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linguist: j. linguist. lang. teach.
5 (2) 2019 16-28
Linguists: Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching

http://ejournal.iainbengkulu.ac.id/index.php/linguists
Teacher’s Difficulties in Teaching Oral Communication Skills in Indonesia:

A Comparative Literature Review
Valisneria Utami
Institut Agama Islam Negeri Bengkulu
valisneria@iainbengkulu.com
Received: 2019 Accepted: 2019 Published: 2019
Abstract
While oral communication skills is considered as an indicator of foreign language
proficiency, in Indonesia, these skills seems to receive minium attention. As a result, the
learning outcomes, still far from satisying. According to the literatures, teacher’s still
encountered difficulties in teaching speaking and listening and hesitance to utilized English
language in the classroom. This present study aimed to present comparative literature
review of research studies related to teacher’s difficulties in teaching oral communication
skills. First the study explains about communicative competence and listening model.
Second, this study demonstrates the condition of oral communciation teaching in Indonesia
and its relationship to the teachers’ competence. Thirdly, this study explore other Asian
contexts. These contexts are compared and contrasted, thus some similarities and
differences are highlighted. Finally, some practical implications and suggestions for further
researches are offered.
Keywords: oral communciation skills, pronunciation teaching, teacher’s difficulties,

listening skill
INTRODUCTION
Recent curriculum changes in Indonesia have highlighted a greater emphasis on
communicative aspects in language teaching and learning (Ministry of Education and
Culture, 2016). Yet, the learning outcomes are still far from satisfying. Existing research
findings showed that only a small number of graduates are able to communicate intelligibly
in English (Lie, 2007). Official data from Ministry of Education in 2017 also revealed that
English is the only subject in the national exam for which students’ average score decreased
from 64.05 in 2016 to 57.51 in 2017.
Investigations into the reasons for the learners’ poor communication competence
outcomes in different contexts, including Indonesia, have identified different influential
factors. For instance, time constraint and large class sizes were reported to be major
contributing factors that hindered teachers’ efforts to provide opportunities for students’
practice with speaking skills in the classrooms (Ariatna, 2016). In many contexts, teachers
16
Linguists: Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching, 5 (2), December 2019
were found to avoid using English or teaching speaking skill due to their lack of confidence
in their own proficiency and teaching knowledge (Littlewood, 2006; Lie, 2007; Sulistyo,
2016). These studies have also reported that lack of training for teachers might be the main
cause of this insufficient confidence.
This finding above seems to reflect the current situation in Indonesia. In a study of
primary school teachers in Sulawesi Island, for example, it was found that the majority of
these teachers had never attended college for teacher training programs (Rahman, Hamra, &
Noni, 2013). Coming from such training background, Indonesian teachers are predicted to
encounter even greater difficulties in teaching.
Understanding teachers and the practical problems they are dealing with in teaching
should, therefore, provide important foundations for any recommendations for improving the
effectiveness of teaching speaking skills to students in this context. However, this
understanding is now missing from the literature; thus, good identification of gap.
This research has two a two-fold purpose. First, it aims to provide in-depth review, from
the teachers’ perspective, about problems and factors that prevent Indonesian teachers from
focusing on oral communication teaching. Second, on the basis of these factors, the study
makes recommendations to the teachers, institutions, and the government of Indonesia on
necessary adjustments or improvements so that the intended goals of the innovated
curriculum could be realised and achieved in teaching practice. The study is centred on three
following questions.
a. What challenges do Indonesian EFL teachers encounter in teaching oral
communication skills in secondary school level?
b. What possible causes contribute to these challenges?
c. What are the suggested solutions for teachers in overcoming these challenges?
METHOD
This current study utilized qualitative approach in which a narrative literature reviewed
designed is employed. In a literature review reserach, the design is different than others since
the data are obtained from other published literature (Green, Johnson, & Adams, 2006). The
researcher also analysed similar contexts to Indonesia where oral communication has been a
challenge for the teachers and identify which from that context can be applied to Indonesia
English teaching pedagogy. It is also necessary to note that the researchers do not intend to
exhibit criticism of on literature review . It is deemed as to present them in comparative ways
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Copyright © 2019, LINGUISTS, e-ISSN: 2656-5765, p-ISSN: 2355-2069
to show the similarities and differences. The rationale is to crete a link and a holistic view
among studies for the purpose of reinterpretation or interconnection (Baumeister & Leary,
1997).
Websen and Watson (2002) proposed a structured approach to determine the relevant
literature and other sources for the literature review. In order to do so, a number of
procedures are pursued. First, ERIC and google scholar were used to access journal articles,
book chapters, articles, and other academic papers. Only peer-reviewed articles were
considered as eligible. The time published was also limited in recent ten years. The keywords
entries of “issues in teaching speaking”, “issues in teaching listening”, “challenges in
teaching oral communication skills in Asian context”, “teaching speaking and listening in
Indonesia” were used. Second, to get clearer references in Indonesian context, the researcher
accessed database “TEFLIN Journal” and “Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics”. These
two journals database are Indonesian reputated journals. Third, references list written in the
reviewed articles were searched by accessing Google Scholar and ERIC.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Communicative Competence and Speaking
Communicative competence can be defined as an individual ability to use language
effectively in actual communication ( Hymes in Goh and Burns, 2012). This ability is both
knowledge and specific skills in using the language. Furthermore, Canale and Swales (1980)
develop the communicative competence into four components: grammatical competence,
discourse competence, sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence. Another
scholar, Johnson (1981) also summarized that a competence language speaker is not only be
able to understand the grammatical knowledge, his utterance must be appropriate. The
speaker has to aware about the relationship between interlocutors, the setting, topic, linguistic
context, etc.
These definitions above leads to one major implication that grammatical aspect is an
important feature of speaking however having this only aspect is not sufficient. The learners
have to be able to use speech efficiently, to be aware about what language is appropriate and
acceptable to their listeners and to consider the relationship between themselves and the
participants because it influences the message is conveyed (Goh and Burns, 2012). In other
words, speaking is a combination of multiple skills because it involves of doing multiple
things at the same time.
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Furthermore, in the classroom practice this concept should be understood by the teachers.
Speaking lesson should not only be seen as an opportunity for learners to practice their
speaking skill but also as structured and planned lesson so they can expand their linguistic
knowledge which is included grammatical knowledge, phonological knowledge, lexical
knowledge, and discourse knowledge. This knowledge should be emphasized in designing a
lesson because teachers should plan the activities that are authentic and realistic.
Listening skill
Listening is a skill that enables learners to receive and engaged with language input
however compare to other language skills, the learners are rarely taught how to acquire this
skill although they might have this activities in the classroom (Larry and Goh, 2011). Majorly
listening activity in the classroom are focus on the outcome of the listening. The learners are
asked to repeat the information they have heard or explain the meaning of expression or
information they have heard. Consequently, if they cannot grasp the idea they feel anxious
and the level can increase if they have to give the respond to the listening passage
appropriately.
There are several factors that can influence the listening success. According to Imhof and
Janusik in Goh and Larry (2011), listening is an integrated system which individual factors
and listening context have an impact to the quality of processing and listening results
(comprehension, learning, or motivation). Similarly, the result can affect the factors in the
listening process and listeners’ further efforts at processing the input as explained in the
figure below.
Figure 1. Model of listening
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Obstacles to teaching listening comprehension

It is quite surprising that listening comprehension does not obtain greater emphasize in
many language classes whereas, previous scholars carried out two major obstacles to teaching
listening effectively (Horwitz, 2008). Firstly, is the difference between classroom and real-
world listening. In an EFL context, to design a lesson that resemble authentic speech is
problematic. Listening materials and experiences in the classroom generally often differ from
the authentic speech that the learners will encounter in the community of target language.
Natural speech is characterized by having pausing, dropping the word ending (I am going to
become I am gonna), an interruption between interlocutors. This leads to many language
learners often find it more challenging to listen to natural speech rather than clearly speech
without interruption from the beginning to end.
Secondly, teachers also encounter confusion about what kind of materials and speech to
present to the students. If the listening activity is focused only hear clearly and careful
speech, the learners are likely have a great difficulties when they talk to native speakers or
when they watching English movies. For instance, study in Saudi Arabia revealed that lack of
listening strategies is one of the challenges in teaching listening (Assafeh, Al-Shaboul,
Zuraiq, & Alshboul, 2011; Arafat, 2012). One possible reason is because many teachers are
encounter difficulties of how to teach listening systematically and appropriately.
Furthermore, most teachers also assume that this skill is automatically acquired by the
learners as they learn to speak English
The Condition of English Language Teaching in Indonesia

A well balanced language course should consist of four equal strands which is meaning-
focused input, meaning-focused output, language-focused learning, and fluency development
(Nation & Newton, 2008). In Indonesia context, English curriculum has experienced
significant changes, from traditional and grammar-based approach to communicative
approach. However, in the classroom practice there is a tendency not to balance the four
strands; in fact some skills are neglected such as oral communication skills. Consequently,
the number of students’ who are able to communicate in English intelligibly is still limited
although they have been studying English for years (Lie, 2007).
Previous researches have been conducted to find out the possible factors which
contribute to this learning outcome. Two common factors from the findings are the limited
20
time of English lessons and large class size (Bradford, 2007; Yulia, 2013; Ariatna, 2016).
Thus, having more than thirty students in one class and two or three hours per week of
English lesson, conducting speaking activity might be problematic. In addition, some
teachers’ are responsible to teach more than one class with different levels which might cause
the possibility of having oral communication practice in the classroom even smaller.
Another factor comes from the students’ motivation in to communicate English. In the
context of English as foreign language (EFL), the learning goal is focused only to pass the
National standardized test (reading and listening) or to access the knowledge in the higher
education level. As a result, the need to be able to communicate in English might not be a
priority unless it aims as daily communication as in an English as Second Language (ESL)
context. In addition, to some part of Indonesia especially in rural areas, the motivation to
getting education is still become an issue let alone for learning English due socio-economic
factor (Yulia, 2013).
In contrast, several researches also revealed that students’ motivation in speaking English
is considerably high whereas it was not fulfilled due to ineffective and disengaging classroom
activities (Lamb, 2007; Lamb, 2010). Students felt anxious and pressure because the tasks
required them to perform spontaneously within limited time. They also kept silent because of
lack prior knowledge of the topic and are afraid of making mistake. The learning activities
were usually teacher-dominated where teacher was mainly talking and having repetition and
drills as the main activities (Mattarrima & Hamdan, 2011). In addition, the research also
reveals that the teacher during the classroom practice are overuse first language in teaching,
some of them are found only use English to open and close the class (Mustofa, 2001).
In the instruction of teaching oral communication skills, it was also found that
pronunciation is the field that has been neglected. The teaching of English pronunciation has
an insufficient portion and it leads to the ample of mispronunciation and affect the flow and
intelligibility of the speech (Moedjito and Harumi, 2008). In addition, EFL teachers in
Indonesia experiences limited interaction with English speaking people or native speakers. In
addition, in perceiving learners mispronunciation, they are rely only the lecturer or references
they have gained in the university however very few of them addressing the problems of
Indonesia learners in real communicative situations (Moedjito and Harumi, 2008).
From the several studies above, it can be concluded that the classroom activity and
teacher oral proficiency in the target language is significant factors both for teaching
effectiveness and students’ learning. Although the role of English is not necessarily to
21
communicate daily but the teachers are model for the students’ in language learning and it
involves telling and explaining the activities and controlling their behaviour.
The realm of English teacher competence in Indonesia
For many years researches have indicated that to develop students’ communicative
competence, they have to be given the opportunity to interact with both teachers and their
classmates in the target language. In Indonesia context, the studies reveal that teacher-centred
and textbook driven are still favourable method by the teachers (Suryati, 2015). Teacher
typically dominated the interaction such as explain the grammatical rules and new vocabulary
where students supposed to be silent and listening to the teachers. There is evidence that the
over-emphasis on IRF pattern, display questions and extended teacher turns does not promote
the development of students’ communicative competence (Suryati, 2015).
In addition, although curriculum of Indonesia experience tremendous modification, the
learners’ competence to communicate in English is still below expectation. One of the
examples is the negative washback effect of the standardized test (Ujian Nasional) to the
classroom teaching. In Indonesia, it is usually common for teachers to spend one to two
months focusing on preparing the students for materials that are going to be tested in multiple
choices items.
It was also found that majorly the teachers still use traditional classroom approach with
audio- lingual method. Although this study have been done several years ago, the finding still
relevant to the Indonesia context. The activities are dominated by drilling and practicing the
students with the dialogue and role play (Mattarima & Hamdan, 2011). The teachers also
frequently use their first language (Bahasa Indonesia) to discuss the topic in the textbook and
the main reason is because their inadequate command of English. This also affirms by the
study which indicates that even at the university level, the lecturers have not reached a well-
developed level of language use (Dardjowidjojo, 2003). In conclusion, these studies suggest
that there is an urgency to reconstruct the teacher-student interaction which is more
facilitative to enhance students’ oral communicative competence.
Recently the ministry of Education and Culture in Indonesia design a national assessment
for teacher namely teaching certification program. This program aims to increase the
professional and pedagogical competence of the teachers in relation to the subject that they
teach in the classroom. However a study in high schools in one of province in Indonesia
indicates that the training did not adequately develop teachers’ skill and knowledge about
English (Wati, 2011). A study conducted to 55 English teachers in one of remote district in
22
Indonesia indicated the needs of improving their English especially oral communication
skills. This need is also supported with the fact that they also did not feel confidence in
teaching English themselves and afraid of questions asked by their students. The training was
also lack of contextual issue or problems which are only allow the mandated teaching and
learning English materials are being used in the classroom.
Similarly, a study by Yuwono (2010) in East Java Province also indicates that there is an
immediate need of preparing English teacher to master the language skills (listening, reading,
speaking, and writing). The high school graduates from this province are still unable to speak
in English properly due to the minimum exposure of English in the classroom. Since Java is
the most developed island in Indonesia, it is likely in other provinces especially remote places
the condition can be more challenging. This finding seems to affirm the previous research
conducted by Wati (2011).
The teachers in the studies above also consider themselves as government employee
rather than professional educator. One of the major causes is due to the mandated curriculum
that force and limit the teachers’ creativity in the classroom. While, the teachers have a high
willingness in developing their professional career as an English teacher and in improving
their communication skills in English, the support from the government especially the
training program majorly focus only on administration materials.
In brief, from the discussion above, the condition of teachers in Indonesia is problematic
still now. Although the government formulates and modify new curriculum and mandated
teacher certification program, in reality the competence of English teachers in Indonesia are
still need to be improved.
From the condition of ELT and English teachers’ competence in Indonesia, the main
challenges of oral communciation teaching in Indonesia can be summarized as follow:
a. Minimum of vocabulary learning
Vocabulary competence is a part of L2 competence. In other words, someone who has
high competence in communicating in L2 is associated with sufficient vocabulary
knowledge.CLT is the dominant approach in the second language pedagogy however it still
found that the teachers still encounter difficulties in creating communicative activities in their
language classroom while at the same time focus on vocabulary teaching. Some teachers also
found that neglected this area of teaching as the learners will picked up as part of the process
of L2 learning (Ivone, 2015). However, this approach has a minimum result in vocabulary
teaching. The reason is the incidental learning takes time and in reality there is time limitation
23
in learning L2. Furthermore, there was also evidence that speaking was not automatically
transferable from speakers’ L1 to L2. Although the students’ with good grammar and
vocabulary of English, they still encounter difficulties in performing oral communication
skills (Pam & Sim, 2017).
b. Anxiety
Anxiety can both happen in speaking and listening skills. If there was a gap between
listeners and the speakers, the communication breaks down takes place. Speaking is the
aspect of second or foreign language learning most often associated with anxiety. Not only
happened at students, it is also reported that in ELT literature that the non-native teachers of
English as ESL or EFL may also be anxious about speaking and may avoid conversational
activities and communicative teaching methods. Furthermore, in listening, the cause majorly
comes from fast speech, the use of slang, or speak with heavy accent. In particular situation
such as in an standardized English test, the anxiety may arise from the instruction of the test
for example the students is allowed to listen only once.
c. Pronunciation problems (segmental and suprasegmental features)
This area of English language teaching is problematic, some teachers tend to take it for
granted as the learners will try to carry the pronunciation along the learning process
meanwhile the others believe that they do not acquire sufficient knowledge about this field.
Suprasegmental are the features in pronunciation which is believed contribute to the
intelligibility in spoken English and convey meaning and impression of the speaker.
However, this area receives minimal attention as the teachers have difficulties in designing
the lessons for example in selecting the model prior to production practice and monotonous
activity such as drilling or teacher talk format ( Suwartono, 2014).
The condition of oral communication teaching in other Asian context
A study in two Chinese populations also indicates several obstacles in oral
communication. The greatest challenge is in grammar and vocabulary competence where they
encounter difficulties in processing the speech. They tend to first compose their thoughts in
their first language and formulate it in English. As a result, they feel less confident about their
ability in maintaining conversation or leading a class discussion. For conversational English
is even more challenging because the textbooks generally focus on academic type of English
with minimum social function in the students’ daily lives (Gan, 2013).
Furthermore, access to speaking opportunities is also limited. In an EFL context,
communicative approach was increasingly used as an approach however in reality the
24
curriculum tend to focus on grammar and reading, and national examination (Pop & Sim,
2017). Moreover, in Asian countries, the learners characterized by having a restrained in the
English classroom due to fear of public failure, fear of making mistake, and lack of
confidence, low English proficiency, inability to keep up with native-speakers, disorientation,
etc. This leads to the result that to some learners speaking English to their peers is more
challenging rather than speaking to native speaker due to afraid of being despised (Savasci,
2013).
Similarly in Malaysia, it was also found that the students did not know how to construct
English sentences due to limited vocabulary. They think in their mother tongue and translate
word by word in English. It was found that they code switching between their first and the
target language in order to ensure the produce of correct message.
In Iran although listening and speaking skills are included in the syllabus, there was no
place for pronunciation teaching in every level of education in Iran. In China, some teachers
in Taiwan argue that English pronunciation might not be useful at all due to few tests would
require students to show their abilities in pronunciation. Thus, it becomes evidence that
teaching EFL pronunciation has no place in the syllabus, material and classroom (Shemsadra,
2011).
Oral Communication Skills and International Education

There is a significant increase of international students’ studying in developed and
English speaking countries for example Australia, America, United Kingdom, etc. This
number is dominated by Asian countries where English roles as a Foreign Language for
example Indonesia. However, a study conducted in one of Australian University shows that
language barrier is the greatest factor affecting their success in study and to communicate
properly with their Australia classmates.
The ability to listen to oral lecturer, discussion, or classroom presentation is one of the
skills that should be acquired in the university. In Indonesia, since the goals of language
learning does not have more emphasize in oral communication, the students might encounter
difficulties in adjusting themselves in academically and socially with English language
culture. A research by Wong (2004) found that many international students experienced
difficulties to adjust themselves into the academic environment in Australia. It is because
they are accustomed to the teacher-centred style and dictation from the teacher. This
25
condition is also similar to Indonesia context where the classroom activity mainly focuses on
teacher talking and student listening to explanation.
Briefly, it can be states that oral communication need more emphasize in the classroom
in Indonesia context. The importance of communication not only helps the learners to be able
speak English fluently but also to support their academic achievement in western academic
environment.
Suggested Teaching Activities

Realizing oral communication skills is a key element in language proficiency and how
globalized world nowadays, this study intend to offer three solutions that teachers may apply
in their classroom. First of all, maximizing vocabulary learning in the classroom. In the
traditional classroom practice, one of the popular techniques to teach vocabulary is by
translating into learners’ L1 and memorizing. Widianti and Cahyono (2008) states that the
teacher rarely teaching vocabulary explicitly and systematically. It usually arises from a
student who did not understand what the meanings of the words are or because the teacher
thinks it is important vocabulary to learn. In other words, there is a need to modify the
vocabulary teaching into more communicative.
Second is incorporating pronunciation practice in the classroom.It has been mentioned
that pronunciation has a major impact to the oral communication skills however it seems that
this portion has minimum attention in the classroom. Although the goal of second language
learning in Indonesia is to prepare the students’ for standardized test or university entrance
examination, the ability to communicate intelligibility is also important. For example, when
they have to pursue postgraduate degree overseas, the communication is one of the skills that
they should acquire. The teachers need to provide a model of the target language and an
encourage students’ to practice outside of the classroom with conversational type activity
(Celce-Murcia, Brinton, Goodwin, & Briner, 2010).
Lastly, implementing extensive listening activity in the classroom. This activity can be
defined as the students should listen to considerable amount and variety of enjoyable texts to
build their-listening comprehension skills ( Schmidt, 2016). It has similar principle to
extensive reading which are quantitiy, comrpehensibility, learner-centeredness, meaning-
oriented, and accountability ( Mayora, 2017). From the study, it indicates that EL can
increase the amount of exposure to spoken English and reduce feeling of anxiety experience
26
compare to intensive listening. The teachers can utilize podcast, TED talks, and online audio
or video in the classroom.
CONCLUSION
Based on the study, it is clear that in Indonesia, oral communication skills is still become
an obstacles still now. Some contributing factors to this fact comes from he time constraint,
large class size, students’ motivation, and teachers’ competences. Focusing on teachers’
competence, the study evidently showed the teachers’ need sufficient and sustainable training
on teaching oral communication skills so they can shifted their teaching to be more
communicative. Changing curriculum does not guarantee the teachers easily apply it the
classroom let alone the better outcomes of communicative language skills.
Furthermore, there is a need to emphasized these skills more in the classroom so that the
learners can utilize them in the future. The teachers’ might implement the suggested teaching
activities into the classroom by incorporating pronunciation practice and extensive listening
and maximizing vocabulary learning rather than just translate them from L1 to L2.
Finally for future research, it is recommended to employ another research design for example
case study or survey to get an overview and in-depth study about this study. The study
focusing on oral communciation in Indonesia context is limited and not as much explored
compare to other language skills, say, reading and writing.
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linguist: j. linguist. lang. teach.

5 (2) 2019 16-28

Linguists: Journal of Linguistics and Language Teaching

Teacher’s Difficulties in Teaching Oral Communication Skills in Indonesia:

Received: 2019 Accepted: 2019 Published: 2019

Keywords: oral communciation skills, pronunciation teaching, teacher’s difficulties,

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Model of listening

Obstacles to teaching listening comprehension

The Condition of English Language Teaching in Indonesia

Oral Communication Skills and International Education

Suggested Teaching Activities

teachers of English, Language Teaching, 40, p. 243-249. doi:

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