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    Words, Sentences & Dictionaries

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    Ulwiyya Farhana
    This document defines words, sentences, and dictionaries. It discusses that a word is the smallest unit of meaning that can stand alone, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand alone. There are different types of words including nouns, verbs, adjectives. Sentences must have a subject and verb and can be declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. Dictionaries provide definitions of words alphabetically and can be monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. They help with translation, spelling, meanings and other linguistic information.

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    Words, Sentences & Dictionaries

    Uploaded by

    Ulwiyya Farhana
    35 views14 pages
    This document defines words, sentences, and dictionaries. It discusses that a word is the smallest unit of meaning that can stand alone, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand alone. There are different types of words including nouns, verbs, adjectives. Sentences must have a subject and verb and can be declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. Dictionaries provide definitions of words alphabetically and can be monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. They help with translation, spelling, meanings and other linguistic information.

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    This document defines words, sentences, and dictionaries. It discusses that a word is the smallest unit of meaning that can stand alone, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand alone. There are different types of words including nouns, verbs, adjectives. Sentences must have a subject and verb and can be declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. Dictionaries provide definitions of words alphabetically and can be monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. They help with translation, spelling, meanings and other linguistic information.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views14 pages

    Words, Sentences & Dictionaries

    Uploaded by

    Ulwiyya Farhana
    This document defines words, sentences, and dictionaries. It discusses that a word is the smallest unit of meaning that can stand alone, while a morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning but may not stand alone. There are different types of words including nouns, verbs, adjectives. Sentences must have a subject and verb and can be declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory. Dictionaries provide definitions of words alphabetically and can be monolingual, bilingual or multilingual. They help with translation, spelling, meanings and other linguistic information.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 14

    ENGLISH MORPHOLOGY

    Words, Sentences, and


    Dictionaries

    Source: http://deddisetiawan1.blogspot.com/2014/11/morphologywords-sentences-and.html
    Definition of Word
    š In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in
    isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical
    meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of
    meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a
    single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or
    several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a
    morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words
    just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). A complex word
    will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-s, red-ness,
    quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a compound
    (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build larger
    elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I threw a
    rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too but he missed).
    Kinds of Words

    1. Noun: A noun is a person, place, thing, quality, or act.


    Examples : shoes, turtle, anger, sadness, town
    2. Verb: Verbs are action or existence words that tell what nouns do.
    Examples: to laugh, to read, watched
    3. Adjective: An adjective describes a noun.
    Examples: bald, heavy, useful
    4. Adverb: An adverb describes a verb, adjective, or adverb. It often
    ends in ’ly'.
    Examples: simply, patiently
    Kinds of Words
    5. Interjection: An outcry or sudden utterance. Usually starts a sentence.
    Examples: ouch, god, my
    6. Preposition: A preposition describes the relationship between a noun and
    another noun (or verb or adverb).
    Examples: at, down, to, from
    7. Conjunction: A conjunction joins together words, phrases, or clauses.
    Examples: but, and, so
    8. Pronoun: A pronoun replaces a noun or noun phrase that is understood
    from context.
    Examples: she, me, it
    Functions of Words
    š Function words might be prepositions, pronouns, auxiliary verbs,
    conjunctions, grammatical articles or particles, all of which belong
    to the group of closed-class words. Interjections are sometimes
    considered function words but they belong to the group of open-
    class words. Function words might or might not be inflected or might
    have affixes.
    š Each function word either gives some grammatical information on
    other words in a sentence or clause, and cannot be isolated from
    other words, or it may indicate the speaker's mental model as to
    what is being said.
    Definition of Sentence

    š Based on linguistic, a sentence is


    a grammatical unit consisting of one or
    more words that are grammatically linked. A
    sentence can include words grouped
    meaningfully to express, statement, a question,
    exclamation, request, command or suggestion.
    Requisite of Sentence

    1. Begin by capital letter.


    2. At least consist of Subject and Verb.
    3. Ending by full stop marker.
    The Four Principal Purposes of a Sentence

    1. The declarative sentence is used to make a statement of fact, wish, intent,


    or feeling. Ex: I have seen that movie twice. I wish I could go on the
    picnic.
    2. The imperative sentence is used to state a command, request, or
    direction. The subject is always "You," even though it may not be
    expressed in the sentence. Ex: (You) Be on time for dinner. (You) Open
    the window, please.
    3. The interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. It is followed by a
    question mark. Ex: Do you have a sweater? Are you having a bad day?
    4. An exclamatory sentence is used to express strong feeling. It is followed
    by an exclamation point. Ex: Don't burn yourself out! Keep out! He
    screamed, “Help!”
    Kinds of Sentence & Their Functions

    1. An independent clause contains a subject, a verb, and a complete thought. Example: I


    wrote my first novel last year.
    2. A dependent clause contains a subject and a verb, but no complete thought. Example:
    after I wrote my first novel last year
    3. A Simple Sentence has one independent clause. Example: Tom reads novels.
    4. A Compound Sentence has two independent clauses joined by
    · a coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so),
    · a conjunctive adverb (e.g. however, therefore), or
    · a semicolon alone.
    Examples: Tom reads novel but Jack reads comic.
    Tom reads novel however Jack reads comic.
    Tom reads novel; his friend reads comic.
    Kinds of Sentence & Their Functions

    5. A Complex Sentence has one dependent clause joined to


    an independent clause.
    Example: Although Tom reads novel, Jack reads
    comic.
    6. A Compound-Complex Sentence has two independent clauses
    joined to one or more dependent clauses.
    Example: While Tom reads novel, Jack reads comic, but James
    reads only newspaper.
    Definition of Dictionary

    š A reference book containing an


    alphabetical list of words, with
    information given for each
    word.
    Kinds of Dictionary

    Since a dictionary only represents an aspect of a lexicon for a certain


    purpose, dictionaries differ along a large number of parameters. Some of the
    more important ones are the following:
    a) Monolingual lexicon (“definition dictionary”)
    a. dictionary
    b. encyclopedia
    b) Bilingual dictionary (“equivalence dictionary”)
    E.g. glossary
    c) Multilingual dictionary (e.g., a multilingual terminological glossary)
    Functions of Dictionary
    Its most general functions are the following:
    1. The dictionary provides information on parts and aspects of the lexicon
    of one language. This is a monolingual dictionary.
    2. The dictionary provides help in translating between languages. This is a
    pluri- (mostly, a bi-)lingual dictionary.
    3. On the other hand, the functions of a dictionary may be distinguished
    according to the role or perspective of the user:
    4. If he is in the role of speaker or writer, he is taking the onomasiological
    perspective.
    5. If he is in the role of hearer or reader, he is taking the semasiological
    perspective.
    Dos to Dictionary
    With a good dictionary you can do the following:
    1. look up the meaning of an English word you see or hear
    2. find the English translation of a word in your language
    3. check the spelling of a word
    4. check the plural of a noun or past tense of a verb
    5. find out other grammatical information about a word
    6. find the synonym or antonym of a word
    7. look up the collocations of a word
    8. check the part of speech of a word
    9. find out how to say a word
    10.find out about the register of a word
    11.find examples of the use of a word in natural language

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