What are volcanoes?

Volcano is a vent or chimney that connects molten rock (magma) from within the Earth's crust
to the Earth's surface.
The volcano includes the surrounding cone of erupted material.

Features
VENT - the opening where the lava came out
CONE - the entire volcano
CONDUIT - the cracks under the volcano
MAGMA CHAMBER - where the lava comes from or the one at the bottom.
CRATER - the one at the height of the volcano as long as it is high
CALDERA - a volcano that erupted with great force, collapsed and lost its entire shape.
DIKE - magma chamber that is no longer active. It has been eroded or exhausted due to
repeated eruptions so there is no volcano, just a magma chamber.
SILLS - intrusion of igneous rock that forms between preexisting layers of rock. Tectonic
activities were lost in the area so the magma chamber hardened so the pattern of sills was
formed
TEPHRA FALL - the ash from the ashfall caused by a volcanic eruption. Ashfall left over
VOLCANIC BOMB - rocks (large or small) from a volcanic eruption. It comes from inside the
volcano itself.
ASHCLOUD - the smoke when there is a volcanic eruption.

KINDS OF VOLCANO
It's an Extinct Volcano, if it doesn't have any signs or evidence of potential eruption. Doesn't
erupt ever again.
It's an Active Volcano if it erupts frequently. Showing consistent signs of eruption and always
erupting.
It's an Inactive Volcano if it doesn't erupt frequently and it doesn't have any potential to be an
active volcano. Showing at least signs of eruption. Low chance of becoming an active volcano.
Doesn't always erupt.
It's a Dormant Volcano if it doesn't erupt frequently but it has a potential to be an active
volcano. Sleeping, showing consistent sign but doesn't erupt on time. When something triggers
him. Greater chance of becoming an active volcano.

TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Composite or Strat Volcano
Keyword: perfect cone like Mt. Mayon, steep sided. The pattern is ash and lava
Cinder Cone or Ash-cinder Volcano
Keyword: steep or moderate side. Just ash
Dome Volcano
Keyword: has the largest slope. Very steep.
Fissure Volcano
Keyword: flat surface with a crack and that can be a vent. Most can be seen underwater
Shield Volcano
Keyword: gentle slope. Low slope
Caldera Volcano
Keyword: a super volcano that violently erupts and collapses itself.
Subglacial
Keyword: region volcanoes. When it explodes, the ice will melt and then it will become lahar.
Submarine
Keywords: underwater volcanoes. Like pillows oishi. When it comes in contact with water, the
outside hardens but the inside still has lava so the lava will still flow inside until it runs out and
hardens. There will be pressure so there will be a little eruption. Implode means the explosion
will go inside.

Tawag sa paligid ng volcano

》Yung paligid ng volcano is called Flank
Tawag sa tuktok
》Yung tuktok is called Summit.
San malapit yung throat
》Tapos may throat, yung throat ay malapit sa crater lagi.

How and why do volcano erupt? Explain

》 Pressure; trapped gas
》 rocks become heated then expand and rises
》 viscosity of lava (ability of liquid to resist emotion)
》 hot, molten rock (magma) is buoyant (has a lower density than the surrounding rocks) and
will rise up through the crust to erupt on the surface.
Same principle as hot air rising, how hot air balloon works.
》 when magma reaches the surface it depends on how easily it flows (viscosity) and the
amount of gas
it has in it as to how it erupts.
》 large amounts of gas and a high viscosity (sticky) magma will form an explosive eruption
Think about shaking a carbonated drink and then releasing the cap.
》 small amounts of gas and/or low viscosity (runny) magma will form an effusive eruption
Where the magma just trickles out of the volcano (lava flow)

DIFFERENT TYPES OF ERUPTION

Explosive Eruption
This involves the sudden and violent release of gas, ash and rock fragments from a volcano
These eruption can be extremely powerful and can cause significant damage to nearby areas.
This can be catastrophic and hazardous.
Send ash cloud >25 km into the stratosphere
Have severe environmental and climatic effects.

》 3 products from this eruption

Ash fall
Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic surge

Effusive Eruption
This involves the relatively gentle flow of lava from a volcano, rather than explosive eruptions
that generates ash, pyroclastic flows and other forms of volcanic activity.
It is characterised by outpourings of lava on to the ground.
It's less explosive and less destructive than othertypes of volcanic eruptions, although they can
still be hazardous to people and property near the eruption site.
Pano nasusukat ang explositivity ng volcano
》 Volcanic explositivity is measured using the VEI scale (Volcano Explositivity Index) which is a
measurement of the volume of erupted material.
》 Each volcano does not have a characteristic mark on the scale. Instead, each individual
eruption is given its own point on the scale.

STYLES OF ERUPTION
Phreatic
Magma comes contact in water (indirect)
Heat resistant rocks (quartzite)
Nasa ilalim ng rocks yung magma iinit yung rocks then pag nalamigan nay steam
Water ang lumalapit sa magma
Magma + super heated rocks
These eruptions see magma erupting unto the surface as lava due to the magma within the
chamber reacting to the sudden presence of water contacting it.

Phreatomagmatic
The lava/magma comes contact with water (direct)
Magma ang lumalapit
Fuel coolant reaction
Magma + water
Pag na-trap yung steam pupwersahin niyang lumabas kaya malakas eruption
It occurs when water contacts superheated rocks surrounding the magma chamber. As a result,
the magma within the chamber isn't released and thus it consists of steam, ash and rock
exploded above that point of the Phreatic eruption.

》 Common in Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic is the involvement of water

》 Difference between them is Phreatic requires no direct interaction of magma and water
while Phreatomagmatic requires direct interaction of magma and water

Magmatic
Silical level in magma dictates how explosive volcano can be.
Yung mahinang magmatic eruption pwedeng lumakas kapag nakasalamuha ang tubig at
magiging Phreatomagmatic.
Pag paulit-ulit mabasa ng water ang rock na may magma pwedeng mag-erupt. That is Phreatic
+ Magmatic.

Risks and Dangers

1. Lava flows: Molten rock that moves from the volcano and can destroy everything in its path.

2. Pyroclastic flows: Fast-moving currents of hot gas and ash that can move down the slopes of
a volcano and incinerate everything in their path.

3. Ash fall: The fallout of volcanic ash from the eruption column, which can have serious health
impacts and cause damage to buildings and infrastructure.

4. Lahars: Mudflows that occur when water and volcanic material mix, often triggered by heavy
rain or melting snow on a volcano.

5. Volcanic gases: Emissions of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and other gases that can cause
respiratory problems, acid rain, and climate change.
6. Volcanic bombs: Large pieces of solidified lava or rock that can be thrown out of the volcano
during an eruption and cause damage or injury.

7. Tsunamis: Giant waves that can be generated by an undersea volcanic eruption, potentially
causing widespread damage and loss of life in coastal areas.

It is important to understand and prepare for these risks and dangers if you live in a volcanic
region or plan to visit one.

Volcano monitoring
Volcano monitoring refers to the process of collecting and analyzing data to assess the activity
of a volcano and predict its behavior. This involves using a combination of ground-based and
remote sensing techniques to detect and measure various physical and chemical parameters
such as seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and temperature changes. These
data are then used to generate alerts and warnings to help protect nearby communities from
potential volcanic hazards such as ash fall, pyroclastic flows, lahars, and lava flows. Continuous
monitoring of volcanoes is critical to reduce the risk of loss of life and damage to property, and
to improve our understanding of volcanic processes.

CLIMATE
Climatology is the study that focuses on the changes and factors that affect climate around the
world.
How do we classify climate around the world?
By Koppen Climate Classification System
Climate Graphs are a way of showing how temperature and precipitation vary throughout the
year for a particular place.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT OUR CLIMATE:

Latitude
Ocean Current
Wind
Elevation
Relief Rain (warm air meets cold rain)
Proximity to water

LATITUDE
pakanan, kaliwa
the tilt of the earth caused season
the latitude affects the climate
Increasing latitude is cooler, decreasing is hotter
Big surface area
》 Naba-block ng area ung sunlight kaya konti papasok
tapos malaki pa kaya malamig dun.
》 Sa malaking area distributed ang sunlight

Small surface area

》Sa maliit na area naman is concentrated
The higher the latitude
-The temperature is cooler
-The sunlight is more distributed
-Also, the higher concentration of sunlight is.
The lower the latitude
-The temperature is hotter
-The sunlight is concentrated
-Also, the lower concentration of sunlight is.

》Water evaporate because its heated and changes in temperature also its density.

OCEAN CURRENTS
This dictates what kind of climate we'll have in a year.
When the water is hot its only on the top, the bottom is cold. The cold water will go up then
gets warm then came back again and will be cold again.
WIND SYSTEM AND AIR CURRENTS
Wind is the product of equal heating of the earth.
Its similar to ocean current because it goes all in the equator too. The wind is slant and not
straight because the earth is round and the earth's rotate to its axis.
WIND is a product of unequal heating of earth.
They converge on area with low pressure.
Low pressure don may great moisture, high pressure is may low moisture.
High Pressure: palabas hangin

ELEVATION
The higher the altitude, the cooler the temperature
The lower the latitude, the hotter the temperature

FRONTAL RAIN OR RELIEF

The area where the warm air and cool air meets
Cool air sinks, warm air rises. Ang nangyayari sa moisture sa gitna is nagcocondensate, tapos sa
middle lang naulan kaya parang may hati.
PROXIMITY TO A BODY OF WATER
- SEA AND LAND BREEZES
Heating capacities of land and water. The ability of the land or water to absorb heat.
》During daytime, mabilis uminit ang land. Warm air rises it cools back to the water. Lalamig
ang air kaya umiihip sa atin yun ang Sea Breeze (from ocean to land)
》Land Breeze (from land to ocean) land is mas mabilis lumamig kesa water. Warm air rises
from the ocean then it will cool down in the land.
Water requires 100 celsius to be heated, mabagal uminit ang tubig kesa land.