A

TRAINING REPORT
IN

PARICHHA THERMAL POWER PROJECT

JHANSI

(E.M.D.
E.M.D. – II, BTPS)
PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY
ANJALI VERMA
TECH 8TH SYMISTER
B. TECH,
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ROLL NO: 2001650210003
SESSION: 2023-2024

KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

A1, UPSIDC Industrial Area, Chakeri Ward,
Rooma, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208001

1
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certificate that summer training in “Parichha Thermal Power Project,

Jhansi_(E.M.D. – II, BTPS )” has been successfully completed by ANJALI VERMA

(B. TECH, 8TH SYMESTER,, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) in the

partial fulfilment of the Bachelor’s Degree of Electrical Engineering

Engineering from

KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF:

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to express my sincere gratitude to the management of

Parichha Thermal power plant, Parichha Jhansi for providing me with the
opportunity to undertake my industrial train esteemed organization is one of the
thermal power.

I would like to thank my training supervisor(JE), assistant engineer and

division head executive engineer of EMD –II, BTPS 2x210 MW PTPP Parichha
Jhansi for their invaluable guidance, support and assistance throughout my
training period.

I have joined the project for my “Summer vocational training” for six
week under Executive Engineer.

I would also like to express my gratitude to the department of Electrical

and Electronics Engineering (EN) for their constant support and encouragement.

Last but not the least, I would like to thanks the Whole staff
members of PTPP, Parichha Jhansi for supporting and encouraging me during
my working period.

ANJALI VERMA
B.TECH 4th YEAR
(ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)
KANPUR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KANPUR

3
 CONTENT

Page No.

1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………5

2. Selection of power station………………………………………………………….11

3. Description of department in plant…………………………………………………12

4. Coal handling division……………………………………………………………...13

5. Steam Boiler………………………………………………………………………...15

6. Turbine Generator…………………………………………………………………..20

7. Other Systems………………………………………………………………………25

8. Electric motors……………………………………………………………………...26

9. Switch gear………………………………………………………………………….32

10.High tension switch gear…………………………………………………………...38

11.Direct on line starter………………………………………………………………..41

12.Generators…………………………………………………………………………..43

13.Protection…………………………………………………………………………...48

14.Transformer…………………………………………………………………………50

15.Switchyard…………………………………………………………………………..51

4
1: BRIEF INTRODUCTION OF PARICHHA THERMAL
POWER PROJECT, JHANSI

Parichha Thermal Power Project (PTPP) of U.P. state electricity board is situated at
20 km from Jhansi- Kanpur highway. At this project, there
ther are two 210 MW machines and
two of 2x250 MW. The total strength of plant is 920 MW. Steam turbine and generation is
being carried out at11kV. The voltage is stepped up to 220 KV by ggenerating
enerating transformer and
fed to 220 KV
Mainpuri Grid. There are two 220 KV Mainpuri feeders and there is provision to
import and export power from 220 KV feeder through 220/12 KV, 100 MVA inter
connecting transformers. There are two 132 KV feeder to Jhansi
Jhansi city and one 132 KV feeder
to Moth. There is also two 132/6.6KV, 20MVA station transformers for maintaining unit
auxiliaty supply at 6.6 KV and 6.6 to 0.4 KV consist of generator, turbine and boiler,
manufactured, erected and supplied by Bharat Heavy Ele
Electrical
ctrical Limited, (BHEL) Jhansi,
Hyderabad and Bhopal.
PTPP, Jhansi has the generation capacity of 2x250MW
2x2 0MW units new plants. General
Manager heads this project. The General Manager is solely responsible for generation of
electricity at this project and exercise the power of five superintending engineers, their
postingis at Circle level.

Figl.1 Thermal power plant

5
 A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven.
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins steam which either drives an electrical generator
or does some other work, like ship propulsion. After it passes through the turbine, the steam
is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine
cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different
fuel Sources.
The coal transportation is done by road and by railway. Crushers crush the coal because the
coal coming from mines is in form of big pieces, The crusher converts the coal into small
pieces. The coal is carried to plant by conveyor belts. Coal is carried to coal bunker by
conveyor belts. From coal bunker coal is fed to mill coal feeders and changed with the help of
gear box and a chain arrangement to fine particles in the mills. This crushed coal is lifted by
primary air fan. This coal is burnt in the furnace with the help of fuel oils and electric
ignition. The heat produced by this burning coal is used to generate steam in boilers where
the water is heated and steam is generated. This steam is superheated to high temperatures
(540c) and high pressure. It is admitted to HP turbine (High Pressure Turbine). Here the
steam rotates the rotor of the hp turbine. After doing its work steam is carried again to boiler
for reheating because its temperature is decreased during the action in HPT. The reheating is
done in two stage primary reheating and pendant reheating. Now it is carried out to MP
turbine and then LP turbine. Therotors of three turbines are coupled with each other. The side
blades of each turbine are depended on the pressure of the steam in the turbine during action.
After the action in LP turbine the steam is condense in the condenser. The condenser is
pumped to dearator by CEP (condenser extraction pump).The regenerative feed heating
increases the turbine cycles efficiency. There are threeLP heater & two HP heaters. The
boiler feed pump is a multi stage pump, which works onpositive suction. It creates high
pressure & feeds to boiler drum through HP heater.

6
g 1.2-Typical diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station

fig:2.typical diagram of a coal -fired thermal power station

7
fig:-3.Coal Handling Plant

8
9
COMPONENTS OF POWER PLANT

1. Cooling tower 14. Coal conveyor

2. Cooling water pump 15. Coal hopper

3. Transmission line (3-phase) 16. Coal pulveriser

4. Step-up transformer (3-phase) 17. Boiler steam drum

5: Electrical generator (3-phase)

19. Super heater
6. Low pressure steam turbine
20. Forced draught fan
7. Condensate pump
21. Rehcater
8. Surface condenser
22. Combustion airintake

10. Steam Control valve 23. Economiser

11. High pressure steam turbine 24. Air preheater

12. Deaerator 25. Precipitator

13. Feed water heater 26. Induced draught fan

2. SELECTION OF POWER STATION

The selection of power station depends on kind of fuel availability, water resources, cost of
transmitting energy to consumer, availability of land, cheap labour, cost of transmitting fuel
to plant and avoidance of atmospheric pollution.In general following points are considered
a. Location of power station for economy in power distribution
For most economical distribution the power station should be located at the centre of load if
suitable site is available. in general, it would not be economical to have steam unless it is
station in city of very small capacity.

b. Cost of land and taxes

The cost of land and taxes are dependent on the situation of the roused power station. in a big
city the cost of land is more than that in small town.

10
c. Space required
If the building and space required by the power station are both large the cost of the building
and land would be large. Thus, large plant in the heart of the city and at the centre of the load
is not economical.

d. Interest and depreciation

The initial capital requirement depends on total investment for the stations, power station
layout and installation. The depreciation cost varies with the type of power plant. Steam
plants have a life of 20-25 years and their depreciation may be as 3.5-4%.
e. Cost of fuel
The cost of fuel is an important consideration in deciding the type of plant for the particular
location for steam power plants the cost of coal are important considerations.
f. Transportation facility
For the selection of power plant another important consideration is the availability of good
transport. The plant to be located should be well connected with both railways and roadways.
The amount of reserve stock for coal depends on suitable transportation facility.

g. Nature of load
To a certain extent nature of load decides the type of power plant to be installed. If the load is
varying sharply diesel plant should be chosen as steam plants require much longer time for
starting and taking load.

3. DESCRIPTION OF DEPARTMENTS

a. Boiler maintenance department - main function of this department is maintenance of boiler,

furnace, PA fan, ID fan, FD fan.

b. Electrical maintenance division I- maintenance of transformer and switch yard.

c. Electrical maintenance division II-maintenance of PTPP.

d. Coal handling division- loading -unloading of coal, conveyor belt, crusher house.

£. Turbine maintenance division- Maintenance of turbine, generator, compressor, bearings.

g. Operation general division- order for purchase of spare parts and consumables.

11
i. Central store division- to receive and store above parts.

j. Civil maintenance division- construction and civil maintenance of PTPP.

k. Pollution control division- maintenance of chimney, ash handling.

4. CAPACITY OF PLANT

The installed capacity of power plant is determined by:

a. The present denmand of industry and other utilizing organisation.
b. The further demand and prospects of development of the industries in the next 10-15 years.
c. Possibility of interconnection of power station to the existing system.
Availability of water supply- the scarcity of water at particular place plays limiting part in
capacity of power.
5. COAL HANDLING DIVISION

The coal handling division mainly deals with the quality, quantity and requirement of coal in
the boiler the coal bunker for 2 hours for each it’sworking.generally, it is required to feed the
coal bunker for for 2 hours for each shift of 8 hours. The coal can be directly fed to the
bunker. As stored in a plough feeder device, it is further used to feed the coal bunker. The
coal is supplied here mainly from collieries of zharia, dhanbad(bihar). The main industries for
supplying the coal are bccl (bharat coking coal ltd.) &ccn.In ptpp each turbine has six coal
bunker which are numbered as 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F forturbine number 1 and 2A, 2B,
2C,2D, 2E, 2F for turbine number 2 and CHD has to feed allthese bunkers.
The main parts of coal handling divisions are as follows.
a) wagon tippler.

b) VFD (Vibrating feeding device)

c)conveyors

d)JT (junction towers)

e) crushers house

g) VS (vibrating screen)

a. wagon tippler

in CHD the coal comes in the wagon. Then these wagons are unloaded. There are two types

of unloading

12
(1) Manual unloading

(2) Automatic unloading

In manual unloading, workers are employed to unload the coal. While in automatic unloading
a. its including wagon. Its capacity is 20 wagons per hours. it has 99 ton of counter weight for
balancing. its motor power is 77 kw and gear reduction ratio is 63.93. its weight is 25680 kg.

fig:-4.Automatic unloading of coal

13
Steam Generator or Boiler

Thee boiler is a rectangular furnace about 50 ft (15 m) on a sside

ide and 130 ft (40 m) tall. Its wall
sare made of a web of high-pressure
pressure steel tubes about 2.3 inches (60 mm) in diameter.
Pulverized coal is air-blown
blown into the furnace from fuel noz
nozzles
zles at the four corners and it
rapidly burns, forming a large fireball at the centre. The thermal radiation of the fireball heats
the water that circulates through the boiler tubes near the boiler perimeter.
perimete The water
circulation rate in theboiler is three
thre to four times the throughput
hput and is typically driven by
pumps. As the water in theboiler circulates it absorbs heat aand
nd changes into steam at 700 °F
(370 °C) and 3,200 psi (22.1MPa). It is separated from the water
water inside a drum at the top of
the furnace. The saturated steamis introduced into superheat pendant tubes that hang in the
hottest part of the combustion gasesas they exit the furnace. H
Here
ere the steam is superheated to
1,000 °F (540 °C) to prepare it for theturbine.

The steam generating boiler has to produce steam at the high purity, pressure and temperature
required for the steam turbine that drives the electrical generator. The generator includes the
economizer, the steam drum, the chemical dosing equipment, and the furnace with its steam
generating tubes and the super heater coils. Necessary safety valves are located at suitable
points to avoid excessive boiler pressure.

14
Boiler Furnace and Steam Drum
Once water inside the boiler or steam generator, the process of adding the latent heat of
vaporization or enthalpy is underway. The boiler transfers energy to the water by the
chemical reaction of burning some type of fuel. The water enters the boiler through a section
in the convection pass called the economizer. From the economizer it passes to the steam
drum. Once the water enters the steam drum it goes down the down comers to the lower inlet
water wall headers. From the inlet headers the water rises through the water walls and is
eventually turned into steam due to the heat being generated by the burners located on the
front and rear water walls (typically). As the water is turned into steam/vapor in the water
walls, the steam/ vapor once again enters the steam drum.

Externa

External View of an Industrial Boiler

Fig:-5.External View Of Industrial Boiler

The steam/ vapor is passed through a series of steam and water separators and then dryers
inside the steam drum. The steam separators and dryers remove the water droplets from the
steam and the cycle through the water walls is repeated. This process is known as natural
circulation. The boiler furnace auxiliary equipment includes coal feed nozzles and igniter
guns, soot blowers, water lancing and observation ports (in the furnace walls) for observation
of the furnace interior. Furnace explosions due to any accumulation of combustible gases
after a trip out are avoided by flushing out such gases from the combustion zone before
igniting the coal. The steam drum (as well as the super heater coils and headers) have air
vents and drains needed for initial start up. The steam drum has an internal device that
removes moisture from the wet steam entering the drum from the steam generating tubes. The
dry steam then flows into the super heater coils.

15
Fuel Preparation System
In coal-fired power stations, the raw feed coal from the coal storage area is first
crushed into small pieces and then conveyed to the coal feed hoppers at the boilers. The coal
is next pulverized into a very fine powder. The pulverisers may be ball mills, rotating drum
grinders, or other types of grinders. Some power stations burn fuel oil rather than coal. The
oil must keep warm (above its pour point) in the fuel oil storage tanks to prevent the oil from
congealing and becoming unpumpable. The oil is usually heated to about 100°C before being
pumped through the furnace fuel oil spray nozzles.

Boiler Side of the Parichha Thermal Power Station, Jhansi

Fig:-6.Boiler Side of the Parichha Thermal Power Station ,jhansi

Boilers in some power stations use processed natural gas as their main fuel. Other power
stationsmay use processed natural gas as auxiliary fuel in the event that their main fuel supply
(coal or oil) is interrupted. In such cases, separate gas burners are provided on the boiler
furnaces.

16
Fuel Firing System and Igniter System

From the pulverized coal bin, coal is blown by hot air through the furnace coal burners at an
angle which imparts a swirling motion to the powdered coal to enhance mixing of the coal
powder with the incoming preheated combustion air and thus to enhance the combustion. To
provide sufficient combustion temperature in the furnace before igniting the powdered coal,
the furnace temperature is raised by first burning some light fuel oil or processed natural gas
(by using auxiliary burners and igniters provide for that purpose).

Air Path

External fans are provided to give sufficient air for combustion. The forced draft fan takes air
from the atmosphere and, first warming it in the air preheater for better combustion, injects it
viathe air nozzles on the furnace wall.
The induced draft fan assists the FD fan by drawing out combustible gases from the furnace,
maintaining a slightly negative pressure in the furnace to avoid backfiring through any
opening. At the furnace outlet, and before the furnace gases are handled by the ID fan, fine
dust carried by the outlet gases is removed to avoid atmospheric pollution. This is an
environmental limitation prescribed by law, and additionally minimizes erosion of the ID fan.

Auxiliary Systems

Fly Ash Collection

Fly ash is captured and removed from the flue gas by electrostatic precipitators or fabric bag
filters (or sometimes both) located at the outlet of the furnace and before the induced draft
fan. The fly ash is periodically removed from the collection hoppers below the precipitators
or bag filters. Generally, the fly ash is pneumatically transported to storage silos for
subsequent transport by trucks or railroad cars.

Bottom Ash Collection and Disposal

At the bottom of every boiler, a hopper has been provided for collection of the bottom
ash from the bottom of the furnace. This hopper is always filled with water to quench the ash
and clinkers falling down from the furnace. Some arrangement is included to crush the
clinkers and for conveying the crushed clinkers and bottom ash to a storage site.

17
Boiler Make-up Water Treatment Plant and Storage

Since there is continuous withdrawal of steam and continuous return of condensate to

the boiler, losses due to blow-down and leakages have to be made up for so as to maintain the
desired water level in the boiler steam drum. For this, continuous make-up water is added to
the boiler water system. The impurities in the raw water input to the plant generally consist of
calcium and magnesium salts which impart hardness to the water.

Turbine Generator
The steam turbine-driven generators have auxiliary systems enabling them to work
satisfactorily and safely. The steam turbine generator being rotating equipment generally has
a heavy, large diameter shaft. The shaft therefore requires not only supports but also has to be
kept in position while running. To minimize the frictional resistance to the rotation, the shaft
has a number of bearings. The bearing shells, in which the shaft rotates, are lined with a low

18
friction material like Babbitt metal. Oil lubrication is provided to further reduce the friction
between shaft and bearing surface and to limit the heat generated.

A 210 MW Generator at Parichha Thermal Power Station, Jhansi

Fig:7.A 210 MW Generator at PTPP,Jhansi
Barring Gear (or Turning Gear)
Barring gear is the term used for the mechanism provided for rotation of the turbine generator
shaft at a very low speed (about one revolution per minute) after unit stoppages for any
reason. Once the unit is "tripped" (i.e., the turbine steam inlet valve is closed), the turbine
starts slow ingor "coasting down". When it stops completely, there is a tendency for the
turbine shaft to deflector bend if allowed to remain in one position too long. This deflection is
because the heat inside the turbine casing tends to concentrate in the top half of the casing,
thus making the top half portion of the shaft hotter than the bottom half. The shaft therefore
warps or bends by millionths of inches, only detectable by monitoring eccentricity meters.
But this small amount of shaft deflection would be enough to cause vibrations and damage
then tire steam turbine generator unit when it is restarted. Therefore, the shaft is not permitted

19
to come to a complete stop by a mechanism known as "turning gear" or "barring gear" that
automatically takes over to rotate the unit at a preset low speed. If the unit is shut down for
major maintenance, then the barring gear must be kept in service until the temperatures of the
casings and bearings are sufficiently low.

Condenser

The surface condenser is a shell and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated
through the tubes. The exhaust steam from the low pressure turbine enters the shell where it
is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the tubes as shown in the
adjacent diagram. Such condensers use steam ejectors or rotary motor-driven exhausters for
continuous emoval of air and gases from the steam side to maintain vacuum.

A Typical Water Cooled Condenser. For best efficiency, the temperature in the condenser
must be kept as low as practical in order to achieve the lowest possible pressure in the
condensing steam. Since the condenser temperature can almost always be kept significantly
below 100 oC where the vapor pressure of water is much less than atmospheric pressure, the
condenser generally works under vacuum. Thus, leaks of noncondensible air into the closed
loop must be prevented. Plants operating in hot climates may have to reduce output if their
source of condenser cooling water becomes warmer; unfortunately, this usually coincides
with periods of high electrical demand for air conditioning. The condenser generally uses
either circulating cooling water from a cooling tower to reject waste heat to the atmosphere,
or once-through water from a river, lake or ocean.

Superheater
As the steam is conditioned by the drying equipment inside the drum, it is piped from the
upper drum area into an elaborate set up of tubing in different areas of the boiler. The areas

20
known as super heater and reheater. The steam vapor picks up energy and its temperature is
now superheated above the saturation temperature. The superheated steam is then piped
through the main steam lines to the valves of the high-pressure turbine.

Deaerator

A steam generating boiler requires that the boiler feed water should be devoid of air and other
dissolved gases, particularly corrosive ones, in order to avoid corrosion of the metal.
Generally, power stations use a deaerator to provide for the removal of air and other
dissolved gases from the boiler feed water. A deaerator typically includes a vertical, domed
deaeration section mounted on top of a horizontal cylindrical vessel which serves as the
deaerated boiler feed water storage tank.

Boiler Feed Water Deaerator (with vertical, domed aeration section and horizontal water storage
section).
There are many different designs for a deaerator and the designs will vary from one
manufacturer to another. The adjacent diagram depicts a typical conventional trayed
deaerator. If operated properly, most deaerator manufacturers will guarantee that oxygen in
the deaerated water will not exceed 7 ppb by weight (0.005 cm3/L).

Auxiliary Systems

Oil System

An auxiliary oil system pump is used to supply oil at the start-up of the steam turbine generator.
It supplies the hydraulic oil system required for steam turbine's main inlet steam stop valve, the

21
governing control valves, the bearing and seal oil systems, the relevant hydraulic relays and
other mechanisms. At a preset speed of the turbine during start-ups, a pump driven by the turbine
main shaft takes over the functions of the auxiliary system.

Generator Heat Dissipation

The electricity generator requires cooling to dissipate the heat that it generates. While small units
may be cooled by air drawn through filters at the inlet, larger units generally require special
cooling arrangements. Hydrogen gas cooling, in an oil-sealed casing, is used because it has the
highest known heat transfer coefficient of any gas and for its low viscosity which reduces wind
age losses. This system requires special handling during start-up, with air in the chamber first
displaced by carbon dioxide before filling with hydrogen. This ensures that the highly flammable
hydrogen does not mix with oxygen in the air. The hydrogen pressure inside the casing is
maintained slightly higher than atmospheric pressure to avoid outside air ingress. The hydrogen
must be sealed against outward leakage where the shaft emerges from the casing. Mechanical
seals around the shaft are installed with a very small annular gap to avoid rubbing between the
shaft and the seals. Seal oil is used to prevent the hydrogen gas leakage to atmosphere. The
generator also uses water cooling. Since the generator coils are at a potential of about 15.75kV
and water is conductive, an insulating barrier such as Teflon is used to interconnect the water line
and the generator high voltage windings. Demineralized water of low conductivity is used.

Generator High Voltage System

The generator voltage ranges from 10.5 kV in smaller units to 15.75 kV in larger units. The
generator high voltage leads are normally large aluminium channels because of their high current
as compared to the cables used in smaller machines. They are enclosed in well-grounded
aluminium bus ducts and are supported on suitable insulators. The generator high voltage
channels are connected to step-up transformers for connecting to a high voltage electrical
substation (of the order of 220 kV) for further transmission by the local power grid. The
necessary protection and metering devices are included for the high voltage leads. Thus, the
steam turbine generator and the transformer form one unit. In smaller units, generating at 10.5kV,
a breaker is provided to connect it to a common 10.5 kV bus system. There are two parts of an
alternator stator and rotor, rotor is the rotating part in which excitation windings are wound,
this part is rotated using any mechanical setup either a diesel engine or a turbine driven by
steam or water(hydro projects). In the excitation winding we supply DC voltage. The stator is
stationary part on which 3 phase windings are wound as star winding(mostly for large

22
generator). So when we supply DC voltage to the rotor winding then electro magnet is made
in the winding and when this magnet is rotated then we have a rotating magnetic field which
is intersected by the conductor in the stator and this intersection of magnetic field in the stator
coil results in generation of EMF(Electro Motive Force), this EMF when measured at the
terminal of open circuit generator shows the voltage and when generator is connected to any
load be it of any type the EMF causes the current to flow and hence power is drawn from the
generator depending upon the type of load and it power factor. Thus it could be concluded
that generator actually generates EMF.

Other Systems

Monitoring and Alarm system

Most of the power plant’s operational controls are automatic. However, at times, manual
intervention may be required. Thus, the plant is provided with monitors and alarm systems
that alert the plant operators when certain operating parameters are seriously deviating from
their normal range.

Battery Supplied Emergency Lighting & Communication

A central battery system consisting of lead acid cell units is provided to supply emergency
electric power, when needed, to essential items such as the power plant's control systems,

23
communication systems, turbine lube oil pumps, and emergency lighting. This is essential for
a safe, damage-free shutdown of the units in an emergency situation.

ELECTRIC MOTORS
An electric motor uses electrical energy to produce mechanical energy. The reverse process
that of using mechanical energy to produce electrical energy is accomplished by a generator
ordynamo. Traction motors used on locomotives and some electric and hybrid automobiles
often performs both tasks if the vehicle is equipped with dynamic brakes.

A High Power Electric Motor

Fig:8.A High Power Electric Motor

Categorization Of Electrical Motors

Categorization of Electric Motors
The classic division of electric motors has been that of Direct Current (DC) types vs
Alternating Current (AC) types. The ongoing trend toward electronic control further muddles
the distinction, as modern drivers have moved the commutator out of the motor shell. For this
new breed of motor, driver circuits are relied upon to generate sinusoidal AC drive currents,

24
or some approximation of. The two best examples are: the brushless DC motor and the
stepping motor, both being poly phase AC motors requiring external electronic control. There
is a clearer distinction between a synchronous motor and asynchronous types. In the
synchronous types, the rotor rotates in synchrony with the oscillating field or current.

Comparison of Motor Types

Type Advantages Disadvantages Typical Typical

Application Drive

AC Induction Least expensive Rotation slips Fans Uni/Polyphase

(Shaded Pole) Long life from AC
high power frequency
Low starting
torque
AC Induction High power Rotation slips Appliances Uni/Polyphase
(Split-phase high starting from AC
capacitor) torque frequency

AC Rotation in-sync More expensive Clocks Uni/Polyphase

Synchronous with freq Audio turntables AC
long-life tape drives
(alternator)

Stepper DC Precision Slow speed Positioning in Multiphase

positioning Requires a printers and DC
High holding controller floppy
torque drives
Brushless DC Long lifespan High initial cost Hard drives Multiphase
low maintenance Requires a CD/DVD DC
High efficiency controller players
electric vehicles
Brushed (PM) Low initial cost High Treadmill Direct
DC Simple speed maintenance exercisers (PWM)
control (brushes) automotive
(Dynamo) Low lifespan starters

At Parichha Thermal Power Station, Jhansi, mostly AC motors are employed for various
purposes. We had to study the two types of AC Motors viz. Synchronous Motors and
Induction Motor. The motors have been explained further.

25
AC Motor

Internal View of AC
Fig:9.Internal Motors
View of AC motors

An AC motor is an electric motor that is driven by an alternating current. It consists of two

basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with AC current to produce
rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque
by the rotating field. There are two types of AC motors, depending on the type of rotor used.
The first is the synchronous motor, which rotates exactly at the supply frequency or a sub
multiple of the supply frequency. The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by
current delivered through slip rings or a by a permanent magnet. The second type is the
induction motor, which turns slightly slower than the supply frequency. The magnetic field
on the rotor of this motor is created by an induced current.

Synchronous Motor

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils

passing magnets at the same rate as the alternating current and resulting magnetic field which
drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions.
Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip in order to produce torque. Sometimes
a synchronous motor is used, not to drive a load, but to improve the power factor on the local
grid it's connected to. It does this by providing reactive power to or consuming reactive
power from the grid. In this case the synchronous motor is called a Synchronous condenser.
Electrical power plants almost always use synchronous generators because it's very important
to keep the frequency constant at which the generator is connected.

Advantages

Synchronous motors have the following advantages over non-synchronous motors:

• Speed is independent of the load, provided an adequate field current is applied.

26
• Accurate control in speed and position using open loop controls, e.g. Stepper motors.
• They will hold their position when a DC current is applied to both the stator and the rotor
windings.
• Their power factor can be adjusted to unity by using a proper field current relative to the
load. Also, a "capacitive" power factor, (current phase leads voltage phase), can be
obtained by increasing this current slightly, which can help achieve a better power factor
correction for the whole installation.

Examples
 Brushless permanent magnet DC motor.
 Stepper motor.
 Slow speed AC synchronous motor.
 Switched reluctance motor.

Induction Motor

An induction motor (IM) is a type of asynchronous AC motor where power is supplied to the
rotating device by means of electromagnetic induction.

Three Phase Induction Motors

Fig:-10.Three Phase Induction Motors

An electric motor converts electrical power to mechanical power in its rotor (rotating part).
There are several ways to supply power to the rotor. In a DC motor this power is supplied to
the armature directly from a DC source, while in an AC motor this power is induced in the
rotating device. An induction motor is sometimes called a rotating transformer because the
stator(stationary part) is essentially the primary side of the transformer and the rotor (rotating
part) is the secondary side. Induction motors are widely used, especially poly phase induction
motors,which are frequently used in industrial drives. Induction motors are now the preferred

27
choice for industrial motors due to their rugged construction, lack of brushes (which are
needed in most DC Motors) and — thanks to modern power electronics — the ability to
control the speed of the motor.

Construction

The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current that induces a magnetic field
in the conductor. The number of 'poles' can vary between motor types but the poles are
always in pairs (i.e., 2, 4, 6 etc). There are two types of rotor:
1. Squirrel-cage rotor
2. Slip ring rotor
The most common rotor is a squirrel-cage rotor. It is made up of bars of either solid copper
(most common) or aluminium that span the length of the rotor, and are connected through a
ring at each end. The rotor bars in squirrel-cage induction motors are not straight, but have
some skew to reduce noise and harmonics.
The motor's phase type is one of two types:
1. Single-phase induction motor
2. 3-phase induction motor

Principle of Operation

The basic difference between an induction motor and a synchronous AC motor is that in the
latter a current is supplied onto the rotor. This then creates a magnetic field which, through
magnetic interaction, links to the rotating magnetic field in the stator which in turn causes the
rotor to turn. It is called synchronous because at steady state the speed of the rotor is the same
as the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the stator.
By way of contrast, the induction motor does not have any direct supply onto the rotor;
instead, a secondary current is induced in the rotor. To achieve this, stator windings are
arranged around the rotor so that when energised with a poly phase supply they create a
rotating magnetic field pattern which sweeps past the rotor. This changing magnetic field
pattern can induce currents in the rotor conductors. These currents interact with the rotating
magnetic field created by the stator and the rotor will turn. However, for these currents to be
induced, the speed of the physical rotor and the speed of the rotating magnetic field in the
stator must be different, or else the magnetic field will not be moving relative to the rotor
conductors and no currents will be induced. If by some chance this happens, the rotor

28
typically slows slightly until a current is re-induced and then the rotor continues as before.
This difference between the speed of the rotor and speed of the rotating magnetic field in the
stator is called slip. It has no unit and the ratio between the relative speed of the magnetic
field as seen by the rotor to the speed of the rotating field. Due to this an induction motor is
sometimes referred to as an asynchronous machine.
Types:
• Based on type of phase supply
1. three phase induction motor (self starting in nature)
2. single phase induction motor (not self starting)
• Other
1.Squirrel cage induction motor
2.Slip ring induction motor

SWITCHGEAR
The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid, refers to the
combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical
equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to
clear faults down stream. The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife
switches, mounted on insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages
rapidly escalated, making open manually-operated switches too dangerous to use for anything
other than isolation of a reenergized circuit. Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be
contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a switchgear line-up would be a
metal-enclosed structure with electrically-operated switching elements, using oil circuit
breakers. Today, oil-filled equipments largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6
equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic
equipment incorporating digital controls, protection, metering and communications. A View
of Switchgear at a Power Plant

29
A View of Switchgear at a Power Plant
Fig:-11.A View of switchgear at a Power Plant

Types

A piece of switchgear may be a simple open air isolator switch or it may be insulated by
some other substance. An effective although more costly form of switchgear is "gas insulated
switchgear" (GIS), where the conductors and contacts are insulated by pressurized (SF6)
sulphur hexafluoride gas. Other common types are oil [or vacuum] insulated switchgear.
Circuit breakers are a special type of switchgear that are able to interrupt fault
currents. Their construction allows them to interrupt fault currents of many hundreds or
thousands of amps.
The quenching of the arc when the contacts open requires careful design, and falls into four
types:
Oil circuit breakers rely upon vaporization of some of the oil to blast a jet of oil
through the arc. Gas (SF6) circuit breakers sometimes stretch the arc using a magnetic field,
and then rely upon the dielectric strength of the SF6 to quench the stretched arc.
Vacuum circuit breakers have minimal arcing (as there is nothing to ionize other than the
contact material), so the arc quenches when it is stretched a very small amount (<2-3 mm).
Vacuum circuit breakers are frequently used in modern medium-voltage switchgear to 35,000
volts.
Air circuit breakers may use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts
are rapidly swung into a small sealed chamber, the escaping of the displaced air thus blowing

30
out the arc. Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current flow very quickly:
typically, between 30ms and 150 ms depending upon the age and construction of the device.
Several different classifications of switchgear can be made:
By the current rating:
 By interrupting rating (maximum short circuit current that the device can safely
interrupt)
 Circuit breakers can open and close on fault currents
 Load-break/Load-make switches can switch normal system load currents
 Isolators may only be operated while the circuit is dead, or the load current is very
small.
By voltage class:
 Low Tension (less than 440 volts AC)
 High Tension (more than 6.6 kV AC)
By insulating medium:
 Air
 Gas (SF6 or mixtures)
 Oil
 Vacuum
By construction type:
 Indoor (further classified by IP (Ingress Protection) class or NEMA enclosure type)
 Outdoor
 Industrial
 Utility
 Marine
 Draw-out elements (removable without many tools)
 Fixed elements (bolted fasteners)
 Live-front
 Dead-front
 Open
 Metal-enclosed

31
High Tension Switchgear at Thermal Power Plant
Fig:-12.High Tension Switchgear at Thermal Power Plant

By IEC degree of internal separation:

 No Separation
 Bus bars separated from functional units
 Terminals for external conductors separated from bus bars
 Terminals for external conductors separated from functional units but not from each
 other
 Functional units separated from each other
 Terminals for external conductors separated from each other
 Terminals for external conductors separate from their associated functional unit.

32
By interrupting device:
 Fuses
 Air Blast Circuit Breaker
 Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker
 Oil Circuit Breaker
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker
 Gas (SF6) Circuit breaker

By operating method:
 Manually-operated
 Motor-operated
 Solenoid/stored energy operated
By type of current:
 Alternating current
 Direct current
By application:
 Transmission system
 Distribution.

A single line-up may incorporate several different types of devices, for example, air-insulated
bus, vacuum circuit breakers, and manually-operated switches may all exist in the same row
of cubicles. Ratings, design, specifications and details of switchgear are set by a multitude of
standards. In North America mostly IEEE and ANSI standards are used, much of the rest of
the world uses IEC standards, sometimes with local national derivatives or variations.

Functions

One of the basic functions of switchgear is protection, which is interruption of short-circuit

and overload fault currents while maintaining service to unaffected circuits. Switchgear also
provides isolation of circuits from power supplies. Switchgear also is used to enhance system
availability by allowing more than one source to feed a load.

33
Safety

To help ensure safe operation sequences of switchgear, trapped key interlocking provides
predefined scenarios of operation. James Harry Castell invented this technique in 1922. For
example, if only one of two sources of supply is permitted to be connected at a given time,
their nterlock scheme may require that the first switch must be opened to release a key that
will allow closing the second switch. Complex schemes are possible. Air circuit breakers are
used in load centres that may include a power transformer. Air circuit breakers are used for
motors greater than 200 hp and less than about 600 hp. Low-voltage circuit breakers are self-
contained in that fault protection is an integral part of the breaker. Low-voltage devices,
which do not contain fault protection devices, are referred to as low-voltage switches. Low-
voltage breakers may be obtained with various combinations of trip elements. Long time,
short time, and ground trip elements may be obtained in various combinations.
Low-voltage breakers manufactured before 1970 will contain oil dashpot time delay trip
elements. Breakers manufactured after the mid-1970s until about 1990 will contain solid-state
analog trip elements. Breakers manufactured after 1990 will contain digital trip elements. The
digital elements provide much more flexibility. Accidental contact with high voltage
supplying adequate energy will often result in severe injury or even death. This can take place
as an individual provides a path for the current’s flow resulting in tissue damage and heart
failure. Injuries may also occur as a result of the physical force on the body as people may
fall from a significant high or be thrown a considerable distance. Therefore, it is essential all
safety best practices and regulations should be adhered to when working on high voltage
switchgear.

HIGH TENSION SWITCHGEAR

High voltage switchgear is any switchgear and switchgear assembly of rated voltage higher
than1000 volts. High voltage switchgear is any switchgear used to connect or to disconnect a
part of a high voltage power system. These switchgears are essential elements for the
protection and for a safety operating mode without interruption of a high voltage power
system. This type of equipment is really important because it is directly linked to the quality
of the electricity supply. The high voltage is a voltage above 1000 V for alternating current
and above 1500 V for direct current.

34
 Fig:-13.High Tension Switchgear at Thermal Power Plant
High Tension Switchgear of a Thermal Power Plant

The high voltage switchgear was invented at the end of the 19th century for operating the
motor sand others electric machines. It has been improved and it can be used in the whole
range of high voltage until 1100 kV.

Functional Classification

Disconnectors and Earthing Switches

They are above all safety devices used to open or to close a circuit when there is no current
through them. They are used to isolate a part of a circuit, a machine, a part of an overhead
line or an underground line for the operating staff to access it without any danger. The
opening of the line isolator or bus bar section isolator is necessary for the safety but it is note
enough. Grounding must be done at the upstream sector and the downstream sector on the
device which they want to intervene thanks to the earthing switches. In principle,
disconnecting switches do not have to interrupt currents, but some of them can interrupt
currents (up to 1600 A under 10 to 300V) and some earthing switches must interrupt induced
currents which are generated in a non-current-carrying line by inductive and capacity
vecoupling with nearby lines (up to 160 A under 20 kV).

35
A Vacuum Circuit Breaker (High Tension Switchgear)
Fig:-Vacuum Circuit Breaker (High Tension Switchgear)

High-Current Switching Mechanism

They can open or close a circuit in normal load. Some of them can be used as a disconnecting
switch. But if they can create a short-circuit current, they cannot interrupt it.

Contactor

Their functions are similar to the high-current switching mechanism, but they can be used at
higher rates. Contactors are used to frequently operate device like electric furnaces, high
voltage motors. They are used only in the band 30 kV to 100 kV.

Fuses

The fuses can interrupt automatically a circuit with an over current flowing in it for a fixed
time. The current interrupting is got by the fusion of an electrical conductor which is graded.
They are mainly used ot protect against the short-circuits. They limit the peak value of the
fault current.
In three-phase electric power, they only eliminate the phases where the fault current is
flowing, which is a risk for the devices and the people. Against this trouble, the fuses can be

36
associated with high-current switches or contactors. They are used only in the band 30 kV to
100 kV

Circuit Breaker

A high voltage circuit breaker is capable of making, carrying and breaking currents under the
rated voltage (the maximal voltage of the power system which it is protecting) : Under
normal circuit conditions, for example to connect or disconnect a line in a power system;
Underspecified abnormal circuit conditions especially to eliminate a short circuit. From its
characteristics, a circuit breaker is the protection device essential for a high voltage power
system, because it is the only one able to interrupt a short circuit current and so to avoid the
others devices to be damaged by this short circuit. The international standard IEC 62271-100
defines the demands linked to the characteristics of a high voltage circuit breaker. The circuit
breaker can be equipped with electronic devices in order to know at any moment their states
(wear, gas pressure…) and possibly to detect faults from characteristics derivative sand it can
permit to plan maintenance operations and to avoid failures. To operate on long lines, the
circuit breakers are equipped with a closing resistor to limit the over voltages. They can be
equipped with devices to synchronize the closing and/or the opening to limit the over
voltages and the inrush currents from the lines, the unloaded transformers, the shunt
reactances and the capacitor banks. Some devices are designed to have the characteristics of
the circuit breaker and disconnector.

DIRECT ON LINE STARTER

A direct on line starter, often abbreviated DOL starter, is a widely-used starting method of
electric motors. The term is used in electrical engineering and associated with electric motors.
There are many types of motor starters, the simplest of which is the DOL starter. A motor
starter is an electrical/electronic circuit composed of electro-mechanical and electronic
devices which are employed to start and stop an electric motor. Regardless of the motor type
(AC or DC), the types of starters differ depending on the method of starting the motor. A
DOL starter connects the motor terminals directly to the power supply. Hence, the motor is
subjected to the full voltage of the power supply. Consequently, high starting current flows
through the motor. This type of starting is suitable for small motors below 5 hp (3.75 kW).

37
Reduced-voltage starters are employed with motors above 5 hp. Although DOL motor
starters are available for motors less than 150 kW on 400 V and for motors less than 1 MW
on 6.6 kV. Supply reliability and reserve power generation dictates the use of reduced voltage
or not.

Fig:-15.Internal View of a Direct on line Starter

Internal View of a Direct on Line Starter
Major Components
There are four major components of a Direct On Line Starter. They are given as follows:
1. Switch
2. Fuse
3. Conductor (Electromagnetic)
4. Thermal Overload Relay (Heat & Temperature)
Auxiliary Components
According to our desire and use of work, we use auxiliary components in a DOL Starter.
Thereare basically two types of Auxiliary Components given as follows:
1. Auxiliary Conductor
2. Timer (Range – 0.5s to 60s)
DOL Reversing Starter

Most motors are reversible or, in other words, they can be run clockwise and anti-clockwise.
Areversing starter is an electrical or electronic circuit that reverses the direction of a motor
automatically. Logically, the circuit is composed of two DOL circuits; one for clockwise

38
operation and the other for anti-clockwise operation.

Fig:-15.External view of a Direct on line starter

External View of a Direct On Line Starter

Example of Motor Starters

A very well-known motor starter is the DOL Starter of a 3-Phase Squirrel-Cage Motor. This
starter is sometimes used to start water pumps, compressors, fans and conveyor belts. With a
400V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply, the power circuit connects the motor to 400V. Consequently,
the starting current may reach 3-8 times the normal current. The control circuit is typically
run at24V with the aid of a 400V/24V transformer.

39
Motor Direction Reversal

Changing the direction of a 3-Phase Squirrel-Cage Motor requires swapping any two phases.
This could be achieved by a contactor KM1 swapping phase L2 and L3 between the supply
and the motor.

GENERATORS

The basic function of the generator is to convert mechanical power, delivered from the shaft
of the turbine, into electrical power. Therefore, a generator is actually a rotating mechanical
energy converter. The mechanical energy from the turbine is converted by means of a
rotating magnetic field produced by direct current in the copper winding of the rotor or field,
which generates three-phase alternating currents and voltages in the copper winding of the
stator (armature). The stator winding is connected to terminals, which are in turn connected to
the power system for delivery of the output power to the system.

The class of generator under consideration is steam turbine-driven generators, commonly

called turbo generators. These machines are generally used in nuclear and fossil fueled power
plants, co-generation plants, and combustion turbine units. They range from relatively small
machines of a few Megawatts (MW) to very large generators with ratings up to 1900 MW.
The generator sparticular to this category are of the two- and four-pole design employing
round-rotors, with rotational operating speeds of 3600 and 1800 rpm in North America, parts

40
of Japan, and Asia(3000 and 1500 rpm in Europe, Afric
Africa,
a, Australia, Asia, and South
America). As the system load demands more active power from the generator, more steam (or
fuel in acombustion turbine) needs to be admitted to the turbine to increase power output.
Hence more energy is transmitted to the gener
generator
ator from the turbine, in the form of a torque.
This torque is mechanical in nature, but electromagnetically coupled to the power system
through the generator. The higher the power output, the higher the torque between turbine
and generator. The power output
ut of the generator generally follows the load demand from the
system. Therefore the voltages and currents in the generator are continually changing based
on the load demand. The generator design must be able to cope with large and fast load
changes, which show up inside the machine as changes in mechanical forces and
temperatures. The design must therefore incorporate electrical current-carrying
current carrying materials (i.e.,
copper), magnetic flux-carrying materials (i.e., highly permeable steels), insulating materials
(i.e., organic), structural members(i.e., steel and organic), and cooling media (i.e., gases and
liquids), all working together under the operating conditions of a turbo generator

STATOR
The stator winding is made up of insulated copper conductor bars that are distributed around
the inside diameter of the stator core, commonly called the stator bore, in equally spaced slots
in the core to ensure symmetrical flux linkage with the field produced by the rotor. Each slot
contains two conductor bars, one on top of the other. These are generally referred to as top
and bottom bars. Top bars are the ones nearest the slot opening (just under the wedge) and the
bottom bar sare the ones at the slot bottom. The core area between slots is generally called a
core tooth.

Stator of a Turbo Generator

Fig:-16.Stator of Turbo Generator

The stator winding is then divided into three phases, which are almost always wye connected.
Wye connection is done to allow a neural grounding point and for relay protection of the

41
winding. The three phases are connected to create symmetry between them in the 360 degree
arc of the stator bore. The distribution of the winding is done in such a way as to produce a
120degree difference in voltage peaks from one phase to the other, hence the term “three-
phase voltage.” Each of the three phases may have one or more parallel circuits within the
phase.

ROTOR
The rotor winding is installed in the slots machined in the forging main body and is
distributed symmetrically around the rotor between the poles. The winding itself is made up
of many turns of copper to form the entire series connected winding. All of the turns
associated with a singles lot are generally called a coil. The coils are wound into the winding
slots in the forging, concentrically in corresponding positions on opposite sides of a pole. The
series connection essentially creates a single multi-turn coil overall, that develops the total
ampere-turns of the rotor (which is the total current flowing in the rotor winding times the
total number of turns).

RotorFig:-17.Rotor
of a Turbo Generator
of Turbo Generator

42
Cooling passages are provided within the conductors themselves to eliminate the temperature
drop across the ground insulation and preserve the life of the insulation material. In an
“axially” cooled winding, the gas passes through axial passages in the conductors, being fed
from both ends, and exhausted to the air gap at the axial centre of the rotor. In other designs,
“radial” passages in the stack of conductors are fed from sub slots machined along the length
of the rotor at the bottom of each slot. In the “air gap pickup” method, the cooling gas is
picked up from the air gap, and cooling is accomplished over a relatively short length of the
rotor, and then discharged back to the air gap. The cooling of the end-regions of the winding
varies from design to design, as much as that of the slot section

BEARINGS
All turbo generators require bearings to rotate freely with minimal friction and vibration. The
main rotor body must be supported by a bearing at each end of the generator for this purpose.
In some cases where the rotor shaft is very long at the excitation end of the machine to
accommodate the slip/collector rings, a “steady” bearing is installed outboard of the slip
collector rings.
AUXILIARY SYSTEMS
All large generators require auxiliary systems to handle such things as lubricating oil for the
rotor bearings, hydrogen cooling apparatus, hydrogen sealing oil, de-mineralized water for
stator winding cooling, and excitation systems for field-current application. Not all generators
require all these systems and the requirement depends on the size and nature of the machine.
For instance, air cooled turbo generators do not require hydrogen for cooling and therefore no
sealing oil as well. There are five major auxiliary systems that may be used in a generator.
They are given as follows:
1. Lubricating Oil System
2. Hydrogen Cooling System
3. Seal Oil System
4. Stator Cooling Water System
5. Excitation System

1. Lubricating Oil System

The lube-oil system provides oil for all of the turbine and generator bearings as well as being
the source of seal oil for the seal-oil system. The lube-oil system is generally grouped in with

43
the turbine components and is not usually looked after by the generator side during
maintenance. It is mentioned primarily for completeness.
2. Hydrogen Cooling System

As the hydrogen cooling gas picks up heat from the various generator components within the
machine, its temperature rises significantly. This can be as much as 46oC, and therefore the
hydrogen must be cooled down prior to being re-circulated through the machine for
continuous cooling. Hydrogen coolers or heat exchangers are employed for this purpose.

3. Seal Oil System

As most large generators use hydrogen under high pressure for cooling the various internal
components. To keep the hydrogen inside the generator, various places in the generator are
required to seal against hydrogen leakage to atmosphere. One of the most difficult seals made
is the juncture between the stator and the rotating shaft of the rotor.
4. Stator Cooling Water System
The stator cooling water system (SCW) is used to provide a source of de-mineralized water to
the generator stator winding for direct cooling of the stator winding and associated
components.SCW is generally used in machines rated at or above 300 MVA. Most SCW
systems are provided as package units, mounted on a singular platform, which includes all of
the SCW system components. All components of the system are generally made from
stainless steel or copper materials.

5. Excitation System
A typical brushless system includes a rotating permanent magnet pilot exciter with the stator
connected through the excitation switchgear to the stationary field of an AC exciter with
rotating armature and a rotating silicon diode rectifier assembly, which in turn is connected to
the rotating field of the generator. This arrangement eliminates both the commutator and the
collector rings. Also, part of the system is a solid state automatic voltage regulator, a means
of manual voltage regulation, and necessary control devices for mounting on a remote panel.
The exciter rotating parts and the diodes are mounted on the generator shaft; viewing during
operation must utilize a strobe light

44
 Fig:-Schematic
Schematic Diagram of Excitation diagram of Excitation system (Brushless)
System (Brushless)

PROTECTION
The protection system of any modern electric power grid is the most crucial function in the
system. Protection is a system because it comprises discrete devices (relays, communication
means, etc.) and an algorithm that establishes a coordinated method of operation among the
protective devices. This is termed coordination. Thus, for a protective system to operate
correctly, both the settings of the individual relays and the coordination among them must be
right. Wrong settings might result in no protection to the protected equipment and systems,
and improper coordination might result in unwarranted loss of production. The key function
of any protective system is to minimize the possibility of physical damage to equipment due
to a fault any where in the system or from abnormal operation of the equipment (over speed,
under voltage, etc.). However, the most critical function of any protective scheme is to
safeguard those persons who operate the equipment that produces, transmits, and utilizes
electricity. Protective systems are inherently different from other systems in a power plant (or
for that matter any other place where electric power is present). They are called to operate
seldom, and when they are, it is crucial they do so flawlessly. One problem that arises from
protective systems being activated not often is that they are sometimes overlooked. This is a
recipe for disaster. The most common reason for catastrophic failure of equipment in power
systems is failure to operate or miss-operation of protective systems. Purchasing, installing,
setting/coordinating, and properly maintaining protective systems are no tan insignificant
expense. Therefore the extent any device or electric circuit is protected depends on the

45
potential cost of not doing so adequately. Electric power generators are most often the most
critical electrical apparatus in any power plant. In fact, given the electrical proximity between
the generator and the main step-up transformer (SUT), those two most important apparatuses
share some of the protective functions. Given the prohibited cost of replacing any of these
two, in particular, the generator, significant expense goes in providing the most
comprehensive protection coverage.

Short-Circuit Protection (Functions 21, 50, 51, 51V, and 87)

These functions are designed to protect the unit against short-circuits in or outside the
windings of the alternator. Outside faults can be in the system close to the station’s busses, on
the main unit transformer or auxiliary transformer(s), on the cable, segregated busses, or
insulated phase busses (IPB), between the alternator and the transformers, or on the
alternator’s windings. In large units the IPB is designed to reduce any short-circuit between
the generator and main and auxiliary transformers to a single phase-to-ground fault. This is
possible because of the high impedance grounding of the machine, and the fact that all
transformers connected to the generator are connected delta on the generator’s side, which
results in ground faults of very low currents. However, a “benign” single-ground fault inside
the generator can develop into a highly destructive phase-to-phase short-circuit, and this is
the main reason why ground faults inside the generator ought to trip to unit promptly.

Over and Under Voltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27)

Some voltage relays are used for short-circuit protection (on the neutral of the generator—
59GN). Overvoltage relays are also used as backup to the (24) (over excitation) during
normal operation of the machine. During start-up, the (59) will not provide backup to the
(24), because aV/Hz condition can readily develop during run-up, even while the terminal
voltage is below it srated value.
Reverse Power Protection (Function 32)
This protective function trips the unit when power flows from the system to the generator. In
this situation, depending on the generator’s field condition, the alternator is driven as a
synchronous or induction motor. If it is driven as an induction motor, negative-sequence
currents will be established in the rotor, potentially damaging damper windings, wedges,
retaining-rings, and forging.

46
Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60)
The main function of the voltage balance relay is to avoid false tripping of other protection
relays due to a loss of secondary voltage feed—for instance, by a blown potential transformer
(PT) fuse. Voltage balance schemes are possible in most modern and/or large generators
because such units have at least two PTs feeding the protection and monitoring systems. The
voltage balance relays senses and compares the secondary voltage of different PTs, and when
it determines that a “blown-fuse” situation arises.

TRANSFORMER

A transformer is a static device consisting of a winding, or two or more coupled windings,

with or without a magnetic core, for inducing mutual coupling between circuits. When an
alternating current flows in a conductor, a magnetic field exists around the conductor. If
another conductor is placed in the field created by the first conductor such that the flux lines
link the second conductor, then a voltage is induced into the second conductor. The use of a
magnetic field from one coil to induce a voltage into a second coil is the principle on which
transformer theory and application is based.

Fig:-19.220KV Transformer at PTPP,Jhansi

A 220 kV Transformer at Parichha Power Plant
ANSI/IEEE defines a transformer as a static electrical device, involving no continuously
moving parts, used in electric power systems to transfer power between circuits through the
use of electromagnetic induction.

47
The transformer is one of the most reliable pieces of electrical distribution equipment. It has
no moving parts, requires minimal maintenance, and is capable of withstanding overloads,
surges, faults, and physical abuse that may damage or destroy other items in the circuit.
Often, the electrical event that burns up a motor, opens a circuit breaker, or blows a fuse has a
subtle effecton the transformer. Although the transformer may continue to operate as before,
repeat occurrences of such damaging electrical events, or lack of even minimal maintenance
can greatly accelerate the eventual failure of the transformer.

SWITCHYARD

Fig:-20. Location of Switchyard

48
SUBSTATION
A station in the power transmission system at which electric power is transformed to a
conveniently used form. The station may consist of transformers, switches, circuit breakers,
and other auxiliary equipment. Its main function is to receive energy transmitted at high
voltage from the generating station, by either step-up or step-down the voltage to a value
appropriate for local use and provide facilities for switching. Substations have some
additional functions.

Typical Components of a Power Plant Substation

Fig:-21. Typical components of Power Plant Substation

BUSBAR
BUSBAR (or bus, for short) – is a term we use for a main bar or conductor carrying an
electric current to which many connections may be made. Buses are merely convenient
means of connecting switches and other equipment into various arrangements. The usual
arrangement of connections in most substations permits working on almost any piece of
equipment without interruption to incoming or outgoing feeders. In the switchyard or
substation, buses are open to the air. Aluminium or copper conductors supported on porcelain
insulators, carry the electric energy from point to point.

49
DISCONNECTS
DISCONNECT – is an easily removed piece of the actual cond
conductor
uctor of a circuit. The purpose
of disconnects is to isolate equipment. Disconnects are not used to interrupt circuits; they are
no-load devices. A typical
cal use of disconnects is to isolate a circuit
circuit breaker by installing one
disconnect on either side of the circuit breaker (in series with the breaker). Operation of
disconnects is one of the most important and responsible jobs of a power plant operator. One
On
error in isolation of equipment, or the accidental grounding of the line equipment, can be a
fatal mistake.

50
CIRCUIT BREAKER
CIRCUIT BREAKER – is used to interrupt circuits while ccurrent
urrent is flowing through them.
The making and breaking of contacts in an Oil type circuit breaker
er are done under oil, this oil
serves to quench the arc when the circuit is opened. The operation of the breaker is very
v rapid
when opening. As with the transformer, the high voltage
voltage connections are made through
bushings. Some recently
ently developed circuit breakers have no oil, but put out the arc by a blast
of compressed air; these are called air circuit breakers.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER – Current transformers are used with ammeters, watt meters,
power-factor meters, watt-hour
hour meters, compensators, protective
protective and regulating relays, and
the trip coil of circuit breakers. One current transformer can be used tto
o operate several
instruments, provided that the combined burden does
does not exceed that for which the
transformer
ormer is designed and compensated. The current trans
transformer
former is connected directly in
series with the line.

51
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER – also known as a potential transformer, is used with volt
meters, watt meters, watt-hour
hour meters, power
power-factor
tor meters, frequency meters, synchro
scopes, and synchronizing apparatus, protective and regulating relays, and the no
no-voltage and
over-voltage
voltage trip coils of automatic circuit breakers. One tran
transformer
sformer can be used for several
instruments at the same time if the total current taken by the instrument does not exceed that
for which the transformer is designed and compensated.

EARTHING SWITCH
EARTHING SWITCH – also known as ground disconnect,
disconnect, which is used to connect the
equipment to a grid of electrical conductors buried in the earth on the station property. It is
intended to protect people working on the grounded equipmen
equipment.
t. It does this by completing a
circuit path, thereby reducing the voltage differenc
differencee between the equipment and its
surroundings. For safety reasons, it is important that ground disconnects and all associated
connections have good contact and low resistance.

SURGE ARRESTOR ORLIGHTNING

LIGHTNING ARRESTERS(LA)
ARRESTERS
SURGE ARRESTOR – are devices used to provide the ne
necessary
cessary path to ground for such
surges,, yet prevent any power current form following the
the surge. An ideal arrester must
therefore have the following properties:

1. Ability to remove the surge energy from the line in a min. time.
2. High resistive to flow of power current.
3. A valve action automatically
matically allows surge to pass and then close up so as not to permit
power current to flow to the ground.
4. Always ready to perform.

52
5. Performance such that no system disturbances are introduced by its operation.
6. Economically feasible

OVERHEAD GROUND WIRE

By a ground wire is meant a wire, generally of steel, supported from the top of transmission
line towers and solidly grounded at each tower. It is considered a preventive device, but it
does not entirely prevent the formation of travelling waves on a line. Furthermore, those lines
which are not equipped with ground wires will be subjected to disturbances that produce
surges that must be allowed to escape to the ground, or the apparatus connected to the line
must be strong enough to reflect or absorb these surges until they are entirely damped out.

53