Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

GIS based Spatial Mapping of Bulk Waste

Generators in Panaji City, Goa
Krishnapriya Nair Kaushik Chandrasekhar
Project Associate, at Centre for Waste Management, Ex- Fellow, at Centre for Waste Management,
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi

Kiranmay Sarma
Professor, at University School of Environment Management,
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, New Delhi

Abstract:- The Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP), improved living standards and an increase in MSW
despite being a front runner in implementing measures production per capita (Kawai & Tasaki, 2015).
such as source segregation, door-to-door coverage, and
material recovery from dry waste, is facing an enormous Goa is located on the Konkan coast in western India. It
challenge in handling the biodegradable waste that is has a population of around Goa’s population is 1458545
generated in the city, especially, waste from bulk residents and a floating population of almost 302751 tourists
generators. Objective: The objective of the paper focuses (Government of Goa Website, n.d.), (Market Research
on mapping of bulk waste generators in the 12 different Division, 2021). Of the total estimated population in 2011,
zones of the city of Panaji, using the Geographic approximately 62.17% is considered an urban population,
Information System (GIS), so the City Corporation of while 37.83% is a rural population (DPSE, Goa, 2018). The
Panaji could devise a route map with suitable planning growing phenomenon of urbanization and the consequent
for waste collection and transportation. Methods: A changes in lifestyle are key factors that have gradually led to
Geographical Information System based methodology, a gradual increase in the total amount of waste generated in
which includes digitization of the bulk waste generators the state. According to reports, Panaji generates 21,609 kg of
and preparation of map layouts. Results: The zone-wise waste per day based on its population of 40,017, but only
mapping of the bulk waste generators revealed that zone 42,000 kg of waste is collected each day (GSPCB, 2019).
2, 3, 7, and 8 was highly concentrated with the number of Interestingly, the amount of waste collected is more than the
bulk waste generators. Conclusions: As demonstrated in estimated amount of waste generated, indicating that the
this study, the studied GIS methodology can be used for municipality is collecting waste from bulk waste producers
identification of the source of waste generation and like hotels, shops, markets, and restaurants. The floating
further help in optimizing for waste collection and population could also affect the collection rate (GSPCB,
transportation in a city. 2019). To address this issue, the CCP should stop collecting
waste from bulk waste generators. To manage waste better,
Keywords:- Panaji, Bulk waste generators, Solid waste Panaji has recently launched a "Dry Waste Management
management, GIS, Optimizing waste collection and project" in collaboration with HDFC-United Nations
transportation. Development Programme, which involves implementing 16-
way segregation at source model. This model requires that all
I. INTRODUCTION bulk waste generators separate their dry waste into 16 distinct
categories, including e-waste, cardboard, cloth, ceramic,
Rapid population growth coupled with unplanned paper, needles, blades, and others.
urbanization has resulted in a multifold increase in waste
management and sanitation services in Indian cities. The Previous research studies, ( (Bashir & Goswami, 2016),
prevailing system for the collection, segregation, (Seng, Hirayama, Katayama-Hirayama, Ochiai, & Kaneko,
transportation, and disposal of solid waste is under 2013), (Mundhe, Jaybhaye, & Dorik, 2014)) have indicated
unprecedented pressure. Urbanization is a phenomenon that that bulk waste generators are a significant contributor to wet
is being observed in countries around the world. The global waste generation. For instance, Bashir & Goswami (2016)
waste generated amounts to 2.010 million TPA, and the found that Pahalgam, a tourist destination in South Kashmir,
average waste generated per person per day is 740g (Kaza, produces the highest amount of waste from hotels and
Yao, Bhada-Tata, & Woerden, 2018). At present, India’s restaurants (74%), followed by local households (18%) and
population amounts to 17.5% of the globe (Kumar, et al., markets (5%). The study also revealed that waste from the
2021). “Urban Settlements” has been observed owing to the accommodation sector and Yatra have a high potential for
transition of the population from a rural setting to cities with composting since they contain 65% and 66% compostable
better employment, educational or medical facilities. This waste, respectively. Similarly, Seng et al. (2013) noted that in
increased population density has resulted in increased waste Cambodia, commercial establishments (shops) (68.4%),
generation in urban areas. The urban population of India is markets (67.4%), households (61.4%), and hotels (38.6%)
34.43% (MoHWF, 2020). With this much urban population, generate a significant amount of kitchen waste. Mundhe et al.
the country generates around 119g/ day of solid waste (2014) observed that in Pune, 40% of waste (constituting
(CPCB, 2020). Studies also establish the relation between majorly wet waste) is generated from households, followed
by hotels, restaurants, and other commercial establishments.

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Additionally, some researchers ( (Raharjo, et al., 2018), II. STUDY DATA
(Kum, Sharp, & Harnpornchai, 2005), (Yousuf & Rahman,
2007) have recommended composting as an effective waste Panaji, the capital city ranks very high on the cultural
management option to reduce the amount of landfill waste. heritage index and is a popular tourist destination. The study
Further, the manure produced from such compost could also area spreads over the latitude of 15o26’54.02’’N to
be sold to nearby nurseries or farmers, creating an 15o30’16.69’’N and between the longitude of 73o47’40.89’’E
opportunity for generating income from the recycled product. to 73o50’16.36’’E. The city covers an area of 7.56 Km2 and
has an estimated resident population of 40,017 (M. Corp) as
Various measures are needed to ensure the efficient per the Census 2011 and generates around 50 TPD of MSW
ways of solid waste management. Upgrading waste collection (Climate&CleanAirCoalition, 2020). The city has been a
and transportation using the novel tools provided by spatial “front runner in waste management in terms of source
modeling techniques and Geographic Information Systems segregation and collection, and reports impressive service
(GIS) may result in significant cost and time savings. A figures of 95% coverage of households; 80% collection
geographic information system is a computer-based system efficiency; 98% waste segregation; 32% waste recovery; and
for capturing, storing, displaying, querying, manipulating, 80% efficiency in collection of user charges ( Corporation of
and analyzing geographically referenced data. The use of GIS the City of Panaji, 2015).” The city has 30 administrative
in conjunction with advanced technologies such as Global wards and is further divided into 12 zones for easier
Positioning System (GPS) and Remote Sensing (RS) aids in management and planning of MSW. It has 115 residential
the recording of spatial data and, as a result, the direct use of colonies 14,500 households, 350 hotels, and restaurants, and
those data for analysis and other purposes. Several recent generates around 50 tonnes of waste daily
studies, including (Balakrishnan, Mohammed, & Al-Kuwari, (Climate&CleanAirCoalition, 2020).
2019), (Ghose, Dikshit, & c, 2006), (Sanjeevi &
Shahabudeen, 2015), have suggested the use of GIS The term "Bulk Waste Generator," as used in the “Solid
technology in the waste management sector. By mapping the Waste Management Rules 2016”, refers to “buildings
sources of waste generators, planners can improve waste occupied by Central and State Government Departments or
collection, route planning, and site selection for transfer Undertakings, Local Bodies, Public Sector or Private
stations, landfills, and collection bins (Chalkias & Lasardi, Companies Undertakings, Hospitals, Nursing Homes,
2011). The combination of remote sensing and GIS allows for Schools, Colleges, Universities, other Educational
the identification of the most efficient routes in terms of both Institutions, Hostels, Hotels, Commercial Establishments,
distance and travel time, which can reduce the impact of Markets, Places of Worship, Stadia and Sports Complexes,
waste on public health and limit air pollution caused during and other similar structures that generate waste on average at
waste transportation (Ramesh & Ramakrishna, 2015). a rate more than 100 kg per day (of all waste streams put
together)” ( Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs, 2017). In
Digitization is the process of converting an analogue a small city like Panaji, Bulk waste generators include hotels,
feature such as a map into digital form, with each feature commercial establishments, marriage halls, housing societies,
having its own unique locational identity (Faust, 1995). and hospitals, which generate more than 25 kg of waste on a
Digitizing the available spatial data (which gives information daily basis (Goa Waste Management Corporation , 2022).
about the location of buildings, and other sources of waste The stream-wise break up of MSW generated is presented in
generation) will help form primary data, which can further Table 1.
help the planners analyze the situation of waste management
in the area and develop appropriate waste management plans.

The main aim of this study is to support CCP in

“optimizing waste collection and transportation” so that they
are not overburdened with the waste collected against the
estimated waste generation. Furthermore, this study aims to
explore the various benefits of using tool like GIS in the waste
management sector. The main objective of this study is to
prepare map layout mapping the source of bulk waste
generators in the 12 different zones of Panaji using GIS. As
the given map layouts mark the sources of different bulk
waste generators, the corporation could devise a route map
with suitable planning for waste collection and transportation
that will save time, money, and which in return will lead to
the optimal utilization of the waste management funds.

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Table 1: Stream-wise breakup of the MSW generated in Panaji
S. No. Waste Stream Generated TPD
1. Wet Waste 28.1
a) Hotel/ Restaurants 11

b) Households 8.5
c) Markets 8.6

2. Garden/Horticulture 9
3. Dry Waste 7

4. Littered 6
Total 50
(TPD: Tonnes Per Day) (Source: Corporation of the City of Panaji (CCP))

III. METHODOLOGY (shops, markets, schools, colleges, hotels, restaurants,

dispensaries and hospitals) in these 12 zones acquired from
In this study, 12 zones of Panaji, Goa were selected to CCP, served as the primary data for this study. The 12
retrieve information about the location of the bulk waste different zones in Panaji formed the target population.
generators of the city. Keyhole Markup Language (KML)
files containing the location of all the bulk waste generators

Fig. 1: KML files containing the 12 zones of Panaji with the bulk waste generators mapped

Open source GIS software called QGIS 3.16.2 was used create and export graphical maps as well as analyze and
for preparing the map layout of the bulk waste generators update spatial data. This enabled us to get the sources of the
located in the study area. A study demonstrating the spatial bulk waste and this will help CCP identify the bulk waste
prediction of bulk waste generators in the city of Panaji is generators and refrain them from collecting waste from bulk
novel to the city. QGIS is a GIS program that allows users to waste generators.

Fig. 2: Flowchart for the Present study

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Fig. 2: Study area map.

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Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2023 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
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Fig. 4(a): Bulk waste generators in Panaji city (from zone 1 to 11),

Fig. 4(b): Bulk waste generators in Panaji city (Zone 12)

IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION numbers of shops were found majorly localized in zone 3
(Figure 6). Likewise, the shops were also higher in zone 8
Panaji city is demarcated into 12 zones for easy (Figure 8).
management and planning of MSW. The GIS-based spatial
mapping was prepared for locating the bulk waste generators As it is observed that in the city of Panaji, the waste
within the distributed zones using the QGIS platform (Figure collection is higher than the estimated waste generation;
4-8). The zone-wise mapping of the bulk waste generators which indicates that the corporation is collecting waste from
revealed that zone 2, 3, 7, and 8 was highly concentrated with bulk waste generators. Hence, the bulk waste generators
the number of bulk waste generators (Figure 5-8). The waste should come up with solutions to reduce their contribution to
generators in Zone 2 (Figure 5) and Zone 7 (Figure 7) were waste generation. From the table 1, it can be seen that the wet
mostly related hotels/restaurants and shops whereas the waste along with garden/horticulture waste accounts for

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almost 74% of the total waste generated in Panaji. As per the Dorik, 2014), (Balakrishnan, Mohammed, & Al-Kuwari,
“Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016” if the bulk waste 2019), (Verma & Bhonde, 2014), (Khanh Nguyen-Trong,
generators could manage their own waste by composting their 2016), (Sanjeevi & Shahabudeen, 2015)) have proved that
waste instead of throwing them out, or come up with a modern technologies like GIS help in proper planning of
community-based Bio-methanation plant, it will reduce their waste collection and transportation in a city. GIS based
contribution towards waste generation. Further, the manure research provides an ideal environment for conducting spatial
prepared from such compost could be sold to the nearby research, allowing the researcher to visualize and analyze
nurseries or farmers creating an opportunity of income data on a map. The visualization of geographic data
generation from the recycled product. familiarizes waste management planners with the
investigational area and helps devise a proper route map
Being said that, there is a need to place emphasis on GIS which will help in optimizing waste collection and
based research as it helps in “optimizing for waste collection transportation.
and transportation”. Several studies ( (Mundhe, Jaybhaye, &

Fig. 3: Bulk waste generators in Zone 2, Panaji

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Fig. 6: Bulk waste generators in Zone 3, Panaji

Fig. 7: Bulk waste generators in Zone 7, Panaji

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transportation, and selecting sites for waste disposal facilities
n V. CONCLUSION
can be achieved that will save both time and cost, and the
g bulk waste generators of the city Panaji
In this study optimal utilization of the waste management funds.
were located o through GIS-based spatial mapping. The
conclusion of fthe study marked that out of the 12 zones, zone The Corporation of the City of Panaji can use these map
2, 3, 7, and 8 has a high density of bulk waste generators. layouts to support their decision-making process for efficient
B
waste management, planning routes for waste collection and
A studyudemonstrating the spatial prediction of bulk transportation (refraining collection from bulk waste
waste generatorsl in the city of Panaji is novel to the city. As generators), and eventually preparing a proper work schedule
it is observed kthat in the city the waste collection is higher for their workforce and reduce the workload. This research is
than the estimated waste generation, and which manifests that a step towards further improving the waste management
W
the corporation is collecting waste from bulk waste system in Panaji city.
generators; theamap layouts prepared as part of this study will
help plannerssto identify the sources of these bulk waste ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
generators andt facilitate in terms of route planning for waste
collection ande transportation. If the bulk waste generators The authors would like to thank the Corporation of City
could manage their own waste by composting their own waste of Panaji for providing the KML files and the stream-wise
G breakup of the MSW generated in Panaji. The authors also
instead of throwing them out, or come up with a community-
e
based Bio methanation plant, it will reduce their contribution like to express their sincere thanks to Dr. Dinesh Chander
n
towards waste generation. The bulk waste generators could Pant, Senior Fellow, TERI; Mr. Sayanta Ghosh, Research
e Non-governmental/private players to reduce
also partner with Associate, TERI; Mr. Nikhil Prakash, Research Associate,
the waste generated. TERI; and Ms. Shipra Tyagi, Phd Scholar, GGSIPU for their
r
valuable suggestions and support.
a mapping of the locations has highlighted
The resulting
the potential oft GIS as a modeling and analysis tool for spatial
data, as well aso a cartographer and visualization tool. With
GIS planning r of routes for waste collection and
s
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