1

Promoting the Inclusion of Scavengers on Repurposing of Waste as a Means of Circular

Economy in Lagos State

Name: Ajetunmobi Mardiyah

Institution: Nottingham Trent University

Course: MA in Public Health

Instructor: Leah Jayes

Date of Submission:
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Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................3
Background of the Study.................................................................................................................4
The Context.....................................................................................................................................7
Literature Review............................................................................................................................9
Research Rationale........................................................................................................................12
Aims and Objectives......................................................................................................................13
Research Questions........................................................................................................................13
Research Design............................................................................................................................14
Methodology..................................................................................................................................14
Sampling Technique..................................................................................................................16
Participants.................................................................................................................................17
Data Collection..........................................................................................................................18
Data Analysis.............................................................................................................................19
Ethical Considerations...................................................................................................................20
Dissemination of Results...............................................................................................................23
Bibliography..................................................................................................................................27
Appendix.......................................................................................................................................40
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Abstract

This literature review provides a comprehensive summary of the existing knowledge, recent

debates, and identified gaps regarding the involvement of scavengers in waste management in

Lagos State, Nigeria. The review primarily focuses on the health status, potential dangers,

perspectives, and policies related to scavengers in the waste management system. Multiple

academic databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using

relevant search terms. The search included articles published between 2010 and 2021 to ensure

the inclusion of recent research. The chosen research approach is grounded in a constructivist

paradigm, emphasizing the socially constructed nature of knowledge and understanding.

Qualitative methods, such as interviews and document analysis, were employed to gather data,

which will be analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings aim to contribute to a deeper

understanding of the involvement of scavengers in waste management, informing policies and

practices for the healthy and safe inclusion of scavengers in the circular economy framework.
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Background of the Study

The global issue of waste management has gained increasing attention in recent years due

to its environmental, economic, and social implications (Sufficiency et al., 2022). In the context

of Lagos State, Nigeria, a rapidly growing urban center, waste management poses significant

challenges (Amuda et al., 2014). With an estimated population of over 20 million people, Lagos

city generates enormous amounts of waste daily (Abubakar et al., 2022). The existing waste

management system struggles to cope with this volume, resulting in inadequate collection and

disposal practices (Afon, 2012). Improper waste management has detrimental effects on public

health, the environment, and the overall livability of the city (Abubakar et al., 2022). It is

essential to explore sustainable solutions that promote efficient waste management practices

while also considering the economic and social aspects of the community (Demirbas, 2011).

Scavengers can be found in various countries around the world, often in regions with

inadequate waste management systems or high levels of poverty (Medina, 2010). Countries such

as India, Brazil, Philippines, and Indonesia are known to have significant populations of

scavengers (Southerton and Yates, 2014). Scavenging is a common practice in many African

countries, including Nigeria, Egypt, and South Africa (Babayemi et al., 2019). In Nigeria,

informal waste pickers known as "baban bola" or "baban gona" can be found sorting through

waste in urban areas like Lagos, Kano, and Port Harcourt (Afon, 2012). These individuals often

work in informal settings, sorting through waste materials to recover recyclable items for resale

or reuse (Babayemi et al., 2019). Unfortunately, their occupation exposes them to numerous

health hazards, including exposure to toxic substances, sharp objects, biological waste, and poor

sanitation conditions (Afon, 2012). These hazards pose significant risks to both their individual

health and the public health of the communities in which they operate (Medina, 2010). Proper
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waste management and the safe inclusion of scavengers in the system are crucial to minimize

these health risks and promote a healthier environment for both the scavengers and the general

public (Fatimah et al., 2020). Within the current waste management landscape of Lagos State,

informal scavengers, often referred to as 'waste pickers', play a vital role in the collection and

recycling of materials by salvaging valuable resources from the waste stream, reducing landfill

congestion, and contributing to a more sustainable and circular economy (Mbah and Nzeadibe,

2017). Scavengers, or waste pickers, are individuals who engage in informal waste collection and

recycling activities (Abubakar et al., 2022). While there may not be a universal definition of

scavengers, the term applies to individuals in various countries and regions around the world

(Morais et al., 2022). Unfortunately, specific numbers regarding the population of scavengers in

Lagos State or other countries are not provided in the given information (Riman et al., 2022).

Despite their significant contributions to waste management, scavengers face numerous

challenges which involve occupational, health and environmental hazards (Wilson et al., 2006).

They lack access to formal training and education, leaving them with limited knowledge and

skills to optimize their operations (Abubakar et al., 2022). Additionally, scavengers often face

stigma and marginalization due to the informal nature of their work (Stanley et al., 2022).

These scavengers are largely exposed to health hazards and are stirred with inadequate

health and safety measures which includes personal protective equipment (PPE) (Ferronato and

Torretta, 2019). Scavengers are susceptible to a number of health issues, including allergies,

gastrointestinal ailments, mental disorders, chronic and infectious diseases, and dermatological

complaints (Malik, Lyndon, and Chin, 2020). Their exclusion from formal waste management

systems hampers the overall effectiveness and sustainability of waste repurposing efforts

(Scarponi, Zolnikov and Mol 2019). To address the challenges faced by scavengers and enhance
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their inclusion in waste repurposing initiatives, it is crucial to recognize the potential benefits of

educating and training these individuals (Van de Klundert and Lardinois, 1995). Providing

formal education and training programs tailored to the needs of scavengers can empower them

with essential knowledge and skills (Agunwamba, 2003).

Education in Nigeria on topics such as waste sorting techniques, proper handling of

hazardous materials, proper usage of personal protective equipment, and the value of recyclable

materials can be delivered by various stakeholders including government agencies, non-

governmental organizations (NGOs), educational institutions, and community-based

organizations (Nduneseokwu, and Appolloni, 2017). Training programs can equip scavengers

with technical skills, such as operating machinery for material processing, quality control, and

waste management regulations (Adelekan, 2021). By enhancing their knowledge and skills,

scavengers can improve their productivity, efficiency, and income generation potential, thus

contributing to a more sustainable waste management system (Oguntoyinbo, 2012).

Furthermore, educating and training scavengers can help elevate their social status and

reduce the stigma associated with their work (Adelekan, 2021). By recognizing and valuing their

contributions, society can promote inclusivity and empower these individuals to become key

stakeholders in Waste Management Initiatives (Barford and Ahmad, 2021). According to a

research in Brazil, in addition to formal education and training programs, creating awareness

campaigns and fostering partnerships with governmental and non-governmental organizations

can enhance the visibility and recognition of scavengers' roles (Gutberlet, 2008). Through such

initiatives, a shift in public perception can occur, leading to improved social acceptance, better

working conditions, and increased opportunities for scavengers (Adelekan, 2021).

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The Context

Nigeria, a country in the African continent known for its cultural diversity and vibrant economy,

is home to Lagos State, a bustling and populous region that serves as the economic and

commercial hub of the country (Baldin, 2023). Lagos State, located in southwestern Nigeria, is

one of the fastest-growing urban centers in Africa (Ayeni, 2013). With a population estimated to

exceed 20 million people, the state faces significant challenges in waste management (Okeke et

al., 2020). Rapid urbanization, coupled with inadequate infrastructure and limited resources, has

led to a burgeoning waste problem (Ayeni, 2013). The current waste management system in

Lagos State is unable to effectively handle the vast amounts of waste generated daily, resulting in

unsightly dumpsites, environmental pollution, and public health hazards (Jimoh et al., 2019).

Scavengers contribute significantly to waste reduction by diverting recyclable materials from

landfills and facilitating their integration into the recycling value chain (Mbah and Nzeadibe,

2017). Scavengers often face stigmatization, marginalization, and lack of legal recognition,

which hinders their full participation and integration into formal waste management systems

(Ogwueleka, and Naveen, 2021). One of the primary challenges faced by scavengers in

Lagos State is the lack of access to formal education and training (Afon, 2012). Many scavengers

are often individuals with limited formal education who has resorted to waste picking as a means

of livelihood (Afon, 2012). Their work is predominantly learned through experiential knowledge,

without the benefit of structured training programs (Mbah and Nzeadibe, 2017). This lack of

formal education and training limits their understanding of waste management best practices,

efficient sorting techniques, and the potential value of recyclable materials (Afon, 2012).

Scavengers face a higher risk of injury and illness compared to the general population due to

their frequent exposure to sharp objects, harmful substances, and hazardous working conditions
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in waste management (Scarponi, Zolnikov and Mol 2019). These risks include cuts, punctures,

dust inhalation, exposure to germs, and contact with toxic chemicals, posing a significant threat

to their health and well-being (Mbah and Nzeadibe, 2017). From a public health perspective, the

health hazards faced by scavengers can have broader implications as their exposure to

contaminants and diseases can potentially spread to the surrounding communities, highlighting

the importance of addressing these risks to safeguard public health (Afon, 2012).

The marginalization of scavengers is further compounded by the stigma associated with

their work (Afon, 2012). They are often viewed as social outcasts or even as a nuisance in urban

areas (Afon, 2012). This negative perception undermines their efforts and hinders their

integration into formal waste management systems (Scarponi, Zolnikov and Mol 2019). The lack

of recognition and social acceptance results in limited access to resources, inadequate working

conditions, and minimal income generation opportunities for scavengers (Scarponi, Zolnikov and

Mol 2019).

Moreover, the exclusion of scavengers from formal waste management systems perpetuates

inefficiencies in the overall waste management process (Scarponi, Zolnikov and Mol 2019).

While scavengers provide valuable services in waste collection and recycling, their activities are

largely uncoordinated and disconnected from the formal waste management infrastructure (Chi

et al., 2011). This disconnect hampers the efficiency of waste collection, sorting, and recycling,

leading to suboptimal resource recovery and increased environmental pollution (Afon, 2012). In

light of these challenges, it is crucial to explore strategies that promote the inclusion of

scavengers in the repurposing of waste as a means of achieving a circular economy in Lagos

State (Afon, 2012). Educating and training scavengers can play a pivotal role in enhancing their

knowledge, skills, and overall integration into formal waste management systems (Ezeah et al.,
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2013). By providing them with access to formal education and training programs, scavengers can

acquire the necessary expertise to optimize waste sorting, handling, and recycling practices

(Afon, 2012). This, in turn, can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of waste management

processes, leading to improved resource recovery and environmental sustainability (Ezeah et al.,

2013).

Literature Review

The literature review was conducted by searching multiple academic databases, including

PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, using relevant search terms such as "waste management,"

"scavengers," "public health," and "Lagos State." The search was conducted with a focus on

articles published between 2010 and 2021 to ensure inclusion of recent research. The initial

search yielded a significant number of results, which were then screened based on titles and

abstracts to identify relevant studies. Full-text articles were further assessed for their relevance

and quality. The findings were synthesized to provide a comprehensive summary of the existing

knowledge, recent debates, and gaps in understanding regarding the involvement of scavengers

in waste management in Lagos State, Nigeria. The current literature on waste management and

the role of scavengers provides valuable insights into the health status, potential dangers,

perspectives, and policies related to waste management systems, particularly in Lagos State,

Nigeria. This literature review aims to systematically summarize the existing knowledge, recent

debates, and identify gaps in understanding the involvement of scavengers in waste management.

Health and safety considerations play a crucial role in waste management systems

(UNEP, 2013). According to the International Labor Organization, health and safety involve

promoting and maintaining workers' physical, mental, and social well-being, protecting them

from health hazards in their working conditions, and ensuring they work in environments
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suitable for their capabilities (UNEP, 2013). The environment significantly impacts individuals'

health, and social well-being is closely linked to their health status (Pandey, 2004). The hazards

associated with waste picking include exposure to chemicals, risk of infections, ergonomic and

musculoskeletal injuries, mechanical trauma, emotional well-being, vulnerabilities, and

environmental contamination (Binion and Gutberlet, 2012; Binion and Gutberlet, 2020).

In Lagos, Nigeria, scavengers play a significant role in diverting waste from landfills and

promoting recycling, thereby contributing to the advancement of a circular economy (Zadawa,

Omran, and Robinson, 2015). Despite operating in the informal sector, scavengers diligently

collect and categorize recyclable materials, thereby mitigating resource wastage and reducing the

environmental impact of resource extraction and production (Zadawa, Omran, and Robinson,

2015). However, there is a need to further explore their integration into formal waste

management systems and their potential role in promoting a circular economy (Zadawa, Omran,

and Robinson, 2015).

The literature suggests that integrating scavengers into the waste management system can

enhance efficiency and productivity (Ghisellini, Cialani, and Ulgiati, 2016). Providing training,

protective equipment, and safe working environments are crucial steps in optimizing their

contributions (Ghisellini, Cialani, and Ulgiati, 2016). The establishment of recycling centers and

buy-back programs that offer fair compensation for gathered materials can serve as a motivating

factor for scavengers to continue their important work (Mogotsi, 2008). These initiatives not

only yield ecological benefits but also provide economic prospects for scavengers, thus

addressing the social and economic exclusion they often face (Mogotsi, 2008).

An examination of existing waste management policies and practices in Lagos reveals

potential deficiencies and opportunities for the safe integration of scavengers into the circular
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economy (Salami et al., 2019). The Lagos Waste Management Authority (LAWMA) primarily

oversees waste collection and disposal (Salami et al., 2019). However, the informal sector,

including scavengers, lacks formal recognition or support, leaving them exposed to health and

safety hazards (Adedara, Taiwo, and Bork, 2023). Recognizing the roles of scavengers,

providing training, and establishing collaborative channels between LAWMA and waste pickers

could enhance their contributions to waste management (Nzeadibe, 2015).

To ensure safety and welfare, policies should include occupational health and safety

regulations, provision of protective equipment, healthcare services, waste segregation, and

proper disposal mechanisms (Kurniawan et al., 2022). Additionally, creating incentives for

recycling and establishing market demand for recycled materials can further promote the circular

economy and provide scavengers with a reliable and sustainable livelihood, thus enhancing their

living standards and reducing their social and economic exclusion (Shooshtarian et al., 2020).

However, the literature review also highlights the need for future research to address the

gaps in knowledge. Limited information is available regarding the specific numbers of

scavengers in Lagos or other countries, making it challenging to understand the scale of the issue

(Agbesola, 2013). Furthermore, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of educational and

training programs tailored to scavengers' needs and their long-term impacts on waste

management practices (Terrall, 2022).

Research Rationale

The rationale for conducting research on the role of educating and training in promoting

the inclusion of scavengers in the repurposing of waste as a means of a circular economy in

Lagos State is multifaceted and crucial for several reasons (Afon, 2012). Firstly, waste
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management is a pressing global issue with significant environmental, economic, and social

implications (Oguntoyinbo, 2012). Lagos State, as a rapidly growing urban center, faces

immense challenges in managing its waste effectively (Terrall, 2022). By exploring sustainable

solutions that involve scavengers in waste repurposing efforts, this research can contribute to

mitigating the negative environmental impact of improper waste disposal and enhance resource

conservation (Abubakar et al., 2022). Secondly, scavengers or waste pickers play a vital but

often overlooked role in the informal waste management sector (Afon, 2012).

They contribute to the reduction of waste sent to landfills through the collection and

recycling materials for other purposes (Masood and Barlow, 2013). However, their exclusion

from formal waste management systems hampers their efficiency and effectiveness. Educating

and training scavengers can empower them with the necessary knowledge and skills to optimize

their operations, enhance their productivity, and improve their income-generating potential

(Demirbas, 2011). Thirdly, promoting the inclusion of scavengers in waste repurposing

initiatives aligns with the principles of a circular economy, while also addressing public health

concerns (Van de Klundert and Lardinois, 1995). By integrating scavengers into formal waste

management systems and providing them with proper training and protective equipment, the risk

of exposure to hazardous materials can be minimized (Cámara-Creixell and Scheel-

Mayenberger, 2019).

Aims and Objectives

This study aims to explore the impact of scavenging in health and well-being alongside the

potential for their inclusion in waste management systems in Lagos State.

The study aims to achieve the following objectives:

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1. To explore the current health status and potential dangers to health for scavengers in waste

management system.

2. To investigate scavengers’ perspectives on waste management and repurposing and their

potential role in promoting a circular economy.

3. To explore existing policies and practices related to waste management and circular economy

to identify gaps and opportunities for the healthy and safe inclusion of scavengers.

Research Questions

1. What is the current health status of scavengers in the waste management system, and what

are the potential health hazards they face?

2. What are the perspectives of scavengers regarding waste management and repurposing, and

how can they contribute to promoting a circular economy?

3. What are the existing policies and practices concerning waste management and the circular

economy, and how do they affect the safe and healthy inclusion of scavengers? What gaps and

opportunities exist for their inclusion?

Research Design

The philosophical underpinning of the research design and methods chosen for this study

is primarily grounded in a constructivist paradigm. By adopting a constructivist perspective, the

study acknowledges that knowledge and understanding are socially constructed and subjective,

influenced by the interactions and interpretations of individuals within their specific contexts

(Olsen and Pilson, 2022). The chosen approach, semi structured interview, aligns with this

philosophical perspective (Olsen and Pilson, 2022). These methods allow for an in-depth

exploration of the perspectives, experiences, and contextual factors related to the involvement of
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scavengers in waste management in Lagos State, Nigeria (Olsen and Pilson, 2022). The data

collected through interviews will be analyzed using thematic analysis, which is consistent with

the interpretive nature of constructivist research. The findings will be interpreted in relation to

the research question and existing literature, contributing to a deeper understanding of the subject

matter.

Methodology

This study will employ a semi structured interview, which will involve the integration

qualitative data collection and analysis techniques. A semi-structured interview is a research

method that combines elements of both structured and unstructured interviews (Alamri, 2019). In

a semi-structured interview, the interviewer has a set of predetermined questions but also has the

flexibility to ask follow-up questions and explore relevant topics in more depth (Alamri, 2019).

The aim of this approach is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the effects of educating

and training scavengers on their involvement and engagement in the circular economy's waste

repurposing activities in Lagos State (Alamri, 2019). The study's findings are based on the work

of Fidelis et al. (2023). The methods and analysis techniques employed in this study have been

meticulously chosen on the basis of their pertinence and appropriateness in tackling the research

inquiries and goals (Almalki, 2016).

The subsequent stage entails the utilization of qualitative techniques, such as conducting

comprehensive interviews and engaging in focus group discussions with scavengers, as outlined

by Yousafzai et al. (2020). The utilization of qualitative research techniques is imperative in

acquiring a more profound comprehension of the scavengers' encounters, viewpoints, and

predicaments within the waste management framework (Murphy et al., 2022). By means of

conducting interviews and focus group discussions, it is possible to delve into the subjective
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experiences of individuals who engage in scavenging activities (Ennis and Chen, 2012). This

approach allows for an examination of their working conditions, potential health hazards, and the

effects of waste management practices on their overall state of well-being (Ennis and Chen,

2012). The integration of qualitative methodologies facilitates a more intricate and situational

comprehension of the research subject, capturing the distinct perspectives and discernments of

the participants (Almalki, 2016).

Thematic analysis will be employed to analyze the qualitative data obtained from

interviews and focus group discussions, which will be transcribed (Kiger and Varpio, 2020).

Thematic analysis is a prevalent qualitative analysis methodology that facilitates the

identification of significant themes and patterns within the data (Miles, Huberman, and Saldana,

2014). Through the examination of qualitative data, a more profound comprehension of the

scavengers' lived experiences and viewpoints can be obtained, thereby emphasizing their

obstacles, ambitions, and potential hindrances to their integration into waste management

practices (Braun & Clarke, 2006). The amalgamation of quantitative and qualitative results will

furnish an all-encompassing comprehension of the research subject, proffering perspectives from

both a wide-ranging quantitative viewpoint and an in-depth qualitative investigation (White and

Cooper, 2022). The utilization of triangulation technique in data analysis from various sources is

known to improve the dependability and authenticity of the outcomes, thereby reinforcing the

legitimacy of the research (Almalki, 2016).

The selected methodologies and analytical approaches are consistent with established

research protocols and have been effectively implemented in analogous investigations

concerning waste management and underprivileged communities (Wang et al., 1995). This study

employs a semi structured interview and provides a justification for the selection of particular
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methods and analysis techniques, thereby ensuring a thorough and rigorous investigation into the

effects of educating and training scavengers on their participation in waste repurposing

initiatives. This study contributes to the existing literature in this field.

Sampling Technique

The sampling technique utilized in this study will employ a combination of probability

and purposive sampling to ensure a representative and diverse sample of scavengers in Lagos

State. Probability sampling, specifically stratified random sampling, will be employed to select a

representative sample of scavengers from different locations and socioeconomic backgrounds

within Lagos State (Bhardwaj, 2019). On the other hand, purposive sampling will be used to

select key informants such as waste management experts and policymakers who possess specific

knowledge and experiences related to the research topic (Foley et al., 2021).

The sample size for both probability and purposive sampling will be determined based on

the research objectives, available resources, and feasibility, taking into consideration factors like

anticipated response rates and expected effect sizes (Shi, Lee, and Maydeu-Olivares, 2019).

Collaboration with local organizations, community leaders, and waste management agencies will

be established to gain access to the target population of scavengers and facilitate the sampling

process (Dimkpa, 2023). It is important to acknowledge potential challenges and limitations

associated with the sampling technique, including accessibility and willingness of scavengers to

participate (Gobo, 2023). Efforts will be made to mitigate these challenges through community

engagement, building rapport with participants, and emphasizing the importance and potential

benefits of their involvement in the research (Wollny et al., 2021).

By employing a combination of probability and purposive sampling techniques, this

study aims to enhance the representativeness and diversity of the sample, allowing for more
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robust and generalizable findings (Creswell, 2013). This comprehensive approach will provide a

thorough understanding of the experiences and perspectives of scavengers in Lagos State, as well

as insights from key stakeholders involved in waste management and circular economy

initiatives.

Participants

The study will include interviews with 40 scavengers selected from four different areas in

Lagos State, such as Oshodi, Ajegunle, Ikeja, and Agege (Moyen Massa and Archodoulaki,

2023). These areas were chosen to ensure geographical representation and diversity within the

sample (Adekunle, Sangodoyin, and Wahab, 2023). The scavengers will be the primary focus of

the study, as they represent the group that is directly involved in waste collection and potentially

engaged in waste repurposing activities (Gutberlet et al., 2017). A representative sample of

scavengers will be selected using a combination of probability and purposive sampling

techniques (Adekunle, Sangodoyin, and Wahab, 2023). The sample will include scavengers from

different geographical locations within Lagos State, ensuring diversity in terms of socioeconomic

backgrounds and waste management experiences (Abalansa et al., 2021). The involvement of

waste management experts, policymakers, and other stakeholders will provide valuable insights

into the current practices and challenges in waste management and circular economy initiatives

(Abalansa et al., 2021). Their perspectives will contribute to a more holistic understanding of the

research topic and enable the identification of gaps, opportunities, and strategies for promoting

the inclusion and participation of scavengers in waste repurposing efforts in Lagos State (Moyen

Massa and Archodoulaki, 2023).

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Data Collection

The data collection process for this study will involve conducting semi-structured

interviews with the selected scavengers (Ruslin et al., 2022). The use of semi-structured

interviews allows for flexibility in exploring the participants' experiences and perspectives

(Ruslin et al., 2022). Semi-structured interviews are particularly suitable for qualitative research

as they provide an opportunity to delve deeper into the participants' insights and capture rich and

detailed data (Alamri, 2019). By employing this approach, the study aims to gather in-depth

qualitative data that reflects the unique experiences and perspectives of the scavengers regarding

waste repurposing and their involvement in circular economy initiatives (Alamri, 2019).

The qualitative insights gained from the semi-structured interviews will contribute to a

deeper understanding of the scavengers' inclusion and participation in waste repurposing efforts

within the context of the circular economy (Ezeudu and Ezeudu, 2019). Qualitative research

methods, such as semi-structured interviews, allow for the exploration of complex phenomena

and the generation of rich narratives (Alamri, 2019). Through these interviews, the researchers

will be able to uncover the socio-cultural, economic, and environmental factors that influence

scavengers' engagement in waste repurposing activities (Gregar, 1994). The qualitative data

collected will provide valuable insights into the challenges faced by scavengers and the

opportunities for their inclusion in circular economy initiatives Ezeudu and Ezeudu, 2019).

The chosen data collection approach aligns with the aim of capturing the authentic voices

and experiences of the scavengers Ezeudu and Ezeudu, 2019). It enables the researchers to gather

detailed information about the scavengers' educational background, training experiences, and

knowledge of waste management practices (Denscombe, 2017). By allowing participants to

express their perspectives in their own words, the semi-structured interviews facilitate a deeper
 19

understanding of the issues at hand (Guest, Namey, and Mitchell, 2013). This approach enhances

the validity and reliability of the study by ensuring that the data collected is grounded in the

participants' lived experiences (Kvale and Brinkmann, 2009).

Data Analysis

The data collected from the semi-structured interviews will undergo a rigorous process of

analysis to derive meaningful insights and interpretations (Mezmir, 2020). The analysis will

involve both inductive and deductive approaches, allowing for the identification of emerging

themes while also exploring predefined research objectives (Alemayehu, 2022). The qualitative

data analysis will be conducted using a thematic analysis approach, which involves the

systematic identification, coding, and categorization of patterns and themes within the data

(Braun & Clarke, 2021). First, the audio recordings of the interviews will be transcribed

verbatim, ensuring accurate representation of the participants' responses (Mezmir, 2020). The

transcripts will then be reviewed multiple times to immerse the researchers in the data and gain a

comprehensive understanding of the content (Mezmir, 2020). Initial codes will be assigned to

segments of data that capture important ideas, concepts, and patterns (Braun & Clarke, 2021).

These codes will be refined and grouped into broader themes through a process of iterative

analysis and comparison across different interviews (Braun & Clarke, 2021).

Once the themes have been identified, the researchers will explore their relationships and

connections to develop a coherent narrative (Braun & Clarke, 2021). The data will be analyzed

within the context of existing literature and theoretical frameworks to provide a deeper

understanding of the scavengers' experiences and perspectives related to waste repurposing and

circular economy initiatives (Morgan, 2019). The analysis will also pay attention to variations,

contradictions, and divergent viewpoints within the data to ensure a nuanced interpretation of the
 20

findings (Braun & Clarke, 2021). To enhance the rigor and trustworthiness of the analysis,

techniques such as member checking and peer debriefing will be employed (Gao, Xie, and Tao,

2016). Member checking involves sharing the preliminary findings with participants to validate

the interpretations and ensure their voices are accurately represented (Braun & Clarke, 2021).

Peer debriefing involves seeking input and feedback from other researchers or experts in the field

to ensure objectivity and minimize bias (Brotosusilo et al., 2020).

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations are of paramount importance in research involving human

participants, and this study will adhere to established ethical guidelines and principles to ensure

the well-being, autonomy, and rights of the participants are respected throughout the research

process (Sanjari et al., 2014).

Informed Consent

Obtaining informed consent from all participants is essential to ensure their voluntary

participation and protect their rights (Schofield, 2014). Participants will be provided with

detailed information about the study, including its purpose, procedures, potential risks and

benefits, confidentiality measures, and their right to withdraw from the study at any time without

penalty (Patel et al., 2003). Written consent will be obtained from each participant prior to their

involvement in the research (Nijhawan et al., 2013). For participants who may have limited

literacy, verbal consent will be obtained and documented using an appropriate process (Nijhawan

et al., 2013).

Confidentiality and Anonymity

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To uphold confidentiality and anonymity, strict measures will be implemented to protect

participants' personal information (Wiles et al., 2008). Each participant will be assigned a unique

identification code that will be used throughout the research process, ensuring their privacy

(Kaiser, 2009). Any identifying details will be removed or anonymized in the reporting of results

to prevent participants from being identified. Access to identifiable information will be limited to

the research team, who will adhere to stringent protocols for data security and protection (Wiles

et al., 2008). By prioritizing confidentiality and anonymity, the study will ensure that

participants' identities and personal information are safeguarded (Kaiser, 2009).

Participant Well-being and Safety

The well-being and safety of participants will be prioritized throughout the research

process (Wiles et al., 2008). Measures will be taken to minimize any potential harm or

discomfort to participants (Kaiser, 2009). For example, the interviewers will establish a

supportive and non-judgmental environment during in-depth interviews and focus group

discussions (Dilshad, and Latif, 2013). Participants will be provided with opportunities to

express their opinions freely and without fear of reprisal (Dilshad, and Latif, 2013). The research

will also ensure that the study does not interfere with the participants' regular activities and

livelihoods (Wiles et al., 2008).

Respect for Cultural Sensitivities

The study will be conducted in a culturally sensitive manner, respecting the cultural

norms, values, and practices of the participants (Dilshad, and Latif, 2013). The research will

engage in ongoing dialogue with community leaders, organizations, and participants to ensure

that the research process is respectful and aligned with local customs (Dilshad, and Latif, 2013).
 22

Sensitivity to cultural diversity will be exercised when designing the research instruments,

conducting interviews, and interpreting the findings (Dilshad, and Latif, 2013).

Ethics Review and Approval

Before commencing the study, the research protocol will be submitted Institutional

Review Board (IRB) for review and approval (Mansbach et al., 2007). The study will be

conducted in compliance with all relevant ethical guidelines, regulations, and legal requirements

(Mansbach et al., 2007). Any modifications to the research design or procedures will be

communicated to the ethics review board for approval (Mansbach et al., 2007).

Researcher Integrity

The research team will uphold the highest standards of integrity and professionalism

throughout the study (Mansbach et al., 2007). They will maintain objectivity, impartiality, and

transparency in data collection, analysis, and reporting (Mansbach et al., 2007). The researchers

will acknowledge and address any potential conflicts of interest and ensure that their personal

biases do not influence the research process or findings (Mansbach et al., 2007).

Dissemination of Results

The dissemination of research results is a critical step in the research process as it ensures

that the findings are shared with relevant stakeholders and the wider community (Wolf, 2015).

Dissemination allows for the utilization of research outcomes, promotes transparency, and

contributes to knowledge advancement (Wolf, 2015). In this study, the results will be

disseminated through various channels to reach key audiences and maximize the impact of the

research.

Academic Conferences and Peer-Reviewed Journals

 23

One of the primary avenues for disseminating research findings is through academic

conferences and peer-reviewed journals (Chen et al., 2010). The research will prepare conference

abstracts and submit them to relevant conferences in the fields of waste management,

environmental sustainability, and circular economy (Chen et al., 2010). The abstracts will be

reviewed by experts in the field, and if accepted, the researchers will present their findings at the

conferences, allowing for valuable discussions and feedback from the academic community

(Delost and Nadder, 2014). Additionally, the research will prepare manuscripts based on the

study's results and submit them to peer-reviewed journals for publication (Chen et al., 2010).

Peer-reviewed journals ensure rigorous explore of the research methodology and findings,

enhancing the credibility and visibility of the study (Delost and Nadder, 2014).

Policy Briefs and Reports

To ensure that the research findings are accessible and useful for policymakers, policy

briefs and reports will be developed (McBride et al., 2008). These documents will summarize the

key findings of the study, highlight the implications for policy and practice, and provide

actionable recommendations (Delost and Nadder, 2014). The policy briefs and reports will be

targeted towards policymakers, waste management agencies, and other relevant stakeholders

involved in waste management and circular economy initiatives in Lagos State (McBride et al.,

2008). The research will actively engage with these stakeholders to disseminate the policy briefs

and reports, aiming to influence policy decisions, promote evidence-based practices, and

stimulate dialogue and collaboration among key actors (Delost and Nadder, 2014).

Community Engagement and Stakeholder Workshops

 24

Engaging with the local community and stakeholders is crucial to ensure that the research

findings are relevant and applicable to their context (Kaur and Lodhia, 2018). Community

engagement activities, such as town hall meetings, workshops, and focus group discussions, will

be organized to disseminate the research results (Bonney et al., 2009). These sessions will

provide an opportunity for the researchers to present the findings, facilitate discussions, and

gather feedback from the community members, scavengers, and other relevant stakeholders

(Kaur and Lodhia, 2018). The research will actively involve the participants in identifying

strategies and solutions based on the research findings, fostering a sense of ownership and

empowerment among the community members (Bonney et al., 2009).

Digital Platforms and Online Resources

In today's digital age, utilizing online platforms and resources is an effective way to

disseminate research findings to a wider audience (De Reuver, Sørensen, and Basole, 2018). The

research will develop a dedicated project website or webpage where the study's objectives,

methodologies, and findings will be presented in an accessible format (Kaur and Lodhia, 2018).

The website will serve as a hub for disseminating research outputs, including policy briefs,

reports, conference presentations, and publications (De Reuver, Sørensen, and Basole, 2018).

Additionally, the research will utilize social media platforms and online professional networks to

share key findings, engage with the public, and encourage dialogue and knowledge exchange

(De Reuver, Sørensen, and Basole, 2018). These digital platforms will enable the research results

to reach a broader audience, including researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and the general

public (Marín-González et al., 2017).

Collaboration and Networking

 25

Collaboration and networking with other researchers, organizations, and institutions in

the field will be pursued to disseminate the research findings more widely (Martin and Siry,

2011). The research will actively seek opportunities to collaborate on joint publications,

workshops, and conferences with relevant partners (Martin and Siry, 2011). By establishing

partnerships, the research findings can be disseminated to a larger audience and potentially

influence policy and practice beyond the local context of Lagos State (Martin and Siry, 2011).

Collaborative efforts will foster knowledge exchange, enhance the impact of the research, and

contribute to a broader understanding of waste management and circular economy practices

(Martin and Siry, 2011).

Gantt Chart

Task ID Task % Done Assigned To Start Date End Date Week

1 Abstract 100% 2023-01-01 2023-01-15 1-2

2 Background of the Study 100% 2023-01-03 2023-01-31 1-4

3 The Context 100% 2023-01-10 2023-02-10 2-6

4 Literature Review 100% 2023-01-15 2023-04-15 3-14

5 Research Rationale 100% 2023-02-01 2023-04-30 6-17

6 Aims and Objectives 100% 2023-02-01 2023-04-30 6-17

7 Research Questions 100% 2023-02-01 2023-04-30 6-17

8 Research Design 100% 2023-03-01 2023-04-30 9-17

9 Methodology 100% 2023-03-01 2023-04-30 9-17

 26

10 Sampling Technique 100% 2023-03-01 2023-04-30 9-17

11 Participants 100% 2023-03-01 2023-04-30 9-17

12 Data Collection 100% 2023-04-01 2023-04-30 13-17

13 Data Analysis 100% 2023-04-01 2023-04-30 13-17

14 Ethical Considerations 100% 2023-04-01 2023-04-30 13-17

15 Dissemination of Results 100% 2023-04-01 2023-04-30 13-17

 27

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 40

Appendix

Thank you for participating in this interview. The purpose of this study is to explore the role

of educating and training in promoting the inclusion of scavengers in the repurposing of waste as

a means of circular economy in Lagos State. This interview focuses on the scavengers.

Please note that your participation is voluntary, and all information provided will be

kept confidential. If you have any questions or concerns, please feel free to ask.

Interview Questions:

Part 1: Demographic Information

1. Your Name: …................................

2. What is your Ethnic Group?

 Yoruba

 Hausa

 Igbo

3. Please tick your desirable age range:

 Below 18

 18 - 25yrs

 25 - 30yrs

 35 – 40yrs

 45 – 50yrs

 50 – 55yrs

 55 – 60yrs
 41

 Above 60yrs

4. Please tick your highest level of education?

 Primary education

 Secondary education

 Tertiary education

Part 2:

1. What do you understand as circular economy?

2. How well are you promoting circular economy as a scavenger in waste management?

3. Can you please provide an overview of your experience and involvement in waste

management and circular economy initiatives in Lagos State?

4. Do you suffer from any health-related diseases as a scavenger?

5. Do you use any personal protective equipments during waste management?

6. How often do you visit the hospital for regular health checkups and how do you manage your

health issues when you are ill?

7. What are the challenges you faced as a Scavengers?

8. Is there any health benefits you currently enjoy from the government?

9. Rating from 10- 100%, how readily available for the training are you and what impact do you

think it will have on you?

10. Are you aware of any government policies that are put in place to help you as a scavenger?

11. What are your perspectives and advice to the government towards the inclusion of

scavengers and policy making?

12. Are there any safety measures put in place in case of accidents or injuries during your course

of work?
 42

Thank you for your valuable insights and participation in this interview. Your contribution

will greatly contribute to the research study.