VOLCANOES

VOLCANO
• an opening or vent in the earth’s
surface where hot gases, lava and
rock fragments are ejected.
 PHILVOLCS
• Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology.
• Monitors volcanic and seismic
activities in the Philippines.
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• erupted within historical times
(within the last 600 years),
accounts of these eruptions were
documented by man; erupted
within the last 10,000 years
based on analyses of datable
materials.
POTENTIALLY ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• morphologically young-looking
but with no historical records of
eruption.
 INACTIVE VOLCANOES
• no record of eruptions;
physical form is being changed
by agents of weathering and
erosion via formation of deep
and long gullies.
 Why does the
Philippines have
many volcanoes?
• The Philippines sits on a
unique tectonic setting ideal
to volcano formation.
The archipelago is surrounded
by subducting plates as
manifested by the trenches
that are related to volcano
formation.
 Magma Chamber
A magma chamber is a large
underground pool of molten rock
sitting underneath the Earth’s crust.
This magma is less dense than the
surrounding mantle and so it seeps
up to the surface through cracks and
flaws in the crust. When it reaches
the surface, it results in a volcanic
eruption.
 Lava

Lava is the rock expelled from a

volcano during an eruption. When it
first comes out, the lava can have a
temperature higher than 700
degrees C. It then flows downhill
from the eruption point until it cools
and hardens.
 Main Vent
A volcano’s main vent is the point in
the Earth’s crust where hot magma
has reached the surface. The familiar
cone-shaped volcano builds up as
ash, rock and lava ejected during
eruptions fall back to Earth around
the vent.
 Crater

A volcanic crater is a circular

depression in the ground caused
by volcanic activity. A volcano’s
vents are located at the bottom
of the crater.
 Pyroclastic Flow
  Pyroclastic flows are fast moving
currents of hot gas and rock with
travel down hill from a volcano,
reaching speeds of 700 km/hour.
The gas can reach temperatures of
more than 1,000 degrees C, and is
one of the greatest dangers from
volcanic eruptions.
 Ash Cloud
  Volcanic ash consists of small pieces
of pulverized rock and glass created
during volcanic eruptions. These
fragments are so small, and heated
to such a temperature that they can
be carried in the air for many
kilometers.
 Volcanic Bombs
  are chunks of lava blasted into
the air which solidify before they
reach the ground. Some bombs
can be extremely large,measuring
5-6 meters in diameter and
landing more than 500 meters
from the volcanic vent.
 Secondary Vent

  On large volcanoes, magma will

reach the surface through several
different vents, and not just the
main vent. This can form cones,
eject lava, and cause destruction.
 Secondary Cone

  Secondary cones build up

around secondary vents on
larger volcanoes.
External Parts of a Volcano
Summit
Slope
Base
At the summit, there is an opening which
may either be a crater or a caldera. A
crater is a funnel-shaped opening at the
top of a volcano while a caldera is
formed when a part of the wall collapses
following an explosive eruption.
A volcano can have one crater, like
Mayon Volcano, or can be more than
one, like Taal Volcano that has 47 craters.
Types of Volcano according to
the shape of their cones
Shield volcanoes are tall and broad with flat,
rounded shapes. They have low slopes and
almost always have large craters at their
summits. The Hawaiian volcanoes exemplify
the common type of shield volcano. They are
built by countless outpourings of lava that
advance great distances from a central summit
vent or group of vents. The outpourings of
lava are typically not accompanied
by pyroclastic material, which make the shield
volcanoes relatively safe during eruptions.
Kilauea
The most majestic of the volcanoes
are composite volcanoes, also
known as strato-volcanoes.
Composite volcanoes are tall,
symetrically shaped, with steep sides,
sometimes rising 10,000 feet high.
They are built of alternating layers of
lava flows, volcanic ash, and cinders.
Cinder cones are simple volcanoes which have a
bowl-shaped crater at the summit and steep
sides. They only grow to about a thousand feet,
the size of a hill. They usually are created of
eruptions from a single opening, unlike a
strato-volcano or shield volcano which can
erupt from many different openings. Cinder
cones are typically are made of piles of lava,
not ash. During the eruption, blobs ("cinders")
of lava are blown into the air and break into
small fragments that fall around the opening
of the volcano. The pile forms an oval-shaped
small volcano.
What kind of volcano is this?
 Mount Shasta is a composite
volcano.
Over the last 10,000 years,
Mt. Shasta has erupted on
average once every 800
years. During the 3,500
years the volcano has
erupted about once every
300 years. The most
recent eruption may have
occurred in 1786 A.D.
What kind of volcano is this?
 Diamond Head is an eroded
Cinder (Tuff) Cone.
Early sailors mistakenly
thought glistening calcite
crystals inside the tuff
rocks were diamonds,
leading to the incorrect
name. Diamond Head
formed when hot magma
rising up a conduit hit
ocean water, causing large
explosions that threw
exploded magma particles
(tuff) into a broad ring.
What kind of volcano is this?
 Kohala is a shield volcano.
• Kohala is the oldest of
the subaerial
volcanoes that make
up the Island Of
Hawaii. Kohala is
considered to be
extinct because it has
not erupted for 60,000
years.
Volcanoes: Types of Eruption
* Volcanoes are classified by the eruption
type and by the volcanic cone shape.
❖ The six eruption types are in order from least
explosive to the most explosive; Icelandic,
Hawaiian, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Pelean, and
Plinian.
❖ Notice how, as the eruptions become more
violent, the cone shapes become more steeply
constructed.

❖ Other types are Phreatic or hydrothermal and

Phreatomagmatic.
Phreatic or hydrothermal

is a stream-driven eruption as the hot rocks

come in contact with water.

It is short lived, characterized by ash columns

but maybe an onset for of a larger eruption.
Phreatomagmatic

is a violent eruption due to the contact

between water and magma.

As a result, a large column of very fine ash

and high-speed and sideway emission of
pyroclastics called base surges are
observed.
Icelandic, flood, or fissure eruptions
are all terms for volcanic eruptions that
flood the surface of the Earth with massive
amounts of very hot, very thin, runny lava.
The Icelandic type is characterized by
effusions of molten basaltic lava that flow
from long, parallel fissures. Such
outpourings often build lava plateaus.
Hawaiian eruptions
are similar to Icelandic eruptions because
both eruption types have many fissures
bringing the lava to the surface. Both types
of eruptions are known for their beautiful
fire fountains. The lava that flows from both
types of eruptions is very hot, thin, and
runny which allows for fast flowing lava flows
Strombolian eruptions a periodic weak to
violent eruption characterized by fountain
lava, just like the Irazu Volcano in Costa Rica.
Vulcanian
Vulcanian eruptions contain high dark clouds of
steam, ash, and gas. The ash plume builds a
cauliflower shaped head and a thinner more
treetrunk-like base.
When the volcano quits erupting ash and gases it
then ejects thick pasty lava. Vulcanian eruptions
usually build a steep sided cone that is more
symetrical than a cinder cone
Pelean and Plinian eruptions are the most
dangerous and explosive of the eruption
types.
Pelean eruptions are named for the
catastophic eruption on the island of
Martinique in the Carribean Sea in 1902.
The eruption and the pyroclastic flow that
followed killed 29,000 people almost
instantly. "Glowing clouds" of gas and ash
flew down the mountain at over 70 miles per
hour.
Plinian eruption is the most explosive of
the eruption types. Mt. St. Helens
eruption was a plinian eruption.
Plinian eruptions are characterized by a
very high ash cloud that rise upwards to
50,000 feet (almost 10 miles) high. Very
deadly pyroclastic flows are also part of
plinian eruptions.
★ Watch all the video lessons in the
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★ Visit
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/in
dex.php
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★ Answer Activity 1 posted in the
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