UTILIZATION OF BAMBOO AS ALTERNATIVE TO STEEL BARS IN MARINE

APPLICATIONS

________________

Thesis Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the College
La Salle University
Ozamiz City, Philippines

_________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

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By

Dwight Lim

Elmer Baldesanso

Maj Ramos

June 2023
 Chapter 1

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in exploring sustainable and

eco-friendly alternatives to traditional construction materials. One such alternative

that has gained significant attention is bamboo. Bamboo, known for its strength,

durability, and rapid growth, is emerging as a promising substitute for steel bars in

marine applications. This renewable resource offers several advantages, including its

low environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and versatility, making it an attractive

choice for various marine construction projects.

Steel reinforcement is the most frequent type of reinforcing bar. Steel

reinforcement has been employed for decades in a range of structural concrete

applications. The main disadvantage is the vulnerability to steel corrosion. As

mentioned in several studies, corrosion is frequently begun by either concrete

carbonation or exposure of the concrete element to chloride ions (Javadian et al.,

2020).

Original bamboo-based composites produced from original bamboo and other

conventional materials have a lot of promise for use in structural construction (Chen

et al., 2022). Bamboo possesses impressive mechanical properties that make it a

viable alternative to steel bars in marine applications. It exhibits high tensile strength,

comparable to that of mild steel, and its natural elasticity provides excellent resistance

to bending and cracking (Gupta et al., 2018). Additionally, bamboo has a remarkable

ability to withstand the corrosive effects of saltwater, which is crucial for marine

construction where exposure to moisture and salt is constant.

Research and development efforts are underway to enhance the performance

and durability of bamboo in marine environments. Techniques such as laminating,

heat treatment, and surface coatings are being explored to improve bamboo's

resistance to decay, pests, and fire. Additionally, advancements in bamboo

engineering and construction methods are being developed to optimize its application

in various marine settings.

Statement of the Problem

The utilization of bamboo as an alternative to steel bars in marine applications

presents a promising opportunity for sustainable construction. However, several

challenges and research gaps need to be addressed to fully explore its potential and

ensure its successful implementation. Therefore, the research problem can be framed

as follows:

1. How does the mechanical properties of bamboo act compared to steel bars

in determining its suitability for marine applications?

2. What are the factors that affects the durability of bamboo in marine

environments, and how do these factors interact with each other?

3. Are there specific design considerations or modifications that can give the

best practices for designing, fabricating, and installing bamboo

reinforcement systems in concrete structures subjected to marine

conditions?

Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study on the utilization of bamboo as an alternative to

steel bars in marine applications are as follows:

 Conduct comprehensive testing and analysis to determine the

mechanical properties of bamboo, including tensile strength, bending

resistance, and overall structural performance. Compare these

 properties with steel bars to evaluate bamboo's suitability as a

substitute in marine applications.

 Investigate the durability of bamboo in marine environments by

examining its resistance to decay, pests, and corrosion.

 Investigate and develop engineering and construction techniques

specific to bamboo in marine applications. Explore methods for

designing, fabricating, and installing bamboo reinforcement systems in

concrete structures subjected to marine conditions.

 Evaluate the economic feasibility and cost-effectiveness of utilizing

bamboo in marine applications. Conduct a cost analysis comparing

bamboo and steel bars, including factors such as material cost,

transportation, installation, and long-term maintenance.

Significance of the Study

The study on the utilization of bamboo as an alternative to steel bars in marine

applications holds significant importance due to its potential to address several critical

issues and provide numerous benefits. The following are the key significance of this

study:

1. Environmental Sustainability: The study contributes to the field of

sustainable construction by exploring bamboo as a renewable and eco-friendly

alternative to steel bars. By reducing the reliance on non-renewable resources

and minimizing carbon emissions associated with steel production, the

utilization of bamboo in marine applications can help mitigate environmental

impacts and promote a greener approach to infrastructure development.

 2. Resource Conservation: Bamboo, being a fast-growing plant, requires

significantly less time to mature compared to trees used for steel production.

By promoting the utilization of bamboo, the study promotes efficient resource

management and conservation. This is particularly crucial considering the

increasing global demand for construction materials and the need to minimize

resource depletion.

3. Cost-effectiveness: Bamboo offers the potential for cost savings in marine

construction projects. Compared to steel bars, bamboo is generally more

affordable, and its lightweight nature makes transportation and installation

easier and more cost-effective. The study provides insights into the economic

feasibility and potential cost benefits of using bamboo as an alternative to steel

bars, making it an attractive option for marine infrastructure development.

Scope and Limitation

The study focuses specifically on the utilization of bamboo as an alternative to

steel bars in marine applications. It aims to explore the mechanical properties,

durability, engineering techniques, and environmental aspects related to bamboo in

the context of marine construction. Examine the feasibility of using bamboo in marine

environments, including structures such as docks, piers, marinas, and other coastal

infrastructure. It considers the challenges and requirements specific to marine

conditions, including exposure to saltwater, moisture, and corrosion. Investigate

methods for designing, fabricating, and installing bamboo reinforcement systems in

concrete structures subjected to marine conditions. Also consider the integration of

bamboo with other construction materials for optimal performance. The study may

not delve into every aspect of bamboo utilization in marine applications. Certain

specific areas, such as advanced preservation techniques or large-scale structural

testing, may require more extensive research beyond the scope of this study. Study's

findings and recommendations may be influenced by regional variations in bamboo

species, availability, and construction practices. It is important to consider the specific

geographical and climatic conditions when applying the study's conclusions to

different locations. While the study aims to assess the durability of bamboo in marine

environments, the long-term performance of bamboo-based structures under real-

world conditions may require additional monitoring and evaluation beyond the scope

of this study. Factors such as maintenance practices, climate change, and extreme

events may impact the performance of bamboo over extended periods.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for the utilization of bamboo as an alternative to

steel bars in marine applications involves integrating several key concepts and

theories. The framework incorporates three main components: Material Properties,

Durability Factors, and Engineering and Construction Techniques. These components

are influenced by the principles of Sustainable Construction and Performance

Optimization.

Material Properties: The material properties component focuses on

understanding the mechanical characteristics of bamboo and its comparison to steel

bars. It draws upon theories of materials science and structural engineering. Key

factors include Tensile Strength, Elasticity, Flexibility, Density, Weight, and

Buoyancy.

Durability Factors: The durability factors component focuses on bamboo's

resistance to decay, pests, and corrosion in marine environments. It considers theories

of degradation mechanisms and preservation techniques. Key factors include Decay

Resistance, Corrosion Resistance, and Environmental Factors.

Engineering and Construction Techniques: The engineering and construction

techniques component focuses on practical considerations for utilizing bamboo in

marine applications. It draws upon principles of structural engineering, construction

methods, and design. Key factors include Structural Design, Connection Methods,

Anchoring, Fixation, and Preservation.

Conceptual Framework

INPUT
 Bamboo
 Concrete
 Hollow Blocks

PROCESS
Embed bamboo unto freshly
made concrete at time of casting.
Also align bamboo in hollow
blocks.
OUTPUT
A reinforced concrete with
bamboo as its reinforcement.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

Through the conceptual framework, the study examines the relationships and

interactions among the following materials which are the bamboo, concrete mixture,

and hollow blocks. The study will look into replacing steel bars with bamboo as it has

a high tensile strength and also its natural flexibility to bending and cracking.
Furthermore, the output will contain a reinforced concrete with bamboo as its main

strength for resisting compressive, tensional, axial, and shearing forces.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section presents relevant related literature and related studies that are

useful in the study. It also presents concepts that are related to our project.

Bamboo as Structural Material

As easy growing plant and a very economically price material, bamboo has

become one of the easiest way of escape if there are shortage of materials like wood,

for its Replacement. Bamboo offers significant structural and environmental

advantages given its rapid growth, moisture resistance, climate tolerance, and

structural rigidity. Bamboo grows rapidly and can be harvested every 3–5 years, well

exceeding the 20–60 years growth cycle of traditional timber used in structural

applications (Zhihan, 2020). Philippines has been using bamboo not just for structural

material but also for utensils, chairs, bags, musical instruments, fuel for cooking and

heating, etc. This just shows how essentially bamboo is as a material, especially in the

places where it can be easily found.

Bonding Performance of Bamboo to Concrete

Bamboo is not durable in water and has an average durability of less than two

years in nature. Bamboo roots will start rotting when grown in water due to constant

exposure to moisture. Changing the water regularly can extend your bamboo’s

lifespan (White, 2022). Bamboo has the ability to absorb moisture and has moisture

already. Making it a replacement for steel, the bamboo's bonding performance to

concrete must be enhanced to make it last longer. Water absorption of bamboo will

cause shrinkage and swelling issues in bamboo. When bamboo is used as

reinforcement in concrete, it will absorb the water from concrete mix during the

casting and curing period, and after curing stopped bamboo loses moisture and

shrinks. As a result, cracks will occur in the concrete around the bamboo rebar

because of change in volume of bamboo (Yathushan, 2016). Bonding between

bamboo and concrete is another important factor, especially when there is 104 loading

on the concrete member. The bond between reinforcement bars and concrete matrix

105 is developed principally through main mechanisms; adhesion to the concrete

matrix; 106 development of residual compressive stress due to concrete shrinkage at

the interface of 107 reinforcement and concrete; and friction due to surface roughness

of reinforcement bars (Javadian, 2016).

Common Causes

Wood has the ability to absorb water molecules with the surrounding air.

Water, often known as moisture, may be present in wood in two places: inside cell

walls as bound water and outside cell walls in the wood void structure (Thybring, E.

E., Kymäläinen, M., & Rautkari, L. 2018). There is a very high potential that at that

moment the bamboo was slowly absorbing the water from the concrete because it

contains water throughout the pouring process. Moreover, concrete absorbs water. It

is nonetheless known to be vulnerable to deterioration because of the impact of

moisture and weathering through a highly heterogamous and porous material

microstructure. According to (Drying Bamboo Poles, 2012), dried bamboo absorbs

less water, making it perfect for reinforcement. Green bamboo is much more

tempting to insects and microorganisms than dry one. Although fungi are the primary

agents of wood deterioration, bacteria have long been recognized to inhabit decaying
wood. This all because wood contains nutrients that attract all these Microbes

(Johnston et al., 2016).

Saltwater

However not all water is bad for the Bamboo. In one study by Esteemit in

2017 found out that by submerging bamboo in salt water for two months or 60 days is

an efficient approach to preserve it for building applications. This method will assist

to destroy insects and safeguard the bamboo for the next 50 years. The bamboo will

absorb the saltwater, assisting in the removal of the starch that causes bug infestation.

This is an excellent traditional method of treating bamboo. This will also kill and

remove any insects that are destroying the wood on the inside. They made use of a

long circular bar with a drill bit connected to it.

Marine Application

Bamboo laminates are created by cutting bamboo strips from the bamboo wall

core. Natural bamboo fiber is increasingly being used in composites. The overall

mechanical properties of bamboo fiber reinforced composites and sandwich for

general maritime applications were investigated. A thorough examination of

processing options and statements was carried out, with the goal of determining the

link between composite performances and processing features. The efficiency of

vacuum bagging and compression molding methods was investigated. Accurate

chemical-physical and mechanical characterizations of bamboo-based reinforced

resins (epoxy) were carried out, as well as an examination of how these characteristics

changed as the materials aged. Accelerated ageing experiments were performed on

bamboo composites and sandwich specimens in order to determine the link between

material properties and ageing time (Corradi,2007).

Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This is descriptive experimental research. The results of the laboratory

experiment will be a variable that will help the researcher evaluate how capable

bamboo is as a replacement for steel bars as reinforcing concrete in applications for

seawalls. In this study, laboratory testing will be performed to describe the strength of

bamboo. After performing such a test, the data will be used to identify if it will

surpass the level of strength the steel has.

3.1. Materials

3.1.1 Bamboo.

Bamboo samples will be collected in locales where bamboo is

abundant. Before the collection of bamboo samples, the maturity of the

bamboo must be considered through its physical characteristics. Collected

bamboo samples and transported them to the La Salle University laboratory

for processing and testing.

3.1.2 UTM.
 A Universal testing machine (UTM) is used to test the mechanical

properties (tension, compression, etc.) of a given test specimen by exerting

tensile, compressive, or transverse stresses. The machine has been named so

because of the wide range of tests it can perform on different kinds of

materials. Different tests like peel tests, flexural tests, tension tests, bend tests,

friction tests, spring tests, etc. can be performed with the help of UTM.

3. 2. Procedures

3.2.1 Collection of bamboo samples.

The collection of bamboo samples must be done first in order to work

continuously. A bamboo sample must be collected based on its maturity and

size, which we can identify by its physical characteristics.

3.2.2 Preparation of bamboo samples.

After collecting the bamboo sample and transporting it to the La Salle

University laboratory, the collected bamboo sample must be scrubbed and

watered to remove the dirt.

3.2.3 Sun dry and submerging

Cutting the bamboo into strips. The bamboo must be sun-dried before

submerging it for two months or 60 days.

3.2.4 Compressive and tensile strength test.

After the bamboo sample is sun-dried, it will undergo the UTM, or

Universal Testing Machine, to test the mechanical properties of the treated

bamboo sample and identify its strength capacity. This testing is performed to
 determine the point of fracture in the material when it is subjected to tension

or compression forces.

3.2.5 Data Collection.

After running some tests using the UTM, the data must be collected to

identify the strength of the treated bamboo for comparison with the strength of

steel.

3.3 Research Locale

This study will take place in Tudela, one of the municipalities of the

province of Misamis Occidental. The municipality has a land area of 87.34

square kilometers, or 33.72 square miles, which constitutes 4.35% of Misamis

Occidental's total area. However, the testing of bamboo samples from Tudela

will be held at the La Salle University-Ozamiz laboratory facility.

Ethical Considerations

Upon tackling this study, the researchers will observe politeness and courtesy

upon borrowing and buying the necessary equipment. Individuals or groups who

contributed to the research should be given suitable credit and acknowledgement.

Work with colleagues in an ethical manner, recognizing their intellectual

contributions and honoring their rights to fair acknowledgment and authorship. The

researcher will conduct the study with honesty, integrity, and transparency. Ensure

that data is collected, analyzed, and reported accurately. They must avoid any sort of

fabrication, falsification, plagiarism, or other research misconduct.

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