Steel and Timber Design

ARSC 433
Engr. Dustin Glenn Cuevas, MSCE
Your Instructor

ENGR. DUSTIN GLENN C. CUEVAS,MSCE

Contact Information:
• Email Address: dgcuevas.ce@tip.edu.ph

Biography:
• A structural engineer with successful experience in the design and review of bridges and civil structures.
• Finished Master of Science in Structural Engineering
• Asian Institute of Technology, Pathum Thani, Thailand
• Worked with Performance Based Design and Earthquake Engineering of Tall Buildings
• Finished Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering (Magna Cum laude & Gold Medalist – Batch Rank 1)
• Mapua Institute of Technology, Intramuros, Manila
• 5th Placer May 2017 Civil Engineering Board Examination – Professional Regulation Commission
• Worked as a structural engineer at Arcadis Design and Consultancy
• Worked as a part-time review lecturer
Online Catch Up
Class Rules

• There is no such thing as an excused ABSENCE as per CHED Memorandum Circular for Standard Guidelines
for Engineering Programs.
• A student is allowed to incur 20% of the total meetings per semester. A sample computation of the number
of allowable absences is given below: (Note: I will consider you as absent if you did not take Seatwork every
after topic.)

Number of Number of Allowable

meetings per meetings per absences
week modular group
3 18 4
Class Rules
Grading System

• The grades for the semester can be computed as given below:

• The class standing is given below:

Quizzes 50 %
Homework / Seatwork / Plates 50 %
Grading System
Percentage Grade Equivalent Grade Descriptive Rating
• T.I.P. Numerical Grading System
94 – 100 1.00 Excellent
88.5 – 93.99 1.25 Superior
83 – 88.49 1.50 Meritorious
77.5 – 82.99 1.75 Very Good
72 – 77.49 2.00 Good
65.5 – 71.99 2.25 Very Satisfactory
61 – 65.49 2.5 Satisfactory
55.5 – 60.99 2.75 Fair
50 – 55.49 3.00 Passing
4.00 Incomplete
0 – 49.99 5.00 Failed
6.00 Officially Dropped
7.00 Unofficially Dropped
8.00 No Credit
9.00 Withdrawn
Important Class Rules

• Please read the Online Class Policy uploaded in the Canvas LMS.
• You are required to be online and logged in to Canvas during your class hours (synchronous and asynchronous
hours)
• During roll-call attendance checking, you are encouraged to open your cameras.
• Maintain a pleasant appearance on camera.
• Be seated behind a table if available. Do not attend class from your bed.
• If you have any questions or clarifications during the online conference, do not hesitate to speak (Unmute your
microphone). You can also send a private message to your instructor in BBB.
• Every live session (2 hours) there will be a healthy break (5mins) every 40 mins. If I accidentally forget to have a
break, you can unmute your mic and request for a break.
• If the teacher’s audio is problematic or unclear, inform the teacher right away by speaking.
• Any form of cheating is NOT ALLOWED in the class. Anyone proved to be cheating shall have a failed grade.
Guidelines for Plates

• All plates are handwritten

• Make sure that your submission is organized and neat.
• Write legibly
• If I cannot read your submission, you will get a score of
zero.
• Copying of someone else work is strictly prohibited.

ENGR. DUSTIN GLENN CUEVAS IMPORTANT:

After each question, provide a summary of answers.
Introduction to Steel Design
Intended Learning Outcomes

• Identify the composition of structural steel

• Identify advantages and disadvantages in using structural steel
• Illustrate mechanical properties of structural steel through its stress-strain relationship
• Classify structural steel into different grades and shapes
• Determine key cross-sectional properties for design calculations
• Familiarize with design tables and reference codes
Introduction

Iron – principal component

Structural Steel
Carbon – contributes to strength but reduces ductility

It refers to a number of steels that, because of their economy and desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for load
carrying members in structures. Structural steel is 100% recyclable and one of the most reused materials in the world

ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Designation

For Ferrous Metals – the designation has the prefix “A” followed by two or three numerical digits
Ex. ASTM A36
ASTM A514
Hot-Rolled Structural Steel
Cold-Formed Structural Steel
Hot-Rolled Structural Steel

Three groups of hot rolled structural steels used in buildings

1. Carbon Steel: Fy = 220 – 290 Mpa
2. High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA): Fy = 480 – 840 Mpa
3. Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel: Fy = 480 – 690 Mpa

Steel Treatments:
1. Quenching – rapid cooling
2. Tempering - reheating
Use of Structural Steel

• Skyscrapers
• Long-span bridges and elevated railways
• Parking structures
• Warehouses and hangars
• Metro stations
• Stadiums
• Residential buildings
Properties of Steel
1. Yield Stress, Fy

2. Ultimate Tensile Strength, Fu

3. Modulus of Elasticity, E

4. Ductility

5. Toughness

6. Weldability

7. Poisson’s Ratio

8. Shear Modulus

9. Modulus of Resilience

10. Modulus of Toughness

Advantages of Structural Steel

• High strength • Toughness

• Constructability
• Uniformity

• Malleability
• Elasticity
• Recyclable
• Permanence

• Ductility
Disadvantage of Structural Steel

• Corrosion

• Fireproofing costs

• Susceptibility to buckling

• Fatigue

• Brittle fracture
Examples of Steel Structures
Examples of Steel Structures
Examples of Steel Structures
Stress-Strain Diagram of Ductile/Mild Steel

• Proportional limit

• Elastic limit

• Yield stress

• Strain hardening

• Ultimate stress

• Necking

• Fracture
Mechanical Properties

• Modulus of elasticity (E)

𝑬 = 𝝈/𝜺
• Modulus of resilience
• Modulus of toughness
• YIELD STRENGTH (fy)
• ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (fu)
• Fracture strength
Structural Steel Grades

MOST COMMON STEEL GRADES:

Fy Fu Shapes
36 ksi 58 ksi
A36 M, S, C, MC, L
(248 MPa) (400 MPa)
35 ksi 60 ksi
A53 Gr. B Pipes
(240 MPa) (415 MPa)
46 ksi 58ksi
A500 Gr. B HSS
(315 MPa) (400 MPa)
50 ksi 65 ksi
A572 Gr. 50 HP
(345 MPa) (450 MPa)
50 ksi 65 ksi
A992 W
(345 MPa) (450 MPa)

NSCP 2015 – Section 501.3.1 has prescribed structural

grades for different shapes
Typical Properties of ASTM A36 Steel

• E = 200,000 Mpa
• Fy = 248 Mpa
• Fu = 400 Mpa
• Density = 7780 kg/m3
• Shear Modulus, G = 77,200 Mpa
• Coeff. Of Thermal Expansion, α = 11.7 x 10-6/Co
 Structural Steel Sections
1) I – SECTION (4 TYPES)

W-SECTION S-SECTION HP – SECTION M – SECTION

(WIDE FLANGE) (BEARING PILE) (MISCELLANEOUS)
 Structural Steel Sections
2) T – SECTION (3 TYPES)

WT-SECTION MT-SECTION ST-SECTION

Structural Steel Sections
3) C – SECTION 4) L – SECTION

CAN HAVE EQUAL OR UNEQUAL LEG LENGTHS

Structural Steel Sections
5) PIPES 6) HSS

SQUARE

ROUND
Structural Steel Sections
BARS AND PLATES NON-STANDARD SHAPES
Structural Steel Sections
COLD-FORMED STEEL
Cross Sectional Properties

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONS
• Area (A)
• Depth (d)
• Flange and web thicknesses (tf and tw)
• Inner and outer diameters
• Centroids
DETAILING DIMENSIONS
• k and k1
• T
• Workable gage
Cross Sectional Properties

GEOMETRIC PROPERTIES TORSIONAL PROPERTIES

• Moment of Inertia (I) • Torsional Constant (J)
• Elastic Section Modulus (S) • Warping Constant (Cw)
• Plastic Section Modulus (Z) • Polar radius of gyration (𝒓𝒐 )
• Radius of gyration (r) • Shear center
• Effective radius of gyration (rts)
Sample Problem
Calculate the section properties of the built-up section shown. It is composed of 3 steel plates to form a singly
symmetric I shape section. The upper flange is 250x12mm, lower flange is 150mmx16mm. The over all depth of
the section is 300mm with the thickness of the web of 20mm.
Solve the following:
a) Area
b) Centroid
c) Moment of Inertia
d) Polar Moment of Inertia
e) Section Modulus
f) Radius of Gyration
Sample Problem
Calculate the combined section properties of the built-up section shown. It is composed of Wide Flange Section,
W21x83 with a channel section, C15x50 on top of it.

C15x50 W21x83
• Area
A = 9484 mm2 A = 15677 mm2 • Centroid
d = 381 mm d = 544.32 mm
• Moment of Inertia
tw = 18.19 mm tw = 13.08 mm
bf = 94.39 mm bf = 212.22 mm • Section Modulus
tf = 16.51 mm tf = 21.21 mm • Radius of gyration
Weight = 74.71 kg/m Weight = 124 kg/m
Ix = 168.16 x 106 mm4 Ix = 762 x 106 mm4
Sx = 881.62 mm3 Sx = 2802 mm3
rx = 133.1 mm rx = 220.22 mm
Iy = 4.58 x 106 mm4 Iy = 34 x 106 mm4
Sy = 61.94 x 103 mm3 Sy = 320 x 103 mm3
ry = 22.02 mm ry = 46.48 mm
𝑥̅ = 20.27 mm
Design Tables and Reference Codes
REFERENCE FOR CROSS-SECTIONAL PROPERTIES
Design Tables and Reference Codes
REFERENCE FOR DESIGN PROVISIONS
Design Tables and Reference Codes

NSCP 2015 Sections AISC 360-16

Sec. 504 – Tension Ch. D – Tension
Sec. 505 – Compression Ch. E – Compression
Sec. 506 – Flexure Ch. F – Flexure
Sec. 507 – Shear Ch. G – Shear
Sec. 508 – Combined Forces and Torsion Ch. H – Combined Forces and Torsion
Sec. 510 - Connections Ch. J - Connections
Design Approaches

ALLOWABLE STRENGTH LOAD AND RESISTANCE

DESIGN FACTOR DESIGN
(ASD) (LRFD)

DESIGN STRENGTH SAFETY FACTOR (Ω) RESISTANCE FACTOR (Φ)

FACTOR [greater than 1.0] [less than 1.0]

DESIGN LOADS UNFACTORED FACTORED

DEMAND VS 𝑹𝒏
≥ 𝑹𝒅 𝝓𝑹𝒏 ≥ 𝑹𝒅
CAPACITY 𝛀
Design Approaches

LOAD AND RESISTANCE

ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN
FACTOR DESIGN
(ASD)
(LRFD)
1. D 1. 1.4D
2. D+L 2. 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5Lr
3. D + Lr 3. 1.2D + 1.6Lr + (f1L or 0.5W)
LOAD 4. D + 0.75L + 0.75Lr 4. 1.2D + 1.0W + f1L + 0.5Lr
COMBINATIONS 5. D + (0.6W or 0.7E) 5. 1.2D + 1.0E + f1L
6. D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W or 0.7E) 6. 0.9D + 1.0W
7. 0.6D + 0.6W 7. 0.9D + 1.0E
8. 0.6D + 0.7E
Key Takeaways
• Steel has many advantages that make it a very versatile structural
material. While it has flaws, additional measures can be taken to
address them
• Ductility of steel allows members to withstand large amounts of load as
shown by its stress-strain characteristic
• Structural steel can be shaped and strengthened according to a specific
purpose
• Tabulation of cross-sectional properties aid in designing steel members
• Asd and lrfd are two design approach uses in the calculating strength
limit state of steel members
References

• Brockenbrough, R. and Merritt, F. (2011). Structural Steel Designer's Handbook. ASCE Press.
• Gilbert, N. (2012). Structural Steel - S235, S275, S355 Chemical Composition, Mechanical
Properties and Common Applications. AZO Materials.
https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=6022
• McCormac, J. and Csernak, S. (2012). Structural Steel Design. Pearson Education.
• Mehta, M., Scarborough, W. and Armpriest, D. (2013). Building Construction - Principles,
Materials and Systems. Pearson Education
• Redwing (2020). Resiliency and Toughness. Pennsylvania State University. https://www.e-
education.psu.edu/matse81/node/2105
• Segui, W. (2007). Steel Design. Thomson Canada Limited.