ER Week 4 - Agenda

• More Consumer Math

• Ratios and Proportions
• Rate Problems
• Average
• Perimeter and Area
• Equations
• Inequalities
• Plotting Points
• Slope
• Graphing

1
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• To figure out the tax on an item multiply the sales price
by the sales tax
• To figure out the final sales price with a discount you:
– Method 1
• calculate the discount by multiplying the starting price by the
discount rate
• Subtract the discount from the staring price
– Method 2
• Subtract the discount rate from 100% (100%-discount rate)
• Multiply the starting price by (100%-discount rate)
• If sales tax and discount
– Determine discount first
– Calculate tax on final price

2
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• What’s the sales tax if the purchase price is $130 and the sales tax is 8%?

$130*(0.08) = $10.40

• What would the total be?

$130.00+$10.40 = $140.10

• What if there had been a 10% discount?

Discount: $130*(0.10) = $13

Final Price Before tax: $130-$13= $117
Sales Tax: $117*(.08) = 9.36
Final Sales Price: $117+$9.36 = $126.36

3
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• Problem:
– What is the total discount if an $80 was marked
down by 25%
– What would the total discount be if you also had a
10% off coupon?
– What would the total final price be if the tax was
on the shirt was 5%?

4
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• Answer
– Discount is $80 * 0.25 = $20 (Discounted Price is
now $60)
– Total Discount is $60 * 0.10 = $6 + $20 (First
discount) = $26
– Final price = Subtotal + tax
• Tax = ($80 - $26) * 0.05 = $2.70
• Final Price = $80 - $26 + $2.70 = $56.70

5
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• Calculating Final price “quicker”
Final Price = Orig Price * (1-discount 1) * (1-discount
2) * (1+sales tax)
Final Price = $80 * (1 - .25) * (1-.10) * (1+1.05)
= $80 * (.75) * (.9) * (1.05)
= $56.70

6
 Consumer Math – Purchases with
Tax/Discounts
• Problem
– How much would the final price be of a car given:
• Starting Price: $5000
• Discount: 5% off
• Military Discount: 2% (and you are in the military)
• Tax: 10%

7
 Ratios and Proportions
• What’s a ratio?
– A comparison … a “per” or “to” thing 
• Miles per hours (50 miles per hour)
• Apples per students (3 apples per student)
• Red checkers to black checkers ( 2 red checkers to 3
black checkers)
• Cats to dogs ( 1 cat to 2 dogs)

8
 Ratios and Proportions
• What’s a ratio?
– They can all be expressed as fractions
• 50 miles per hour = 50/1
• 3 apples per student = 3/1
• 2 red checkers to 3 black checkers = 2/3
• 1 cat to 2 dogs = 1/2

9
 Ratio and Proportions
• Proportion
– Is when two ratios are equal
– It can be written two ways

10
 Ratio and Proportions
• Three ways to check if ratios are equivalent
(ie. Are a proportion)
– Vertical
– Horizontal
– Cross Product

11
Ratio and Proportions

12
 Ratio and Proportions
• Are the following ratios equivalent?
7 10 4 8 9 6
14 , 20 37, 74 6, 4

13
 Ratios and Proportions
• How to find missing proportion?
– Vertical:

– Horizontal

14
 Ratios and Proportions
• How to find missing proportion?
– Cross Product:

15
 Rate Problems
• Distance = Rate x Time solutions
– If you go 50 miles per hour for 2 hours you go how far?
D = 50 mph x 2 hours = 100 miles
– If you travel 150 miles in two hours how fast did you
average?
150 miles = rate x 2 hours
150 miles/2hours = (rate x 2 hours)/2hours
75 mph = rate
– If you went 60 miles per hour and traveled 150 miles how
long did it take?
150 miles = 60mph x time
150 miles/60mph = (60mph x time)/60mph
2.5 hours = time

16
 Rate WORD problems
• If a plane traveled 300mph for 2 hours and then
200mph for 1.5 hour how far did the plane go?

• Four trains measured the distance they covered over a

certain amount of time. However they al used
different time intervals. Were all four trains traveling
at the same speed?
Train Hours Miles
Train 1 0.5 27.5
Train 2 1 55
Train 3 1.5 82.5
Train 4 2 120

17
 Mean - Definition

• Mean – the average of a group

of numbers.

Mean = 3

18
Mean is found by evening out the
numbers

19
Mean is found by evening out the
numbers

20
Mean is found by evening out the
numbers

mean = 3

21
How to Find the Mean of a Group of
Numbers

• Step 1 – Add all the numbers.

8, 10, 12, 18, 22, 26

8+10+12+18+22+26 = 96

22
How to Find the Mean of a Group of
Numbers
• Step 2 – Divide the sum by the
number of addends.
8, 10, 12, 18, 22, 26
8+10+12+18+22+26 = 96
How many addends are there?
23
How to Find the Mean of a Group of
Numbers
• Step 2 – Divide the sum by the
number of addends.
16
# of addends 6) 96 sum
6
36
36
24
How to Find the Mean of a Group of
Numbers
The mean or average of these
numbers is 16.

8, 10, 12, 18, 22, 26

25
What is the mean of these numbers?

7, 10, 16

26
What is the mean of these numbers?

2, 9, 14, 27

27
What is the mean of these numbers?

1, 2, 7, 11, 19

28
What is the mean of these numbers?

26, 33, 41, 52

29
 Median - Definition

• Median – the middle number in

a set of ordered numbers.

Median = 7

30
How to Find the Median in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 1 – Arrange the numbers in

order from least to greatest.
21, 18, 24, 19, 27
18, 19, 21, 24, 27
31
How to Find the Median in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 2 – Find the middle number.

21, 18, 24, 19, 27

18, 19, 21, 24, 27
32
How to Find the Median in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 2 – Find the middle number.

18, 19, 21, 24, 27

This is your median number.
33
How to Find the Median in a Group of
Numbers
• Step 3 – If there are two middle
numbers, find the mean of these two
numbers.

18, 19, 21, 25, 27, 28

34
How to Find the Median in a Group of
Numbers
• Step 3 – If there are two middle
numbers, find the mean of these two
numbers.

21+ 25 = 46
23 median
2) 46
35
What is the median of these numbers?

16, 10, 7
7, 10, 16

36
What is the median of these numbers?

31, 7, 2, 12, 14, 19

2, 7, 12, 14, 19, 31

12 + 14 = 26 2) 26

37
What is the median of these numbers?

29, 8, 4, 11, 19

38
What is the median of these numbers?

53, 5, 81, 67, 25, 78

39
 Mode - Definition
• Mode – the number that
appears most frequently in a
set of numbers.

Mode = 1

40
 How to Find the Mode in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 1 – Arrange the numbers in

order from least to greatest.
21, 18, 24, 19, 18
18, 18, 19, 21, 24
41
 How to Find the Mode in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 2 – Find the number that is

repeated the most.
21, 18, 24, 19, 18
18, 18, 19, 21, 24
42
Which number is the mode?

29, 8, 4, 8, 19
4, 8, 8, 19, 29

43
Which number is the mode?

1, 2, 2, 9, 9, 4, 9, 10

44
Which number is the mode?

22, 21, 27, 31, 21, 32

45
 Definition

Range
is the distance
Between

46
 Definition
• Range – the difference between
the greatest and the least value in
a set of numbers.

Range = 12

47
 How to Find the Range in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 1 – Arrange the numbers in

order from least to greatest.
21, 18, 24, 19, 27
18, 19, 21, 24, 27
48
 How to Find the Range in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 2 – Find the lowest and

highest numbers.
21, 18, 24, 19, 27
18, 19, 21, 24, 27
49
 How to Find the Range in a Group of
Numbers

• Step 3 – Find the difference

between these 2 numbers.
18, 19, 21, 24, 27
27 – 18 = 9
The range is 9
50
What is the range?

29, 8, 4, 8, 19
4, 8, 8, 19, 29
29 – 4 = 25

51
 What is the range?

22, 21, 27, 31, 21, 32

52
What is the range?

31, 8, 3, 11, 19

53
What is the range?

23, 7, 9, 41, 19

54
 Perimeter
• Perimeter – total distance around the outside
of a 2D shape. You calculate it by adding
together all the lengths of a shape
– Circle perimeter (or circumference) is 2πr
– Rectangle is (2 x length) + (2 x width)
– Square is 4 x side
– Triangle is just all three sides
– Other polygons is just the lengths of sides
Perimeter
 Area
• Area – is the amount of the surface that a 2D
shape covers. It’s measured in square units
– Area of a circle is πr2
– Area of a rectangle is length x width
– Area of a square is side x side or (side)2
– Area of a parallelogram is base x height
– Area of a triangle is ½ x base x height
Area
 Equations
• Equation - is generally understood to mean a
mathematical statement that asserts the equality
of two expressions
NOW in English
In modern notation, this is written by placing the
expressions on either side of an equals sign (=),
for example:

x+3=5
 Equations – Solving Equations with
single variable
• The goal is to get the variable “by itself”

X + 7 = 13 40x = 80
-7 -7 ------------
X=6 40x = 80
40 40

x=2
 Equations – Solving Equations with
single variable
• Check answers by substituting answer!

X + 7 = 13 40x = 80
X=6 x=2
6 + 7 = 13 40(2) = 80
13 = 13  80 = 80 
 Inequalities
• Same as equations just instead of a single answer
we have a “range” of answers using < and > (with
= as well)
x + 7 > 10
- 7 -7
X>3

Check it!

X=4
X + 7 > 10
4 + 7 > 10
11 > 10 
 Inequalities rules
• With inequalities if you divide by a negative number
you have to “flip” the inequality

-10x > 100

Divide by -10 -10 -10

x < -10

Check it!

Let x = -11
-10x > 100
-10(-11) > 100
+110 > 100 
 Equations and Inequalities Problems
1. X + 7 = -10

2. 2R – 9 = 45 + R

3. 20x = 60

4. 35y = 105

5. 2x + 10 = 90
 Equations and Inequalities Problems
1. X + 7 > -10

2. 2R – 9 < 45 + R

3. 20x > 60

4. 35y < 105

5. 2x + 10 > 90
Plotting Points
Plotting Points
 Plotting Points
Plot x Coordinate Plot y Coordinate
 Plotting Points
• Plot the following points
– A(4,2)
– B(7,1)
– C(-2,3)
– D(5,-2)
– E(-2,-2)
 Lines
• A line consists of many points
• An Equation that results in a “line” is called a
linear equation
• We can also have a linear inequality is that
basically a line with the area above or below
shaded
 Graphing Linear Equations
• y = 3x + 2

– Step one draw a table and “make up” x values and

then figure out what the y value is:
x y
0 2
1 5

– Step two just plot the points and draw the line!
 Graphing Linear Equations
• y = 3x + 2
 Graphing Inequalties
• Same as lines except:
– Solid line if = part of the inequality or dash if no =
– Figure out which side to shade
• Easiest way to confirm is to pick a point!

So lets do: y > 3x + 2

– Is it solid or dashed?
– Shade above or below the line?
 Graphing Linear Equations
• y > 3x + 2
 Slope
• Slope is the rate at which a line tilts up or
down.

Positive Slope Negative Slope Zero Slope No Slope (UNDEFINED)

 Calculating Slope from points
• Slope (also called m) is defined as the
RISE/RUN (sun has to rise before we run)
Calculating Slope from points