VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA

ANUPPANADI, MADURAI – 625009

AISSCE – 2024

PHYSICS PROJECT
To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and

(ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of self-designed

transformer.

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

2023-2024

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 VELAMMAL VIDYALAYA, ANUPPANADI

PHYSICS PROJECT

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this is the Bonafide record of

project work done by Master/ Miss.

______________________of Grade XII during the

academic year 2023-2024.

Submitted for AISSCE PHYSICS Practical

Examination held on ____/____/_______at

Velammal Vidyalaya, Anuppanadi, Madurai

District.

Date: _____________

PRINCIPAL INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (TOC)

S.NO DESCRIPTION PAGE

NO.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
1. 04
OBJECTIVE
2. 05
INTRODUCTION
3. 06
THEORY
4. 07
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS, EFFICIENCY &
5. 08
ENERGY LOSSES
APPARATUS REQUIRED
6. 11
PROCEDURE
7. 12
CONCLUSION & USES OF TRANSFORMERS
8. 13
SOURCES OF ERROR & PRECAUTION
9. 14
BIBLIOGRAPHY
10. 15

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we thank our beloved parents for providing us the

opportunity to study in Velammal Vidyalaya, Anuppanadi.

We thank our beloved Director Sri. M.V.M SASIKUMAR for

being our motivational force for the completion of this project.

We thank our Principal Mr. S. BALAMURUGAN and Vice

Principal Mrs. ANITHA ARVINDH for their exceptional

support.

We thank our Physics Teacher Mrs. AMALA SATHISH

PRABU for encouraging and guiding us to complete this project.

Last but not the least I thank all my friends who helped me in
the completion of this project.

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 OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relation between the ratio of:

1.Input and output voltage.

2.Number of turnings in the secondary coil and the

primary coil of a self-made transformer.

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 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical

energy between two or more coils of wire through
electromagnetic induction. Its main purpose is to change the
voltage level of alternating current (AC) electricity without
changing its frequency. Transformers are essential components
in electrical power distribution, allowing for the efficient
transmission of electricity over long distances and enabling
voltage transformation for various applications. They consist of
a core made of iron or steel, primary and secondary windings,
insulation, and often a cooling system. Transformers play a vital
role in delivering electricity to homes, industries, and businesses,
making them a fundamental part of modern
electrical infrastructure.

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 THEORY
WORKING PRINCIPLE:

When AC voltage is applied to the primary coil, it generates a

changing magnetic field in the core. This changing magnetic field

induces an electromotive force (EMF in the secondary coil, according

to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION:

The voltage across the secondary coil (V2) is determined by the turn’s

ratio:

V1/V2=N1/N2 where N1 is the number of turns in the primary and

N2 is the number of turns in the secondary.

If N2>N1, it’s a step-up transformer (increases voltage); if N2<N1, it’s

a step-down transformer (decreases voltage).

CURRENT TRANSFORNATION:

The current in the secondary coil (I2) is inversely proportional to the

turns ratio: I1. N1=I2. N2

A step-up transformer reduces current while a step-down transformer

increases it.
𝑁 𝑉 𝐼
𝑎= = =
𝑁 𝑉 𝐼
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 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER:

A step-up transformer is a type of transformer that increases the

voltage of an alternating current (AC) electrical supply from the

primary winding (input side) to the secondary winding (output side.

This type of transformer is commonly used in various applications,

including electrical power transmission, distribution, and voltage

regulation.

Voltage Increase: When AC voltage is applied to the primary winding,

it creates a magnetic field in the transformer's core. This changing

magnetic field induces a higher voltage in the secondary winding

through electromagnetic induction. The induced voltage in the

secondary winding is proportional to the turn’s ratio.

Current Decrease: While the voltage increases from the primary to the

secondary side, the current decreases. This relationship is governed by

the principle of conservation of energy, as the power (product of

voltage and current) remains nearly constant in an ideal transformer.

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STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER:

A step-down transformer is a type of electrical transformer that

reduces the voltage of an alternating current (AC) electrical supply

from the primary winding to the secondary winding. This type of

transformer is commonly used in various applications to lower voltage

levels for safe and efficient use in homes, businesses, and industrial

settings.

Voltage Reduction: When AC voltage is applied to the primary

winding, it creates a magnetic field in the transformer's core. This

changing magnetic field induces a lower voltage in the secondary

winding through electromagnetic induction. The induced voltage in

the secondary winding is proportional to the turn’s ratio.

Current Increase: While the voltage decreases from the primary to the

secondary side, the current increases. This relationship is governed by

the principle of conservation of energy, as the power (product of

voltage and current) remains nearly constant in an ideal transformer.

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 EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power.

i.e.

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, n = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore, the

efficiency of transformer is less than one.

ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

1. HYSTERESIS LOSS

2. EDDY CURRENT LOSS

3. RESISTIVE LOSS

4. COPPER AND IRON LOSS

5.MAGNETIC FLUX LOSS

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 APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Core: The core is usually made of laminated iron or steel sheets. It

serves as a magnetic path to guide the magnetic flux generated by the

primary winding. The core's primary function is to enhance the

magnetic coupling between the primary and secondary windings,

making the transformer more efficient.

2.Primary Winding (Primary Coil): The primary winding is a coil

of wire that receives the input voltage from the power source. It is

wound around one leg of the core and carries the alternating current

(AC) that creates a changing magnetic field within the core.

3. Secondary Winding (Secondary Coil): The secondary winding is

another coil of wire, usually with a different number of turns compared

to the primary winding. The secondary winding is where the induced

voltage is output, which may be either higher or lower than the

primary voltage, depending on the turn’s ratio.

4.Windings: The windings are made of copper or aluminium wire,

depending on the application. The primary and secondary windings are

wound around the core, and the number of turns in each winding

determines the voltage transformation ratio.

5. Voltmeter and ammeter.

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 PROCEDURE
Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind many

turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary

coil of the transformer.

Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively

smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This

constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.

Connect P1, P2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current

using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1and S2.

Now connect S1and S2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and

current through primary and secondary coil of step-up transformer.

Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number

of turns in primary and secondary coil.

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 CONCLUSIONS
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil

depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

2. There is a loss of power between input and output coil

of a transformer.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
Transformers play a crucial role in modern electrical systems, ensuring

the efficient and safe distribution of electrical energy for a wide range

of applications across various industries.

Their ability to transform voltage levels makes them a fundamental

component of electrical infrastructure.

1. Electrical power distributions 7. Medical devices

2.Voltage regulations 8.Lighting

3.Electrical isolations 9.Welding equipment

4.Power supplies 10. Railway electrification

5.Induction heating 11.power generation

6.Audio equipment 12. High voltage testing

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 SOURCE OF ERROR

1.Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.

2.Eddy current can change the readings.

PREACAUTIONS

1.Keep safe from high voltage. Do under teacher supervision.

2.While taking constant readings of current and voltage the A.C

should remain constant.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Wikipedia.com

2. Geeksforgeeks.com

3. Quora.com

4. Circuitstoday.com

5.Infinitylearning.com

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