Angola Ci Gef Limited Esia and Esmp February 2021

Strengthen Management and Climate
Change Resilience in Angola’s

Conservation Areas for Sustainable
Development
Appendix VI (a): The Environmental

and Social Management Plan (ESMP)
February 2021
Strengthen Management and Climate Change Resilience in Angola’s Conservation Areas
for Sustainable Development: Limited ESIA and ESMP 2
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... 3
2. Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4
3. Project Description ........................................................................................................................ 5
4. Policy, legal and administrative framework .................................................................................. 9
4.1. Institutional and administrative structure................................................................................... 10
4.2. Environmental Policy and Legal Framework ............................................................................... 11
4.3. National Legislation ..................................................................................................................... 14
4.4. International Agreements............................................................................................................ 17
5. Baseline information.................................................................................................................... 19
5.1. Angola .......................................................................................................................................... 19
5.1.1. Economic composition ................................................................................................. 19
5.1.2. Food and water insecurity ............................................................................................ 20
5.1.3. Access to land: land disputes and conflicts linked to biodiversity loss and human-wildlife
conflict ...................................................................................................................................... 21
5.2. Luengue-Luiana National Park ..................................................................................................... 21
5.2.1. Physical and biological conditions ................................................................................ 22
5.2.2. Socio-economic conditions........................................................................................... 24
5.3. Iona National Park ....................................................................................................................... 25
5.3.1. Physical and Biological conditions ................................................................................ 25
5.3.2. Socioeconomic conditions ............................................................................................ 25
5.4. Anticipated developments within the project areas ................................................................... 26
6. Environmental and social impacts/risks of the proposed project ............................................... 26
6.1. Scope of work .............................................................................................................................. 26
6.2. Mapping of potential positive and negative impacts of the project ........................................... 27
6.3. Identified social and environmental risks .................................................................................... 36
7. Management Plans ...................................................................................................................... 37
7.1. Management of safeguards triggered ......................................................................................... 37
7.1.1. Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement ............................................. 37
7.1.2. Indigenous Peoples....................................................................................................... 38
7.1.3. Cultural Heritage .......................................................................................................... 39
7.1.4. Labour and Working Conditions ................................................................................... 39
7.1.5. Community Health, Safety and Security ....................................................................... 40
7.1.6. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ............................................................. 41
7.2. Environmental and Social Management Plan .............................................................................. 41
7.3. Accountability and Grievance Mechanism .................................................................................. 45
7.4. Gender Mainstreaming Plan ........................................................................................................ 45
7.5. Stakeholder Engagement Plan ..................................................................................................... 46
8. Monitoring and reporting ............................................................................................................ 47
1. Executive Summary
In accordance with the Global Environment Facility’s (GEF’s) and Conservation International’s (CI’s)
requirements, an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) has been proposed for the project. It
details the scale and type of potential environmental and social risks and impacts associated with project
activities to ensure that appropriate mitigation measures are designed to manage them. Preliminary screening
of the project identified a number of triggered social and environmental safeguards that require safeguard
plans to ensure any risks and concerns are addressed. These safeguards include: i) Restrictions on Land Use
and Involuntary Resettlement; ii) Indigenous Peoples; iii) Cultural Heritage; iv) Labour and Working Conditions;
v) Community Health, Safety and Security; and vi) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. The ESIA
explores these safeguards further, while the ESMP includes management interventions for them.
The ESIA was developed using information gathered through stakeholder consultations and a desktop analysis
of available literature and information relevant to the project area. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, on-the-
ground community consultations and field-based assessments were limited. These must therefore be
prioritised in the first year of project implementation. The available information was used to describe the
policy, legal and administrative framework in which the project will be implemented, as well as the baseline
situation in each of the national parks that the project will work in. This information was also used to map the
potential positive and negative impacts that may materialise through the achievement of the project’s
outcomes.
The potential negative impacts of the proposed project informed the identification of several environmental
and social risks. These are as follows:
• Unequal access to benefits for women and other marginalised groups.
• Negative impacts on Indigenous Peoples (IPs), whose ancient practices may be disturbed.
• Potential for IPs and other local communities to be prevented usual access to land and natural resources.
• Elite capture – unequal access to training and inputs because of historical inequality and power relations.
• Increased exposure to health risks such as COVID-19 through increased activities in parks and influx of
workers.
• Exposure of communities to safety risks from the establishment of infrastructure in the parks.
• Impacts on cultural heritage from establishment of infrastructure.
• Increased conflict between communities and park management because of new management plans and
anti-poaching strategies.
• Risk of forced or illegal child labour being used during establishment of infrastructure; and
• Disturbance of ecosystems through establishment of NBT enterprises and other infrastructure related to
park development.
To address the above risks, as well as the safeguards triggered, mitigation measures have been incorporated
into the design of the project. First and foremost, all activities implemented under the project will be
implemented in full compliance with Angolan law, as well as the GEF’s and CI’s environmental and social
standards. A process for Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) will be implemented to mitigate against
potential negative impacts on Indigenous Peoples who may be affected by project activities. An Accountability
and Grievance Mechanism has also been developed to ensure all individuals who may be affected by the
project are able to raise grievances without fear of retribution and with the goal of reaching resolution. A
Gender Mainstreaming Plan has been developed with the goal of embedding a gender-responsive approach
throughout the project. This plan works to ensure that both women and men receive culturally compatible
economic and social benefits, do not suffer discriminatory effects during development and implementation,
and enjoy full respect for their dignity and human rights. To ensure ongoing dialogue with all groups involved
in the project, a Stakeholder Engagement Plan has been developed. These plans will be implemented in
conjunction with a range of other specific mitigation measures that target the risks identified in the ESIA. The
compliance of project activities with the ESMP and other management interventions will be continually
monitored throughout the project lifespan.
2. Introduction
GEF policy1 requires that environmental and social assessments be conducted for each proposed GEF project,
in response to growing global awareness of the negative impacts that development projects often have on
people and land. An Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is defined as “an instrument to
identify and assess the potential environmental and social impacts of a proposed project; evaluate
alternatives; and design appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures.”2 An Environmental
and Social Management Plan (ESMP) refers to “a coherent compilation of the applicable project-level plans
prepared by the Executing Agency that describes how negative environmental and social impacts will be
managed and mitigated during the preparation, design, implementation and monitoring phases of a CI-GEF
funded project”3. An ESMP aims to reduce and minimise the adverse environmental or social impacts of the
proposed project. It includes measures to ensure that opportunities to pursue and enhance positive
environmental and social outcomes are adequately described, that roles are defined, and that the
corresponding timelines and resources are identified. The GEF requires that the CI-GEF Project Agency ensures
the Executing Agency will establish, maintain, and strengthen as necessary an organisational structure that
defines roles, responsibilities, authority, workplan, and budget to implement the required management plans.
This document reports on the environmental and social safeguards needed for the proposed Global Wildlife
Program (GWP) Child Project, entitled “Strengthen Management and Climate Change Resilience in Angola’s
Conservation Areas for Sustainable Development”. It details a limited ESIA and ESMP, as the project was
assigned a rating of Category B during environmental and social screening processes, meaning that “its
potential adverse environmental and social impacts on human populations or environmentally or socially
important areas are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few if any
of them are irreversible; and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for
Category A projects.”4
The evaluative process reported in this limited ESIA and ESMP includes:
• a concise description of the project that has been screened.
• a description of the policy, legal and administrative framework within which the project will be
implemented.
• a summary of the baseline environmental and social situations in the project areas.
• mapping of the environmental and social impacts and risks of the proposed project.
• a description of the environmental and social management plans needed to reduce the potential risks and
negative impacts of the project; and
• monitoring and reporting required for the proposed management plans.
The proposed project will be implemented in two national parks — Luengue-Luiana National Park and Ional
National Park — which each form part of greater transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs) — Kavango-Zambezi
(KAZA) TFCA and Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA (Figure 1). These areas have exceptional biodiversity but face
significant threats, including: i) climate change vulnerability and exposure; ii) environmental degradation; iii)
land encroachment; and iv) wildlife poaching. In recent decades, temperatures have increased while rainfall
has decreased in Angola, contributing to more frequent climate shocks such as droughts and floods, as well as
1 Guidelines on GEF Policy on Environmental and Social Safeguards, 2019

2 The Conservation International (CI) Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) (2020) page 4
3 The CI ESMF (2020) page 5
4 The CI ESMF (2020) page 19
advancing desertification. These effects pose serious threats to ecosystems and biodiversity by causing shifts
in habitat ranges of plants and animals, leading to species displacement and loss.
Figure 1. Map of Angola, showing the targeted national parks (Iona and Luengue-Luiana) and the TFCAs they are
situated in (Iona-Skeleton Coast and KAZA, respectively).
The impacts of climate change are also felt by the local communities and Indigenous Peoples living in the
targeted TFCAs, who are among the poorest communities in the country. These communities rely on natural
resources and agriculture, so changing climate conditions are a threat to their livelihoods and food security.
As these communities expand with increases in population, and resources — such as water — become scarcer
because of climate change and increased demand, there is also an increase in human-wildlife conflict. These
communities currently have few opportunities to derive substantial benefits from wildlife and are increasingly
experiencing human-wildlife conflict, with these conflicts often leading to negative impacts on biodiversity
and wildlife as well.
The proposed project’s interventions will address the above-described impacts of climate change on
biodiversity and local communities and will improve biodiversity and wildlife conservation in and around
Luengue-Luiana and Iona National Parks. However, given the presence of Indigenous Peoples and other
communities in the project areas, the history of human-wildlife conflict, and the importance of the biodiversity
and wildlife present, appropriate safeguards need to be put in place to mitigate against any potential negative
impacts of project interventions.
3. Project Description
The project design has incorporated lessons learned from previous projects that have had similar objectives
and projects that have been implemented in Angola and the surrounding region, to ensure that appropriate
considerations are given to the unique needs and challenges of the parks and communities that will be
affected. Some of the primary considerations that were identified were as follows:
• There is the need for formalised gender mainstreaming throughout the project design and
implementation. There have been great challenges and limitations within previous projects in their efforts
to promote gender equity and the upliftment of women through their interventions.
• The local communities that are targeted by the project interventions need to be engaged with extensively
and continuously to ensure that the project does not cause a conflict of interests and is sensitive to their
needs and values.
• As Angola is a developing nation that is also recovering from a recent civil war, the project must be
designed to account for economic and social vulnerabilities in this setting. The Government of Angola
(GoA) is also making efforts to ease the ongoing transition of the nation and promote national stability,
but this results in a great deal of flux within government structures and processes through efforts to be
responsive to national needs. These fluctuations may impact or delay aspects of the project and so
considerations for this need to be integrated into the project timeline and design.
• The project design has also given consideration to the COVID-19 pandemic, with appropriate adjustments
of strategies and timelines to account for the immediate health threat posed by the pandemic, as well as
the long-term socio-economic impacts. The project design is rooted within sustainability and financial
independence of the project and the people targeted by the interventions, and this aligns with the COVID-
19 responses needed to ensure that communities do not face greater economic challenges when disasters
such as pandemics strike in the future. By improving the independence and resilience of the project
interventions and the people targeted by the project, this will inherently improve their resilience when
coping with similar challenges in the future.
This project has been developed with the objective of improving the management of national parks in
southern Angola which form part of larger Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) as well as strengthening
the resilience of local communities and ecosystems to climate change. This objective will be met through the
achievement of three linked goals: i) strengthened climate-resilience and improved sustainability of
livelihoods of local communities in the Angolan portions of the KAZA and Iona Skeleton Coast TFCAs, achieved
through climate-resilient and conservation-compatible activities; ii) improved biodiversity health and more
climate-resilient ecosystems achieved through improved and integrated management of targeted
conservation areas in the TFCAs; and iii) climate change and conservation institutions with improved capacity
for climate change adaptation and conservation area management, resulting in enhanced performance of the
national conservation area network.
Component 1: Strengthening the resilience of local communities to climate change in targeted TFCAs
This component will meet the goal of strengthening the climate-resilience and improved sustainability of the
livelihoods of local communities in the Angolan portions of the KAZA and Iona Skeleton Coast TFCAs through
increased adoption and implementation of biodiversity-compatible adaptation practices. The project will
promote and support increased implementation of biodiversity-compatible adaptation practices by members
of local communities, local government, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and other relevant stakeholders
within the targeted TFCAs. This will include the establishment of flagship eco-villages within targeted national
parks to showcase the eco-village concept and safeguard biodiversity as well as the introduction of additional
climate-resilient and biodiversity-compatible livelihoods to decrease the vulnerability of local communities to
the negative impacts of climate change and reduce the degradation of local ecosystems. The project
interventions will enable local communities to manage risks from climate impacts and strengthen the
resilience of the local economies.
Additionally, the project will also: i) conduct market assessments to identify viable avenues for livelihood
diversification by local communities under climate change conditions; ii) develop business plans for viable
additional climate-resilient and biodiversity-compatible livelihood options; iii) train members of targeted
communities, local government, Civil Society Organisations (CSOs) and other stakeholders on establishing and
managing relevant, viable additional livelihood options; iv) support the adoption of relevant, viable additional
livelihood options; and v) facilitate knowledge exchange on viable additional climate-resilient and biodiversity-
compatible livelihood options between communities across the wider TFCA landscapes. Livelihood
diversification has been used widely as a viable climate change adaptation measure for vulnerable rural
communities in Angola. The approach — which is prioritised in the country's National Drought Recovery
Framework — has been applied in numerous recovery programmes launched by the Angolan government5.
Within the Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA, the National Biodiversity Project: Conservation of Iona National Park
(2013–2018) has piloted the development of additional livelihoods based on community-based tourism for
local communities. This allows the project to build on the best practices and lessons learned from previous
projects that have employed livelihood diversification as a climate change adaptation measure.
The selection of beneficiaries under this outcome will predominantly target women to ensure their equitable
participation in, and benefit from, rural economic activities and offer them opportunities to improve their
living conditions. Women in Angola's rural areas have restricted access to financial resources — i.e. men
control the most economically lucrative livelihood activities. As a result, women do not benefit as much as
men from agricultural- and rangeland-based economic activities that require secure land rights.
Component 2: Improving conservation area management and wildlife conservation in targeted TFCAs
This component will meet the goal of achieving improved biodiversity health and climate-resilient ecosystems
through improved and integrated management of targeted conservation areas in the Angolan portions of the
KAZA and Iona Skeleton Coast TFCAs. This will be achieved by improving the management of Luengue-Luiana
and Iona National Parks, with interventions also introduced to reduce the poaching of priority species in the
parks.
Efforts to improve management of the national parks will include: i) training members Park Management,
CSOs, local administration and other relevant stakeholders on climate change adaptation planning; ii) updating
the Management Plan for each park to incorporate actions that respond to climate risk information and
strengthen biodiversity management; iii) implementing priority activities identified in the updated
Management Plan that mitigate climate risk and improve biodiversity conservation; iv) establishing and
operationalising climate and meteorological stations within the parks to inform climate-resilient planning and
management; and v) facilitating knowledge exchange on climate change adaptation planning and practice
between Park Management and other conservation agencies in the wider regional landscape.
The project interventions that focus on reducing poaching will address the weak enforcement of anti-poaching
laws within these conservation areas. Interventions will include: i) development of a comprehensive Anti-
Poaching Strategy and Action Plan for each of the National Parks; ii) establishment of Anti-Poaching Patrol
bases and equipping of Anti-Poaching Units (APUs) to improve the effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement
in the parks; iii) introduction of innovative wildlife monitoring and reporting tools to measure, evaluate and
adaptively improve the effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement patrols; iv) training of APU staff on operating
introduced operational, communications and wildlife monitoring and reporting tools; and v) facilitation of
collaboration between Park Management with other conservation law enforcement agencies to improve the
effectiveness of wildlife law enforcement in the wider regional landscape.
Component 3: Enhancing the technical and institutional capacity of climate change and conservation
institutions
5IFAD (ed). 2018. Angola Country Strategic Opportunities Programme 2019-2024. International Fund for Agricultural
Development (IFAD). Luanda.
This component will meet the goal of improving the technical and institutional capacity of climate change and
conservation institutions in Angola for climate change adaptation and conservation area management,
resulting in improved performance of the national Conservation Area Network. The improvements will take
various forms, including: i) enhancing the institutional capacity of national government agencies to coordinate,
plan and implement climate change and biodiversity strategies; ii) improving the technical and institutional
capacity of sub-national government agencies to coordinate, plan and implement climate change and
biodiversity strategies at provincial and municipal levels; iii) enhancing technical and institutional capacity to
manage Angola's Conservation Area Network; iv) strengthening the capacity of the private sector and other
key stakeholders to develop nature-based tourism (NBT) and sustainable use activities in Angola's
conservation areas; and v) increasing the ability of institutions in Angola to access climate and biodiversity
finance.
Sectoral strategies, policies and plans insufficiently mainstream climate change adaptation and the sustainable
use and conservation of biodiversity. In response, the project interventions will: i) review sectoral strategies,
policies and plans to identify entry points for the integration of climate change adaptation and biodiversity
conservation; ii) produce policy briefs and technical guidelines to support the integration of climate change
adaptation into relevant sectoral strategies, policies and plans, including their budgets; and iii) capture climate
change risk information generated through the project in existing databases.
There will be additional interventions that will target the insufficient technical and institutional capacities of
government agencies to coordinate, plan and implement climate change and biodiversity strategies at
provincial and municipal levels. The project will address these challenges by: i) establishing functional
decentralised Provincial Committees on Climate Change and Biodiversity in Namibe and Cuando Cubango
provinces to coordinate, plan and implement climate change and biodiversity strategies at provincial level; ii)
developing zoning and land-use planning tools that incorporate climate risk and biodiversity management for
Cuando Cubango and Namibe provinces and the municipalities surrounding Luengue-Luiana and Iona National
Parks to inform climate-resilient and biodiversity-compatible land-use and development planning; iii) training
members of decentralised Provincial Committees on Climate Change and Biodiversity in Namibe and Cuando
Cubango provinces and staff of selected municipalities bordering Luengue-Luiana and Iona National Parks on
coordinating, planning and implementing climate change and biodiversity strategies; and iv) updating master
plans for targeted municipalities to integrate climate risk information and biodiversity conservation.
There are insufficient technical and institutional capacities of government agencies and other stakeholders to
manage Angola's Conservation Area Network. To improve this, the project design has incorporated targeted
interventions for the Conservation Area Network which are: i) the preparation and circulation Memoranda of
understanding that clarify roles and responsibilities and communicate plans, policies, legal instruments,
strategies and guiding principles for the management of conservation areas to relevant ministries, local
governments and CSOs; ii) holding meetings between relevant ministries, local governments and CSOs
involved in biodiversity conservation across Angola to clarify roles and responsibilities and communicate plans,
policies, legal instruments, strategies and guiding principles for the management of conservation areas; iii)
developing a comprehensive and multi-disciplinary training programme on conservation areas management
— that includes climate change adaptation — to provide job training for rangers, park managers and other
relevant stakeholders; and iv) institutionalising the training programme on conservation areas management
at the Wildlife Ranger school in Menongue to facilitate job training for rangers, park managers and other
relevant stakeholders beyond project implementation.
One of the other challenges identified was the insufficient capacity of the private sector and other key
stakeholders to develop nature-based tourism (NBT) and sustainable use activities in Angola's conservation
areas. The project has developed multiple interventions in response to this, including: i) developing business
plans — including investment prospectuses — identifying viable NBT enterprises that private sector investors
can undertake within Luengue-Luiana and Iona National Park; ii) convening an investment summit to showcase
viable business opportunities within the two parks to potential private sector investors; iii) developing media
and marketing strategies for the parks that are targeted towards potential clientele (local, regional and
international — in both Portuguese and English); and iv) conducting local and international marketing
campaigns to promote NBT products in the parks.
In addition, it was found that there is limited ability of institutions in Angola to access climate and biodiversity
finance. To overcome this limitation, the project will: i) develop recommendations, policies and standards to
facilitate the restructuring of Angola's environmental fund to serve as a long-term source of finance for
environment and conservation area management with diversified funding sources and access to additional
revenues, including from climate finance and biodiversity offsets; ii) develop a practical operational manual
for the environmental fund that specifies its governance, management, allocation, transparency,
accountability, audit, and reporting requirements; iii) train staff of the environmental fund to improve their
ability to write funding proposals and perform other tasks related to accessing finance; and iv) develop a
results-based management system — with clear and transparent rules for the allocation and use of funds —
for the environmental fund to ensure that the fund achieves its desired results.
Component 4: Facilitating project monitoring, knowledge management and sharing of lessons learned
The project has been designed with an extensive Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) framework. The M&E
framework consists of the following instruments: i) GWP Tracking Tool; ii) results framework consisting of GEF
core indicators and national level indicators; and iii) qualitative reviews. Under the framework, project staff
will report contributions from the project's interventions to the Program-level indicators using the GWP
tracking tool at baseline, mid-term, and project completion. In support of the project's M&E process, project
staff will be trained on the use of the GWP Tracking Tool and other M&E instruments. A project monitoring,
evaluation and learning system will also be developed that will facilitate the collection, housing and tracking
of project data such as trends in biodiversity and management effectiveness over time.
Knowledge-sharing among institutions in Angola, and with other countries, donors, and key stakeholders
across the wider TFCA landscapes will be improved by the project. There will be sharing of lessons learned
from the project between relevant institutions in Angola and among countries, donors, and other key
stakeholders across the wider TFCA landscapes, including through increased South-South cooperation.
4. Policy, legal and administrative framework
The necessity for environmental protection and the requirements for achieving sustainable development are
founded on the right of all citizens to live in an unpolluted, healthy environment, as well as the duty to defend
and preserve it, as defined in Article 39/1 of the Constitution of Angola. The same article notes that the State
must adopt the necessary measures to protect the environment and the flora and fauna species throughout
the national territory, maintain ecological balance, correct location of economic activities, and the rational
utilisation and exploitation of all natural resources, within the framework of sustainable development and
with respect to the rights of future generations and the preservation of different species. In addition, Article
90(e) reads that the state shall promote social development by ensuring that all citizens enjoy the benefits
resulting from collective efforts in terms of development, specifically with regard to quantitative and
qualitative improvements to standards of living. Article 15 recognises that local communities have access to,
and the use of land without prejudicing the possibility of expropriation for public use on the basis of fair
compensation in terms of the law. These constitutional Articles are important for the achievement of
sustainable development as they concern the conservation and protection of natural resources, biodiversity
and a healthy environment, maintaining natural ecological balance and meeting basic human needs.
The environmental licensing of activities related to projects with impacts on ecosystems is carried out by the
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA). The MCTA is responsible for environmental protection,
which is carried out by the respective affected Provincial Offices of the Namibe and Cuando-Cubango
Provincial Governments at the provincial level. This is facilitated by the Environmental Framework Law (Law
No. 5/98 of 19th June), adopted by the Government of Angola (GoA) to account for the need to prevent and
mitigate against potential adverse social and environmental impacts of projects. In the absence of national
legislation regarding specific aspects, or if it is incomplete, particularly regarding conservation areas, the
project promoters must implement international instruments containing good practices in relevant fields, or
the appropriate standards in force in other countries.
There is no legislation or policy related to Indigenous Peoples in the proposed project sites; however, there
are people nationally classified as Indigenous Peoples or ‘minority groups’ who will likely be affected by project
activities.
4.1. Institutional and administrative structure
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment
In 1993, the National Secretariat for the Environment was established, which became, in 1997, the Ministry
for the Environment. Over the years, the name of this Ministry has changed several times, but it is currently
known as the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment (MCTA). The Ministry is responsible for the
development and coordination of the country’s environmental policy and for implementing the National
Environment Management Programme (Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental (PNGA)). As the primary
authority responsible for the implementation of the Environment Framework Law, No. 5/98, the Presidential
Decree No. 117/206 approving General Regulation on Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental
Licensing Procedures, and all associated Regulations, the Ministry is also responsible for the review and
regulation of environmental impact assessments (EIAs). Depending on the type of project to be developed,
the ESMP should also be initially reviewed by the appropriate line ministry which should issue its technical
comments/opinion (parecer). This ensures that the ESMP not only addresses the requirements of the
Environment Framework Law and the Decree on Environmental Impact Assessment, but also relevant sectoral
legislation and guidelines (e.g., policies and plans), and applicable Terms of Reference.
National Directorate for the Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts
The responsibility for EIAs falls under the National Directorate for the Prevention and Assessment of
Environmental Impacts (Direcção Nacional de Prevenção e Avaliação de Impactes Ambientais (DNPAIA)),
which, among other things, is responsible for reviewing and commenting on EIA processes, including project
registration and Terms of Reference (ToR). All reports reviewed by DNPAIA are forwarded to the MCTA with
recommendations on whether an environmental licence should be granted or not. If considered necessary,
the MCTA invites different institutions and stakeholders to give comments and make suggestions on the final
report.
Inter-sectoral cooperation
Cooperation between the MCTA and other Ministries and Ministerial Departments is facilitated through the
Multi-Sectoral Technical Commission, which has representation from over 12 different ministries and three
environmental non-governmental organisations, as well as a number of environmental experts. Protocols of
6The Angolan reference system for all laws and decrees use the format: document number/year; thus, the Presidential
Decree No. 117/20 is decree number 117 promulgated in 2020.
cooperation have been signed with other Ministerial Departments, including the Ministry of Hospitality and
Tourism, for ecotourism aspects, and the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for the establishment of marine
protected areas. However, there is a need to align sectoral policies and strengthen and improve this
cooperation in a way that effectively addresses several challenges, such as time-consuming administrative
processes, insufficient skills, and a lack of continuity.
4.2. Environmental Policy and Legal Framework
The sustainable use of the environment is recognised as a fundamental dimension of sustainable

development. The government’s environmental strategies, policy framework and management approaches
and priorities are presented in two primary documents: i) the National Environmental Management
Programme (Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental (PNGA)); and ii) the National Development Plan (Plano
de Desenvolvimento Nacional (PDN) 2018–2022), which has an environmental sustainability component.
Responsibility for formulating and implementing environmental policies and programmes and for
environmental management lies with the MCTA. This includes the promotion of a policy to support
environmental education processes within the formal and informal education sectors, as well as fostering the
implementation of environmentally-sound technologies and biodiversity protection7.
National Environmental Management Programme
The National Environmental Management Programme (Programa Nacional de Gestão Ambiental (PNGA)), is
important for achieving sustainable development as it emphasises the need for an environmental
management strategy to protect the environment, even though most of Angola’s natural resources are still
largely intact. The MCTA finalised it in 2009, with assistance from the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP). Importantly, the Environment Framework Law recognises that the implementation of the PNGA
should be the responsibility of all sectors of government whose activities may have an influence on the
environment, all private individuals and organisations that make use of natural resources, as well as those
individuals who may use resources unsustainably and cause pollution8. The PNGA has five strategic sub-
programmes, defined as:
1. Promotion of inter-sectoral coordination.

2. Protection of biodiversity, flora, and terrestrial and marine fauna.
3. Ecosystem rehabilitation and protection.
4. Environmental management; and
5. Environmental education, information and awareness.
In 2011 an Environmental Fund was established by Presidential Decree No. 9/11 of 7th January as a separate
agency under the MCTA and the Ministry of Finance. It serves to fund the activities highlighted in the PNGA
such as scientific studies, educational programmes and natural resource surveys to ensure that the health and
wellbeing of citizens are not adversely affected by inter alia pollution.
National Development Plan (PND 2018–2022)
The National Development Plan (PDN 2018–2022) recognises that environmental issues are cross-cutting as
reflected in the Angolan 2025 Long-Term Strategy (see below) and proposed Environmental Sustainability
Policy which is intended to guide the environmental sector. The Environmental Sustainability Policy, which
forms part of the PDN 2018–2022, encompasses four programmes, namely: i) climate change; ii) biodiversity
7 Russo, V, Roque, P & Krugman, H, 2003. Country Chapter: Angola. In: SAIEA (Southern African Institute for
Environmental Assessment), EIA in southern Africa. Windhoek: SAIEA, pp. 25–43.
8 Article 6 of the Environment Framework Act of 1998.
and conservation areas; iii) marine spatial planning and ecosystem health; and iv) risk prevention and
environmental protection.
Biodiversity Plans and Strategies
There are a number of biodiversity-related policies and strategies relevant to the proposed project:
Plan for the Expansion of the Network of Protected Areas (PLENARCA) (2011)
The overall objective of the PLENARCA is to implement a national system for biodiversity conservation that
can improve stability of protected areas, while increasing resilience to climate change and improving human
well-being in these areas. Through improvement of park management in the targeted areas and generating
land-use planning assessments, this project will support the objective of PLENARCA in the targeted areas as
well as in other national parks and protected areas through replicability and scaling-up.
Strategic Plan for the Protected Areas System (Plano Estratégico para o Sistema de Areas Protegidas (PESAP))
(2018)
The PESAC strategic vision aims to preserve biodiversity, ecosystem services and cultural, natural and
landscape heritage through the conservation and restoration of species and natural habitats. Over 10 years,
PESAC aims to introduce measures that include fundraising, training, clarification of the role of conservation
areas, and proposals for new conservation areas. Furthermore, PESAC’s goal is to strengthen the work of
INBAC and streamline existing conservation areas and the National Protected Areas System. The activities of
this project will further these goals by promoting improved park management through many of the same
measures laid out by PESAC, as well as by enhancing institutional capacities that will benefit INBAC and other
protected areas.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2019–2025)
The government approved the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan — Resolution No. 42/06 of 26
July — to guarantee the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity components that enable the
fair and equitable sharing of the benefits of the use of biological resources. Its objective is to incorporate
measures for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity and the fair and equitable sharing of
biological resources into development policies and programmes for the benefit of all people in Angola9. After
two years of revision, an updated strategy has been drafted, the new Strategy and Biodiversity Action Plan
(2019–2025) are inter-connected through twelve ‘Strategic Goals’ (SG)10 that were defined through a process
of public consultation which involved representatives of government institutions, local and traditional
authorities, environmental protection institutions, the education sector, the private sector, and the press.
These activities are aligned with the national biodiversity goals and targets for 2019–2025, including the Aichi
Biodiversity Targets 2020 and the Sustainable Development Goals.
The National Forest, Wildlife, and Conservation Areas Policy (2010)
This policy identified four strategic areas for short- and medium-term interventions in Angola: i) the economic
strategic area which aims for quantitative and qualitative increase in the internal supply of goods and services
from forest fauna, reduction of poverty and integration of the forests, wildlife and conservation areas into
economic development strategies; ii) the environmental strategic area which aims for conservation and
protection of terrestrial biodiversity for national sustainable development; iii) the social strategic area which
9 NBSAP, 2006.
10 NBSAP, 2020
aims to develop mechanisms to facilitate the participation of local communities, private sector and civil society
in the management of sustainable exploitation of forest and wildlife resources, and the sharing of benefits
that result from these processes; and iv) the institutional strategic area which aims to develop mechanisms
for strengthening institutional capacity to ensure efficiency, transparency, professionalism and confidence in
fulfilling the mandate of managing forest and wildlife resources as well as conservation areas.
Other Relevant Policies, Plans and Strategies
Angola 2025: Long-Term Strategy (Estratégia de Longo Prazo)
This strategy document reviews the significant challenges in Angola, such as low human development, weak
economic development, institutional instability, inadequate health and education services, regional inequality,
and establishes strategic interventions for them up to 2025. The plan considers the possible growth of various
sectors and the main activities needed to realise this growth.
Strategy to Combat Poverty (2003)
The government has developed a strategy to combat poverty, following an ongoing process of reconstruction
and national development. The overall objective is to improve the conditions of Angolan citizens, in particular
those who are vulnerable, by motivating them to participate actively in the socio-economic development
process11.
National Programme to Support Rural Women (2012)
Approved under Presidential Decree No. 138/12 of June 20th, the National Support Program for Rural Women
aims to contribute to the fight against hunger and poverty and to promote the insertion of rural women in the
country's socio-economic development processes and pursuits. This Programme is particularly focused on the
specific objectives of: i) promoting local economic development and community development; ii) minimizing
the migration phenomena from rural areas to town; iii) improving the social and food security conditions of
women and rural households in general; and iv) taking into consideration the gender bias and the gender
mainstreaming National legislation.
This programs also sets the goals of improving the productive and economic structuring of women and rural
families based on gender balance, and also defines the monitoring and evaluation system and the respective
budget. Some of the themes to be covered by this program include support to vulnerable communities, rural
women’s empowerment, promotion of self-sufficient food production and promotion local development.
National Policy for Gender Equality and Equity (2013)
This policy, consisting of five sections and several annexes, aims to build an Angolan society based on gender
equality and equity, which values human and women’s rights. There is a focus on: i) respecting and promoting
positive cultural values; ii) promoting solidarity; iii) non-discrimination and effective participation of men and
women in the spheres of agriculture, policy, public matters and socio-economic life with a view to achieving
sustainable development. This is to be done by focusing on the general framework of gender issues, in their
vision, values and principles, strategic objectives and guidelines, priority areas and institutional mechanisms
for implementation, coordination and monitoring, and the respective Advocacy and Resource Mobilization
Strategy for Policy Implementation and Monitoring.
11 ERM, 2009.
It establishes priorities on the following domains: i) access to basic social services; ii) access to resources and
opportunities; iii) participation and representation in the public and political arena; iv) domestic violence; and
v) family and community domain. For each priority domain objectives, strategies, indicators and goals are
established and responsibilities have been assigned to different government and non-governmental
institutions.
National Council for Social Action (2019)
The National Council for Social Action (CNAS) is a body for social consultation, monitoring, inspection and
evaluation of public policies. The goal of the Council is the promotion and defence of the rights of children,
families, the elderly, minority communities (including Indigenous Peoples), people with disabilities, women,
as well as other groups particularly susceptible to vulnerability. The CNAS is coordinated by the Minister of
Social Action, Family and Promotion of Women. Part of this National Council is formed by government
institutions, representatives from UN institutions, professional associations, non-governmental organisations,
cultural and religious institutions as well as representatives of organisations working with the youth, elderly
and women. Within the National Council there are four specialised commissions, one of which is responsible
for aspects related to family, the elderly and minority communities.
4.3. National Legislation
Table 1 presents a summary of the national legislation relevant to the project.
Table 1. Summary of Legislation Applicable to the Project.

Topic Legislation Description and scope
Environmental Legislation
Basic Law on the Law No. 5/98 of June This Law, consisting of 37 articles divided into seven Chapters and one
Environment 19th Annex, establishes basic principles to be carried out by the Government
of Angola on the following issues: 1) natural heritage protection; 2)
ecosystem preservation and 3) environmental conservation, in order to
guarantee the quality of human life. This Law concerns the National
Programme of Environmental Management, to be drawn up according to
the national legislation.
Environmental Law No. 5/98 of June Establishes the general duty regarding environmental protection and the
Framework Law 19th sustainable use of natural resources, as well as to contribute to the
quality of life (Articles 3rd/1 and 25th, referring expressly to citizens and
businesses in the public and private sectors).
Environmental Executive Decree No. Defines fee amounts to be charged for the issuance and renewal of
Licensing Rates 96/09 of October 6th environmental installation and operation licences, registration of
consultants, and the costs of the Environmental Impact Assessment,
including the shareholder engagement process.
National Policy on Resolution No. 01/10 Promote the sector’s contribution to the sustainable development of the
Forests, Wild Fauna of 14th January country, through the preservation, conservation, development and wise
and Conservation use of forests, wild fauna and conservation areas, for the benefit of
Areas present and future generations.
Regulation on Presidential Decree This law Decree establishes the responsibility regarding the risk and
Responsibility for No. 194/11 of July 7th degradation of the environment based on the “polluter pays” principle in
Environmental order to prevent and remedy environmental damage.
Damage
Regulation on Executive Decree No. This defines “public consultation” as the “procedure within the
Public Consultation 87/12 of February 24th framework of public participation that aims to collect opinions and
suggestions from stakeholders on projects subject to an Environmental
Impact Assessment.”
Term of Reference Executive Decree No. Establishes the guidelines for the preparation of studies subject to an
for the Elaboration 92/12 of March 1st Environmental Impact Assessment, including laying out the minimum
of Environmental content that must be contained within the Environmental and Social
Impact Studies Impact Assessment report.
Regulation of Presidential Decree Establishes that all public and private entities that produce waste or carry
Waste No. 190/12 of August out activities related to waste management shall prepare a Waste
Management 24th Management Plan (WMP) prior to the commencement of their activity,
containing at least all information set out in Appendix I and II,
respectively.
Executive Decree Executive Decree No. Establishes legal regulations relating to waste management resulting from
Regarding 17/13 of January 22nd the construction or demolition of buildings or landslides, briefly referred
Construction and to as construction and demolition wastes, including its prevention and
Demolition Waste reuse and operations of collection, transport, storage, sorting, treatment,
Management recovery, and disposal.
Forest and Wildlife Law No. 6/17 of Establishes the norms that aim to guarantee the conservation and
Law January 24th sustainable use of the forests and the fauna within the national territory.
Forest Regulation Presidential Decree Provides the regulation for sustainable use of forestry resources and its
No. 171/18 of July 23rd ecosystems and establishes norms and procedures for its conservation
and sustainable use.
National Presidential Decree No. The National Strategy and the Biodiversity Action Plan aims to ensure the
Biodiversity 26/20 of February 6th. conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity components, taking into
Strategy and Action account the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits from the use of
Plan resources conservation, preservation, protection and restoration of
biodiversity in Angola.
Law on Law No. 8/20 of April Points to the need to ensure that the use of biodiversity is guided by
Environmental 16th constitutional principles, in particular the principles of sustainable
Conservation development and protection of the environment and the importance of
Areas. regulating activities related to biological resources, the conservation of
biodiversity and associated ecosystems , of landscapes of cultural,
aesthetic and landscape value.
Environmental Presidential Decree No. Approval of the General Regulation for Environmental Impact Assessment
Impact Assessment 117/20 of April 22nd and the Environmental Licensing Procedure, establishing its rules and
Regulation and procedures that, by their nature, location or dimension, are likely to
Environmental cause significant environmental and social impact, applicable to all public
Licensing or private activities that directly or indirectly can influence the
Procedure environmental components and regulates Impact Assessment,
Environmental Licensing and Inspection. Fines and Fees and repeal of
Decree No. 51/04 of 23 July - On Environmental Impact Assessment, and
Decree No. 59/07 of 13 July - On Environmental Licensing.
Terms of Reference Executive Decree This Decree approves the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) terms
for the preparation 92/12 of March 1st of reference in order to perform administrative procedures related to the
of EIA implementation of public and private projects. It establishes model forms
and the baselines for carry out studies related to Environmental Impact
Assessment necessary for specific projects or activities.
Health and Safety Legislation
General Regulation Executive Decree No. Establishes the principles that aim to promote safety, hygiene and health
of Occupational 6/96 of February 2nd at work in companies, commercial and industrial establishments, and
Health and Safety cooperatives.
Services
General Regulation Executive Decree No. Lays down minimum requirements for placement and use of occupational
of Safety and 128/04 of November safety and health signs at work and is applicable to public companies,
Health at Work 23rd joint ventures, cooperative and private enterprises.
Signalling
Legal System for Decree No. 53/05 of Approval of the legal regime of work-related accidents and occupational
Work-Related August 15th diseases, considering as such events that occur during the course of
Accidents and employment within a company or institution that cause the employee
Occupational injury or bodily harm resulting in inability, partial or total, temporary or
Diseases permanent to work or resulting in death.
General Labour Law Law No. 7/15 of June Stipulates that employers have a responsibility to ensure the quality of
15th the work environment, including the adoption of "appropriate measures
of safety and health at work".
Water Sector Legislation
Water Law Law No. 6/02 of June Establishes the general principles of the legal systems regarding the use
21st of water resources.
Regulation of Presidential Decree Establishes water quality standards and criteria for the purpose of
Water Quality No. 261/11, of October protecting the aquatic environment and improving the quality of water on
6th the basis of their main uses. Applies to inland waters, both superficial and
groundwater, as well as the water for aquaculture, livestock, agricultural
irrigation, and seaside resorts.
Regulation of Public Presidential Decree Defines the rules regulating public water supply and wastewater
Water Supply and No. 83/14 of April 22nd sanitation activities.
Sanitation of
Wastewater
Regulation for the Presidential Decree This Regulation aims at regulating marine and inland water pollution
Prevention and No. 141/12 of June 21st originated by vessels, platforms and industrial infrastructures performing
Control of National in water under National jurisdiction. Water pollution controls shall be
Water Pollution carried out in particular on hydrocarbons and noxious liquid substances,
any solid residues and other materials. It applies also for prevention
measures against water pollution during downloading and uploading of
hydrocarbons, fuel supply operations to vessels and air pollution
prevention under the Environment Law, approved by Law No. 5/98.
Spatial Planning Sector Legislation
Spatial Planning Law No. 3/04 of June The SPUL has as its object the biophysical space, consisting of all urban
and Urbanism Law 25th soils and rural areas, subsoil, the continental shelf and inland waters, with
a view to ensure actions which result in the occupation and use of the
spaces above, through the implementation of spatial and urban planning
instruments.
The Land Law Law No. 9/04 of Establishes the general bases of the legal regime of land included in the
November 9th original property of the State, land rights that may be levied on them, and
the general scheme of transmission, constitution, exercise and extinction
of these rights.
General Regulation Decree No. 58/07 of Establishes the legal framework for the concession of free lands within
Land Concession July 13th Angola and does not apply for private property lands. It also indicates that
where there is expropriation for public use or for temporary requisition of
lands, fair and adequate indemnity to the owner and to affected holders
of other property rights is always owed.
General Law
Expropriation Law Law No. 2.030 June States that immovable assets and related rights may be expropriated for
22nd, 1948 public utility purposes as set out in this law and through payment of fair
compensation. Also establishes the process for the expropriation and
concession of land for public utility and the conditions and the process to
determine fair compensation to the affected party.
Cultural Heritage Law No. 14/05 of Defines cultural heritage as all material goods and intangible assets
Law October 7th which, by their recognised value, shall be subject to the authority and
protection of the law, presenting a series of activities which are
considered infringements against cultural heritage.
Criminalization of Law No. 3/14 of Its purpose is to proceed with the criminalization of a set of conducts,
Offenses February 10th aiming at adapting Angolan criminal legislation to the protection of
Underlying Money certain fundamental legal assets. This law includes crimes against the
Laundering environment.
Administrative Law No. 12/11 of Establishes the general bases applicable to administrative offences
Offences Law February 16th committed by an individual or collectively by citizens or public or private
collective entities.
Regulation on Presidential Decree Defines the rules, procedures and criteria to be used during the process
Resettlement No. 117/16 of May 30th of resettlement and relocation of populations in specific situations, such
as natural disasters, rehabilitation and urban redevelopment, public
works and housing fires and aims to improve the social conditions of the
population.
Regulation for the Presidential Decree Establishes the rules and procedures relating to operational and
Transfer of Waste No. 265/18 of administrative control over the transfer of waste for reuse, recycling and
for Reuse, November 15th its recovery abroad. This Diploma is only applicable to non-hazardous
Recycling and its waste destined for reuse, recycling and recovery, to be transferred
Recovery abroad.
4.4. International Agreements
Angola is a signatory to several multilateral environmental agreements (conventions, treaties and protocols)
relevant to conservation areas. These agreements were considered for this project and are described in Table
2.
Table 2. Multilateral Environmental Agreements relevant to the Project.

Multilateral Environmental Description
Agreements
United Nations Convention on This Convention, also known as United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
Biological Diversity (CBD) (UNCBD), Rio, 5/06/1992 encourages parties to establish protected areas and take
ratified by Resolution No. measures to implement the biodiversity management and conservation
23/97 of the 4th of July; requirements, especially in what concerns endemic species and vulnerable
entered into force in Angola on ecosystems. States are required to monitor every activity that can cause damages
23 July 1997 (Resolution to the biodiversity both inside and outside the environmental protection areas.
23/97). This convention entered into force in Angola on 23/07/1997 (Resolution No.
23/97 of 4/07/1997).
United Nations Framework The UNFCCC was developed with the purpose of stabilising the concentrations of
Convention on Climate Change greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The project will comply with the Angolan
(UNFCCC), as ratified by legislation (Resolution No. 13/98) and aims to minimize greenhouse gas
Resolution No. 13/98, entered emissions. On March 17th, 2020, Angola approved the accession to the Kyoto
into force in Angola on 28 Protocol related to United Nations Convention on Climate Change. On July 14,
August 1998 (Resolution 2020, Angola joined the Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, through
13/98). Resolution No. 29/20. The approval of the second commitment period of the
Protocol determines specific emission reduction targets for developed countries
and aims at the implementation of policies and programs at national level that
contribute to the achievement of the Convention's final objective. The National
Assembly has recently formally approved the adhesion to this Agreement.
Convention to Combat The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is the sole
Desertification (CCD). legally binding international agreement linking environment and development to
Resolution No. 12/00 of 5th sustainable land management. The Convention addresses specifically the arid,
May semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where some of the
most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can be found. This Convention was
ratified by Angola and came into force on 9 May 2000.
Convention on Migratory This Convention aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and aviary migratory species
Species of Wild Animals (Bonn along their range. It is an inter-government treaty, administered under the United
Convention). Resolution No. Nations Environmental Program, referring to wildlife and habitats on a global
14/03 of 15th April. scale. There are legally binding Agreements as well as formal tools, such as the
Memorandum of Understanding, which can be adapted to the requirements of
particular regions. Since the Convention entered into force, there has been
constant growth, with additions including eleven (11) parts of Africa, Central and
Southern America, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Angola became a member on
1/12/2006. Under the auspices of the Convention, Angola signed three
Memorandums of Understanding (MoU): MoU concerning Conservation
Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa (01/07/1999), MoU
concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and Small Cetaceans of Western
Africa and Micronesia (03/10/2008) and the MoU concerning the Conservation of
Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia (01/11/2008).
Convention on International CITES is one of the largest and oldest conservation and sustainable use
Trade in Endangered Species of agreements in existence. It was established as a response to growing concerns
Fauna and Flora (CITES). that over-exploitation of wildlife through international trade was contributing to
Resolution No. 1/07 of 14th the rapid decline of many species of plants and animals around the world. The
February. purpose of CITES is to ensure that international trade in wild animals and plants
does not threaten their survival. Conservation goals of the Convention are: i) to
monitor and stop the international trade in endangered species; ii) to maintain
species under international commercial exploitation; and iii) to assist countries
towards sustainable use of species through international trade. Angola ratified
this convention through Resolution No. 1/17 of 14/02/2017.
Convention on Wetlands of This convention was developed to recognize the importance of wetlands as key
International Importance, elements of inland waterways and coastal systems as well as the many services,
especially as Waterfowl functions, and benefits that wetlands provide. The Ramsar Convention promotes
Habitats (Ramsar Convention). the integrated approach to managing wetland systems so that human uses of
these areas are undertaken in such a way as to retain their natural capital for
future generations. It also provides a list of Wetlands of International Importance.
The Republic of Angola has submitted its letter of accession to the Convention on
Wetlands of International Importance through Resolution No. 27/16 of July 22.
Convention Concerning the The Convention was adopted in Paris, France on October 17, 1972, and it sets
Protection of the World aside areas of cultural and natural heritage for protection. It places obligations to
Cultural and Natural Heritage each State Party to recognize that the duty of ensuring the identification,
protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of
the cultural and natural heritage situated on its territory, belongs primarily to that
State. This Convention entered into force in Angola on 07/11/1991.
5. Baseline information
5.1. Angola
The population of Angola is young and rapidly growing, in 2019 there were an estimated 32 million people in
the country — ~51% women and ~49% men — and populations numbers are projected to increase by more
than five times the 2017 level by 210012,13. Angola’s people predominantly identify with Ovimbundu,
Kimbundu and Bakongo ethnic groups, with a smaller population belonging to European and Mestiço ethnic
groups14. Portuguese is the official and most widely spoken language, with many other languages spoken in
some regions and populations, including English, Umbundu, Kikongo, Kimbundu and Chokwe15.
Angola was engaged in a 27-year civil war, which began in 1975 when the country gained independence from
Portugal. Following the end of the war in 2002, Angola has maintained political stability. However, a variety of
socio-economic challenges remain — largely due to the enduring impacts of war — and Angola is currently
considered a largely unequal society, with a ranking of 149 of the 189 countries in the 2020 Human
Development Index (HDI)16. Post-war socio-economic impacts include, inter alia: i) limited access to basic
services; ii) high maternal and child death rates; and iii) widespread illiteracy17. Additionally, unemployment is
prevalent in the country, especially among young adults. The unemployment rate is ~33% (2020)18 with ~51%
of young Angolans — aged 15 to 24 years old — recorded as unemployed in 202019. The impact of the extensive
unemployment and limited economic development is extreme poverty being prevalent across the country,
with approximately 41% of Angolans currently living below the poverty line20,21.
5.1.1. Economic composition
Angola primarily exports oil with its main trading partners being China, the United States, India, France,
Taiwan, South Africa and Canada22. Oil accounts for 47% of Angola’s total GDP23 and 90% of its exports24,
however the country’s appeal to foreign investors largely dependent on oil prices. As a result, the local
currency, kwanza, is highly vulnerable to oil price shocks25 and the country holds a large amount of external
debt26. Aside from oil, Angola exports coffee, sisal (Agave sisalana), fish, and cotton as agricultural exports and
it is the world’s fourth largest diamond producer, although diamonds only account for 1% of GDP output 27.
12 Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/795037/age-structure-in-angola/

13 Oglethorpe, J., Russo V., Neto J. and Costa A. 2018. Communities and Biodiversity in Angola: Analysis of the legal and
institutional framework for community-based approaches to conservation and natural resource management. WWF US,
National Geographic Society, ACADIR and Kissama Foundation.
14 Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ao.html
16 Human Development Reports. 2020. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/AGO
17 Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/angola/overview#1
18 Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/unemployment-rate
19 Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/youth-unemployment-rate
21 The poverty line in Angola is 12,181 kwanzas (USD 21) per month. Source: 2020 Poverty Report for Angola. Available
at: https://www.bti-project.org/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2020_AGO.pdf
22 Trading Economics. 2020. Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/exports
23 Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/gdp-growth
24 Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/angola/overview
25 Since the end of the war, Angola has introduced macroeconomic reforms to open and stabilise the economy. During the
2008/2009 oil price crises, Angola appealed to the IMF for standby credit and implemented partial measures to improve
budgetary transparency and governance of public finances. However, once oil prices recovered, these reforms were
slowed or halted, and this perpetuated Angola’s exposure to the socio-economic impacts of oil price fluctuations. Source:
https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-AGO-2020.html#pos9
26 External debt reached USD 77.3 billion (71% of GDP) at the end of 2018. Source: https://www.bti-
project.org/en/reports/country-report-AGO-2020.html#pos9
Wholesale and retail sales make up 21% of GDP and agriculture and fisheries account for 10% of GDP. Finally,
construction, manufacturing and other sectors each account for 6–8% of GDP28.
Only a small portion of the population benefits from the most lucrative formal economic activity — oil
production — while most Angolans live entirely or partly off the informal economy29,30. This informal sector,
both rural and urban, provides ~70% of existing jobs to Angolans, with women accounting for the majority of
the informal workforce31.
Many women make a living engaging in rural-based subsistence production of products that are sold in urban
parallel markets. However, despite their economic engagement, women remain most vulnerable to poverty
as a consequence of the legacy of displacement and exposure to physical violence during the conflict32. This,
alongside their pre-existing and ongoing restricted access to rights, land, finances, health services and
education33,34 results in their particular vulnerability to poverty. In addition, family structures remain
segregated following the conflict, and is it therefore common for women to be primary breadwinners while
raising and supporting families. Thus, women’s double burden and resultant time constraints hinder their
ability to pursue formal economic, educational, political, or recreational activities35.
Women’s time constraints are currently further impacted by COVID-1936. This is due to, inter alia: i) an
increased need for family care and make-shift educational activities due to COVID-19 preventative or curative
measures37; ii) increased household economic vulnerability due to family members’ loss of employment; iii)
low oil prices that negatively impact Angola’s economy overall and subsequently impact household-level
income38; iv) increased cases of gender-based violence and other conflict in households due, in part, to
changing social dynamics39 and household pressures exacerbated by COVID-19. More broadly, COVID-19
negatively impacts Angola’s rural communities overall as they have limited access to health services40,
productive resources41 and are predisposed to poverty. Therefore, these rural communities have limited
capacity to adapt to the pandemic alongside pre-existing baseline challenges and oncoming climate change
impacts.
5.1.2. Food and water insecurity
The agriculture practised in Angola does not currently produce enough food to feed the population, resulting
in the need to import approximately half of Angola’s food42. Prior to independence, Angola was an agricultural
producer with large commercial farms run by Portuguese colonialists that produced cash crops such as coffee,

29 Available at: https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-AGO-2020.html#pos9
30 The informal economy is part of the economy that is neither taxed nor governed by the government and is not included
in the country’s GDP.

31 Available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditc2013d3_en.pdf
32 During the war, many Angolan women were abducted or voluntarily joined armed groups as nurses, cooks, sex workers,
messengers, spies, administrative or logistical staff, and as armed combatants. Source:

https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditc2013d3_en.pdf
33 Access is currently determined by customary law.
36 On September 20th, Angola reported a total of 3,991 confirmed cases of COVID-19 (2,394) active with 1,445 recovered
and 152 deaths. 91.5% of all cases are in Luanda province but 16 out of 18 provinces report confirmed COVID-19 cases.
Source: https://reliefweb.int/report/angola/unicef-angola-covid-19-situation-report-no6-september-2020
37 Including school closures.
38 Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/angola/overview#1
39 Due to employment losses and personal identity losses, for example.
40 Available at: https://www.who.int/hac/crises/ago/background/profile/en/
41 Natural resources including land and water; human resources including education, skills; and capital resources including
finances.
42 GLOBAL WILDLIFE PROGRAM. PHASE 2: SUMMARIZED VERSION CHILD PROJECTS
palm oil, sugarcane, and bananas for export43. Smallholder famers produced most of the country’s maize
exports. However, land was nationalised upon independence and most of the Portuguese population left
Angola, leaving their farms abandoned. Adding to this, the armed conflict led to a severe decline in productive
activities as ~4 million people were displaced44. Despite some recovery since the end of the war, Angola’s
commercial agricultural exports remain low in comparison to other sectors.
In line with this country-wide context of food insecurity, a food deficit currently exists within the proposed
project’s sites and is expected to be exacerbated by climate change impacts45, as well as increasing population
size46,47. This food insecurity will be worsened by projected increases in water insecurity as a result of climate
change impacts — namely temperature increases, droughts and flooding. Water insecurity already exists
within the proposed project sites due to prolonged droughts. As a result, local communities are currently
exposed to food and water insecurity and need access to climate-resilient food production and water sourcing
methods to adapt to projected climate change impacts.
5.1.3. Access to land: land disputes and conflicts linked to biodiversity loss and human-wildlife conflict
Throughout Angola, fertile lands in areas with access to services and markets have been in high demand from
both subsistence and commercial interests48, leading to numerous land disputes. However, almost all Angolan
urban and rural land is titled under the principles of customary law49 and, as a result, few people hold formal
land rights50,51.
The proposed project target sites are owned by the Angolan government and managed by the National
Institute for Biodiversity (INBAC), assisted by African Parks in Iona National Park and Peace Parks Foundation
(PPF) in Luengue-Luiana National Park. As a result, impoverished communities — namely rural subsistence
farmers, and particularly women — may be restricted from accessing land and other resources within national
parks. These land and resource restrictions limit local people’s livelihood diversification options and, as a
result, many of the current livelihood practices in Angola that pose direct or indirect threats to biodiversity
are largely symptoms of underlying poverty and unequal access to resources. These activities include, inter
alia: i) poaching for bushmeat, live animal trade or to meet international demand for wildlife products; ii)
human-wildlife conflict which often includes the retaliation killings of animals due to crop or property
damages; and iii) degradation of wildlife habitats as a result of unsustainable resource use, including
overfishing and over-grazing by livestock.
5.2. Luengue-Luiana National Park
43 Available at: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#1529002136120-6ad57d1d-6540

44 Available at: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#1529002136120-6ad57d1d-6540
45 https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/angola
46 Iona National Park, in particular, has seen a substantial increase in population, with numbers increasing from ~300
people in the 1970s to ~3,300 people in 2019. Source: World Bank Group, 2019. Environment and Renewable Natural
Resources in Angola - Opportunities to Diversify the National Economy, Generate Income for local communities, enhance
environmental management capacity and build resilience to climate change.
47 Human population in Angola’s rural areas was increasing at a rate of ~1.3% annually in the most recent (2019)
recordings. Source: The World Bank Data. 2020. Available at:

https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZG?locations=AO
48 Available at: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#overview
49 Customary law can be highly localized, but most share the principles that land is regarded as owned by a universal deity
and the ancestors of living occupants. Source: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#overview

50 The 1992 Constitution of the Republic of Angola provides that the government has sovereignty over all territory, water,
air space, soil, and subsoil; all natural resources, including land, are the property of the state. The 2004 Land Law further
develops this constitutional pronouncement that the government owns and exercises authority over all land and natural
resources. Source: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#key-issues
51 Available at: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#1529002001157-1e6179e7-cc9a
5.2.1. Physical and biological conditions
Luengue-Luiana National Park is located within the Cuando Cubango province — along with neighbouring
Mavinga National Park — and covers the southeast corner of Angola where the country borders Namibia and
Zambia. The park forms part of the Kavango-Zambezi (KAZA) TFCA, a network of 36 contiguous national parks
spanning five countries — Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Botswana — to form the world’s largest
TFCA (~52,000,000 ha).
The topography of Luengue-Luiana National Park is predominantly flat, with fossil dune valleys and sandy
ridges in the south. These fossilised belts of Tertiary Kalahari sand dunes underline long, narrow, parallel
depressions known locally as ‘omurambas’. Habitats in the park include mixed woodlands, shrublands and
grasslands, as well as riparian forests in river floodplains52. Most rivers that have their drainage within the park
flood seasonally, with large pools and lakes existing even in very dry years. Small villages and agricultural
settlements are common along the main river systems. These rivers with seasonal regimes include the
Lumuna, Luengue and Luiana, with the Luiana having drainage systems stretching up into Mavinga National
Park.
The majority of the park is covered by open woodland, and this characteristically consists of fairly widely
spaced trees and limited grass cover. The trees are dominated by Burkea, Baikiaea, Pterocarpus, and
Erythrophleum in the southern areas, while Erythropheum, Burkea, Julbernadia and Guibortia are more
dominant towards the northern areas.
Dense woodland in Luengue-Luiana occurs in large blocks to the north and south of Licua as well as in a large
separate patch to the west. These areas of dense tree cover consist largely of Baikiaea trees. High resolution
satellite images and aerial surveys have shown a concentration of game trails around these dense woodlands,
with the animals potentially attracted to the broad floodplains of the nearby Luiana River near Licua.
Aquatic vegetation flanks all the rivers in the park and some interdune valleys that later feed into rivers. The
greatest expanses are either side of the Cuando River where the inundated marshlands are generally 10–15
km in breadth. Vegetation is tallest, dense and often dominated by papyrus close to the river courses as well
as in the lower reaches of the rivers. Phragmites, Miscanthus and other aquatic grasses and sedges are
generally found in shallower water further upstream and away from the river courses. This may reflect a
limited supply of nutrients in upstream areas and away from flowing water. The Cuito River and its floodplains
support few papyrus or other tall, dense plants because of the extremely low nutrient content of Cuito water.
Open grassland areas are often inundated during wetter periods and it is likely that hardpans underlie these
grasslands which burn regularly. Many grasslands are flooded during particularly wet years, and the division
between open grasslands and areas of aquatic vegetation is thus vague in some places. Those areas flooded
most frequently support few trees, unlike patches of more wooded grassland that have seldom been
inundated in recent times.
The three decades-long Angolan Civil War contributed to the serious decline of the once abundant wildlife
communities, particularly larger mammals53. Verissimo (2008) states that more than 150 species of mammals
occurred historically in Cuando Cubango. A 2008 survey of the previously named Mucusso Game Reserve (now
part of Luengue-Luiana National Park) confirmed the presence of 39 different species of mammals reported
during the survey in the reserve (Table 3).
Table 3. List of species confirmed to be present in the Mucusso Game Reserve.
52 Available at: https://rris.biopama.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/Luengue_Luiana_Management_Plan_rev_7_July.pdf

53 From a report prepared for USAID by Verissimo 2008
Common name Species name

Aardvark Orycteropus afer
Aardwolf Proteles cristatus
African Buffalo Syncerus caffer
African Civet Civettictis civetta
African Elephant Loxodonta africana
African Wild Cat Felis lybica
Baboon Papio ursinus
Banded Mongoose Mungus mungo
Bat-eared Fox Otocyon megalotis
Blackbacked jackal Canis mesomelas
Black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis
Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus
Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus
Cape Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis
Caracal Caracal caracal
Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus
Common Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia
Common Reedbuck Redunca arundinum
Common Warthog Phacochoerus africanus
Eland Taurotragus oryx
Giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis
Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus
Greater Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius
Honey Badger Mellivora capensis
Impala Aepyceros melampus
Large Grey Mongoose Herpestes ichneumon
Lechwe Kobus leche
Leopard Panthera pardus
Lion Panthera leo
Oribi Ourebia ourebi
Pangolin Smutsia temminckii
Plains zebra Equus burchellii
Porcupine Hystrix africaeaustralis
Roan Hippotragus equinus
Sable Hippotragus niger
Scrub Hare Lepus saxatilis
Serval Leptailuruss serval
Side-striped Jackal Canis adustus
Sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei
Slender Mongoose Galerella sanguinea
Small-spotted Genet Genetta genetta
Southern Lesser Galago Galago moholi
Spotted Hyena Crocuta crocuta
Spring Hare Pedetes capensis
Steenbok Raphicerus campestris
Striped Polecat Ictonyx striatus
Tree Squirrel Paraxerus cepapi
Vervet monkey Cercopithecus aethiops
Waterbuck Kobus ellipsiprymnus
Wild Dog Lycaon pictus
Recent data54 show that large mammals are more abundant in the south-east than elsewhere in the areas
surveyed. Additionally, abundance seems highest close to the Luiana, Okavango and Cuando Rivers. This is in
keeping with observations on soil nutrients, aquatic vegetation luxuriance and water bird abundance, which
suggest that nutrients are more available in the south and in the lower reaches of these rivers.
5.2.2. Socio-economic conditions
Luengue-Luiana contains a mosaic of protected areas, interspersed with extensive communal lands in which
small-scale pastoral and agro-pastoral land use is practiced. Apart from localised areas of crop production,
mainly used for local markets, multi-species rangeland-based land use systems involving wildlife and livestock
have comparative advantages in the KAZA TFCA. This has been shown from numerous research and analytical
studies in KAZA and around it in similar semi-arid to sub-humid biomes. Economically, socially, and
environmentally sustainable development in KAZA depends largely on complementary use of rangeland for
wildlife and livestock.
Small villages and agricultural settlements are common throughout both parks, especially along the main river
systems. In Luengue-Luiana National Park and the surrounding areas, local communities engage primarily in
subsistence agriculture, cultivating crops like corn, beans, tubers (sweet potatoes, cassava) and millet on small
fields that are 5 ha or less in size55,56. Farmers often use slash and burn practices to clear land, and large areas
of the park burn each year, with evidence pointing to human-set fires. Communities also engage in fishing —
an activity that is practised largely by those living on the banks of rivers, and to a lesser degree by those living
further inland. Communities breed cattle throughout the park. Additionally, some community members sell
resources like reeds and thatch grass and others engage in medicinal plant harvesting of plants like Devil’s
claw (Genus: Harpagophytum) which is harvested in Angola and sold predominantly in Namibia.
People living in Luengue-Luiana National Park rely mainly on rivers as their primary source of drinking water,
but also use boreholes, standpipes or taps, and wells. Almost all households collect wood for cooking — usually
within a 2–5 km radius — and very few rely on charcoal. Much of the firewood collection and household food
supply is undertaken by women and children, as prescribed by the gendered divisions of labour. Women are
also largely responsible for childcare in both Luengue-Luiana and Iona National Parks. The majority of people
in and around the parks are in the south-east, in the north-west between Longa and Cuito Cuanavale, along
the Lomba and Cubia Rivers, and on the west bank of the Cuito Rivers. There are also scattered populations
along the west bank of the Cuando River and living on isolated islands within this river’s broad valley of
marshlands.
The Cuando Cubango province — in which Luengue-Luiana National Park is located — was sparsely settled
before the Angolan Civil War. Since the conflict, and in line with the rapidly rising national population rate, the
human population in the province has grown from 137,000 people in 1995 to 534,000 people in 2014 and is
expected to continue growing at an annual rate of ~4%. There have been considerable shifts in the distribution
of people in recent years. For example, some substantial villages visible in Google Earth images taken in 2007
have disappeared, while towns such as Mavinga, Rivungo, Licua and Cuito Cuanavale have grown rapidly.
However, many island households were observed in the Cuando’s marshlands during an aerial survey in
January 2016 that could not be mapped individually. Additionally, the homes of the significant number of
hunter-gatherers living as isolated families throughout the park are not easily visible from the air or satellite
images.
54 Data provided by Panthera, 2016

55 Available at: http://www.new-ag.info/en/country/profile.php?a=781http://www.fao.org/3/a-mk753e.pdf
56 USaid Luengue-Luiana Management Plan rev 7 July. For period 2016-2020 (July 2019 revision).
https://rris.biopama.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/Luengue_Luiana_Management_Plan_rev_7_July.pdf
5.3. Iona National Park
5.3.1. Physical and Biological conditions
Located in the southwest corner of Angola, Iona National Park is contiguous with Skeleton Coast National Park
in Namibia, which also adjoins the Namib-Naukluft National Park. Together, the three parks create the Iona-
Skeleton Coast TFCA. Created by a co-operative effort between the Angolan and Namibian governments, this
TFCA covers nearly 5,000,000 ha.
Iona National Park encompasses a wide variety of distinct landscapes, ranging from sand dunes along 160 km
of Atlantic Ocean coastline on its western boundary, to mountains with peaks as high as 1,500 m in the east,
and broad plains in the centre57. The park also covers the northern tip of the Namib Desert in a section known
as the Moçâmedes Desert, which is considered to be the oldest desert in the world58. Supplied by two
bordering rivers — the Cunene River in the north and the Curoca River in the southeast — the Park contains
extensive woodlands and is inhabited by animals such as cheetah, leopard, gemsbok (Oryx gazella), springbok
(Antidorcas marsupialis), Hartmann’s zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) and ostrich (Struthio camelus).
Historically, the park was also inhabited by rhinoceros and elephant, but both of these species have become
locally extinct.
The unique ecosystem resulting from the topographical features within the Park has created a zone of high
endemism, with many species of reptiles, plants and birds occurring only in this region. Iona National Park —
as well as Luengue-Luiana National Park — is home to several species of global concern. Notably, this is the
only region where the unique welwitschia plant (Welwitschia mirabillis), known as a ‘living fossil’, is found59.
Several bird species of global conservation concern are also found within the park. The vulnerable Damara
tern (Sternula balaenarum), endangered Cape gannet (Phalacrocorax capensis) and critically endangered
African penguin (Spheniscus demersus) are found in fishing areas along the coast, where rich marine
biodiversity exists as a result of the cold-water Benguela Current meeting the warmer Angola Front60. This mix
of currents creates an important habitat for the recovery of fish stocks and makes Iona National Park a
candidate for extending conservation areas into marine ecosystems61.
There is a relatively restricted information base in the project areas due, in part, to an absence of any research
facilities as a result of the country’s extended civil war impact and limited biological surveying by the
Portuguese colonial government. Brief wildlife surveys were undertaken in the early 1970s and have been
revitalised in the past few years. However, these surveys were highly generalised soil, vegetation and game
distribution maps, bird, mammal, reptile and plant checklists, and superficial archaeological studies, and
therefore there are large gaps in information collected about this vast area.
5.3.2. Socioeconomic conditions
The population in Iona National Park has increased from ~150 people in 1964 to ~2,300 in 2014 and ~9,000
people in 2020. People rely on subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing for their livelihoods and are largely
impoverished. Poverty rates in Angola are very high, with ~43% of the population living below the poverty line
(of less than US$1.25 per day). In rural areas, the poverty rates are as high as ~58%.
In Iona National Park, animal husbandry plays a central social and cultural role in communities. Cattle and
dairy are fundamental to local diets and the need for cattle enclosures near dwellings has resulted in relatively
57 https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/iona
59 https://www.africanparks.org/the-parks/iona/fauna-flora
60 http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/iona-national-park-iba-angola
scattered settlement patterns. Additionally, nomadism and semi-nomadism are practised as adaptations to
the harsh climatic conditions that include low rainfall and periods of drought. Women in these communities
cultivate small plots for household consumption, and men typically raise large livestock — an activity that
forms an economically important part of the national economy.
As multiple resource use areas, Angola's TFCAs are inhabited by local communities and Indigenous Peoples
who are among the poorest and most vulnerable in Angola62. Many people depend on i) slash and burn
agriculture; ii) producing and selling charcoal; iii) poaching wild animals for subsistence and commercial
purposes; and iii) illegal logging of valuable timber. The high levels of poverty and limited livelihood options
available for rural communities in Angola result in the unsustainable exploitation of natural resources. For
example, the major drivers of deforestation and land degradation, wildlife habitat loss and fragmentation and
poaching in Angola are mostly linked to poverty and limited livelihood options.
Increasing population size, coupled with unregulated land use, have increased the habitat loss and
fragmentation in the project areas, resulting in increased human-wildlife conflict as humans and wildlife move
in search of resources – particularly water resources.
5.4. Anticipated developments within the project areas
Development in the project areas has been tentative in order to ensure that economic and social development
follow a socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable pathway. The development of the area’s economy will
require careful integration of the considerable eco-tourism potential within the direct biodiversity
conservation and sustainable livelihoods objectives. This diligence to the socio-cultural considerations within
project sites is particularly important as there are culturally and globally significant archeological sites in the
area — such as Tchitundo-Hulo, near Pediva. There are also resident Indigenous Peoples — the Ovahimba —
who have practised trans-humance migrations around the eastern periphery of the core and buffer areas of
Iona National Park for millennia.
The project area has limited logistical support, including support for demonstration projects, environmental
education and training, research and monitoring related to local, regional, national and global conservation
and sustainable development. However, the distinctive ecology and sociological characteristics of the area and
its inhabitants offers many opportunities for research, education and training and this is an anticipated
development as part of the proposed project.
6. Environmental and social impacts/risks of the proposed project
The proposed project aims to diversify the livelihoods of local communities to promote conservation and
climate-resilient development. A primary risk is that populations may not fully agree with and engage in these
livelihood and management changes. The area has a historical context that includes colonialism and conflict
that has likely led to embedded distrust between and within communities and authorities in and around the
project sites. Local communities’ current hunting, forestry and agricultural activities will likely be shifted during
this project and, without proper consultation and stakeholder buy-in, this could cause further conflicts. The
project must be designed, implemented and managed through regular and consistent collaboration. Local
communities will need to be considered project partners throughout all project phases so as to ensure the
sustainability of their livelihoods and of the project.
6.1. Scope of work
62The World Bank, n.d. Strengthen Management and Climate Change Resilience in Angola's Conservation Areas for
Sustainable Development.
For this project, a limited ESIA of the proposed activities was required. This entails clearly identifying and
addressing direct and indirect, as well as cumulative and potential residual impacts and ensuring adequate
consultation and disclosure. In particular, the limited ESIA and resultant ESMP need to put safeguard plans in
place to ensure that the following concerns have been addressed:
• Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement. The project needs to demonstrate that the
implementation of conservation measures; protected area management, municipal land use and local
development plans; diversification of livelihoods; and the implementation of physical infrastructure such
as fencing does not cause economic or physical displacement. Where there is potential for displacement,
the project needs to describe in the ESMP, the process framework to seek consent and agree on
compensation with affected parties. Note that CI does not support projects that involve involuntary
resettlement.
• Indigenous Peoples. The project is likely to be implemented in areas with Indigenous Peoples. The project
needs to assess the potential impacts of the project activities on IPs, and describe in the ESMP, how the
project will seek Free, Prior and Inform Consent (FPIC).
• Cultural Heritage. The project may implement physical infrastructure such as fencing and observation
posts. The project needs to confirm that these will not be located in areas where cultural resources exist,
or if they do exist, that they are appropriately preserved, and their destruction or damage is appropriately
avoided.
• Labour and Working Conditions. The project may involve the implementation of physical infrastructure.
The project needs to demonstrate in the ESMP, how it will ensure that the necessary policies, procedures,
systems and capabilities (set out in the GEF Minimum Standard 8) are in place for workers.
• Community Health, Safety and Security. The project mentions ongoing wildlife conflicts (such as bushmeat
hunting) with local communities and poaching. The project needs to assess existing conflicts and how
activities could exacerbate conflicts and describe in the ESMP measures that will be put in place to mitigate
conflicts. Further, the project mentions improved park management via support for law enforcement. The
project needs to assess historical, on-going, and potential human rights abuses by park enforcement
officials and describe in the ESMP measures to prevent and avoid project activities that can lend to human
right abuses.
• Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. The project needs to assess the impact of the proposed
infrastructure (observation posts, fence) on the environment, including sourcing of materials, and describe
in the ESMP the mitigation measures.
In addition to the above, an Accountability and Grievance Mechanism (AGM) is required, which will ensure
that any people affected by the project are able to bring their grievances to the Executing Agency (EA) for
redress. The mechanism must be in place before the start of project activities, and disclosed to all stakeholders
in a language, manner and means that best suits the local context. The project is also required to comply with
the CI-GEF’s Gender Policy and Stakeholder Engagement Policy. As such, the project is required to develop a
Gender Mainstreaming Plan (GMP) and a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) and to disclose these plans to
stakeholders before project implementation.
6.2. Mapping of potential positive and negative impacts of the project
Table 4. Potential positive and negative social and environmental impacts resulting from the proposed project’s outputs.
Component 1. Strengthening the resilience of local communities to climate change in targeted TFCAs.
Outcome 1.1. Increased implementation of biodiversity-compatible adaptation practices (encompassing the
eco-village approach) in the Angolan portions of targeted TFCAs
Outputs Potential positive impacts Potential negative impacts
1.1.1. Comprehensive climate risk and • The capacity of local • Unequal access to training
vulnerability assessments conducted community members, CSOs and inputs because of
for the Angolan portions of the KAZA and local government will historical inequality and
and Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs to be strengthened through power relations – ‘elite
identify climate vulnerabilities in training and support, capture’
important sectors and existing enabling beneficiaries to • Potential for local people to
livelihoods and inform climate-resilient adopt biodiversity- be dispossessed of land and
planning and development. compatible adaptation resources
practices • Project activities not fully
1.1.2. Natural capital accounting, • Enhanced knowledge of taken up at the local level
including ecosystem classification and conservation and and/or project concepts not
mapping, undertaken for the Angolan sustainable activities fully understood
portions of the KAZA and Iona- • Information about the value • Resistance from people
Skeleton Coast TFCAs to provide of ecosystems and with no interest in climate
information on the potential economic biodiversity explain the logic resiliency and biodiversity
value of ecosystem goods and services behind enforcement compatible adaptation
generated within and around national processes and improved practices
parks to inform planning and management • Members of community
management. • Mainstreaming climate unable to manage the
change and biodiversity, equipment
1.1.3. Biodiversity-compatible local improvement of local • Local communities unable
adaptation plans (encompassing the planning and the use of to protect and preserve
eco-village approach and including all natural resources their resources
relevant sectors) developed for each • Empowerment of human • Potential for negative
of the Angolan portions of KAZA and resources in terms of impacts on Indigenous
Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs. planning and implementing Peoples, whose ancient
• Members of community can practices might be
1.1.4. Members of target set up their own plans in disturbed
communities, local government, Civil terms of local adaptation • Potential for unequal access
Society Organisations (CSOs) and other plans to benefits for women and
relevant stakeholders engaged and • Communities in targeted other marginalised groups
trained on climate-resilient and villages will have better • Potential for conflict
biodiversity-compatible adaptation access to water, electricity, between communities
practices. and knowledge of because of perceived
sustainable practices unequal access to project
1.1.5. Members of target communities • Upscaling good practices benefits
in the Angolan portions of the KAZA learned through this project
and Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs in other areas, advancing
provided with technical support and conservation of biodiversity
inputs to implement appropriate and climate resilience
biodiversity-compatible adaptation
practices identified in local adaptation
plans.
1.1.6. Flagship eco-villages with

climate-resilient and sustainable
biodiversity-compatible features, such
as renewable energy, sustainable
water supply and energy-efficient
technologies, established within
Luengue-Luiana and Iona National
Parks to showcase the eco-village
concept and safeguard biodiversity in
the conservation areas.
1.1.7. Knowledge exchange on

biodiversity-compatible adaptation
practices facilitated between
communities targeted by the project
and other communities across the
wider KAZA and Iona-Skeleton Coast
TFCA landscapes (within and across
international boundaries) to facilitate
replication and upscaling of successful
adaptation interventions.
Outcome 1.2. Additional climate-resilient and biodiversity-compatible livelihood activities and sources of
income established in the Angolan portions of targeted TFCAs to decrease vulnerability of local communities
to climate change and reduce degradation of ecosystems
1.2.1. Market assessments for • Local development achieved • Unequal access to training
additional climate-resilient and despite the high impact of and inputs because of
biodiversity-compatible livelihood climate change historical inequality and
options conducted in each of the • Creation of local power relations – ‘elite
Angolan portions of the KAZA and opportunities and jobs; capture’
Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs to identify diversification of park • Increased population in the
viable avenues for livelihood management revenues project areas as people are
diversification under climate change • Better management in attracted by project-related
conditions. relation to integration of developments
climate change and • Business concerns override
1.2.2. Business plans developed for biodiversity conservation activities
separate viable additional climate- • Improved resilience of • Insufficient learning of the
resilient and biodiversity-compatible community livelihoods concepts and
livelihood options in each of the through diversification methodologies
Angolan portions of the KAZA and • Less reliance on damaging • More focus on livelihood
Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs. or illegal livelihoods such as options than conservation
poaching • Potential for negative
1.2.3. Members (men and women) of • Decreased human-wildlife impacts on Indigenous
target communities in the Angolan conflict as competition for Peoples, whose ancient
portions of the KAZA and Iona- resources decreases practices might be
Skeleton Coast TFCAs engaged and • Vigilant communities and disturbed
trained on establishing and managing reduced interference to • Potential for unequal access
relevant viable additional climate- ecosystem functioning. to benefits for women and
resilient and biodiversity-compatible Communities supporting other marginalised groups
livelihood options. park administration • Project activities not fully
• Examples of good practices taken up at the local level
1.2.4. Based on findings of market disseminated to motivate and/or project concepts not
assessments, members (men and similar projects in other fully understood
women) of target communities in the areas • Potential for conflict
Angolan portions of the KAZA and between communities
Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCAs provided because of perceived
with support and inputs (including unequal access to project
access to markets) to establish viable benefits
additional climate-resilient and
biodiversity-compatible livelihood
options.
1.2.5. Knowledge exchange on viable

additional climate-resilient and
biodiversity-compatible livelihood
facilitated between communities
targeted by the project and other
communities across the wider KAZA
and Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA
landscapes (within and across
international boundaries) to facilitate
replication and upscaling of successful
adaptation interventions
Component 2. Improving conservation area management and wildlife conservation in targeted TFCAs
Outcome 2.1. Improved management of conservation areas in the Angolan portion of the KAZA TFCA
2.1.1. Members of park management, • Local communities able to • Management plans and
CSOs, local administration and other integrate climate change resultant interventions
relevant stakeholders trained on adaption into their could prioritise
climate change adaptation planning as livelihood activities conservation efforts at the
it relates to the management of • Opportunities to manage expense of community
Luengue-Luiana National Park. the park with consideration needs
of all relevant aspects, • Increased conflict between
2.1.2. Management plan for Luengue- including community needs, park management
Luiana National Park updated to biodiversity considerations authorities and local
incorporate actions that respond to and climate change threats communities living in the
climate risk information and • Improved knowledge of park
strengthen biodiversity management. climate risks and ability to • Insufficient consideration of
proactively prepare, plan for the needs of marginalised
2.1.3. Priority activities identified in and manage these risks groups, such as women, the
updated management plan to mitigate • Improved conservation of elderly or the disabled in
climate risk and strengthen critical ecosystems and management plans
biodiversity conservation biodiversity • Priority activities
implemented in Luengue-Luiana • Improved dialogue between implemented in the park,
National Park park management and local such as constructed
communities infrastructure, could
2.1.4. Establishment and negatively affect
operationalisation of climate and ecosystems and biodiversity
meteorological stations in Luengue- • Exposure of communities to
Luiana National Park in collaboration safety risks from
with INAMET to inform climate- establishment of
resilient planning and management. infrastructure in the park
• Potential for use of forced
2.1.5. Knowledge exchange on climate or illegal child labour
change adaptation planning and
practice facilitated between Luengue-
Luiana National Park Management and
other conservation agencies in the
wider KAZA TFCA landscape (within
and across international boundaries)
to facilitate replication and upscaling
of adaptation planning and
interventions.
Outcome 2.2. Improved management of conservation areas in the Angolan portion of the Iona-Skeleton
Coast TFCA
2.2.1. Members of park management, • Local communities able to • Management plans and
CSOs, local administration and other integrate climate change resultant interventions
relevant stakeholders trained on could prioritise
climate change adaptation planning as adaption into their conservation efforts at the
it relates to the management of Iona livelihood activities expense of community
National Park. • Opportunities to manage needs
the park with consideration • Increased conflict between
2.2.2. Management plan for Iona of all relevant aspects, park management
National Park updated to incorporate including community needs, authorities and local
actions that respond to climate risk biodiversity considerations communities living in the
information and strengthen and climate change threats park
biodiversity management. • Improved knowledge of • Insufficient consideration of
climate risks and ability to the needs of marginalised
2.2.3. Priority activities identified in proactively prepare, plan for groups, such as women, the
updated management plans to and manage these risks elderly or the disabled in
mitigate climate risk and strengthen • Improved conservation of management plans
biodiversity implemented in Iona critical ecosystems and • Priority activities
National Park biodiversity implemented in the park,
• Improved dialogue between such as constructed
2.2.4. Establishment and park management and local infrastructure, could
operationalisation of climate and communities negatively affect
meteorological stations in Iona ecosystems and biodiversity
National Park in collaboration with • Priority activities
INAMET to inform climate-resilient implemented in the park
planning and management. could disturb cultural
heritage sites
2.2.5. Knowledge exchange on climate • Priority activities
change adaptation planning and implemented in the park
practice facilitated between Iona could negatively impact
National Park Management and other Indigenous Peoples and
conservation agencies in the wider their culture
Iona-Skeleton Coast TFCA landscape • Exposure of communities to
(within and across international safety risks from
boundaries) to facilitate replication establishment of
and upscaling of adaptation planning infrastructure in the park
and interventions. • Potential for use of forced
or illegal child labour
Outcome 2.3. Decreased poaching of priority species in Luengue-Luiana National Park

2.3.1. Comprehensive Anti-Poaching • Production of information • Increased exclusion of
strategy and Action Plan developed — that supports the National vulnerable people who may
in close collaboration with local strategy engage in poaching as a
communities— for Luengue-Luiana • Reduced illegal wildlife means of survival due to
National Park. trade due to further anti- impoverished
poaching enforcement in circumstances
2.3.2. Anti-Poaching Patrol bases the area • Increased conflict between
established/strengthened within • Improved biodiversity and park management/law
Luengue-Luiana National Park to ecosystem health in the enforcement and local
improve the effectiveness of wildlife park communities
law enforcement. • Employment creation for
local communities who can
2.3.3. Anti-Poaching Units (APUs) become part of anti-
established/strengthened and poaching efforts
equipped in Luengue-Luiana National • Improved awareness of the
Park to improve the effectiveness of importance of biodiversity
wildlife law enforcement. and the ecosystem services
provided by the park
2.3.4. Innovative wildlife monitoring

and reporting tools — such as
integrated Domain Awareness System
(DAS) and Spatial Monitoring and
Reporting Tool (SMART) software
platforms — introduced to Luengue-
Luiana National Park to measure,
evaluate and adaptively improve the
effectiveness of wildlife law
enforcement patrols.
2.3.5. Anti-Poaching Unit staff (male

and female) in Luengue-Luiana
National Park trained on operating
introduced operational,
communications and wildlife
monitoring and reporting tools.
2.3.6. Collaboration between Luengue-

Luiana National Park Management
with other conservation law
enforcement agencies in the wider
KAZA TFCA landscape (within and
across international boundaries)
established to improve the
enforcement.
Outcome 2.4. Decreased poaching of priority species in Iona National Park
2.4.1. Comprehensive Anti-Poaching • Production of information • Increased exclusion of
strategy and Action Plan developed — that supports the National vulnerable people who may
in close collaboration with local strategy engage in poaching as a
communities— for Iona National Park. • Reduced illegal wildlife means of survival due to
trade due to further anti- impoverished
2.4.2. Anti-Poaching Forward poaching enforcement in circumstances
Operating bases the area • Increased conflict between
established/strengthened within Iona • Improved biodiversity and park management/law
National Park to improve the ecosystem health in the enforcement and local
effectiveness of wildlife law park communities
enforcement. • Employment creation for
local communities who can
2.4.3. Anti-Poaching Units (APUs) become part of anti-
established/strengthened and poaching efforts
equipped in Iona National Park to • Improved awareness of the
improve the effectiveness of wildlife importance of biodiversity
law enforcement. and the ecosystem services
provided by the park
2.4.4. Innovative wildlife monitoring
and reporting tools — such as
integrated Domain Awareness System
(DAS) and Spatial Monitoring and
Reporting Tool (SMART) software
platforms — introduced to Iona
National Park to measure, evaluate
and adaptively improve the

enforcement patrols.
2.4.5. Anti-Poaching Unit staff (male

and female) in Iona National Park
trained on operating introduced
operational, communications and
wildlife monitoring and reporting
tools.
2.4.6. Collaboration between Iona

National Park Management with other
conservation law enforcement
agencies in the wider Iona-Skeleton
Coast TFCA landscape (within and
across international boundaries)
established to improve the
enforcement.
Component 3. Enhancing the technical and institutional capacity of climate change and conservation
institutions
Outcome 3.1. Enhanced institutional capacity of national government agencies to coordinate, plan and
implement climate change and biodiversity strategies
3.1.1. Sectoral strategies, policies and • Improved sectoral planning • No negative environmental
plans reviewed – in light of findings of that mainstreams climate or social impacts are
risk and vulnerability assessments and change adaptation and anticipated
natural capital accounting conducted biodiversity considerations
under Outcome 1.1 – to identify entry • Increased budget available
points for the integration of climate across different sectors to
change adaptation and biodiversity improve resilience to
conservation, as well as the inclusion climate change and improve
of gender considerations. biodiversity conservation
3.1.2. Policy briefs and technical

guidelines produced to support the
integration of climate change
adaptation, biodiversity conservation
and gender considerations into
relevant sectoral strategies, policies
and plans, including their related
budgets.
3.1.3. Climate change risk information

generated through the project
captured in existing databases (CC
ENISA) to inform future climate change
adaptation planning.
Outcome 3.2. Improved technical and institutional capacity of sub-national government agencies to
coordinate, plan and implement climate change and biodiversity strategies at provincial and municipal levels
3.2.1. Functional decentralised • Improved land use planning • Potential for certain types
Provincial Committees on Climate at the local level to enable of land uses to be excluded
Change and Biodiversity established in increased climate change through zoning which could
Namibe and Cuando Cubango to negatively impact local
coordinate, plan and implement resilience and biodiversity communities who rely on
climate change and biodiversity conservation natural resources for their
strategies at provincial level. • Improved knowledge and livelihoods
awareness of climate
3.2.2. Zoning and land-use planning change and biodiversity
tools that incorporate climate risk and strategies at the local level
biodiversity management developed
for Cuando Cubango and Namibe
provinces and the municipalities
surrounding Luengue-Luiana and Iona
National Parks to inform climate-
resilient and biodiversity-compatible
land-use and development planning.
3.2.3. Members of decentralised

Provincial Committees on Climate
Change and Biodiversity (male and
female) in Namibe and Cuando
Cubango provinces and staff of
selected municipalities bordering
Luengue-Luiana and Iona National
Parks trained on coordinating,
planning and implementing climate
change and biodiversity strategies.
3.2.4. Municipal master plans for

targeted municipalities updated to
integrate climate risk information,
biodiversity conservation and gender
considerations.
Outcome 3.3. Enhanced technical and institutional capacity to manage Angola's Conservation Area Network
3.3.1. Memoranda of understanding • Coordinated work between • Minority and marginalised
that clarify roles and responsibilities key stakeholders groups not being
and communicate plans, policies, legal • Development of main designated key roles and
instruments, strategies and guiding national laws and their not being actively included
principles for the management of application in the memoranda
conservation areas prepared and • Increased ability of key processes
circulated to relevant ministries, local actors to implement • Inability to scale and
governments and CSOs. management plans for the replicate the project in
areas different contexts
3.3.2. Meetings held between relevant • Broader range of training at • Difficulties of implementing
ministries, local governments and schools common strategies on
CSOs involved in biodiversity biodiversity and climate
conservation across Angola to clarify change
roles and responsibilities and • Unequal access to training
communicate plans, policies, legal for marginalised groups
instruments, strategies and guiding such as women
principles for the management of
conservation areas
3.3.3. Comprehensive and multi-

disciplinary training programme on
conservation areas management —
that include climate change adaptation
— developed to provide job training

for rangers, park managers and other
relevant stakeholders.
3.3.4. Training programme on

conservation areas management –
developed in Output 3.3.3 –
institutionalised at the Wildlife Ranger
school in Menongue to facilitate job
training for rangers, park managers
and other relevant stakeholders
beyond project implementation.
Outcome 3.4. Strengthened capacity of the private sector and other key stakeholders to develop Nature-
based Tourism (NBT) and sustainable use activities in Angola's conservation areas
3.4.1. Business plans – including • Sustainability activities in • Business prioritised over
investment prospectuses – identifying the parks, involving people conservation of
viable NBT enterprises that private and responsible tourism biodiversity, human rights
sector investors can undertake within • Increased employment and welfare
Luengue-Luiana and Iona National Park opportunities for local • Attracting the interest of
developed (using local adaptation communities people who do not
plans developed under Output 1.1.3 • Promotion of other prioritise conservation
and in close collaboration with local businesses outside of • NBT enterprises could
communities). protected areas negatively impact
• Visibility of the parks to Indigenous Peoples living in
3.4.2. Investment summit convened to potential private sector Iona National Park
showcase viable business investors • Influxes of people could
opportunities within Luengue-Luiana • Promotion of the areas to pose health risks through
and Iona National Park to potential attract tourists and increased transmission of
private sector investors. eventually other funds diseases into local villages
• Unequal access to benefits
3.4.3. Media and marketing strategies of NBT for women and
that are targeted towards potential other marginalised groups
clientele (local, regional and
international – in both Portuguese and
English) developed for Luengue-Luiana
and Iona National Park.
3.4.4. Local and international

marketing campaigns conducted to
promote NBT products in Luengue-
Luiana and Iona National Park.
Outcome 3.5. Increased ability of institutions in Angola to access climate and biodiversity finance
3.5.1. Recommendations, policies and • Capacity to access • No negative environmental
standards developed to facilitate the additional financial or social impacts are
restructuring of Angola’s revenues for climate change anticipated
environmental fund to serve as a long- adaptation and biodiversity
term source of finance for conservation
environment and conservation area
management with diversified funding
sources and access to additional
financial revenues, including from
climate finance and biodiversity
offsets.
3.5.2. A practical operational manual

developed for the environmental fund
that specifies its governance,
management, allocation,
transparency, accountability, audit,
and reporting requirements.
3.5.3. Staff of the environmental fund

trained to improve their ability to
write funding proposals and perform
other tasks related to accessing
finance.
3.5.4. A results-based management

system (with clear and transparent
rules for the allocation and use of
funds) developed for the
environmental fund to ensure that the
fund achieves its desired results.
Component 4. Facilitating project monitoring, knowledge management and sharing of lessons learned
Outcome 4.1. Effective monitoring and evaluation of adaptation and biodiversity conservation interventions
in the project target areas
4.1.1. Project staff trained on the use • Adaptive management of • No negative environmental
of the Global Wildlife Program (GWP) the project or social impacts are
tracking tool and Management • Local communities involved anticipated
Effectiveness Tracking Tools (METT) to in the monitoring and
report project contributions to evaluation of project results
program-level indicators
4.1.2. Monitoring, evaluation and

learning system designed and
implemented to facilitate the tracking
of trends in biodiversity and
management effectiveness over time
Outcome 4.2. Improved knowledge-sharing among institutions in Angola, and with other countries, donors,
and key stakeholders across the wider TFCA landscapes
4.2.1. Lessons learned from the project • Sharing of lessons learned • No negative environmental
shared between relevant institutions can facilitate uptake of or social impacts are
in Angola. similar measures across a anticipated
broader area, improving
4.2.2. Lessons learned from the project climate change resilience
shared among countries, donors, and and biodiversity
other key stakeholders across the conservation in other
wider TFCA landscapes, including vulnerable communities and
through increased South-South areas
cooperation.
6.3. Identified social and environmental risks
Based on the potential negative impacts of proposed project activities detailed in Table 4 above, as well as a
screening and assessment of the project, the following social and environmental risks have been identified.
Table 5. Identified risks, probability of occurrence and predicted impact level

Project output Risk description Probability of Impact level

occurrence (low, (low, medium,
medium, high) high)
1.1.4–1.1.7; 1.2.3–1.2.5; Unequal access to benefits for women and High High
2.1.3; 2.2.3; 3.3.3–3.3.4; other marginalised groups
3.4.2
1.1.5–1.1.6; 1.2.3–1.2.4; Negative impacts on Indigenous Peoples, Medium High
2.2.2–2.2.4; 3.4.2 whose ancient practices may be disturbed
1.1.3; 2.1.2–2.1.3; 2.2.2– Potential for IPs and other local Low High
2.2.3; 2.3.1–2.3.3; 2.4.1– communities to be prevented usual access
2.4.3; 3.2.2 to land and natural resources or to be
dispossessed of land and resources (physical
displacement)
1.1.5–1.1.6; 1.2.3–1.2.4 Elite capture – unequal access to training Medium Medium
and inputs because of historical inequality
and power relations
2.1.3; 2.2.3; 3.4.2 Increased exposure to health risks such as Medium Medium
COVID-19 through increased activities in
parks and influx of workers
1.1.6; 2.1.3; 2.2.3 Exposure of communities to safety risks Low Medium
from the establishment of infrastructure in
the parks
2.1.3; 2.2.3 Impacts on cultural heritage from Low Medium
establishment of infrastructure
2.1.2; 2.2.2; 2.3.1–2.3.3; Increased conflict between communities Medium High
2.4.1–2.4.3 and park management because of new
management plans and anti-poaching
strategies and the enforcement of these
(including potential for local people being
physically assaulted or injured)
2.1.3; 2.2.3 Risk of forced or illegal child labour being Low High
used during establishment of infrastructure
2.1.3; 2.2.3; 3.4.2 Disturbance of ecosystems through Low Medium
establishment of NBT enterprises and other
infrastructure related to park development
1.1.4–1.1.7; 1.2.3 –1.2.5; Potential for conflict between communities Medium High
2.1.3; 2.2.3; 3.4.2 because of perceived unequal access to
project benefits
7. Management Plans
7.1. Management of safeguards triggered
7.1.1. Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement
This project does not anticipate any restrictions on land use or resettlement and will avoid any forms of
eviction or involuntary resettlement. The project will work with communities to improve the management of
conservation areas and introduce additional, climate-resilient livelihoods. Management plans will be
developed with the full participation of communities involved and will not result in any involuntary physical
or economic displacement. Thus, triggering of resettlement safeguards is not anticipated. It is, however, noted
that the process resettlement of people and communities is dictated by Presidential Decree No. 117/16, the
Regulation for Resettlement Operations (Regulamento de Operações de Realojamento) of 2016. This Decree
regulates and approves resettlement operations for the process of relocation of a group of people living in a
territory or household, or residing in areas of requalification and urban reconversion, in accordance with the
principles governing the Public Administration, ensuring the continuation of the public interest and the
protection of the rights and interests of citizens. It establishes the admissibility of relocation, stating that the
admissibility of Resettlement is the responsibility of the provincial government and the implementation is the
responsibility of the municipal government. Lastly it establishes the relocation rights and warranties and
defines the procedure for relocation operations and financial compensation.
In the unlikely event that restrictions on land use are unavoidable, the project will develop a Process
Framework with the informed participation of affected communities as per CI-GEF’s policy requirements. In
the unlikely event that voluntary resettlement of communities is unavoidable, the project will develop a
Voluntary Resettlement Action Plan as per CI-GEF’s policy requirements. The project will ensure any of these
activities are done in a voluntary, participatory manner that will minimise adverse social and economic impacts
by: i) providing compensation for loss of assets at replacement cost; and ii) ensuring that resettlement
activities are implemented with appropriate disclosure of information, consultation, and the informed
participation and free, prior and informed consent of those affected. Under the circumstances where
avoidance of land acquisition is not possible, the project interventions would operate under Decree no. 58/07,
the General Regulation Land Concession (Regulamento Geral de Concessão de Terrenos) of July 13th, 2017. This
decree deals with public land and indicates that where there is expropriation for public use or for temporary
requisition of lands, fair and adequate indemnity to the owner and to affected holders of other property rights
is always owed. Additionally, private parties affected by expropriations for public use or by the establishment
of administrative authorities may seek corresponding fair indemnity or may alternatively participate as
stockholders in any mixed economy associations established for the utilisation of the respective reserve. This
Decree also establishes compensation for public use, including conceding a parcel of land, acceptable for
similar use.acceptable for similar use.
As some of the project interventions will be carried out within the boundaries of National Parks, the project
will also adhere to Law No. 9/04, the Land Law (Lei de Terras) of November 9th, 2004. This law establishes
fundamental land rights principles and categorises State land as conferrable and non-conferrable63. It also
defines land rights and interests in land, emphasising that the State and local authorities may expropriate land
for public utility purposes. It establishes that expropriation extinguishes the land rights established on the land
and determines its definitive transfer to state assets or local authorities, with the latter being responsible for
properly compensating the land rights holder and states that the land of rural communities may be
expropriated for public utility or be subject to requisition through fair compensation.
7.1.2. Indigenous Peoples
The project is likely to be implemented in areas of Iona National Park where the Indigenous OvaHimba people
live. These groups retain considerable traditional knowledge of sustaining life as pastoralists on the margins
of Africa’s oldest and driest desert. The lack of studies involving their active participation puts this knowledge
at risk64. The project therefore needs to and will ensure extensive and ongoing consultation with the
Indigenous Peoples to facilitate information-sharing and skills transfer.
Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) must be sought from Indigenous Peoples regarding all activities that
are likely to affect them. Comprehensive stakeholder mapping will take place during the first year of the
project as specific project intervention sites are selected to identify precisely which Indigenous Peoples are
likely to be affected and how. Following this, FPIC will be sought through: i) involving representatives of
63 Conferrable Land is land can have its property rights transmitted or constituted in accordance to use, while respecting
its protection, environmental issues, and sustainable exploitation. Non-Conferrable Land cannot be transmitted for private
use because of its public use, including roads, airports, schools, hospitals, etc.
64 Malan and Owen Smith 1974; Jacobsohn 1988
Indigenous Peoples in the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of relevant project activities,
particularly the development of park management plans and anti-poaching strategies; ii) working with
Indigenous Peoples to develop a protocol for communication that has the objective of obtaining FPIC; iii)
seeking consent through procedures and institutions determined by Indigenous Peoples themselves; iv)
establishing which, if any, representative institutions are entitled to express consent on behalf of the affected
peoples or communities; v) establishing mechanisms and procedures — developed in collaboration with
Indigenous Peoples — to verify that FPIC has been sought; and vi) providing effective mechanisms for redress
if FPIC is not sought. In addition, FPIC will be embedded in all project training programmes.
7.1.3. Cultural Heritage
Cultural heritage sites that have been preliminarily identified as being present in or near the conservation
areas where project activities will take place include:
• Tchitundo-Hulo — a pre-Bantu rock painting and petroglyph site, that is located outside Iona National Park
near Capolopolo, and falls within the proposed Welwitschia/Tombua Desert Biosphere Reserve (WTDBR).
The works provide unique archaeological and cultural value to the area because of the wide diversity of
subject matter believed to be hundreds, if not thousands of years old. The paintings and petroglyphs
include animals, people and abstract graphics of possible astrological significance. The site is regarded as
sacred to the local non-Bantu ‘cuisis’ people, who are now very limited in number, and whose culture and
traditions have not been effectively documented65.
• Stone circles — in several areas of Iona National Park, along the base of mountains, and even within the
sand dunes, isolated circles of flagstones may be found, approximately 4 m in diameter, of unexplained
origin.
The cultural importance of these sites is fully acknowledged by the project, and any construction or
development that takes place under the project will avoid any and all impacts on cultural heritage sites. As the
majority of project activities involving construction or development will take place inside national parks, park
management will ensure the prevention of the removal of or damage to objects or sites considered to be
culturally important. In addition, further field-based studies will be undertaken once specific intervention sites
have been identified — including consultation with local communities and Indigenous Peoples where
appropriate — to ensure the full nature, extent and significance of any cultural heritage sites present have
been identified.
For the elements of the project that involve labourers for construction and upgrading of infrastructure, there
will likely be the introduction of people from other cultures into local communal areas. As a result, new
influences from other cultures may affect the traditional OvaHimba people if they are present within the same
region. There is the risk that the process of cultural exchange could become too rapid for the people and
leaders to manage, creating challenges for these communities. These risks will be managed through ongoing
and extensive consultation with the Indigenous Peoples present, as described in Section 7.1.2 above.
7.1.4. Labour and Working Conditions
In order to avoid triggering labour and working condition safeguards, this project has been designed to: i)
promote the fair treatment, non-discrimination and equal opportunity of workers; ii) establish, maintain and
improve the worker-management relationship; iii) promote compliance with national labour and employment
laws; iv) protect workers, including vulnerable categories of workers such as migrant workers, workers
engaged by third parties, and workers in the client supply chain; v) promote safe and healthy working
conditions, and health of workers; and vi) avoid the use of forced and child labour. The project will also adhere
to all Angolan law related to labour and employment.
65 Santos Junior 1974; Rudner 1976

The legal framework governing labour and employment in Angola is the General Labour Law No. 7/15 of June
15th, 2015, which establishes procedures and guidelines for employment. Angola also has an Occupational
Health and Safety System, Decree No. 31/94, which establishes the principles that promote safety, hygiene,
and health at work. The General Labour Law applies to all workers who, in Angolan territory, provide
remunerated activity on behalf of an employer. The law establishes procedures and guidelines for the legal
relationship of labour. It stipulates that workers can form independent unions, to collectively bargain, and to
strike. Anti-union discrimination is banned under this law. In Angola, the law prohibits children under 14 years
of age from working and allows work for children between 14 and 16 years of age with parental permission,
or without if they are married and the work does not interfere with schooling or harm the physical, mental,
and moral development of the minor.
To ensure unethical labour practices do not take place during the implementation of any project activities, the
following measures will be put in place in the first year of the project:
• A human resources policy will be developed that outlines the key provisions in the General Labour Law as
they relate to the project, as well as the principles of non-discrimination, equal opportunity, and fair
treatment. This will be made available to workers employed under the project in English and Portuguese.
• Awareness-raising will be provided to inform workers of their rights under the General Labour Law and
applicable grievance and conflict resolution systems that can be followed.
• Random field visits will be undertaken by the project ESS expert throughout the project to assess working
conditions and confirm the absence of forced or illegal child labour.
7.1.5. Community Health, Safety and Security
This project will anticipate and avoid adverse impacts on the health and safety of the affected communities
during the project duration from both routine and non-routine circumstance. The project will also ensure that
the safeguarding of personnel and property is carried out in accordance with relevant human rights principles
and in a manner that avoids or minimises risks to the affected communities. It will operate under Decree No.
31/94 of May 31st, 1994, the Occupational Hygiene and Safety System. This decree establishes the principles
that aim to promote safety, hygiene and health at work.
There are potential health risks posed to towns and villages along routes used by the project for construction
activities, particularly the trucking of goods and equipment to the project sites. The influx of travellers from
outside of the region could lead to an increase in the spread of diseases such as tuberculosis (TB), and an
increased risk of HIV/AIDS transmission. There is particular risk posed under the circumstances of the COVID-
19 pandemic, the effects of which may impact the project area for several years until effective vaccination
becomes accessible to these remote villages and communities. These impacts will be mitigated by
predominantly using the local workforce throughout the project developments, therefore reducing exposure
risks and supporting local businesses and workers. In cases where an external workforce is necessary, risk
mitigation will involve planning transportation routes through the least densely populated areas to reduce
exposure. Health screenings can be used for staff hired by the project and this can be propagated to sub-
contractors to reduce project health risks. Many new protocols and safety strategies developed in response
to the COVID-19 pandemic will be useful to implement during the project period to safeguard the affected
people and communities, and these will also provide an extensive knowledge base of best practice and lessons
learned for the region.
In addition, while human-wildlife conflict occurs throughout the project areas, the goal of the project is to
reduce these incidences through improved park management and diversified livelihood development. Project
activities are thus not expected to increase safety and security risks related to human-wildlife conflict, but to
rather reduce them. Similarly, conflict between local communities and park management/law enforcement
officials does take place in these areas, but one of the priorities of the project is to reduce this conflict. In-
depth and ongoing community consultations will take place throughout the project period to better
understand the sources of such conflict. The outcomes of these discussions will be used to inform park
management plans and anti-poaching strategies. Communities will co-develop these plans to ensure any
measures put in place will not threaten their health, safety and security. Gender considerations will be
explicitly included to ensure that risks that may be common or specific to men or women are not overlooked.
7.1.6. Environmental Impact Assessment
Once specific intervention sites have been identified — including the exact quantity and location of any
development that will take place such as the construction of observation posts or fencing — an Environmental
and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) will be conducted by the project ESS expert in collaboration with the
National Directorate for the Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts (Direcção Nacional de
Prevenção e Avaliação de Impactes Ambientais (DNPAIA)), which, among other things, is responsible for
reviewing and commenting on EIA processes, including project registration and Terms of Reference (ToR). The
ESIA will identify any potential impact of the proposed infrastructure on the environment, including sourcing
of materials, and will outline mitigation measures required to minimise any negative impacts. The report will
be reviewed by DNPAIA and forwarded to the MCTA with recommendations on whether an environmental
licence should be granted or not. If considered necessary, the MCTA will invite different institutions and
stakeholders to give comments and make suggestions on the final report.
7.2. Environmental and Social Management Plan
The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) presented below has been developed with the
intention of an adaptive approach being put in place. Therefore, additional risks that may be identified during
project implementation will be added to the ESMP and appropriate mitigation measures put in place. All
activities under the project will be implemented in full compliance with Angolan law, as well as the GEF’s and
CI’s environmental and social standards.
Table 6. Environmental and Social Management Plan including proposed mitigation measures for identified risks,
responsible entity/ies and schedule.
Risk description Mitigation measures incorporated into Entity/ies Schedule Indicative

project design responsible for budget (USD)
managing risk
Unequal access to • Many of the project’s interventions will PMU; Years 1–7 11,000
benefits for women and be implemented based on the outcomes ESS/Gender
other marginalised of comprehensive climate risk and expert
groups vulnerability assessments (Output 1.1.1);
thus, the needs of especially vulnerable
and marginalised groups will be taken
into account
• Training programmes will include gender
considerations, as well as considerations
for other marginalised groups
• A Gender Mainstreaming Plan has been
developed which embeds a gender-
responsive approach throughout the
project
Negative impacts on • Comprehensive stakeholder mapping will PMU; ESS Years 1–7 11,000
Indigenous Peoples, take place during the first year of the expert; IP
whose ancient practices project to identify precisely which IPs will representatives
may be disturbed be affected
• Process for Free, Prior and Informed
Consent (FPIC) will be implemented
• Representatives of IPs will be included in
planning, implementation, monitoring
and evaluation of relevant project
activities, particularly development of
park management plans and anti-
poaching strategies
• Protocols will be developed with IPs for
communication that has the objective of
seeking FPIC
• Consent will be sought through
procedures and institutions determined
by IPs themselves
• Mechanisms and procedures will be
established with IPs to verify that FPIC has
been sought
• Mechanisms will be established for
redress
• FPIC will be embedded in all project
training programmes
Potential for IPs and • The project does not anticipate any PMU; Project Years 1–7 11,000
other local communities restrictions on land use or resettlement manager; park
to be prevented usual • In the unlikely event this is unavoidable, administration
access to land and the project will provide compensation for
natural resources or to loss of assets at replacement cost and
be dispossessed of land ensure resettlement activities are
and resources (physical implemented with appropriate disclosure
displacement) of information, consultation and informed
participation of those affected
• In the case of restrictions on land use, a
Process Framework will be developed by
the project
• In the case of voluntary resettlement, a
Voluntary Resettlement Action Plan will
be developed by the project
• All interventions will adhere to Decree no.
58/07, the General Regulation Land
Concession and Law No. 9/04, the Land
Law
• Development of all management plans
and land use plans will be done in
collaboration with local communities who
are likely to be affected
Elite capture – unequal • Project staff will be trained on the PMU; Project Years 1–7 11,000
access to training and historical inequality and power relations manager
inputs because of present in the project sites to inform the
historical inequality and implementation of interventions and
power relations prevent elite capture
• Field visits will take place to monitor the

distribution of benefits derived from the
project
Increased exposure to • All project interventions will be PMU; Project Years 2–7 11,000
health risks such as implemented in accordance with Decree manager
COVID-19 through No. 31/94 Occupational Hygiene and
increased activities in Safety System which establishes the
parks and influx of principles that aim to promote safety,
workers hygiene and health at work
• A local workforce will be used as far as
possible to limit exposure to health risks
through the influx of external workers
• Training and technical support will be
provided to workers to help mitigate
against health risks, especially COVID-19
Exposure of • All project interventions will be PMU; Project Years 2–5 11,000
communities to safety implemented in accordance with Decree manager
risks from the No. 31/94 Occupational Hygiene and
establishment of Safety System which establishes the
infrastructure in the principles that aim to promote safety,
parks hygiene and health at work
• Health and safety protocols related to any
construction taking place under the
project will be developed and shared with
local communities who may be at risk
Impacts on cultural • The cultural importance of identified sites PMU; Project Years 2–7 11,000
heritage from is fully acknowledged by the project manager; park
establishment of • As the majority of project activities administration
infrastructure involving construction will take place
inside national parks, park management
will ensure the prevention of the removal
of or damage to objects or sites
considered to be culturally important
• Field-based studies will be undertaken,
including consultation with local
communities and IPs where appropriate,
to ensure the full nature, extent and
significance of any cultural heritage sites
present have been identified
• Ongoing and extensive consultation with
IPs will take place to ensure any risks
related to cultural exchange are managed
appropriately
Increased conflict • In-depth and ongoing community PMU; ESS Years 2–5 11,000
between communities consultations will take place throughout expert; park
and park management the project period to better understand administration
because of new the sources of any ongoing conflict
management plans and • Outcomes of these consultations will be
anti-poaching strategies used to inform park management plans
and the enforcement of and anti-poaching strategies
these (including • Communities will co-develop these plans
potential for local to ensure any measures put in place will
people being physically not threaten their health, safety and
assaulted or injured) security
Risk of forced or illegal • The project will adhere to all Angolan law PMU; ESS expert Years 2–7 11,000
child labour being used related to labour and employment,
during establishment of especially the General Labour Law No.
infrastructure 7/15
• A human resources policy will be
developed that outlines the key
provisions in the General Labour Law as
they relate to the project, as well as the
principles of non-discrimination, equal
opportunity and fair treatment. This will
be made available to workers employed
under the project in English and
Portuguese.
• Awareness-raising will be provided to
inform workers of their rights under the
General Labour Law and applicable
grievance and conflict resolution systems
that can be followed.
• Field visits will be undertaken by the
project ESS expert to assess working
conditions and confirm the absence of
forced or illegal child labour.
• How about requiring firms or entities
undertaking the construction to prove
that they have in place the appropriate
policies and systems that meet labour and
working conditions standards of the GEF.
Disturbance of • Once specific intervention sites have been ESS expert; Years 2–5 11,000
ecosystems through identified — including the exact quantity DNPAIA; MCTA
establishment of NBT and location of any development that will
enterprises and other take place such as the construction of
infrastructure related to observation posts or fencing — an
park development Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
will be conducted by the project ESS
expert. This EIA will identify any potential
impact of the proposed infrastructure on
the environment, including sourcing of
materials, and will outline mitigation
measures required to minimise any
negative impacts.
Potential for conflict • In-depth and ongoing community PMU; ESS Years 1–7 11,000
between communities consultations will take place throughout expert; park
because of perceived the project period to understand the administration
unequal access to existing dynamics between communities
project benefits in the project areas
• Ongoing awareness-raising will be
undertaken to demonstrate why certain
communities or areas are selected for
specific interventions and to demonstrate
how broader benefits of the project can
be realised through the enabling
environment for upscaling of project
activities
• Any grievances related to the perceived
unequal distribution of project benefits
will be processed and responded to

through the Accountability and Grievance
Mechanism established by the project
• Total 111,00066
7.3. Accountability and Grievance Mechanism
Given the proposed project’s focused engagement with local people, their livelihoods and their security,
project staff are likely to receive complaints and/or grievances during the project’s lifespan. Grievances may
arise from inter alia: i) disputes regarding access to natural resources; ii) disputes regarding the control over
natural resources; iii) operational concerns, regarding management for example, iv) behaviour of project staff
and their respect for local traditions; and v) personal security regarding human-wildlife conflict and/or
measures to counteract poaching. Project partners believe that most grievances can and should be resolved
as part of the ongoing project management activities, and that affected parties should, as a first
step, discuss any problems locally and attempt to find resolutions at this level. However, if resolution is not
met at the local level, grievants may formally submit their complaint(s) through the established Accountability
and Grievance Mechanism (AGM) (Appendix VI-d). All community members and stakeholders will be informed
of these grievance provisions, including how to register a complaint, and local communities or other affected
parties may file a complaint at any stage during the lifespan of the project.
The primary purpose of this AGM – attached as appendix VI-d – is to respond to grievances submitted by, or
on behalf of, individuals or groups who believe the project has failed to respect the relevant procedures
related to safeguards. The AGM plan describes the specific ways in which project stakeholders will be able
to raise grievances and how these will be processed, with the goal of providing transparent procedures that
will allow those with concerns or complaints about the project to be heard, and for resolutions to be reached.
The AGM therefore serves as a tool to ensure that people have a clear pathway to raise grievances, that
dialogue is maintained between project stakeholders, and that public support for the project is maintained.
Further to this, the AGM provides information about eligible and ineligible grievances; mechanisms for
transparency and fairness; confidentiality; accessibility of the AGM; timelines between receiving a grievance,
processing a grievance, and reaching a resolution; documentation of grievances; and monitoring and reporting
of grievances. It also includes information regarding the responsible person(s) for implementing and
monitoring the AGM, which, in the proposed project, is the Project Manager. Grievances will be screened for
eligibility by the Project Management Unit based at the EA and, ultimately, the director responsible for the
GEF project will decide on how to process each case. Importantly, involving the EA in a grievance will ensure
that the grievance is tracked, investigated, and monitored formally as part of the AGM process. Finally, the
AGM includes information about the budget and resources required for the implementation and monitoring
of the plan.
7.4. Gender Mainstreaming Plan
This Gender Mainstreaming Plan (GMP) (Appendix VI-b) aims to embed a gender-responsive approach67
throughout the project. The focus of the GMP is to ensure that both women and men receive culturally-
66 Total cost of the International Safeguards and Gender Specialist (USD 67,500) over the lifespan of the project and 10%
of the M&E and Communications specialist’s time over the lifespan pf the project (USD 43,500).
67
Gender refers to the economic, social, political and cultural attributes and opportunities associated with being a man or a woman. Gender
is a social construct, which does not imply addressing only women’s roles, but the simultaneous consideration of both male and female
roles and their interaction in society (ESMF, 2015). In other words, gender is a social concept of the functions, behaviours, activities, and
attributes that each society considers appropriate for men and women and therefore it varies among cultures. Gender is a dynamic, fluid
concept and it encompasses actors, governance, and territory. Accordingly, this plan also recognises the diversity and intersectionality
among male and female groups67, such that Indigenous women, for example, may face additional challenges to participate in decision-
compatible economic and social benefits, do not suffer discriminatory effects during development and
implementation, and enjoy full respect for their dignity and human rights. The process involves incorporating
gender into policies, strategies, programmes, activities and administrative functions. It is not only focused on
involving women throughout the project, but also on the equitable distribution of responsibilities,
opportunities and benefits for men and women. This includes recognising the role of women in the use of
natural resources and in generating family health and well-being. A summary of the GMP is presented below
with the full version available in Appendix VI-b of the Project Document, which includes details on the gender
context of Angola and the project sites.
The project GMP will focus on addressing the root causes of gender inequalities which include: i) limited of
access to and control over productive resources and assets; ii) limited decent employment opportunities which
is crucial for reducing poverty; iii) limited functional and financial literacy, skills and knowledge of rural women
and girls; iv) a lack of women in leadership positions; and v) limited investment in rural infrastructure and
labour-saving technologies to reduce women’s burden and time spent collecting firewood and water.
The COVID-19 pandemic has somewhat restricted the consultative processes required as part of the PPG phase
to further develop this GMP. On-the-ground community consultations will be conducted during the first year
of project implementation and a gender specialist will be procured to ensure gender is appropriately
mainstreamed into all relevant activities.
Gender-disaggregated information will be collected throughout implementation from stakeholder meetings

to track gender participation and engagement. This information is detailed in Section III of the GMP and will
include: i) roles; ii) capacities; iii) knowledge and expertise; iv) rights of access and control; and v)
responsibilities related to all aspects of the project and their relation to the gender context of the project sites,
as well as the potential impacts of project interventions. Section IV of the GMP includes the details of gender
mainstreaming within the project interventions at output level, identifying where gender implications can be
explicitly stated to ensure that the outputs, and the project as a whole, are gender-responsive.
7.5. Stakeholder Engagement Plan
The Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) (Appendix VI-c) details the stakeholders involved in each project
component. It includes a Stakeholder Mapping section, in which the stakeholder’s name, function, and interest
are listed; as well as the impact of the project on the stakeholder, the stakeholder’s influence in the project
and the level of risk attached to the stakeholder’s influence — i.e., the risk regarding their ability to hinder or
contribute to the success of the project.
The SEP also details how each stakeholder was engaged with during the PPG Phase – the date, location and
method of engagement, as well as the objective of and the outcomes of the engagement. This section also
includes the relevant project component(s) that the engagement feeds into. Project disclosure, reporting of
indicators and lessons learned during the PPG phase are included in this section as this information can be
used during the project implementation phase. Engagements during the implementation phase of the project
are referred to in the next section of the SEP. The stakeholder’s name, the method of engagement, the location
and frequency of the engagement as well as the resources and budget required for the engagements to occur
are covered in this section.
Finally, the SEP contains a monitoring and evaluation section, that specifies the regularity with which the
project will report on the progress made towards implementing the SEP, as well as details regarding the
persons responsible, and the disclosure of the SEP.
making processes. The plan focuses attention on these nuances to ensure the fair distribution of the benefits of the project among all local
stakeholders.
8. Monitoring and reporting
The compliance of project activities with the ESMP and other management interventions will be continually
monitored throughout the project lifespan. A specific ESS monitoring plan will be developed by an ESS expert
within the first year of the project, including reporting requirements. This monitoring plan will enable the
Project Manager and ESS expert to monitor and assess the effectiveness of environmental and social safeguard
risk management activities. The monitoring plan will be periodically reviewed and updated, in conjunction
with the ESMP itself, based on monitored and emergent risks. Further identification of risks during the
monitoring process will reduce the overall environmental and social impact of the project as these risks are
accounted for as they emerge and dealt with accordingly. Monitoring will also be complemented by
information gathered during ongoing engagement with communities and other stakeholders through the
Stakeholder Engagement Plan (Appendix VI-c). This will therefore contribute to the dynamism, adaptability
and, ultimately, the effectiveness of the project.

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Strengthen Management and Climate

Change Resilience in Angola’s

Appendix VI (a): The Environmental

1 Guidelines on GEF Policy on Environmental and Social Safeguards, 2019

4. Policy, legal and administrative framework

4.1. Institutional and administrative structure

Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Environment

National Directorate for the Prevention and Assessment of Environmental Impacts

4.2. Environmental Policy and Legal Framework

The sustainable use of the environment is recognised as a fundamental dimension of sustainable

National Environmental Management Programme

1. Promotion of inter-sectoral coordination.

National Development Plan (PND 2018–2022)

Biodiversity Plans and Strategies

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2019–2025)

The National Forest, Wildlife, and Conservation Areas Policy (2010)

Other Relevant Policies, Plans and Strategies

Angola 2025: Long-Term Strategy (Estratégia de Longo Prazo)

Strategy to Combat Poverty (2003)

National Programme to Support Rural Women (2012)

National Policy for Gender Equality and Equity (2013)

National Council for Social Action (2019)

4.3. National Legislation

Table 1 presents a summary of the national legislation relevant to the project.

Table 1. Summary of Legislation Applicable to the Project.

4.4. International Agreements

Table 2. Multilateral Environmental Agreements relevant to the Project.

5.1.1. Economic composition

12 Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/795037/age-structure-in-angola/

5.1.2. Food and water insecurity

28 Available at: https://tradingeconomics.com/angola/gdp-growth

in the country’s GDP.

messengers, spies, administrative or logistical staff, and as armed combatants. Source:

5.2. Luengue-Luiana National Park

43 Available at: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#1529002136120-6ad57d1d-6540

recordings. Source: The World Bank Data. 2020. Available at:

and the ancestors of living occupants. Source: https://www.land-links.org/country-profile/angola/#overview

5.2.1. Physical and biological conditions

Table 3. List of species confirmed to be present in the Mucusso Game Reserve.

52 Available at: https://rris.biopama.org/sites/default/files/2019-03/Luengue_Luiana_Management_Plan_rev_7_July.pdf

Common name Species name

5.2.2. Socio-economic conditions

54 Data provided by Panthera, 2016

5.3. Iona National Park

5.3.1. Physical and Biological conditions

5.3.2. Socioeconomic conditions

5.4. Anticipated developments within the project areas

6. Environmental and social impacts/risks of the proposed project

6.1. Scope of work

6.2. Mapping of potential positive and negative impacts of the project

1.1.6. Flagship eco-villages with

1.1.7. Knowledge exchange on

1.2.5. Knowledge exchange on viable

Outcome 2.3. Decreased poaching of priority species in Luengue-Luiana National Park

2.3.4. Innovative wildlife monitoring

2.3.5. Anti-Poaching Unit staff (male

2.3.6. Collaboration between Luengue-

effectiveness of wildlife law

2.4.5. Anti-Poaching Unit staff (male

2.4.6. Collaboration between Iona