Maisaroh 2022 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1116 012065

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
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Drying Kinetics and Modelling of Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme

(Lodd) Blume)
To cite this article: Maisaroh et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1116 012065
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ICATES-2022 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1116 (2022) 012065 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012065
Drying Kinetics and Modelling of Keladi Tikus (Typhonium

flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume)
Maisaroh*, Astuti, D Anggraeini, L N Prasetyani, H D Hermansyah, W Agusta,

L P Manalu, W Purwanto
Research Center for Agroindustry, Research Organization for Agriculture and Food,
National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Building 612 Puspiptek Serpong -
Indonesia, 15314
*Email: mais001@brin.go.id
Abstract. Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme (Lodd) Blume) has many health benefits as an
anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. Its leaf and tuber can be dried and used as
simplicia. This study was performed to discover the drying kinetics and modelling for Keladi
Tikus, especially its leaves and tuber parts. Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) was implied as the experiment design in this study. Three temperature variables (40,
50, and 60oC) and a dehydrated oven were employed in the drying procedure. The rates of drying
of Keladi Tikus simplicia were observed, and the results are shown as the decreasing drying rate
curve, i.e. drying time gets faster with increasing drying temperature. Drying models are obtained
by plotting moisture ratio to drying time. The dried tuber can reach a water content below 10%
at all temperature drying variations. Meanwhile, drying leaves using temperatures below 50C
cannot reduce the water content to reach less than 10%. The mathematical models for the drying
process were generated and their accuracies were judged by implying the statistical parameters
Standard Error (SE) and determination coefficient (R2). The best model was chosen based on a
comparison of six models. Page's model is the best model for all drying temperatures of tuber,
while the Two-term's model is best for leaves drying. The results from this study provide suitable
mathematical models to predict the optimal temperature and drying time for Simplicia of Keladi
Tikus tuber and leaves.
1. Introduction
Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd) belongs to the herbal group and has a shape similar to a
taro plant. It is a wild clump plant that grows on moist, shady loose soil and has considerable health
benefits as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic. Keladi Tikus contains terpenoid, phenolic,
flavonoid, saponin, steroid or triterpenoid, stigmasterol and coumarin [1]. The tuber and leaf are the
most widely used parts of the plant.
Moisture content reduction is widely used to preserve food and agricultural products. By lessening
their water content, the food products can have a longer shelf-life and are safer to be stored. The thermal
technique is the most basic and commonly used to reduce water content in food products, which involves
using heat or high temperatures. Drying involves lessening chemical, biochemical and microbiological
spoilages in food and agricultural products. It can also cut down the costs of storage, packaging, and
transportation [2]. In addition, drying can also restrain the quality of herbs, aromatics, and medicinal
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plants. The most prevalent drying method is convective drying, which most raw materials manufacturers
hugely apply since this method can be done with simple techniques.
Important parameters as indicators of success in drying were calculated to be analyzed to recommend
the use of a suitable model. Those parameters are moisture content, moisture ratio, diffusion effectivity,
activation energy, mass transfer coefficient, drying rate, and kinetic modelling. The dimensionless Biot
number (Bi) for mass transfer establishes a correlation between the convective mass transfer and the
diffusivity coefficients [3].
A study of the research referred to here is the drying of tubers and leaves of Keladi Tikus in a drying
oven under various conditions, including temperature, drying time, and drying rate had been carried out.
The study also learned some models of drying the tuber and leaves of Keladi Tikus suitable to determine
the drying behavior of varied materials and evaluate the drying system performance. Effective empirical
models are essential for process design, optimization, energy integration, and dryer control. Empirical
models of the food drying process are fundamental, but theoretical models have not been provided as
practically as possible to unify the calculations [4]. This study aimed to determine the drying rate
kinetics and modelling of Keladi Tikus with six empirical thin-layer models.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Preparation of Keladi Tikus samples

Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme) plants were collected from the Puspiptek-BRIN area, South
Tangerang, Indonesia. The plants are separated into 2 (two) parts: (1) tubers and (2) leaves with stems.
Dirt and sand were removed by washing the samples with running water. Thereafter, the samples were
allowed to stand for a while to remove excess water. The next part is the size reduction where tubers
with a diameter of approximately 1 cm were sliced manually into smaller parts of around ± 3 mm in
thickness, while the leaves and stems were cut were less than 5 cm in length. The initial and the final
moisture content of the Keladi Tikus samples were measured using AND MX-50 Moisture Analyser,
while the changes in the sample mass throughout the drying of the samples were measured periodically
every 30 minutes using an OHAUS Pioneer Analytical Balance.
2.2. Experimental setup

Tuber and leaves of Keladi Tikus were oven-dried at temperatures of T1=40oC, T2=50oC, and T3=60oC,
in separate batches. The oven used in this study was a DHG9030A electric oven manufactured by ALP
Technology (T&M) LTD. In this observation, an 88598 4ch K SD Logger was equipped with a
thermocouple type K temperature sensor to record the inside temperature of the oven during the
dehydration process.
The temperature inside the oven was observed and recorded during the drying process by placing
four thermocouples linked to the data recording unit. The temperature measurement points were
specified based on the capacity of the temperature data recording channel and the distribution of the
drying airflow, starting from the one closest to the fan (the back of the drying chamber), the middle, and
the front (closer to the door of the oven). The tip of the thermocouple sensor detected temperature
changes at four different points, which were then recorded by the temperature logger as data.
Furthermore, the mass changes during the drying were measured and every 30 minutes data were
recorded by weighing the samples on an analytical balance until the weight became constant. For further
observations, the drying rates will be analyzed for each part of Keladi Tikus under the aforementioned
drying temperature.
2.3. Drying procedure

The experiment was carried out at temperatures 40, 50, and 60oC, with air velocity is 0.4 to 0.6 m/s. The
samples were placed in a cup and subsequently arranged on an aluminium pan. Samples were weighed
every 30 minutes until their moisture content reached equilibrium.
2
2.4. Calculation of moisture content

Mass changes of samples during drying were measured with an OHAUS Pioneer Analytical Balance.
Meanwhile, the initial and final moisture contents of samples were measured with an AND MX-50.
Moisture analyzer that was set into program 11 (T: 105oC; sample mass: 1 g). This procedure was
performed 3 (three) times to obtain 3 (three) moisture contents data (dry basis). Calculations and data
analyzer were performed with MS Excel software. Furthermore, CurveExpert Professional 2.6.5
software (trial mode) was used to construct a model curve for the drying equation for the leaves and
tubers of Keladi Tikus.
Calculation of moisture content on a dry basis as the following Eq. (1), [5]:
𝑊𝑓−𝑊𝑑
𝑊𝐶 = 𝑥 100% (1)
𝑊𝑑
In which, WC is sample water content (g water/g dry matter), Wf is the weight of the fresh sample (g),
while Wd is the sample dry weight (g).
2.5. Calculation of moisture ratio (MR) and drying rate

The MR and drying rate values are calculated using Eq. (2), and Eq. (3).
𝑀𝑡 − 𝑀𝑒
𝑀𝑅 = (2)
𝑀0 − 𝑀𝑒
𝑀𝑡+𝑑𝑡 − 𝑀𝑒
𝐷𝑟𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 = (3)
𝑑𝑡
Where,
M0 : moisture content of fresh sample (db.)
Mt : moisture content at t (db.)
Me : equilibrium moisture content (db.)
Mt+dt : moisture content at t + dt (db.)
MR : moisture ratio
t : drying (hour)
2.6. Determination of the effective moisture diffusivity

The occurrence of mass-transfer phenomena in food can be characterized by effective moisture
diffusivity. The mass diffusion can be calculated using Fick's second law of diffusion as shown in Eq.
(4) and Eq. (5), which can be applied to agricultural products that are dried at the rate of decline period
(Nipa and Mondal, 2021):
𝑀− 𝑀𝑒 8 1 𝑛2 𝜋2 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 .𝑡
𝑀𝑅 = = 2
∑∞
𝑛=1 2 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) (4)
𝑀𝑜 − 𝑀𝑒 𝑛 𝑛 4𝑟 2
8 𝜋2 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓
ln(𝑀𝑅) = ln ( 2 ) − ( 𝑡) (5)
𝜋 4𝑟 2
The ln MR against time (t) is plotted to determine the effective diffusivity.
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 (𝜋2 )
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = (6)
4𝑟 2
3
The following equation can be used to express the relationship of the Arrhenius type between the
effectivity of diffusivity and the reciprocity of absolute temperature:
𝐸𝑎
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐷0 . 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) (7)
𝑅𝑇
𝐸𝑎
ln (𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) = ln (𝐷0 ). (− ) (8)
𝑅𝑇
Where D0 (m2/s) is Arrhenius’ pre-exponential factor, Ea (kJ/ mol) is the activation energy, T (K), while
R is 8.314 kJ/mol.K. The linear line's slope in figure 5 can be used to determine the activation energy.
2.7. Calculation of mass-transfer properties

Dincer and Hussain (2002) [6] reported Eq. (9) to (12) to calculate the coefficient of convective mass
transfer (hm). Biot number (Bi) is an immeasurable parameter that suggests resistance to the diffusion
of water vapor in the product [3]. Bi is influenced by the properties of both product and drying media,
which can be expressed as Eq. (9):
24.848
𝐵𝑖 = (9)
𝐷𝑖 0.375
Dincer number (Di) yields a correlation between the drying airflow velocity and the coefficient of
the drying of the product [7]. Its calculation can be done using Eq. (10).
𝜐
𝐷𝑖 = 𝑘 ′ .𝐿 (10)
In where, n is the drying airflow velocity (0.5 m/s), L is thickness ± 3 × 10-3 m for tubers and ± 2.5
×10-4 m for leaves; k’ drying constant that calculated from chosen semi-empirical model with the best
value based on R2. Furthermore, the convective mass transfer coefficient can be calculated by Eq. (12).
ℎ𝑚 𝐿
𝐵𝑖 = (11)
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝐵𝑖 × 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑓
So, ℎ𝑚 = (12)
𝐿
2.8. Drying kinetics studies and mathematical models

Six equation models were used in this study, and these thin layer drying models were fitted to the
experimental data, as presented in table 1.
Table 1. Drying models applied in the study
Models Equations
Page MR = y = e-k(x^n)
Henderson and Pabis MR = y = ae(-kx)
Lewis MR = y = e(-kx)
Logarithmic MR = y = ae(-kx) + c
Two-term MR = y = ae(-k1x) + be(-k2x)
Midilli MR = y = ae(-kx) + bx
4
The empirical constants a, b, c, k' and n were determined using regression analysis and CurveExpert
Professional 2.6.5 (trial mode). Statistical parameters can be used to describe the variability in a set of
data. This variability can be used to identify patterns and trends in the data. The coefficient of
determination (R2), reduced chi-square (X2), and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to assess
the goodness of fit of the models and to choose the model that best represents the drying kinetics. Based
on the results of these parameters, the model with the highest R 2 value and the smallest X2 and RMSE
values has been selected and declared as the best model. These statistical parameters can be determined
by using the following equations:
∑𝑁 𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑀𝑅𝑖 −𝑀𝑅𝑝𝑟𝑒,𝑖 ).∑𝑖=1(𝑀𝑅𝑖 −𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝,𝑖 )
𝑅2 = 2 2
(13)
√(∑𝑁 𝑁
𝑖 (𝑀𝑅𝑖 −𝑀𝑅𝑝𝑟𝑒,𝑖 ) ).(∑𝑖 (𝑀𝑅𝑖 −𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝,𝑖 ) )
2
∑𝑁
𝑖 (𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝,𝑖 −𝑀𝑅𝑝𝑟𝑒,𝑖 )
𝑋2 = (14)
𝑁−𝑧
1
1 2 2
𝑅𝑆𝑀𝐸 = [𝑁 ∑𝑁
𝑖=1(𝑀𝑅𝑒𝑥𝑝,𝑖 − 𝑀𝑅𝑝𝑟𝑒,𝑖 ) ] (15)
In the equations above, N is the number of observations, MRexp is the experimental moisture ratio,
MRpre is the predicted moisture ratio, and Z is the number of constants. The experimental moisture
content values were obtained and used to calculate the moisture ratio, which fitted into the
aforementioned models next.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Drying kinetics

The average initial moisture content of the samples was 77.15 ± 0.98 % on a wet basis, or equivalent to
3.55 ± 0.48 kg H2O/kg dry matter for the tubers and 91.03 ± 0.35 % on a wet basis, or equivalent to
10.20 ± 0.43 kg H2O/kg dry matter for the leaves. The moisture content decreased along with increased
drying time in any drying states (figure.1 and figure. 3).
The data from the samples show that moisture content decreased and the drying rate decreased. The
mass exchange that occurs when water evaporates from the material can lead to temperature changes in
the material. Figures 1 and 2 show that during the initial stages of drying, the decrease in moisture
content and drying rate of Keladi Tikus tuber is swift. The drying rate according to time at constant RH.
The drying process runs fast from the beginning until the 3rd hour, marked by a sharp decrease in the
curve, and then slows down at the end. This behaviour is identical to the commonly known drying curve.
Based on the experiments carried out in drying Keladi Tikus tubers, in order to obtain dry tubers with a
moisture content of less than 10% at temperatures of 400C, 500C, and 600C, the required drying time
will be 10.0 to 10.5 hours, 6.5 to 7.0 hours, and 4.5 to 5.0 hours, respectively. An increase in temperature
undeniably fastens drying time. The indicated phenomenon is caused by the highwater content of the
early tubers, which contributes to the ease of liberation of water. At the same time, the decrease in drying
rate then becomes slower as the tubers shrink and become harder. The same thing was found by Nipa
and Mondal [8] for drying taro tubers and Mohan and Talukdar [9] for drying potatoes.
5
Figure 1. Moisture content vs drying time (% dry basis) of Keladi Tikus in various drying temperatures
As shown in figure 3, that the drying process was halted when the sample weight did not show any
further change, which marks a constant state or equilibrium. Under a drying temperature of 60 0C, the
moisture content of Keladi Tikus leaves decreased from 90 – 92% to less than 10 % (wet basis) after
10.44 hours of drying. However, drying temperatures of 40 0C and 500C were shown to be inefficient to
reduce the moisture content of Keladi Tikus leaves since a moisture content point below 10% (wet basis)
was not obtainable, even after 20 hours of drying.
Meanwhile. as shown in figure 4, faster drying can be achieved by increasing the drying temperature.
This mechanism can be illustrated as follows: when heat transfer increases, the evaporation of water in
the leaves will also increase. Nevertheless, the drying rate of the sample decreases by time. As
anticipated, the higher temperature drying (600C), means the higher the heat transfer will become,
resulting in a lesser time to reach a certain level of humidity ratio. It is proven that higher temperatures
allow the water in the product to achieve evaporation temperature faster, which increases the diffusion
phenomenon, i.e. moisture migration in the product from the centre to the surface.
6
Figure 2. The drying rate (g water /g dry matter /hours) of Keladi Tikuus tubers under various drying
temperatures
Figure 3. The effect of drying time on moisture content (% dry basis) of leaves of Keladi Tikus under
various drying temperatures.
7
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0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2 1
Time (hr)
Figure 4. The drying rate (g water/g dry matter/hour) of Keladi Tikus leaves under various drying
temperatures
During the initial stage or the first 120 minutes of drying operation, the drying rate was higher and
faster than in the following minutes due to the high availability of free water in the sample. However,
figures 2 and 4 show that, as time progressed, both the moisture content and drying rate will gradually
decrease to a point where the drying rate is no longer perceived because water is not available any more
on the surface of the material and the drying rate is constrained by the diffusion of moisture from the
innermost part of the solid to the surface.
Table 2. The effective diffusivity (Deff), the activation energy (Ea), and mass transfer (hm)
parameters for Keladi Tikus dried
Plaut pai1 T ("C) Deffx 10-9 (m 1/s) Ea (kJ/mol) k' Bi bm xl0- 5 (mis)
Leaves 40 4.050 0.154 0.560 1.719
50 4 .050 0.279 0.701 2.15 1
60 8.099 29.74 0.467 0.850 5.216
Tubers 40 0.365 0.23 1 1.966 0.029
50 0.365 0.406 2.429 0.035
60 0.729 0.47 1 2 .570 0.075
8
1.0
60 °C
0.8
50 °C
0.6 40 °C
MR
0.4
0.2
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Time (h)
Figure 5. The experimental moisture ratio of Keladi Tikus tubers against drying time under various
drying temperatures
1.0
60 °C
50 °C
40 °C
0.5
MR
0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Time (h)
Figure 6. The experimental moisture ratio of Keladi Tikus leaves against drying time under various
drying temperatures
9
(a) (d)
(b) (e)
(c) (f)
Figure 7. The plot of Ln (MR) against time for determination of effectual diffusivity (Deff) under
various drying temperatures for tuber (a), (b), (c), and for leaves (d), (e), (f)
Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate the diffusion of water from a material
[10]. The value of the activation energy of Keladi Tikus in this study was 29.74 kJ/mol. This value is
10
still within the range of activation energy values for agricultural products, namely 12 – 110 kJ/mol [11].
Based on table 2, higher temperature results in higher Bi number with leaves and tubers values ranging
from 0.56 to 0.85 and 1.96 to 2.57, respectively. This trend shows similarity to a study by [12] on
vacuum-dried apples with an increase in temperature from 50 0C to 700C and a study by [3] on Moringa
olivera leaves that dried in a vacuum tray dryer at 40 – 60 0C. The mass-exchange coefficient (hm) for
leaves and tubers ranges from 1.719 × 10-5 to 5.216 × 10-5 m/s and 0.029 × 10-5 to 0.075 × 10-5,
respectively. This indicates a higher drying temperature will generate a higher moisture transfer rate.
Heat causes an increase in activity energy and its availability increases due to higher temperatures in
the drying process causing a higher mass exchange rate [5]. The drying operation of the Rodent Tuber
with a Bi value ranging from 0.56 to 2.57 can be classified as a process that must be controlled internally
and externally where the Bi value is between 0.1 < Bi < 100 [13].
3.2. Mathematical modelling

As presented in table 3, the data from moisture ratio versus drying time were fitted to six mathematical
models: Page, Henderson and Pabis, Lewis, Logarithmic, Two-term and Midilli. Statistical analysis was
performed and equations 4 to 6 were used to calculate the correlation coefficient (R2), chi-square (X2)
and RMSE values. The whole data are listed in table 3 for both the tuber and the leaves. The best model
was selected based on the highest R2 and the lowest SSE as well as the lowest MSE values.
In this study, there were six thin-layer drying models used to demonstrate the drying kinetics of
Keladi Tikus tubers and leaves under various drying temperatures. The model equations, constant values,
and some statistical parameters for each temperature condition are presented in table 2. Statistical
parameters, consisting of R2, standard error (SE) and correlation coefficient (R2) were used as evaluation
means to discover the fittest model. The model with a higher R 2 value and a lower standard error (SE)
value was chosen with fact that the model has a better predictive ability of R values. In general, all the
models used can predict changes in the R-value of Keladi Tikus tubers and leaves during drying, with
R2> 0.992.
However, the Page model is the best applicable for Keladi Tikus tubers and leaves under all drying
temperature conditions in this study. Model complexity, however, is not a measure to produce the best
model that exhibits Simplicia drying behavior behaviour [14].
11
Table 3. Keladi Tikus drying models, model constants and the results of statistical
ICATES-2022
T (°C) Plant part Model Constants R2 χ2 RMSE

40 Leaf Page k: 0.167786; n: 1.049552 0,99376 0,00052 0,02219
Henderson and Pabis k: 0.184174; a: 0.996955 0,99302 0,00058 0,02347
Lewis k: 0.184728 0,99301 0,00057 0,02348
Logarithmic k: 0.154381; a: 1.026223; c: -0.058497 0,99811 0,00016 0,01222
Two-term k1: 0.184167; k2 : 0.184167; a: 0.495944; b: 0.500993 0,99302 0,00061 0,02347
Midilli k: 0.164687; a: 0.971539; b: -0.002516 0,99797 0,00017 0,01265
Tuber Page k: 0.230603; n: 1.190595 0,99908 0,00007 0,00825
Lewis k: 0.301478 0,99280 0,00055 0,02305
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
Logarithmic k: 0.299829; a: 1.055751; c: -0.015956 0,99603 0,00032 0,01712

Two-term k1: 0.315286; k2 : 0.315286; a: 0.482110; b: 0.566739 0,99467 0,00044 0,01983
Midilli k: 0.308573; a: 1.043335; b: -0.000759 0,99549 0,00036 0,01824
12
50 Leaf Page k: 0.294223; n: 0.991276 0,99913 0,00006 0,00764
Lewis k: 0.290485 0,99911 0,00006 0,00772
Logarithmic k: 0.279474; a: 0.990043; c: -0.007343 0,99952 0,00004 0,00571
1116 (2022) 012065
Two-term k1: 0.100129; k2 : 0.270394; a: -0.046055; b: 1.026567 0,99954 0,00003 0,00554

Midilli k: 0.282973; a: 0.984085; b: -0.000395 0,99948 0,00004 0,00593
Tuber Page k: 0.405727; n: 1.152819 0,99975 0,00002 0,00400
Lewis k: 0.470811 0,99607 0,00026 0,01591
Logarithmic k: 0.475631; a: 1.038320; c: -0.006748 0,99740 0,00018 0,01295
Two-term k1: 0.342832; k2 : 0.351299; a: -12.534769; b: 13.557757 0,99850 0,00011 0,00984
Midilli k: 0.483052; a: 1.033605; b: -0.000330 0,99717 0,00020 0,01350
60 Leaf Page k: 0.467946; n: 1.014886 0,99942 0,00004 0,00594
Lewis k: 0.474773 0,99937 0,00004 0,00615
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012065
T (°C) Plant part Model Constants R2 χ2 RMSE
ICATES-2022
Logarithmic k: 0.467333; a: 0.999174; c: -0.003876 0,99951 0,00003 0,00546

Two-term k1: 0.590949; k2 : 0.591077 ; a: 1123.986730; b: -1122.998038 0,99960 0,00003 0,00492
Midilli k: 0.471383; a: 0.996393; b: -0.000227 0,99945 0,00004 0,00576
Tuber Page k: 0.471406; n: 1.368198 0,99822 0,00013 0,01118
Lewis k: 0.609420 0,98440 0,00113 0,03305
Logarithmic k: 0.620697; a: 1.064475; c: -0.010806 0,98791 0,00095 0,02909
Two-term k1: 0.419471; k2 : 0.418624 ; a: 207.228136; b: -206.182675 0,99135 0,00071 0,02461
Midilli k: 0.635115; a: 1.055972; b: -0.000594 0,98726 0,00100 0,02987
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science
13
1116 (2022) 012065
IOP Publishing
doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1116/1/012065
4. Conclusions
Table 3 shows that for the drying of Keladi Tikus leaves, the Two-term model is the most suitable model
to predict the MR value for drying at 50 and 60 0C, while the Logarithmic model is the fittest model for
drying at 40 0C. Therewith, for the drying of tuber, the Page model is the most appropriate model to
predict the MR value compared to the other six equation models. Table 3 shows that for drying the
Keladi Tikus leaves, the Two-term model is the most suitable model to predict the MR value for drying
at 50 and 60 oC, and the Logarithmic model is the most suitable model at 40 oC. As for tuber drying, the
Page model is the most appropriate model to predict the MR value compared to the other six equation
models.
References
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14

Maisaroh 2022 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1116 012065

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Drying Kinetics and Modelling of Keladi Tikus (Typhonium flagelliforme

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This content was downloaded from IP address 123.253.232.101 on 31/12/2022 at 03:42

Drying Kinetics and Modelling of Keladi Tikus (Typhonium

Maisaroh*, Astuti, D Anggraeini, L N Prasetyani, H D Hermansyah, W Agusta,

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Preparation of Keladi Tikus samples

2.2. Experimental setup

2.3. Drying procedure

2.4. Calculation of moisture content

2.5. Calculation of moisture ratio (MR) and drying rate

2.6. Determination of the effective moisture diffusivity

The ln MR against time (t) is plotted to determine the effective diffusivity.

2.7. Calculation of mass-transfer properties

2.8. Drying kinetics studies and mathematical models

3. Results and discussion

3.1. Drying kinetics

3.2. Mathematical modelling

T (°C) Plant part Model Constants R2 χ2 RMSE

Logarithmic k: 0.299829; a: 1.055751; c: -0.015956 0,99603 0,00032 0,01712

Two-term k1: 0.100129; k2 : 0.270394; a: -0.046055; b: 1.026567 0,99954 0,00003 0,00554

Logarithmic k: 0.467333; a: 0.999174; c: -0.003876 0,99951 0,00003 0,00546

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