Volleyball Characteristics

Volleyball is a game played by 2 teams with 6 players each playing inside the court and another
6 or less players for a substitute.

A team in volleyball must have at least 6 players to compete in the sport. The main idea or
objective of this sport is to pass the ball among team members to create an attack against the
opponent; they have 3 three opportunities before returning the ball to their opponents’.

A single player cannot hit the ball two times consecutively for it will be a violation by the team.
The game starts with a toss coin administered by the referee.

A service is how the volleyball is put into play until it rallies back and forth over the net inside
the court.

There will be a fault if the ball falls out of the playing area, or a player fails to return the ball over
to their opponents’ court. 25 points with 2 points advantage over their opponent to win the set; and
2 sets win over their A volleyball game uses a rally point system which means there will be an
awarded point on every error; a match usually consists of 3 sets for regular game or 5 sets for
championship game. A set has opponents to be declared as a winning team.

History and Development of Volleyball

Volleyball all started when William Morgan had an idea to blend the game elements of four
different sports namely basketball, baseball, tennis and handball in 1895. He was then the Director
of Physical Education of YMCA located in Holyoke Massachusetts. Morgan was motivated by Dr.
James Naismith to create a new game with less body contact among the players unlike in
basketball. The first students who got to play this game were his students taking up business and
it was called as Mintonette.

The first demonstration of the game was held on July 7, 1896 when William Morgan was invited
to a conference at Springfield College. During the demonstration, Alfred Halstead a faculty
member, suggested to change the name of MINTONETTE to VOLLEYBALL since the ball is
volleying back and forth over the net.

In 1910, Elwood S. Brown introduced volleyball in the Philippines where the first Far East
competition was held. Categories for men and women were opened on that competition and we
were lucky to bring home the first championship trophy in 1913. In 1921, the Philippines opened
the first national tournament held in Meralco Gym which was represented by the Meralco team
for men and the Philippine Normal School for women. Both men and women won the
championship
Its Facilities and Equipment
The importance of equipment in volleyball game is necessary for the students to become more
familiar with what they are going to use or play in. Familiarity with the laying area, the weight of
the ball and the height of the net is an important factor to a volleyball game.

1. Playing Court
a. Dimensions: It is 18m x 9m rectangular in shape with at least 2m – 3m free zones around
the playing area. The playing surface should have at least 7 m high of free obstructions.
b. Court Surface: The playing court should be free from any obstruction; slippery and very
rough surface is not advisable as a playing area.
c. Boundary Lines: The lines must be in light
color and different from any other lines; it should
be in contrast color from the surface to be easily
seen.
d. Center Line: It is a dividing line between the
two equal courts; the line is extended from side
line to side line.
e. Zone Lines: The zone lines are either attack
lines or the free zone lines; the attack zones are
the areas in front of the net for sides and the free
zones are the areas near the side and end lines.

2. Equipment
a. Net: It is made of 10cm square dark stitches,
both ends of the net has rope that is tied to the
poles to be stretched. The height of the net
differs from male to female; for male the
standard height is 2.43 meters (7 feet & 11
inches) and 2.24 meters (7 feet & 4 inches) for female. The height of the net should be
the same from side – center – side.
 b. Antennae: They are considered as the extension of the side lines; it is fastened to both
ends of the net parallel to the side lines. 1.80m long; 10mm in diameter
c. Poles: The poles are the support for the net; it should be adjustable with the height of
2.55 meters. 57
d. Ball: It is made of leather or rubber; a ball has a rubber bladder inside covered with
leather case; its circumference is 65 to 67 centimeters with a standard weight of 260 to
280 grams. The official size is between 25.6 and 26.4 inches in circumference and
between 9.1 and 9.8 ounces in weight.
e. Volleyball Court: 30 feet wide; 60 feet long

Fundamental Skills in Volleyball

Passing
This is one of the most important skills in playing volleyball. Its main objective is to move or
pass the ball to their teammate. There are two types of passing first is forearm pass or the bump
second is the overhead pass.

A. Forearm Pass
It is commonly known as a bump; it is a manner of controlling the ball after a hit or a ball
contact. The technique for this kind of pass is a total body-controlled movement, the arm
must be firm and not swinging and slight shoulders shrug for a more stable bump.

Proper Stance:
• Lower body
1. Feet are shoulder width apart firmly planted on the floor;
2. Knees are bent and apart for balance.

• Upper body
1. Hands are locked together; right over left or vice versa;
2. Arms are point down to lock
the elbows to a more solid flat
form (do not bend your
elbows);
3. Shoulders are shrugged closer
to the ear;
4. Chin should be tucked to the
upper chest;
5. Eyes are focused on the ball
and to its contact point
B. Overhead Pass
It is a pass with the use of the player’s fingers as an overhead playing motion; this is to
move the ball from one player to another. The objective of this pass is to avoid the ball from
landing on the court. If the ball is high enough above your shoulders, the player can take it
with an overhead pass just consider the speed of the ball.

Proper Stance:
• Lower body
1. Feet are shoulder width apart firmly planted on the floor;
2. Knees are bent and apart for balance;
3. It can also be done using a foot forward for balance, or whichever the player is more
comfortable.

• Upper body
1. Shoulders are squared and firm, prepared for
impact;
2. Chin is up aimed at the ball;
3. Arms are pointed upward; elbows are slightly
bended;
4. Tighten fingers, hands are slightly closer together;
5. For follow through, the arms should be fully
extended after releasing the ball;
6. The ball travel faster on volleyball serve, make sure
to make adjustment.

C. The Floor Dig

This kind of skill is for more advanced and skilled player, this
is usually done when retrieving the ball in a very low and
almost impossible play. This is usually done using a hand bump
followed by rolling the body to absorb the impact from the
floor.

Service
A service is a move to start the game, or a way to put the ball
into play. Service skill provides initial advantage on earning
points especially if the server usually serves an ace. In all volleyball match there is an order
in serving the ball between the players with proper rotation. There are several types of service
a player can perform and these are underhand serve, side arm serve and the overhand serve
which is categorized as floater, spin and jump serve.
 A. Underhand Serve
This is the most effective kind of serving the ball, especially for beginner players. There is a
greater chance of achieving a higher rate of accuracy.

How to do an underhand serve:

1. Assume a proper body stance by placing 1
foot forward and the other at the back for
support (for right handed left foot in front,
and right foot in front if left handed);
2. The trunk is slightly bended forward;
3. The non-‐hitting arm holds the ball in front
while the serving arm swings moving
towards the slightly tossed ball;
4. 4.The serving arm must hit the ball with his
/ her closed fist;
5. 5.At the point of contact the serving arm
continues to move upward for a follow
through

B. Side Arm Serve

This kind of serving style is mostly preferred by female players; this serve falls from a little
advance kind of service because of the trajectory of the ball this mostly pass just above the net.

How to do a side arm serve:

1. Assume a proper stance by standing sideways at the end
line of the court (for right-handed turn to the right side of
the court when facing the net and do the opposite for left-
handed);
2. Put left foot slightly forward for right-handed server and
do the opposite for left-handed;
3. The non-‐serving arm holds the ball in front with half
stretch between the waist and shoulder level;
4. Toss the ball upward and hit it at the mid part, timing on
hitting the ball must be observed.

C. Overhand Serve
This kind of service is more of an advance way of serving the ball; it consists of using a great
amount of muscle force by striking the ball with the hand above the shoulders. There are three
types of overhand serve: the floater, the spin serves and the jump serves.
 How to do an overhand serve?

1. Put left foot in front for balance;

2. The ball is in eye level; hold the ball with the non-
‐striking hand while the striking hand is on top or
side part;
3. Release the ball to desired height while the
striking hand pulls back for preparation;
4. With a proper timing, strike the ball very hard as
it comes down.

Spike (Attack)
An attack is a special skill that every player has to master; it is an offensive strategy used
to get an instant point for your team. An attack used by the hitter is an attempt for the
opponents to score. This also makes a volleyball game very exciting to the players and to
the spectators as well. The three aspects that the player must remember are timing, the
contact and the follow through.

How to do a powerful attack:

1. The Approach
Start with right foot or whichever the player is comfortable with then follow by an
average step.
2. The Take-‐off
Take a big push off using your leg
power as the arms swing upward
over your head to hit the ball as
hard as you can; ∙ Make a quick
snap on the wrist and made contact
with the ball on the upper part using
the palm; ∙ Finish with follow
through by swinging your arm all the way down to your thigh.
3. The Landing
Land on both feet with slightly bended knee to adjust your body on the impact to
the playing court.

Blocking (The Sparta Wall)

Blocking an attack or spike from the hitter, timing, and instinct serve as great deal in volleyball.
The player must be in always ready stance or position to be an effective blocker. It is a defensive
approach by 2 or more players that is aimed to reduce the effectiveness of an attack made by the
hitter before or just after the ball crosses the net.
How to do an effective blocking
a. The Approach
∙ Stand on both feet with proper and comfortable distance (shoulder width apart will do); ∙
Separated legs is good for your foot work and preparation;
∙ Keep the knees slightly bended to always be
prepared and ready to jump at all times;
∙ Place arms at head height or higher
b. The Take-‐off ∙ With separated legs; spring up as
high as you can as your arms swing and stretch
upward;
On ball contact, arms should be in full extension
with spread fingers as if your grabbing the ball
over the net;
c. The Landing
Land on both feet with slightly bended knee to adjust your body on the impact to the
playing court.

The Rules of the Game

Game Management
For any volleyball tournament a good game management is required. There are many different
games that we can choose from for example single elimination or knock out game, double
elimination, round robin and others.

Important Things to Remember!

A GAME:
• ∙ A volleyball match is consists of 3, 5, or 7 sets per game;
• ∙ A set is composed of 25 points using a rally point system; a team must win with a 2 -‐
point advantage over their opponent.

A MATCH
• ∙ The rules and regulations of the games are always adapted from FIVB (Federation
Internationale de Volleyball), the governing body of volleyball;
• ∙ The rules and regulations of the game is laid out on both teams before the match for a
smooth and safe game;
• ∙ The playing area and the equipment are inspected and checked before the match starts;
• ∙ A team must consist of up to 13 players including the Libero; for international
competition 2 Liberos are allowed per team;
• ∙ The coaching staff may consist of an official head coach and one assistant coach (FIVB
allows maximum of 2 assistant coaches);
• ∙ The players’ uniform must be in same design and color except for the declared libero (in
contrast color from the rest of the team);
• ∙ A libero is not allowed to be a team captain or game captain;
The team captain is authorized to do the following:
a. Represent his/her team to the toss;
b. Speak to the referee (for explanation or interpretation of the rules)
c. Ask for a change of equipment, verify the position of the team,
• ∙ The jersey number of the players must be from 1 – 20 only;
• ∙ To win a match, the team must win 2 sets in a match of 3 sets, or 3 sets in a match of 5
sets;
• ∙ Per set is up to 25 points with 2 points advantage from the opponent; on deciding set
(3rd and 5th set) it will up to 15 points only;
• ∙ During game proper, the team is allowed for a maximum of 3 hits for returning the ball;
• ∙ A match usually starts with the tossing of coin administered by the 1st referee with the
team captain;

The winning team on the toss coin will choose the following:
a. Side of the court or first to serve; and
b. An opportunity to warm – up first in the court.

A match will be administered by the following officials:

a. 1st Referee
b. 2nd Referee or Umpire
c. Table Officials (Score Recorder)
d. Line Judges (two or four)

Responsibilities of the Game Officials

FIRST REFEREE:
A. Leads the match; has the full authority among the team members;
B. Judgment is always final and has the full authority to overrule any
decision made by other members;
C. Can replace an official whose performance is not good enough during
a match;
D. Has the full authority in resolving and decides on important matters of
the game;
E. Has the authority to decide on important matters about the game even
if it is not on the rules; F. Can be approached by the team captain for
any clarification or explanation;
F. Has control over the game from start to end of match.

SECOND REFEREE (UMPIRE)

A. Assistant of the1st referee, may continue the work of the1st
referee in case the1st referee cannot continue his/her work;
B. Checks and control the scorers;
C. Looks after the players on the bench (for misconduct);
D. Took control on the substitutions and time-‐outs made;
 E. Authorizes a special substitution in case of injured player;
F. F. Checks the playing area especially the attack zone;
G. Checks the positions of the players at all
H. times; Checks the fault on his side;

I. Checks/helps the 1st referee on the ball contact on his/her side

of the
court;

SCORER (TABLE OFFICIAL)

A. Sits at the scorer’s table opposite but
facing the 1st
referee;
B. Keeps the score sheet;
C. Signals or buzzes the referees if
there is irregularities;
D. Indicates the starting line-up for
both teams;
E. Controls the serving order for both
teams;
F. Acknowledges requests for
substitution;
G. Records warning, sanctions among
the players;
H. Signs the score sheet after the game

LINE JUDGES
A. They usually stand at the end lines
on the right sides of the referees;
B. The line judges’ functions are to make
signals on:
1. Ball “IN” or “OUT”;
2. If the ball touches the antenna;
3. If the ball was touched by the player before
flying out of the playing court;
4. If the server steps on the line during service.
5.
Definition of Terms
1. Antennae – a flexible fiberglass rod or other similar material fastened at both end of the
net.

2. Change of Courts – the team will change side of the court after the end of set.

3. Disqualification – the player who is sanction with disqualification must leave the playing
area immediately and must not play for the rest of the match.

4. Expulsion – the player who is sanction with expulsion must not play for the rest of the
set.

5. Hit – when the ball was touch by any part of the body.

6. Interruption – happens after a completed rally or during time-‐outs and substitutions.

7. Intervals – a time after every after set that lasts for 3 – 5 minutes.

8. Libero – a defensive player wearing a jersey that is in contrast color among his/her
teammates. A libero can replace any back-row player.

9. Rally – a series of playing actions from a service hit until the ball is out of play.

10. Rally Point – a system where the team get a point after a rally is won.

11. Rotation – the service and positional order of the team throughout the set.

12. Service – the act of putting the ball into play.

 13. Substitutions – an act when
a regular player is being
replaced by another player to
take his/her place; per team
is allowed to have at least 6
substitutions per set.

14. Time out – a time for the

players to rest to talk to their
coach a team can request for
2-time outs per set.

Ball is Life (BASKETBALL)

Characteristics of the Game

When it comes to popularity in sports, basketball is the first in line; it is viewed by all ages and
gender. It is generally played by two teams of 5 players. The objective is to shoot the ball to
make a point. It’s a game that requires shooting and passing skills among the players; teamwork
and understanding between the players make the game exciting to play and to watched.

All about Basketball

Basketball all started when it was invented by an American named Dr. James Naismith on
December 21, 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Naismith was the director at Mc Gill’s
before transferring to YMCA as a Physical Education Instructor.
The game of basketball was first introduced to his football and soccer players. He needed to
create a sport that was suitable for indoor since it was winter season and he needed it to keep the
players in shape. The first game was played by 9 players each group with a total of 30minutes
playing time .It has 13 original rules developed by Dr. Naismith.

The first equipment used was a soccer ball and 2 peach baskets attached to a balcony at the
opposite ends of the gym. In 1906, the peach basket was replaced by metal hoops with
backboard. The concept of the game was derived and incorporated rules from a child’s game
duck on a rock; the main idea is to hit the toy duck from the top of a rock.

Basketball became an official Olympic sport on Aug 1-‐16, 1936 in Berlin, Germany where the
United States defeated Canada with the score of 19-‐8 for the gold medal. The world governing
body for basketball was FIBA, the International Basketball Federation founded in 1932. They
created and established the official basketball rules and regulations.

The sport began to spread, introduced all over the world and finally became one of the most
successful and popular games in many nations.
Enter

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENTS

In basketball, the equipment used and facilities are
very important for the game to be played well.
Basketball game only needs simple and very basic
equipment and finding a playing area is not that
hard to find and inexpensive as well.

1. The Court
a. Measurement: The court measures 28m x 15m
b. Edge Lines: 0.05m (5cm) thickness of the
lines;
c. Center Circle of the free throw area: Radius of
1.8 m (outer edge).
d. Mid court area: Radius of 3.6m.
e. Center line: separator of the court (front and
back court)
f. Three-point line: from the outer edge; it has
6.25m in radius.
g. 1.20m is the distance from end line to
backboard.
h. 3.60 m long from the end line to the free
throw line.
 2. Backboard:
materials used are wood, tempered glass, fiberglass or
flexiglass
Dimension: 72 inches (183 cm) wide by 42 inches (110
cm) tall
Height from the floor: 2.30m from the bottom part to the
floor
Net: made of cord with white, red and blue or white only; it
has not less than 30 threads to not more than 120 with the
length of 15 inches to 18inches
Ring: a solid iron ring securely attached to the backboard;
it should be free from vibrations. It has a diameter of 0.45m
from the inside and net of 0.40m in length.
Padding: protects the player from bumping and being
injured to the bottom part of the back board.

3. Ball:
Material used: Leather or
Rubber
Circumference: For men –
749 – 780 mm (size 7) For
Women – 724 – 737 mm (size
6)
Weight: For men – 567 – 650
grams For Women – 510 –
567 grams
Seams: Has 8 – 12 seams with 6.35 mm in width
Height of Bounce: 120 – 140 meters in height.

4. Technical Equipment
(Game Clock, Score Board,
Shot Clock)
Fundamental Skills in Basketball

Basketball is a game that requires different skills to master and improve. If you want to be an
outstanding player, a good skill technique will be your weapon against your defender to an easy
access to the basket and make a shot.

A key to success in basketball is moving the ball effectively into position to take high percentage
shots. Therefore, the skills of ball handling, passing, dribbling, and shooting are essential to
success in basketball.

A. Ball Handling
Ball handling skill is very important in basketball. It is the first thing that needs to be
improved. When a player has a ball possession, he/she must handle it with care because
their opponent may steal it away. So, it is a must to protect and guard it through proper
body positioning and ball handling skills.

The Mechanics
- The proper stance in holding the ball should be slightly bended knee, separated legs for
balance and spread elbows while holding the ball and place it under the chin. With this
position the ball will be hard to knock out away from you.
- The advantage of bended knees is that you can easily move e.g. if you want to spring
forward or move sideways, the player can either decide if he/she wants to dribble, pass or
make a shot.
- At a closer shot of handling the ball, you can see that only the fingers are touching the
ball not the palm; fingers must be spread out on the ball for maximum grip.

A. A TAPPING
B. AROUND
THE HEAD

C. AROUND THE
WAIST

D. AROUND
THE LEG

E. HEAD,
WAIST,
LEG
RHYTHM
B. Passing
Another important skill in basketball is passing; it is an offensive tactic to maintain the
ball possession in your team and can create an opportunity to score. There are different
kinds of pass; it could be crisp
and short, high or low, fast and
slow and many more.

To throw a pass there should be

a connection between the
players; to make a successful
pass the player should pass the
ball from the waist and within
the reach of your teammate;
accurate pass is very important
Avoid hard and impossible to
catch throws for it will be very
difficult to control. Making such will open an opportunity for your opponents to steal the
ball from your possession.
C. Dribbling
A dribble is a continuous
tap on the ball to bounce.
Complete control over the
ball is very important in
basketball to prevent from
being stolen by the
opponent.
D. Shooting
Shooting skills has many styles and
forms that a player can adopt from; it
is an attempt to make a point(s) by
throwing the ball into the basket. A
highly motivated player always drives
and pushes themselves to the limit of
perfecting the act of shooting
technique so it will be easier for
him/her to make more shots during
game.

The Fundamentals of Shooting

Researchers say that the players must
know and understand the
fundamentals of shooting by
encouraging them to learn how to
S.C.O.R.E. and use the B.E.E.F. This is what SCORE and BEEF means:
Tactical and Application
A basketball is a game played by 5 players each per team inside the court. A team is
composed of 15 to 18 players plus coaching staff composed of head coach, assistant
coach, and medical staff. The objective of basketball game is to earn points and prevent
the other team from making a shot.

In the game of basketball each player inside the court has their own categorized names
and positions. The positions are called:

1. Point guard – he/she is the leader of the team on the court; he/she may act as the
extension of the coach especially during the administration of the game play. He/she
is generally known as the “Court General”
2. Shooting guard – he/she basically has a good ball handling skill; with a talent in
making good shots and scoring techniques; he/she is also known as the “Scoring
Machine”.
3. Small forward – this player must have a rebounding skill, along with good
fundamental skills in ball handling and passing.
4. Power forward – this player is concentrated in defense and rebounding, so he/she
must be strong and bulk.
5. Center – he/she is the tallest among the players and serves as the cornerstone on
most of the play. He/she usually score points on offense and block the shots on
defense.
Offense and Defense in Basketball
Offense
The objective of basketball offense is to try to gain points or score because an
effective team offense will lead to team success. Offence is an act of putting pressure
to a defense, to set a play for a score opportunity and a good position on rebounds. It
is a team style to attack for a scoring opportunity, break the opponents’ defense and
move to a right spot on rebounds.

Defense
Defense is an attempt to stop the opposing team to make a shot or to score points. A
good defensive player always puts pressure on the ball and to the man handling it; he
makes sure that the player who is handling the ball does not make a necessary shot.
So the proper way to guard the handler is to push off and continuously step forward.

Players during defense should always

follow an ECHO SYSTEM. It is a quick
and organized system for the players to
communicate inside the court. Common
words or phrase a player(s) usually
echoed are: stop the ball, no lay ups, no
threes, no fouls and no second shot and
being followed by a good defensive
stance makes a great combination for an
effective defense.

Defensive Basketball Stance

To move in any directions at any given time starts with proper athletic stance. It
includes proper footwork to maintain a balance at all times. Footwork has
corresponding arm actions for offensive and defensive play, called the fighting
positions of the player.

Proper Positions for

Athletic Stance
1. The player’s foot
should be in staggered
stance. Avoid hopping.
Leg must not cross
while doing the stance.
2. Feet shoulder-‐width
apart and the weight
must be on toes to
maintain equilibrium.
3. Hands and arms
should be bent and be
kept close to the body for balance and quickness.
The Rules of the Game
Game Management
Basketball has different styles in playing. Nowadays, modified game format and styles came out
like 3 on 3 or the conventional 5 on 5 game. For the game format, there is always a single
elimination or the knockout game, double elimination, round robin and many others.
Important Things to Remember!
A GAME:
• ∙ A game consists of 4 quarters with 10 minutes each;
• ∙ The game clock stops on half time, in between quarters, time outs, free throw and out of
bounds;
• ∙ There is a 5 -‐ minute extension during a tied score on the last quarter;
• ∙ There is a 24 -‐ second shot clock; ∙
• A game always starts with a jump ball held in the mid – court area.

A MATCH:
• ∙ The rules of the game were adapted from the International Basketball Federation or well
known as FIBA 2014;
• A team must consist of 15 – 18 players;
• The coaching staff may consist of a Head Coach and Assistant Coach plus staff
(manager, doctor, statistician, interpreter);
• Uniforms of the players must be in the same design and color per team;
• The team bench area must have 14 available seats for other non – playing members like
coaches, medical staff and others.
During an injury:
a. The organizers can stop or delay the game;
b. If the player with injury cannot continue with the rest of the match, he/she may be substituted;
c. With the permission from the game officials, the team officials may enter the court to attend to
the injured player;
d. The team or organizers doctor may attend to the injured player anytime even without
permission from the officials;
A team captain (CAP) is assigned by the coaches, and his responsibilities are:
a. Represents his/her team;
b. Ask the officials for clarifications;
c. Inform the officials immediately after the game if there is a protest;
The coach’s duties, responsibilities and powers;
a. Before the game starts, he/she must provide an official playing list with their
corresponding number to the scorer;
b. He/she must confirm the starting 5 of the team;
c. Go the technical committee’s for official result or information;
- Fouls committed by the player is up to 5 personal fouls (amateur) and 6 for
professional games;
- 5 team fouls per quarter before the penalty (with free throw shot);
- Time outs last for 1 minute:

a. 2-time outs on 1st half;

b. 3-time outs on 2nd half, but if the team is unable to use their three-time outs after the last
two minutes of the 4th quarter, the team will automatically lose 1-time out privilege.
c. For extra period, 1-time out privilege per 1 team will be granted.

∙ During substitution:
d. A player may enter for substitution on stopped game clock;
e. The ball becomes dead;
f. Before a free throw;
g. During time outs.

∙ Forfeited game:
h. If after 15 minutes from their scheduled game and there are less than 5
available players ready to play, the game will be forfeited;
i. The team(s) undesirable actions can be grounds for a forfeited game;

∙ Common violations in basketball may lead to loss of ball possession, here are the
common violations committed by the players;
j. Double dribble
k. Charging
l. Back court violation
m. Travelling
n. Time violations like
1. 8 seconds in back court
2. 5 seconds inbound
3. 5 seconds in possession
4. 3 seconds in the lane
 5. 24 seconds shot clock

∙ A match will be administered by the following officials;

a. Referees
b. Table officials (Technical Officials)

Responsibilities and Powers of the Game Officials

Officials, Table Officials and Commissioner
The Referees
• ∙ Administer the jump ball;
• ∙ Inspect the equipment, 2 official ball for the game;
• ∙ Designate the table officials;
• ∙ Have the power to stop the game if necessary;
• ∙ Have the power to forfeit the game if necessary;
• ∙ Make the final decision when necessary;
• ∙ Check the scorebook two minutes before the game to see if the names and numbers of
all players are listed and the starting line-‐up or first five of the team is listed.
• ∙ Check the scorebook and the scoreboard at the end of each quarter or half time break.
• ∙ Decide if a goal shall count in case of conflict in the decision.
• ∙ Suspend the game for unsportsmanlike conduct and behavior, restore order and
discipline in the game, and discontinue the game if order is not restored.
• ∙ Make decision on any point not covered in the situations on or off the court during
playing time intermissions.
• ∙ Conduct the game in accordance with the rules.
• ∙ Exchange positions after each foul or jump ball decision
• ∙ Call violations, foul, and tie balls in the assigned zone.
• ∙ Order time-‐out or time-‐in.
• ∙ Administer jump balls and penalties for violations.
• ∙ Assist to whom the ball belongs to on free throws, time-‐outs, or out-‐of-‐bounds play.
• ∙ Blow whistle, signal time-‐out, designate the offender, and announce the name of the
foul for the recorder and other bench officials to know.
• ∙ Give permission to players to leave the court and beckon substitutes into the game.
• ∙ Secure the game ball in order that neither team uses it for practice.
The Table Officials
• ∙ Record points scored, player foul, and team foul and charged time-‐out in scorebook of
the game.
• ∙ Sound a signal for charge and time-‐out.
• ∙ Timer will keep record of playing time and time of stoppage.
• ∙ Handle the stop clock placed in front of him on a table for two timers to see.
 • ∙ A second stop watch is used in timing time-‐outs. The timer is provided with a horn to
notify the expiration of the playing time.
• ∙ One of the timers shall operate the second device and indicate violation by sounding the
signal.
• ∙ Notify officials and timer when there are two minutes or less remaining in the fourth
quarter or second half.

Official Hand Signals Used by the Referees Adapted from the FIBA Official Basketball Rules
2014
Definition of Terms
1. Back Door – a play
where the player
immediately run
behind the defense
and receives the
pass for an easy
shot.
2. Back Spin – a
calibrated shot from
the shooter.
3. Cross Over – a
dribble whereas the
handler passes the
ball across his/her
body.
4. Fade Away – a
shot while the
shooter jumps away
from the basket.
5. Fast Break – a
quick pass to a
teammate near the
basket; it is a run
and shoots offense.
6. Follow Through –
a complete
extension of the
arms after a shot.
7. Footwork –
movement of the
player pertaining
basic stance while
maintaining a body
balance.
8. Pivot – a turn making 1 or more steps in any direction using the non-‐pivot foot,
while the pivot foot stays in contact with the floor.
9. Screen – a movement whereas the offense uses their body to delay the movement
of the defensive player.
10. Seams – the lines on the surface of the ball.
11. Steal – to snatch the ball from the handler.