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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the domesticated species of goat. For other species, see Capra (genus).
For other uses, see Goat (disambiguation).

"Billy goat" redirects here. For other uses, see Billy goat (disambiguation).

Domestic goat

Temporal range: 0.01–0 Ma

PreꞒ

C
 P

Pg

N
↓

Neolithic–Recent

A pygmy goat on a tree stump

Conservation status

Domesticated

Scientific classification

Domain: Eukaryota

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla
 Family: Bovidae

Subfamily: Caprinae

Tribe: Caprini

Genus: Capra

Species: C. hircus

Binomial name

Capra hircus

Linnaeus, 1758

Synonyms

Capra aegagrus
hircus Linnaeus, 1758
Capra depressa Linnaeus, 1758
Capra mambrica Linnaeus, 1758
Capra reversa Linnaeus, 1758

0:43 Herd of goat bleating

The goat or domestic goat (Capra hircus) is a domesticated species of goat-

antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (C.
aegagrus) of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the animal
family Bovidae and the tribe Caprini, meaning it is closely related to the sheep. There
are over 300 distinct breeds of goat.[1] It is one of the oldest domesticated species of
animal, according to archaeological evidence that its earliest domestication occurred
in Iran at 10,000 calibrated calendar years ago.[2]

Goat-herding is an ancient tradition that is still important in

places such as Egypt.

Goats have been used for milk, meat, fur, and skins across much of the world.[3] Milk
from goats is often turned into goat cheese.
In 2011, there were more than 924 million goats living in the world, according to
the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.[4]

Etymology

Goat-herding in Spain.

The Modern English word goat comes from Old English gāt "she-goat, goat in
general", which in turn derives from Proto-
Germanic *gaitaz (cf. Dutch/Frisian/Icelandic/Norwegian geit, German Geiß,
and Gothic gaits), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰaidos meaning "young goat"
(cf. Latin haedus "kid").[5] To refer to the male goat, Old English
used bucca (cf. Dutch/Frisian bok and giving modern buck) until ousted
by hegote, hegoote in the late 12th century. Nanny goat (females) originated in the
18th century, and billy goat (for males) originated in the 19th century.[citation needed]
Female goats are referred to as does or nannies, intact males are
called bucks or billies, and juvenile goats of both sexes are
called kids. Castrated males are called wethers. While the
words hircine and caprine both refer to anything having a goat-like quality, hircine is
used most often to emphasize the distinct smell of domestic goats.

History
Main article: Evolution of domestic goats

Horn cores from the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam

Goats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans. [6] The most recent
genetic analysis[7] confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild bezoar ibex of
the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats
today.[6]
 Skeleton (Capra hircus)

Neolithic farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to milk and
meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel; and their bones, hair, and
sinew were used for clothing, building, and tools. [1] The earliest remnants of
domesticated goats dating 10,000 years Before Present are found in Ganj
Dareh in Iran.[8] Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites
in Jericho, Choga Mami,[9] Djeitun, and Çayönü, dating the domestication of goats
in Western Asia at between 8,000 and 9,000 years ago.[6]
Studies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years ago as the domestication date. [7]
Historically, goat hide has been used for water and wine bottles in both traveling and
transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produce parchment.[citation needed]

Anatomy and health

Each recognized breed of goat has specific weight ranges, which vary from over
140 kg (300 lb) for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to 20 to 27 kg (45 to
60 lb) for smaller goat does.[10] Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may
have different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the size range are miniature breeds
such as the African Pygmy, which stand 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 in) at the shoulder as
adults.[11]
Horns

A white Irish goat with horns

Most goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes depending on the
breed.[12] There have been incidents of polycerate goats (having as many as eight
horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. Unlike cattle, goats
have not been successfully bred to be reliably polled, as the genes determining sex
and those determining horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically
polled goats results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring,
which are typically sterile.[12] Their horns are made of living bone surrounded
by keratin and other proteins, and are used for defense, dominance, and territoriality. [13]
Digestion and lactation
Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen,
the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they
are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in
contrast to cattle, which have four teats. [14] An exception to this is the Boer goat, which
sometimes may have up to eight teats.[15][16]
Eyes

Eye with horizontal pupil

Goats have horizontal, slit-shaped pupils. Because goats' irises are usually pale, their
contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer,
most horses, and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris
and sclera.[citation needed] Goats have no tear ducts.[17]
Beards
Both male and female goats may have beards, and many types of goat (most
commonly dairy goats, dairy-cross Boers, and pygmy goats) may have wattles, one
dangling from each side of the neck.[18]
Tan

Brown/tan goat with some white spotting

Goats expressing the tan pattern have coats pigmented completely

with pheomelanin (tan/brown pigment). The allele which codes for this pattern is
located at the agouti locus of the goat genome. It is completely dominant to all other
alleles at this locus. There are multiple modifier genes which control how much tan
pigment is actually expressed, so a tan-patterned goat can have a coat ranging from
pure white to deep red.[citation needed]
Genetics
Goats are diploid and have 60 chromosomes.[19] The SLC11A1 gene is located on
goat chromosome 2.[20]

Reproduction
"Goat sex" redirects here. For the shock site, see goatse.cx.

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please

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section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June
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Goat kid

Goats reach puberty between three and 15 months of age, depending on breed and
nutritional status. Many breeders prefer to postpone breeding until the doe has
reached 70% of the adult weight, but this separation is rarely possible in extensively
managed, open-range herds.[21]
In temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, the breeding season commences
as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring or before. In equatorial regions,
goats are able to breed at any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions
depends more on available forage than on day length. Does of any breed or region
come into estrus (heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags
(vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more
vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration
of the heat.

A two-month-old goat kid in a field of capeweed

Bucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with
the does' heat cycles. Bucks of equatorial breeds may show seasonal reduced
fertility, but as with the does, are capable of breeding at all times. Rut is
characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does. [13] A buck
in rut will display flehmen lip curling and will urinate on his forelegs and face.
[22]
Sebaceous scent glands at the base of the horns add to the male goat's odor,
which is important to make him attractive to the female. Some does will not mate
with a buck which has been descented.[13]
In addition to natural, traditional mating, artificial insemination has gained popularity
among goat breeders, as it allows easy access to a wide variety of bloodlines.

A female goat and two kids

Gestation length is approximately 150 days. Twins are the usual result, with single
and triplet births also common. Less frequent are litters of quadruplet, quintuplet, and
even sextuplet kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully. Just
before kidding, the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip, as well as
heavy breathing. She may have a worried look, become restless and display great
affection for her keeper. The mother often eats the placenta, which gives her much-
needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of
wild herbivores, such as deer, to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators. [23][24]
Freshening usually (coming into milk production) occurs at kidding, although milk
production is also relatively common in unbred doelings of dairy breeds. [25]Milk
production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats
generally produce between 680 and 1,810 kg (1,500 and 4,000 lb) of milk per 305-
day lactation. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least 3 kg (6 lb) of milk
per day while she is in milk. A first-time milker may produce less, or as much as 7 kg
(16 lb), or more of milk in exceptional cases. After the lactation, the doe will "dry off",
typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and
are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days. [26] Meat,
fiber, and pet breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids
until weaning.
Male lactation is also known to occur in goats.[27]

Diet
Goats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, including tin cans
and cardboard boxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they
are browsing animals, not grazers like cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their highly
curious nature) will chew on and taste just about anything remotely resembling plant
matter to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard, clothing and paper
(such as labels from tin cans).[28]
Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually
consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the
occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is
extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic. [29] They will
seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing starvation. This is
one reason goat-rearing is most often free-ranging, since stall-fed goat-rearing
involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable. [citation needed]

A domestic goat feeding in a field of capeweed, a weed

which is toxic to most stock animals

Goats prefer to browse on vines, such as kudzu, on shrubbery and on weeds, more like
deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses. Nightshade is poisonous; wilted fruit tree
leaves can also kill goats. Silage (fermented corn stalks) and haylage (fermented
grass hay) can be used if consumed immediately after opening – goats are
particularly sensitive to Listeria bacteria that can grow in fermented feeds. Alfalfa, a
high-protein plant, is widely fed as hay; fescue is the least palatable and least
nutritious hay. Mold in a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it due to the
presence of mycotoxins. Goats can contract Listeriosis, which is a life-threatening
disease often caused by the ingestion moldy hay. In various places in China, goats
are used in the production of tea. Goats are released onto the tea terraces where
they avoid consuming the green tea leaves (which contain bitter tasting substances),
but instead eat the weeds. The goats' droppings fertilise the tea plants. [30]
The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is
essentially the same as that of a monogastric animal. Milk digestion begins in
the abomasum, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the
reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but
as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its
capacity to absorb nutrients.[31]
The adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its
diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with all livestock, increased protein diets
(10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth
rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories. [32] Large-
framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to
42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full
potential. Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for
maintenance of daily functions.[33]

Behavior
An example of goats browsing together in Japan.

Goats are naturally curious. They are also agile and well known for their ability to
climb and balance in precarious places. This makes them the only ruminant to
regularly climb trees. Due to their agility and inquisitiveness, they are notorious for
escaping their pens by testing fences and enclosures, either intentionally or simply
because they are used to climbing. If any of the fencing can be overcome, goats will
almost inevitably escape. Goats have been found to be as intelligent as dogs by
some studies.[34]

Goats establish a dominance hierarchy in flocks, sometimes

through head butting.

When handled as a group, goats tend to display less herding behavior than sheep.
When grazing undisturbed, they tend to spread across the field or range, rather than
feed side by side as do sheep. When nursing young, goats will leave their kids
separated ("lying out") rather than clumped, as do sheep. They will generally turn
and face an intruder and bucks are more likely to charge or butt at humans than
are rams.[35]

Goats blocking a road in Ladakh

A study by Queen Mary University reports that goats try to communicate with people
in the same manner as domesticated animals such as dogs and horses. Goats were
first domesticated as livestock more than 10,000 years ago. Research conducted to
test communication skills found that the goats will look to a human for assistance
when faced with a challenge that had previously been mastered, but was then
modified. Specifically, when presented with a box, the goat was able to remove the
lid and retrieve a treat inside, but when the box was turned so the lid could not be
removed, the goat would turn and gaze at the person and move toward them, before
looking back toward the box. This is the same type of complex communication
observed by animals bred as domestic pets, such as dogs. Researchers believe that
better understanding of human-goat interaction could offer overall improvement in
the animals' welfare.[36][37] The field of anthrozoology has established that
domesticated animals have the capacity for complex communication with humans
when in 2015 a Japanese scientist determined that levels of oxytocin did increase in
human subjects when dogs were exposed to a dose of the "love hormone", proving
that a human-animal bond does exist. This is the same affinity that was proven with
the London study above; goats are intelligent, capable of complex communication,
and able to form bonds.[38]

Diseases
Main article: List of infectious sheep and goat diseases

While goats are generally considered hardy animals and in many situations receive
little medical care, they are subject to a number of diseases. Among the conditions
affecting goats are respiratory diseases including pneumonia, foot rot, internal
parasites, pregnancy toxicosis, and feed toxicity. Feed toxicity can vary based on
breed and location. Certain foreign fruits and vegetables can be toxic to different
breeds of goats.[citation needed]
Goats can become infected with various viral and bacterial diseases, such as foot-
and-mouth disease, caprine arthritis encephalitis, caseous lymphadenitis, pinkeye, mastitis,
and pseudorabies. They can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to people, such
as tuberculosis, brucellosis, Q fever, and rabies.[39]

Life expectancy
Life expectancy for goats is between 15 and 18 years. [40] An instance of a goat
reaching the age of 24 has been reported. [41]
Several factors can reduce this average expectancy; problems during kidding can
lower a doe's expected life span to 10 or 11, and stresses of going into rut can lower
a buck's expected life span to eight to 10 years.[41]

Agriculture
Main article: Goat farming

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section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June
2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Goat husbandry is common through the Norte Chico region

in Chile. Intensive goat husbandry in drylands may produce severe erosion and desertification.
Image from upper Limarí River

A goat is useful to humans when it is living and when it is dead, first as a renewable
provider of milk, manure, and fiber, and then as meat and hide.
[42]
Some charities provide goats to impoverished people in poor countries, because
goats are easier and cheaper to manage than cattle, and have multiple uses. In
addition, goats are used for driving and packing purposes.
The intestine of goats is used to make "catgut", which is still in use as a material for
internal human surgical sutures and strings for musical instruments. The horn of the
goat, which signifies plenty and wellbeing (the cornucopia), is also used to
make spoons.[43]
Worldwide population statistics
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the top producers of goat
milk in 2008 were India (4 million metric tons), Bangladesh (2.16 million metric tons),
and the Sudan (1.47 million metric tons).[44] India slaughters 41% of 124.4 million
goats each year. The 0.6 million metric tonnes of goat meat make up 8% of India's
annual meat production.[45] Approximately 440 million goats are slaughtered each
year for meat worldwide.[46]
Husbandry

Species-appropriate goat husbandry with stable and hay

rack

Husbandry, or animal care and use, varies by region and culture. The particular
housing used for goats depends not only on the intended use of the goat, but also on
the region of the world where they are raised. Historically, domestic goats were
generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended
by goatherds who were frequently children or adolescents, similar to the more widely
known shepherd. These methods of herding are still used today.
In some parts of the world, especially Europe and North America, distinct breeds of
goats are kept for dairy (milk) and for meat production. Excess male kids of dairy
breeds are typically slaughtered for meat. Both does and bucks of meat breeds may
be slaughtered for meat, as well as older animals of any breed. The meat of older
bucks (more than one year old) is generally considered not desirable for meat for
human consumption. Castration at a young age prevents the development of typical
buck odor.

Goats are important livestock for smallholder farmers in

many countries, such as this woman from Burkina Faso.

Dairy goats are generally pastured in summer and may be stabled during the winter.
As dairy does are milked daily, they are generally kept close to the milking shed.
Their grazing is typically supplemented with hay and concentrates. Stabled goats
may be kept in stalls similar to horses, or in larger group pens. In the US system,
does are generally rebred annually. In some European commercial dairy systems,
the does are bred only twice, and are milked continuously for several years after the
second kidding.
Meat goats are more frequently pastured year-round, and may be kept many miles
from barns. Angora and other fiber breeds are also kept on pasture or range. Range-
kept and pastured goats may be supplemented with hay or concentrates, most
frequently during the winter or dry seasons.
In the Indian subcontinent and much of Asia, goats are kept largely for milk production,
both in commercial and household settings. The goats in this area may be kept
closely housed or may be allowed to range for fodder. The Salem Black goat is
herded to pasture in fields and along roads during the day, but is kept penned at
night for safe-keeping.[47]
In Africa and the Mideast, goats are typically run in flocks with sheep. This
maximizes the production per acre, as goats and sheep prefer different food plants.
Multiple types of goat-raising are found in Ethiopia, where four main types have been
identified: pastured in annual crop systems, in perennial crop systems, with cattle,
and in arid areas, under pastoral (nomadic) herding systems. In all four systems,
however, goats were typically kept in extensive systems, with few purchased inputs.
[48]
Household goats are traditionally kept in Nigeria. While many goats are allowed to
wander the homestead or village, others are kept penned and fed in what is called a
'cut-and-carry' system. This type of husbandry is also used in parts of Latin America.
Cut-and-carry, which refers to the practice of cutting down grasses, corn or cane for
feed rather than allowing the animal access to the field, is particularly suited for types
of feed, such as corn or cane, that are easily destroyed by trampling. [49]
Pet goats may be found in many parts of the world when a family keeps one or more
animals for emotional reasons rather than as production animals. It is becoming
more common for goats to be kept exclusively as pets in North America and Europe.
Meat
Main article: Goat meat

See also: List of goat dishes

The Boer goat – in this case a buck – is a widely kept meat

breed.

The taste of goat kid meat is similar to that of spring lamb meat;[50] in fact, in the
English-speaking islands of the Caribbean, and in some parts of Asia,
particularly Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India, the word "mutton" is used to describe both
goat and sheep meat. However, some compare the taste of goat meat
to veal or venison, depending on the age and condition of the goat. Its flavor is said to
be primarily linked to the presence of 4-methyloctanoic and 4-methylnonanoic acid.[51] It
can be prepared in a variety of ways,
including stewing, baking, grilling, barbecuing, canning, and frying; it can
be minced, curried, or made into sausage. Due to its low fat content, the meat can
toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most
popular goats grown for meat is the South African Boer, introduced into the United
States in the early 1990s. The New Zealand Kiko is also considered a meat breed, as
is the myotonic or "fainting goat", a breed originating in Tennessee.
Milk, butter, and cheese
Main article: Goat milk

See also: List of goat milk cheeses

A goat being machine milked on an organic farm

Goats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply. [52] Some goats are
bred specifically for milk. If the strong-smelling buck is not separated from the does,
his scent will affect the milk.
Goat milk naturally has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream
remains suspended in the milk, instead of rising to the top, as in raw cow milk;
therefore, it does not need to be homogenized. Indeed, if the milk is to be used to
make cheese, homogenization is not recommended, as this changes the structure of
the milk, affecting the culture's ability to coagulate the milk and the final quality and
yield of cheese.[53]
Dairy goats in their prime (generally around the third or fourth lactation cycle)
average—2.7 to 3.6 kg (6 to 8 lb)—of milk production daily—roughly 2.8 to 3.8 L (3
to 4 U.S. qt)—during a ten-month lactation, producing more just after freshening and
gradually dropping in production toward the end of their lactation. The milk generally
averages 3.5% butterfat.[54]
Goat milk is commonly processed into cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, cajeta and
other products. Goat cheese is known as fromage de chèvre ("goat cheese") in
France. Some varieties include Rocamadour and Montrachet.[55] Goat butter is white
because goats produce milk with the yellow beta-carotene converted to a colorless
form of vitamin A. Goat milk has less cholesterol than cow's milk.[56]
Nutrition
The American Academy of Pediatrics discourages feeding infants milk derived from
goats. An April 2010 case report[57] summarizes their recommendation and presents
"a comprehensive review of the consequences associated with this dangerous
practice", also stating, "Many infants are exclusively fed unmodified goat's milk as a
result of cultural beliefs as well as exposure to false online information. Anecdotal
reports have described a host of morbidities associated with that practice, including
severe electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic
reactions including life-threatening anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic syndrome,
and infections." Untreated caprine brucellosis results in a 2% case fatality rate.
According to the USDA, doe milk is not recommended for human infants because it
contains "inadequate quantities of iron, folate, vitamins
C and D, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid to meet an infant’s nutritional
needs" and may cause harm to an infant's kidneys and could cause metabolic
damage.[58]
The department of health in the United Kingdom has repeatedly released statements
stating on various occasions that[59] "Goats' milk is not suitable for babies, and infant
formulas and follow-on formulas based on goats' milk protein have not been
approved for use in Europe", and "infant milks based on goats' milk protein are not
suitable as a source of nutrition for infants." [60] Moreover, according to the Canadian
federal health department Health Canada, most of the dangers of, and counter-
indications for, feeding unmodified goat's milk to infants parallel those associated
with unmodified cow's milk — especially insofar as allergic reactions go. [61]
However, some farming groups promote the practice. For example, Small Farm
Today, in 2005, claimed beneficial use in invalid and convalescent diets, proposing
that glycerol ethers, possibly important in nutrition for nursing infants, are much higher
in does' milk than in cows' milk.[62] A 1970 book on animal breeding claimed that does'
milk differs from cows' or humans' milk by having higher digestibility,
distinct alkalinity, higher buffering capacity, and certain therapeutic values in human
medicine and nutrition.[63] George Mateljan suggested doe milk can replace ewe
milk or cow milk in diets of those who are allergic to certain mammals' milk.
[64]
However, like cow milk, doe milk has lactose (sugar), and may cause gastrointestinal
problems for individuals with lactose intolerance.[64] In fact, the level of lactose is similar
to that of cow milk.[60]
Some researchers and companies producing goat's milk products have made claims
that goat's milk is better for human health than most Western cow's milk due to it
mostly lacking a form of β-casein proteins called A1, and instead mostly
containing the A2 form, which does not metabolize to β-casomorphin 7 in the body.[65][66]
[67][68]

Basic composition of various milks (mean values per 100 g)[69]

Constituent Doe (goat) Cow Human

Fat (g) 3.8 3.6 4.0

Protein (g) 3.5 3.3 1.2

Lactose (g) 4.1 4.6 6.9

 Ash (g) 0.8 0.7 0.2

Total solids (g) 12.2 12.3 12.3

Calories 70 69 68

Milk composition analysis, per 100 grams[70]

Co Doe Ewe Water

Constituents Unit
w (goat) (sheep) buffalo

Water g 87.8 88.9 83.0 81.1

Protein g 3.2 3.1 5.4 4.5

Fat g 3.9 3.5 6.0 8.0

Carbohydrates g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9

Energy kcal 66 60 95 110

Energy kJ 275 253 396 463

Sugars (lactose) g 4.8 4.4 5.1 4.9

Cholesterol mg 14 10 11 8

Calcium IU 120 100 170 195

Saturated fatty acids g 2.4 2.3 3.8 4.2

Monounsaturated fatty acids g 1.1 0.8 1.5 1.7

Polyunsaturated fatty acids g 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2

These compositions vary by breed (especially in the Nigerian Dwarf breed), animal,
and point in the lactation period.
Fiber

An Angora goat

The Angora breed of goats produces long, curling, lustrous locks of mohair. The
entire body of the goat is covered with mohair and there are no guard hairs. The
locks constantly grow to four inches or more in length. Angora crossbreeds, such as
the pygora and the nigora, have been created to produce mohair and/or cashgora on
a smaller, easier-to-manage animal. The wool is shorn twice a year, with an average
yield of about 4.5 kg (10 lb).
Most goats have softer insulating hairs nearer the skin, and longer guard hairs on the
surface. The desirable fiber for the textile industry is the former, and it goes by
several names (down, cashmere and pashmina). The coarse guard hairs are of little
value as they are too coarse, difficult to spin and difficult to dye. The cashmere
goat produces a commercial quantity of cashmere wool, which is one of the most
expensive natural fibers commercially produced; cashmere is very fine and soft. The
cashmere goat fiber is harvested once a year, yielding around 260 g (9 oz) of down.
In South Asia, cashmere is called "pashmina" (from Persian pashmina, "fine wool"). In
the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called Cashmere by the British),
had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat-hair imported from Tibet and
Tartary through Ladakh. The shawls were introduced into Western Europe
when Napoleon Bonaparte, the General in Chief of the French campaign in Egypt (1798–
1801), sent one to Paris. Since these shawls were produced in the
upper Kashmir and Ladakh region, the wool came to be known as "cashmere".
Land clearing

Goats managing the landscape alongside German

autobahn A59.

Goats have been used by humans to clear unwanted vegetation for centuries. They
have been described as "eating machines" and "biological control agents". [71][72] There
has been a resurgence of this in North America since 1990, when herds were used
to clear dry brush from California hillsides thought to be endangered by potential
wildfires. This form of using goats to clear land is sometimes known as conservation
grazing. Since then, numerous public and private agencies have hired private herds
from companies such as Rent A Goat to perform similar tasks.[71][73] This may be
expensive and their smell may be a nuisance. [74] This practice has become popular in
the Pacific Northwest, where they are used to remove invasive species not easily
removed by humans, including (thorned) blackberry vines and poison oak.[71][75]
[76]
Chattanooga, TN and Spartanburg, SC have used goats to control kudzu, an
invasive plant species prevalent in the southeastern United States. [77]
Medical training
As a goat's anatomy and physiology is not too dissimilar from that of humans, some
countries' militaries use goats to train combat medics. In the United States, goats have
become the main animal species used for this purpose after the Pentagon phased
out using dogs for medical training in the 1980s. [78] While modern mannequins used in
medical training are quite efficient in simulating the behavior of a human body,
trainees feel that "the goat exercise provide[s] a sense of urgency that only real life
trauma can provide".[79]

Pets

Goats following humans.

Some people choose goats as a pet because of their ability to form close bonds with
their human guardians.[80][81] Goats are social animals and usually prefer the company of
other goats, but because of their herd mentality, they will follow their owner and form
close bonds with them, hence their continuing popularity. [36]
Goats are similar to deer with regard to nutrition and need a wide range of food,
including things like hay, chaffhaye, grain feed or pelleted grain mix, and loose
minerals.[82] Goats generally either inherit certain feeding preferences or learn them
after birth.[83]

Breeds
Main article: List of goat breeds

Goat breeds fall into overlapping, general categories. They are generally distributed
in those used for dairy, fiber, meat, skins, and as companion animals. Some breeds
are also particularly noted as pack goats.

Showing
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A Nigerian Dwarf milker in show clip. This doe is angular

and dairy with a capacious and well supported mammary system.

Goat breeders' clubs frequently hold shows, where goats are judged on traits relating
to conformation, udder quality, evidence of high production, longevity, build and
muscling (meat goats and pet goats) and fiber production and the fiber itself (fiber
goats). People who show their goats usually keep registered stock and the offspring
of award-winning animals command a higher price. Registered goats, in general, are
usually higher-priced if for no other reason than that records have been kept proving
their ancestry and the production and other data of their sires, dams, and other
ancestors. A registered doe is usually less of a gamble than buying a doe at random
(as at an auction or sale barn) because of these records and the reputation of the
breeder.
Children's clubs such as 4-H also allow goats to be shown. Children's shows often
include a showmanship class, where the cleanliness and presentation of both the
animal and the exhibitor as well as the handler's ability and skill in handling the goat
are scored. In a showmanship class, conformation is irrelevant since this is not what
is being judged.
Various "Dairy Goat Scorecards" (milking does) are systems used for judging shows
in the US. The American Dairy Goat Association (ADGA) scorecard for an adult doe
includes a point system of a hundred total with major categories that include general
appearance, the dairy character of a doe (physical traits that aid and increase milk
production), body capacity, and specifically for the mammary system. Young stock
and bucks are judged by different scorecards which place more emphasis on the
other three categories; general appearance, body capacity, and dairy character.
The American Goat Society (AGS) has a similar, but not identical scorecard that is
used in their shows. The miniature dairy goats may be judged by either of the two
scorecards. The "Angora Goat scorecard" used by the Colored Angora Goat
Breeder's Association (CAGBA), which covers the white and the colored goats,
includes evaluation of an animal's fleece color, density, uniformity, fineness, and
general body confirmation. Disqualifications include: a deformed mouth, broken
down pasterns, deformed feet, crooked legs, abnormalities of testicles, missing
testicles, more than 3 inch split in scrotum, and close-set or distorted horns.

Mythology and folklore

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2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

An ancient Greek oenochoe depicting wild goats

Archaeologists excavating the ancient city of Ebla in Syria discovered, among others,
the tomb of some king or great noble which included a throne decorated with bronze
goat heads. That led to this tomb becoming known as "The Tomb of the Lord of the
Goats".[84][85]
According to Norse mythology, the god of thunder, Thor, has a chariot that is pulled by
the goats Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr.[86] At night when he sets up camp, Thor eats the
meat of the goats, but takes care that all bones remain whole. Then he wraps the
remains up, and in the morning, the goats always come back to life to pull the
chariot. When a farmer's son who is invited to share the meal breaks one of the
goats' leg bones to suck the marrow, the animal's leg remains broken in the morning,
and the boy is forced to serve Thor as a servant to compensate for the damage.
 Glazed brick depicting a wild goat, from Nimrud, Iraq, 9th–7th
century BCE. Iraq Museum

Possibly related, the Yule Goat is one of the oldest Scandinavian and
Northern European Yule and Christmas symbols and traditions. Yule Goat originally
denoted the goat that was slaughtered around Yule, but it may also indicate a goat
figure made out of straw. It is also used about the custom of going door-to-door
singing carols and getting food and drinks in return, often fruit, cakes and sweets.
"Going Yule Goat" is similar to the British custom wassailing, both with heathen roots.
The Gävle Goat is a giant version of the Yule Goat, erected every year in the Swedish
city of Gävle.
The Greek god Pan is said to have the upper body of a man and the horns and lower
body of a goat.[86] Pan was a very lustful god, nearly all of the myths involving him had
to do with him chasing nymphs. He is also credited with creating the pan flute.
The goat is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese
zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. Each animal is associated with certain
personality traits; those born in a year of the goat are predicted to be shy, introverted,
creative, and perfectionist.

Amalthée et la chèvre de Jupiter (Amalthea and Jupiter's goat);

commissioned by the Queen of France in 1787 for the royal dairy at Rambouillet

Several mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat,
including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as
a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat
and part human. The mineral bromine is named from the Greek word "brόmos",
which means "stench of he-goats".
Popular Christian folk tradition in Europe associated Satan with imagery of goats.[86] A
common superstition in the Middle Ages was that goats whispered lewd sentences in
the ears of the saints. The origin of this belief was probably the behavior of the buck
in rut, the very epitome of lust. The common medieval depiction of the devil was that
of a goat-like face with horns and small beard (a goatee). The Black Mass, a probably
mythological "Satanic mass", involved Satan manifesting as a black goat for worship.
The goat has had a lingering connection with Satanism and pagan religions, even into
modern times. The inverted pentagram, a symbol used in Satanism, is said to be
shaped like a goat's head. The "Baphomet of Mendes" refers to a Satanic goat-like
figure from 19th-century occultism.

A goat in the coat of arms Geta, a municipality of Åland

In Finland the tradition of Nuutinpäivä—St. Knut's Day, January 13—involves young

men dressed as goats (Finnish: Nuuttipukki) who visit houses. Usually the dress was
an inverted fur jacket, a leather or birch bark mask, and horns. Unlike the
analogues Santa Claus, Nuuttipukki was a scary character (cf. Krampus). The men
dressed as Nuuttipukki wandered from house to house, came in, and typically
demanded food from the household and especially leftover alcoholic beverages. In
Finland the Nuuttipukki tradition is still kept alive in areas of Satakunta, Southwest
Finland and Ostrobothnia. However, nowadays the character is usually played by
children and now involves a happy encounter. [87]
The common Russian surname Kozlov (Russian: Козло́в), means
"goat". Goatee refers to a style of facial hair incorporating hair on a man's chin, so
named because of some similarity to a goat's facial feature.
Religion

Baphomet, a deity commonly portrayed as having the head of a

goat and a human body.

Goats are mentioned many times in the Bible. Their importance in ancient Israel is
indicated by the seven different Hebrew and three Greek terms used in the Bible. [88] A
goat is considered a "clean" animal by Jewish dietary laws and a kid was slaughtered
for an honored guest. It was also acceptable for some kinds of sacrifices. Goat-hair
curtains were used in the tent that contained the tabernacle (Exodus 25:4). Its horns
can be used instead of sheep's horn to make a shofar.[89] On Yom Kippur, the festival
of the Day of Atonement, two goats were chosen and lots were drawn for them. One
was sacrificed and the other allowed to escape into the wilderness, symbolically
carrying with it the sins of the community. From this comes the word "scapegoat". A
leader or king was sometimes compared to a male goat leading the flock. [citation needed]
In Matthew 25:31–46, Jesus said that like a shepherd he will separate the nations
placing on his right hand the sheep, those who have shown kindness to needy and
suffering disciples of Jesus and others. These he will reward, but the goats at his left
hand, who failed to show kindness, will be punished. Although both sheep and goats
were valued as livestock, this preference for sheep may relate to the importance of
wool and the superior meat of adult sheep compared to the poor meat of adult goats.
[88]

Satanism

The Sigil of Baphomet, the official insignia of the Church of Satan and LaVeyan Satanism.
In some depictions the devil is depicted, like Baphomet, as a goat, therefore the goat
and goat's head is a significant symbol throughout Satanism. The
inverted pentagram is the symbol used for Satanism, sometimes depicted with the
goat's head of Baphomet within it, which originated from the Church of Satan. The
goat's head and head of Baphomet is also used in the logo for The Satanic Temple,
which also featured the inverted pentagram.

Feral goats
Main article: Feral goat

Feral goat in Aruba

Goats readily revert to the wild (become feral) if given the opportunity. The only
domestic animal known to return to feral life as swiftly is the cat. [6] Feral goats have
established themselves in many areas: they occur in Australia, New Zealand, Great
Britain, the Galapagos and in many other places. When feral goats reach large
populations in habitats which provide unlimited water supply and which do not
contain sufficient large predators or which are otherwise vulnerable to goats'
aggressive grazing habits, they may have serious effects, such as removing
native scrub, trees and other vegetation which is required by a wide range of other
creatures, not just other grazing or browsing animals. Feral goats are extremely
common in Australia, with an estimated 2.6 million in the mid-1990s.[90] However, in
other circumstances where predator pressure is maintained, they may be
accommodated into some balance in the local food web. [citation needed]

See also
 Goat tower
 Sheep–goat hybrid

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External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to Goats.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Goats.

 British Goat Society

 Goat breeds from the Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University
 International Goat Association
 North American Packgoats Association
 The American Dairy Goat Association

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Extant Artiodactyla species

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Milk

 Wikidata: Q2934

 Wikispecies: Capra hircus

 TSA: 3394

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Authority control databases

Categories:

 Domesticated animals
 Capra (genus)
 Goats
 Goat's-milk cheeses
 Herbivorous mammals
 Livestock
 Mammals described in 1758
 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
 This page was last edited on 20 September 2023, at 19:10 (UTC).
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