Volcanoes

Volcanoes
Table of 01 What is a volcano?

How are volcanoes formed?

contents 02
03 Features of volcanoes

04 Types of volcanoes

05 Volcanic eruptions

06 List of active volcanoes in Philippines

What is a volcano?
.
What is a volcano?
is a vent or chimney
.

which transfers molten

rock known as magma
from depth to the Earth's
surface.
How are volcanoes formed?
How are volcanoes formed?
How are volcanoes formed?
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
Parts of volcano
 Types of
Volcanoes
Shield Cinder Cone Composite
Types of volcanoes
Three main categories of volcanoes:

 Shield
 Cinder Cone
 Stratovolcano
Shield Volcano
• Fluid lava (less viscous)
• Quiescent eruptions
(nonviolent)
• Low slope
Shield Volcano

Taal Volcano
Cinder Cone
• from ejected lava fragments
• steep slopes (~33˚) due to
ejecta
• small diameter and height
Cinder Cone

Didicas Volcano
 Stratovolcano
• nearly symmetrical structure
• interbedded lava and
pyroclastic
• extrude viscous lava / violently
ejects pyroclastic
Stratovolcano

Mayon volcano
Activity and Inactivity
Active Volcano
is one that has erupted since the last
ice age (in the past ~10,000 years)
Active Volcano

● is one which has recently erupted

and there is a possibility that it
may erupt soon.

● Example: Mayon Volcano

Active Volcano
Active Volcano
Inactive Volcano
• One that has not erupted in the
past 10,000 years
Inactive Volcano

● An extinct volcano is one which

has erupted thousands of years
ago and there’s no possibility of
an eruption.
● Example: Mt. Arayat
Inactive Volcano
Inactive Volcano
Types of Magma
Basaltic•
Andesitic
•Rhyolitic
Types of Magma
Basaltic magma -- SiO2 45-55 wt%, high in Fe, Mg, Ca, low in
K, Na

Andesitic magma -- SiO2 55-65 wt%, intermediate. in Fe, Mg,

Ca, Na, K

Rhyolitic magma -- SiO2 65-75%, low in Fe, Mg, Ca, high in

K, Na
Basaltic Magma
is formed by the partial
melting of mantle rocks.
Andesitic Magma
commonly erupts from
stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows,
some reaching several kilometer in
length.
 Rhyolitic Magma
form thick blocky lava flows or
steep-sided piles of lava called
lava domes.
Rhyolitic Magma
Gases in Magma
gives magmas their
explosive character.
Gases in Magma
The composition of the gases in magma are:

Mostly H2O (water vapor) & some

CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Minor amounts of Sulfur, Chlorine, and
Fluorine gases.
Temperature of Magma
Basaltic magma - 1000 to 1200 ˚C
Andesitic magma - 800 to 1000
˚C
Rhyolitic magma - 650 to 800 ˚C.
Viscosity of Magma
Viscosity is the resistance to flow.
 Viscosity of Magma
Viscosity depends on primarily on the
composition of the magma, and temperature.
 Viscosity of Magma
Higher SiO2 (silica) content of magma the higher
viscosity.

Lower temperature of magma have higher

viscosity.
Temperature of Magma
Basaltic magma - 1000 to 1200 ˚C
Andesitic magma - 800 to 1000
˚C
Rhyolitic magma - 650 to 800 ˚C.
 Summary Table
Magma Type Solidified Rock Chemical Temperature Viscosity Gas Content
Composition

45-55 SiO2 %, 1000 - 1200 oC Low Low

high in Fe, Mg,
Basaltic Basalt Ca, low in K, Na

Andesitic Andesite 55-65 SiO2 %, 800 - 1000 oC Intermediate Intermediate

intermediate in
Fe, Mg, Ca, Na,
K

Rhyolitic Rhyolite 65-75 SiO2 %, 650 - 800 oC High High

low in Fe, Mg,
Ca, high in K,
Na.
Types of Volcanic Eruption
What happens when volcano erupts?
What happens when volcano erupts?
What happens when volcano erupts?
Types of Volcanic Eruption
Phreatic eruption
Phreatomagmatic eruption
Strombolian eruption
Hawaiian eruption
Vulcanian eruption
Plinian eruption
Surtsey eruption
Phreatic Eruption
These eruptions
include ash and not
magma.
Phreatic Eruption
They are driven by the
heat caused by
hydrothermal systems.
Phreatomagmatic Eruption
is a violent eruption
due to the
contact between water
and magma.
Phreatomagmatic Eruption
As a result, a large
column of very fine ash
and high-speed and
sideway
emission of pyro clastic
called base surges are
observed.
Hawaiian Eruption
has fire fountains or
fountain of lava from
fluid basaltic lava is
thrown into the air in
jets from a vent or a
fissure at the summit of
a volcano.
Strombolian Eruption
consist of explosive
bursts which eject pyro
clasts as high as 30
meters into the air in
firework-like
incandescent tails.
Strombolian Eruption

• least violent of the

explosive eruptions
Strombolian Eruption

• Examples: Mt Etna
and Stromboli (Italy)
Vulcanian Eruption

• eruptions last for a

short period of time
and can reach up to a
height of 20 km.
Vulcanian Eruption

• short, violent,
relatively small
explosion of viscous
magma.
Vulcanian Eruption

• results from the

fragmentation and
explosion of a plug of
lava in a volcanic
conduit.
Vulcanian Eruption

• creates powerful
explosions (faster than
350 m/s).
Vulcanian Eruption

• repetitive and go on
for days,
months, or years.
Vulcanian Eruption

• Example:
Santiaguito
(Guatemala)
Plinian Eruption
excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas
and pyro clastic, just
like our Pinatubo
Volcano in Zambales.
Plinian Eruption
•largest and most
violent since it can
reach up 20 km in the
stratosphere with an
umbrella shape of ash
clouds.
Plinian Eruption
• caused by the
fragmentation of
gassy magma
Plinian Eruption

• releases enormous
amounts of energy
Plinian Eruption

•extremely
destructive, can
obliterate
the entire top of a
mountain
Plinian Eruption

• Example: Mt.
Pinatubo
(Philippines)
Surtsey Eruption
• began as an
undersea volcanic
eruption that built an
island over the
course of 3.5 years.
Surtsey Eruption

• Example: Surtsey
(Iceland)
Main Types of Lava
Pahoehoe
• has a shiny, smooth,
glassy surface. It
tends to be more
fluid (lower
viscosity).
Pahoehoe
•Hence, flows more
quickly and produces
thinner flows (typically 1-3
m). It is hot, thin, and fast-
moving.
AA
• a rubbly flow, with
a molten core, with
higher viscosity (but
same composition)
AA
• tends to move more
slowly and produce
thicker flows (typically
320 m). It is cooler,
thicker, and slow-
moving
Blocky
• similar to Aa, but
even thicker (>20 m),
with a blocky rather
than rubbly surface.
Blocky
• Andesites, dacites
and rhyolites tend to
form blocky flows.
Pillow
• lava suddenly
cooled by water. It
shows sack-like
segments.
Pillow
• Itis a types of
lava that is
underwater.
Explosive Vs. Effusive Eruptions
Explosive
• a volcano can belch
out hot clouds of
deadly gases as well
as ash, cinders, and
bombs.
Effusive
•lava flows from
vents, setting fire to,
and then burying,
everything in its
path.
Various volcano-related hazards
Volcanic Fragments
Volcanic Fragments
Various volcano-related hazards
Ash Fall
Volcanic Ash
• consists of fragments of
pulverized rocks,
minerals, and volcanic
glass, created during
volcanic eruption.
Devastating Effects of Ash Fall
Volcanic Ash Fall
• can destroy
structures and
building by putting
more weight on the
roof, causing a
collapse.
Volcanic Ash Fall
• fine particles of ash
can clog filters in
vehicles and
machinery to cause
malfunction or
overheat.
Volcanic Ash
•On roadways and
airport ways, wet
ash can be very
slippery, making
their roads
impassable.
Volcanic Ash Fall
• Airborne particles
can have adverse
health effects on
plants, animals, and
humans.
Volcanic Ash Fall
•The most common health
risk associated with ash fall
is respiratory diseases
like asthma, bronchitis, and
emphysema in humans.
Volcanic Ash Fall
•dehydration and
starvation in
animals.
Pyroclastic Flow
Pyroclastic Flow
•contain a high-
density mix of hot lava
blocks, pumice, ash,
and volcanic gas.
Pyroclastic flows form in different
ways:
Collapse of eruption column
during a highly explosive
eruption, the column
ejected upwards into the
atmosphere cools and can
become too cool and
dense to maintain upward
momentum.
Boiling Over from eruptive vent
during an explosive
eruption, material is
erupted without
forming a high plume
and rapidly moves
down slope.
Collapse of lava domes or flows
The fronts of lava flows or
domes can become so
steep that they collapse
due to gravitational force.
Lahar
•Are specific kind of
mudflow made up of
volcanic debris.
Lahar
•When lahar flows
from volcano, it is
highly destructive to
anything in its path.
Destructive Characteristics of
Lahars
Lahar

• move rapidly
down valleys like
rivers of concretes.
Lahar

• can occur with or

without a volcanic
eruption.
Lahar
• pick up materials as
they travel, which can
cause damage to
structures in their
paths.
Lahar
• and excess sediments
cause serious economic
and environmental
damage to river valleys
and flood plains.
Volcanic Gases
Volcanic Gases
•Magma contains
dissolved gases, which
provide the driving force
that causes most
volcanic eruptions.
Harmful Effects of Volcanic Gases
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• trapped in low-lying
areas can be lethal to
people and animals.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• is irritating to eyes,
skin and respiratory
system.
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• is very toxic in high
concentrations.
Hydrogen halides( HF, HCI, HBr)
• are strong, toxic
acids.
Tsunami
• They are generated
when volcanoes collapse
near bodies of water
which causes movement
of the seafloor
Signs of an impending
volcanic eruption
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Increase in the
frequency of
volcanic quakes with
rumbling sounds;
occurrence of
volcanic tremors
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Increased steaming
activity; change in
color of steam
emission from white
to gray due to
entrained ash.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Crater glow due
to presence of
magma at or
near the crater.
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Ground swells (or
inflation), ground tilt
and ground fissuring
due to magma
intrusion
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Localized landslides,
rockfalls and
landslides from the
summit area which
not attributable to
heavy rains
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Noticeable increase
in the extent of
drying up of
vegetation around
the volcano's upper
slopes
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Increase in the
temperature of hot
springs, wells (e.g.,
Bulusan and
Kanlaon) and crater
lake (Taal) near the
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Drying up of
springs\ wells
around the volcano
Signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
Development of new
thermal areas and/or
reactivation of old
ones; appearance of
solfataras
Precautionary Measure For Volcanic
Eruption (Before, During And After)