S 4 1 5 S
AB 1 BC 5 a b 1 a b 5 a b 5 AC
2 2 4
317
191919191919
3 How vectors can be used to solve geometric problems.

For example:
S
3
A
B
b
In the diagram AD can be written in terms of a and b.
a
2a C
D C c
D
b ABCD is a quadrilateral with
S S S
AD 5 a, BC 5 b and DC 5 c
A 3a B
a Find in terms of a, b and c:
S
S S S S i AC
AD 5 AB 1 BC 1 CD S
ii AB
5 3a 2 b 2 2a
5a2b b If M is the midpoint of DC,
S
find AM.
4 Any point can be represented by a position vector. 4 a Write down the position vectors
For example: of the points A(2,3) and B(6,1).
S a b Hence find the position vector
the point, P (a, b) has position vector OP 5 a b
b of the midpoint, M, of AB.
y
b P (a,b)
a
(b)
O a x
5 A matrix is an array of numbers arranged in rows 3 2 2

1 2
and columns. 5 A 5 a2 b, B 5 a b
1 4 3 5
A 2 3 3 matrix has 2 rows and 3 columns. 4 0
a To add matrices, you add the corresponding and C 5 a 2 b
components. 5 2
For example: a Find:
1 22 2
1 3 0 1 i A1B
a b1a b5a b ii 3A 1 2C
3 4 1 0 4 4
iii B 2 C
b To multiply matrices, divide the first matrix into rows iv 5B 2 2A
and the second into columns, then multiply each row v 2A 2 C
by each column. vi AB
For example: vii BA
C1 C2
2 b Does AB 5 BA?
R1 3 1 2 0 7 23
a b a2 b5a b
R2 4 3 1 3 5 9
R1 3 C1 5 3 3 2 1 21 3 21 5 6 1 1 5 7
R1 3 C2 5 3 3 0 1 21 3 3 5 0 1 23 5 23
R2 3 C1 5 4 3 2 1 3 3 21 5 8 2 3 5 5
R2 3 C2 5 4 3 0 1 3 3 3 5 0 1 9 5 9
318
Index
accuracy, degree of, 85 circumference, 262–4 frequency diagrams for, problem solving, 112
accurate values, 64 column vectors, 304 170–5 of quantities, 205–7
addition common difference, 215 pie charts for, 170–5 simplifying, 109–11
decimals, 146–7 common factors, 17 distributive law, 109 subtraction, 102–6
fractions, 102–6 common multiples, 16 division with different
with different commutative law, 9, 109 by given ratios, 255–6 denominators, 104–5
denominators, 103–4 comparisons, data and decimals, 76–8, 147–51 frequency diagrams, for
integers, 8–9, 146–7 diagrams, 182–7 fractions, 107–8 discrete data, 170–5
matrices, 312–13 compasses, 36 integers, 76–8, 107–8 frequency tables, 86–7
mixed numbers, 104 compound shapes, area, 273–6 negative numbers, 12–13 functions, 30–1, 220–2
vectors, 306–7 congruency, 42–6 drawings
geometry, 128–43
algebra, vector, 307–8 testing for, 45 mathematical, 35–59
problems, coordinate axes in,
algebraic expressions, 30 continuous data, 82, 170 scale, 244–6
137–8
alternate angles, 130 coordinate axes, in geometry see also diagrams; graphs
vectors in, 308–11
angles, 129–32 problems, 137–8
enlargements, 242–4 grams, 61
alternate, 130 coordinates, 222–7
equations, 116–27 graphs, 213–32
bisecting, 41–2 corresponding angles, 130
balancing, 118–19 drawing, 163–4
in common shapes, 132–7 cube roots, 15
straight lines, 227–8 line, 176–7
corresponding, 130 cubes, 13–16
see also linear equations linear, 222–8
exterior, 133–4 mental strategies, 18–19
equilateral triangles, 53 real-life, 161–3
in quadrilaterals, 133–7 cuboids, volume, 276–8
estimation, 64–6 travel, 164–5
in triangles, 132–3
data expanding see also diagrams; drawings
apexes, 133
continuous, 82, 170 brackets, 28–30
approximate values, 64 HCF (highest common factor),
and diagrams, 182–7 expressions, 26–30
arcs, constructing, 36–7 17
interpretation, 169–95 experimental probability, 287–9
area, 260–84 high probability, 286
planning, 81–95 expressions, 25–34, 116–27
circles, 268–70 highest common factor (HCF),
presentation, 169–95 algebraic, 30
compound shapes, 273–6 17
processing, 81–95 constructing, 31–2
parallelograms, 270–1 histograms, 177–9
qualitative, 82 expanding, 26–30
rectangles, 264–8
quantitative, 82 simplifying, 26–30 icosahedrons, 50
surface, 278–9
see also discrete data substitution into, 121–2 images, mirror, 50
trapeziums, 271–3
data collection, 82–5 exterior angles, 133–4 imperial units, 66–7
triangles, 264–8
methods, 83–4 indices, 13–16
units, 63–4 factors, 16–18
decimal places, 72–3 notation, 16
arithmetic common, 17
decimals inequalities, 73–4
laws of, 109–11 highest common, 17
addition, 146–7 inputs, 220–2
rules, 19–20 facts
division, 76–8, 147–51 integers
arithmetic sequences, 215 known
equivalent, 203–5 addition, 8–9, 146–7
averages, 87–91 mathematical, 20
and fractions, 144–57, division, 76–8, 107–8
choice of, 90–1 and place value, 209
202–12 multiplication, 75–6
Fibonacci, Leonardo
bisecting multiplication, 74–6, 147–51 subtraction, 8–9, 146–7
(c.1170–c.1250), 213
angles, 41–2 ordering, 73–4, 145 interpreting, data and diagrams,
formulae, 122–5
lines, 40–1 and percentages, 202–12 182–7
deriving, 124–5
bisectors, perpendicular, 40–1 of quantities, 205–7 investigations, simple, 214
substitution into, 122–4
brackets, expanding, 28–30 and scales, 159–60 isosceles triangles, 53
fractions, 101–15
subtraction, 146–7
calculations addition, 102–6 kilograms, 61
degree of accuracy,
numbers and, 7–24, 70–80 with different kilometres, 61
measurement, 85
simplifying, 109–11 denominators, 103–4 kilometres cubed, 63
diagrams
capacity, 60–9 and decimals, 144–57, kites, 54
and data, 182–7
units, 63–4 202–12 known facts
frequency, 170–5
centimetres, 61 division, 107–8 mathematical, 20
stem-and-leaf, 180–2
centimetres cubed, 63 equivalent, 203–5 and place value, 209
see also drawings; graphs
change, rates of, 158–68 multiplication, 106–7
difference, common, 215 LCM (lowest common
circles operations, order of, 111–12
direct proportion, 256 multiple), 16
area, 268–70 ordering, 154
direction, 304 length, 60–9
constructing, 36–7 and percentages, 202–12
discrete data, 82 line graphs, 176–7
319
line segments, perpendicular number tables, as matrices, qualitative data, 82 surface area, 278–9
bisectors, 40–1 311–12 quantitative data, 82 symmetry, 50–4
linear equations numbers rotational, 52
range, 88–90
problem solving, 120–1 and calculations, 7–24,
rates of change, 158–68 tables
solving, 117–21 70–80
ratios, 246, 253–6 frequency, 86–7
linear graphs, 222–8 positive, 8
division by given, 255–6 multiplication, 10–11
linear sequences, 215 prime, 17
simplifying, 253–4 number, as matrices, 311–12
lines rounding, 71–3
real-life graphs, 161–3 two-way, 85–6
bisecting, 40–1 see also integers; mixed
rectangles, 54 term-to-term rule, 215
parallel, 130–2 numbers; negative
area, 264–8 terms, nth, 216–20
straight, 227–8 numbers
reflections, 234–6 theoretical probability, 289–91
low probability, 286
operations, order of, fractions, rhombi, 54 time, 158–68
lowest common multiple
111–12 roots, 13–16 tonnes, 61
(LCM), 16
ordering mental strategies, 18–19 transformations, 233–50
mappings, 43–4 decimals, 73–4, 145 rotational symmetry, 52 combinations of, 240–1
mass, 60–9 fractions, 154 rotations, 236–7 translations, 237–40
mathematical drawings, 35–59 outcomes rounding, numbers, 71–3 shapes, 238–40
mathematical facts, known, 20 listing, 291–3 vectors as, 305
same units, 254–5
matrices, 311–13 mutually exclusive, 291–2 trapeziums, 54
sample size, 84–5
addition, 312–13 outputs, 220–2 area, 271–3
samples, 84
multiplication, 313–15 travel graphs, 164–5
parallel lines, 130–2 scalars, multiplication, 313
number tables as, 311–12 triangles
parallelograms, 54 scale drawings, 244–6
subtraction, 312–13 angles in, 132–3
area, 270–1 scalene triangles, 53
mean, 87, 88 area, 264–8
patterns, looking for, 214–16 scales, and decimals, 159–60
measures, units, 61–2, 252 classifying, 53
percentage decrease, 208–9 sequences, 213–32
median, 87, 88 constructing, 37–9
percentage increase, 208–9 arithmetic, 215
mental strategies, 18–20 equilateral, 53
percentages linear, 215
metres, 61 isosceles, 53
and decimals, 202–12 rules, 214–16
metres cubed, 63 scalene, 53
equivalent, 203–5 shapes, 35–59
metric units, converting, 62 two-way tables, 85–6
and fractions, 202–12 angles in, 132–7
midpoints, 40
of quantities, 205–7 classifying, 53–4 unitary method, 256
miles, 66–7
perimeters, 261–4 compound, area, 273–6 units
millilitres, 63
perpendicular bisectors, of line translations, 238–40 area, 63–4
millimetres, 61
segments, 40–1 simplifying capacity, 63–4
millimetres cubed, 63
pie charts calculations, 109–11 imperial, 66–7
mirror images, 50
for discrete data, 170–5 expressions, 26–30 of measurement, 61–2, 252
mixed numbers
reading, 173–5 fractions, 109–11 metric, 62
addition, 104
place value, and known facts, speed, 304 same, 254–5
subtraction, 105–6
209 square centimetres, 63 volume, 63–4
mode, 87–8
points, plotting, 159–61 square kilometres, 63
multiples, 16–18 values
populations, 84 square metres, 63
common, 16 accurate, 64
position vectors, 310–11 square millimetres, 63
lowest common, 16 approximate, 64
position-to-term rule, 215 square roots, 13–14
multiplication vector algebra, 307–8
positive numbers, 8 squares, 13–16
decimals, 74–6, 147–51 vectors, 304–8
powers see indices mental strategies, 18–19
fractions, 106–7 addition, 306–7
prime numbers, 17 squares (shapes), 54
integers, 75–6 column, 304
probability, 285–96 stem-and-leaf diagrams, 180–2
matrices, 313–15 in geometry, 308–11
concept of, 286–7 straight lines, equations, 227–8
negative numbers, 9–12 position, 310–11
experimental, 287–9 substitution
scalars, 313 as translations, 305
high, 286 into expressions, 121–2
multiplication tables, 10–11 volume, 260–84
low, 286 into formulae, 122–4
mutually exclusive outcomes, cuboids, 276–8
theoretical, 289–91 subtraction
291–2 units, 63–4
proportion, 256–7 decimals, 146–7
negative numbers, 8 direct, 256 fractions, 102–6 whole numbers see integers
division, 12–13 with different
quadrilaterals
multiplication, 9–12 denominators, 104–5
angles in, 133–7
nets, drawing, 46–50 integers, 8–9, 146–7
classifying, 54
nth term, 216–20 matrices, 312–13
see also rectangles
number machines, 117–18 mixed numbers, 105–6
320
Oxford International Maths
for Cambridge Secondary 1
Oxford International Maths for Cambridge Secondary 1 directly

supports the Cambridge Secondary 1 mathematics curriculum Deborah Barton is an
framework, enabling learners to tackle the Cambridge Checkpoint test examiner and maths
and step into Cambridge IGCSE® with confidence. consultant. With many
years of teaching
This Student Book provides full coverage of the stage 8 curriculum
framework. Each chapter contains worked examples and plenty of experience at secondary
practice questions to solidify understanding, as well as investigations, level, she has sound
activities and ideas for using technology to wholly engage students. knowledge of the best
way to prepare students
You can rely on:
for the Cambridge
■ Comprehensive match to the revised Cambridge Secondary 1
Checkpoint test and
curriculum framework
Cambridge IGCSE study.
■ Rigorous challenge material that builds a strong foundation for
future learning
■ Extensive preparation for the Cambridge Checkpoint test to build
confidence and support performance
■ Lots of crossover material, for a seamless transition to Cambridge

IGCSE
777777777777
B INVESTIGATION

4 Adio wishes to post three parcels with masses
1 1 3
7 Fractions
1 2 kg, 2 3 kg and 4 4 kg. What is the total mass

Also available
978 019 913709 1
Pack of 15
Choose two fractions, for example and . Add
of his parcels?
these fractions: 1 5
1
Swap the numerators and add the new fractions: 5 Ambrose has 2 4 hectares of land. His brother

2
Anselm has 1 3 hectares more than Ambrose.
1 5 .
How much land do they have altogether?
Try some more fractions. Investigate what happens
when you swap numerators around. Does the sum
of the fractions increase, decrease or stay the
Subtracting fractions with different
same? Write down what you notice.
denominators
You need to make sure that the denominators of the
Adding mixed numbers fractions are the same before subtracting by using
Mixed numbers can be added in a similar way. equivalent fractions.
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
2
Work out 3 3 1 1 4
3 8
Work out 2
9
5
6
Worked examples are key to
ensuring that students understand
2 3
33 1 14 Add the whole numbers 8 5 LCM of 9 and 6 is 18
first, 3 + 1 = 4 2
2 3 9 6 "2 "3
541 1 16 15
3 4 5 2
every step
8 16 5 15
18 18 = , =
8 9 9 18 6 18
541 1 1
12 12 5 "2 "3
17 18
541
12
5 "4 "3
5 4 1 1 12
5
2 8
3 = 12 ,
3 9
4 = 12 Exercise 7D
5 5 12
"4 "3 1 Copy and complete:
3 1 u u u
a 2 5 2 5
8 4 8 8 8
Exercise 7C 7 2 u u u
b 2 5 2 5
9 3 9 9 9
1 Use the method from Example 3 to work out:
3 2 u u u
1 1 2 1 1 3 c 2 5 2 5
a 32 1 24 b 33 1 24 c 45 1 24 4 3 12 12 12
7 3 u u u
d
3
28 1 33
1
e
3
44 1 35
2
f
2
53 1 28
5 d 2 5 2 5
8 5 40 40 40
6 3 u u u
g
4
45 1 37
4
h
1
62 1 74
3
i
3
47 1 35
3 e 2 5 2 5
7 4 28 28 28
6 5
j 27 1 36 2 Work out:
Graduated practice questions build confidence,

4 2 6 5 2 1
2 Work out: a 2 b 2 c 2
5 3 7 8 5 4
1 1 1 2 5 7 9 4 8 3 7 2
a 22 1 34 1 28 b 33 1 46 1 39 d 2 e 2 f 2
strengthening exam performance

10 5 11 5 10 15
7 2 9 1 1 1 4 2 9 4 8 5
c 4 20 1 5 5 1 4 10 d 22 1 33 1 44 g 2 h 2 i 2
7 9 14 21 13 11
3 2 2 8 3
e 47 1 25 1 33 j 2
12 8
1
3 Mr Durant’s car has litres of petrol in its
43
3
tank. He puts a further 2 4 litres in it.
How much petrol is in the tank now?
113
How to contact us: ISBN 978-0-19-913707-7
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CAMBRIDGE

Oxford and Cambridge

Oxford and Cambridge

15. Transformations 233

About this book £ Technology boxes – direct students to websites

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge

What’s the point?

Before you start

2 Square numbers come from squaring an integer. 2 Work out:

4 How the rules of arithmetic work. 4 Work out:

3 Copy and complete. Exercise 1C

Multiplication tables Graph of −2-times table

EXAMPLE 2 5 Find the answer to:

× Positive Negative 2.72 5 7.29

8 Find the value of: 7 3 7 5 49 so "49 5 7

You can find the square root of a decimal using your

7 To work out "0.25 without a calculator you

Cubes and cube roots 3

3.1 3 3.1 3 3.1 5 3.13

The factors of 8 are 1, 2, 4, 8.

This can also be written in index form. This is useful

Exercise 1J 1.6 Mental strategies

You are now going to extend this to look at more

That is, if you type in 10 1 18 4 9 2 2 the calculator

Use the common

3 Work out: 8 On Monday I had $23.50 in my bank account.

6 Find the value of: c (21)2 d 6"121

2 a When you multiply two positive numbers 2 Calculate:

c When you multiply a positive and a negative

3 a When you divide a positive number by 3 Work out:

10 The order of operations (BIDMAS). 10 Work out:

What’s the point?

Before you start

3 The area of a rectangle, A, is 3 Work out the area of the

2.1 Simplifying and expanding EXAMPLE 1

Copy and complete this diagram with four

7 Copy and complete:

3 Sort these terms into pairs of like terms to find

0.09tx2p 0.4px2 5xy2 8n2m3

5 6 3 70 1 6 3 4 The same rules apply to algebra. In the next example,

2 7 Work out the areas of the two shaded regions

8 Pair up equivalent expressions to find the odd

4 a Draw an area that shows the expression

10 Work out the missing numbers or terms:

If x is the input, this can also be written as x ➝ 2x 1 3 iv INPUT OUTPUT

5 Match one card from the first column with

2x + 9 = 19 function Write an expression for the number of paper clips

2.3 Constructing expressions

2 Write an expression for the perimeter of these

c 3 d a a How much more

3 a Write an expression for the total cost of

Write down four expressions equivalent to

10 Write down the functions for these function

3 The difference between a term, an expression, an equation, 3 Which of the following

4 You can construct expressions. 4 Construct expressions

What’s the point?