HEAT TRANSFER

REVIEW
1. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6-in wall of firebrick with a temperature difference
across the wall of 50 Co. The thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-oF at the
temperature interest.
 2. The heat loss per hour through 1 ft2 of furnace wall 18” thick is 520 Btu/s. The inside wall
temperature is 1900oF, and its average thermal conductivity is 0.61 Btu/s-ft-oF. Solve for the
outside wall temperature.
3. If the total resistance to heat flow of a composite wall is 3.0875 m2-K/W. What is the overall
heat transfer coefficient of the wall?
 4. A vertical furnace wall is made up of an inner wall of firebrick 20 cm thick followed by an
insulating brick 15 cm thick and an outer wall of steel 1 cm thick. The surface temperature of
the wall adjacent to the combustion chamber is 1200oC while that of the outer surface of steel
is 50oC. The thermal conductivities of the wall material in W/m-K are firebrick, 10; insulting
brick, 0.26; and steel, 45. Neglecting the film resistances and contact resistance of joints,
determine the heat loss per m2 of wall area.
 5. A composite wall is made up of an external thickness of brickwork 110 mm thick inside
which is a layer of fiberglass 75 mm thick. The fiberglass is faced internally by an insulating
board 25 mm thick. The coefficient of thermal conductivity for the three are as follows:
Brickwork 1.5 W/m-K
Fiberglass 0.04 W/m-K
Insulating Board 0.06 W/m-K

The surface transfer coefficients of the inside wall is 3.1 W/m2-K while that of the outside wall is
2.5 W/m2-K. Take the internal ambient temperature as 10oC and the external temperature as
27oC. Determine the heat loss through such wall 6 m high and 10 m long.
 6. The force convection coefficient for a hot fluid flowing over a cool surface is 120 W/m2-K.
The fluid temperature upstream from the cool surface is 394 K and the surface is held at 283 K.
Determine the heat transfer per unit surface area from the fluid to the surface area.
7. A heat exchanger is to be designed for the following specifications:
Hot gas temperature 1145oC
Cold gas temperature 45oC
Unit surface conductance on the hot side 230 W/m2-K
Unit surface conductance on the cold side 290 W/m2-K
Thermal Conductivity of the Metal Wall 115 W/m-K

Find the maximum thickness of the metal wall between the hot gas and the cold gas so that the
maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 545oC.
 8. Calculate the thermal diffusivity of pure aluminum with density of 2,702 kg/m3, thermal
conductivity of 237 W/m-K and specific heat of 0.903 kJ/kg-K.
 9. A 3-mm diameter and 5-m long electric wire is tightly wrapped with a 2-mm thick plastic
cover whose thermal conductivity is k = 0.15 W/m-Co. Electrical measurement indicates that a
current of 10 A passes through the wire and there is a voltage drop of 8 V along the wire. If the
insulated wire is exposed to a medium at 30oC, with heat transfer coefficient h = 12 W/m2-Co,
determine the temperature interface of the wire and the critical radius.
10. Solve for the critical radius in cm for an asbestos-cement covered pipe whose k = 0.208
W/m-K. The external heat transfer coefficient is 1.5 Btu/hr-ft2-Fo
 11. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 MPa, passes through a 10.10 cm standard steel pipe for a
total distance of 152 m. The steam line is insulated with 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia.
For an ambient temperature of 22oC, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its
destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg/s?

Properties of Steam:
Pressure Temperature Enthalpy
hf hfg hg
2.05 MPa 213.67oC 914.52 kJ/kg 1885.5 kJ/kg 2800 kJ/kg

“k” for 85% magnesia is 0.069 W/m-K and ho for still air is 9.36 W/m2-K
 12. An insulated steam pipe located where the ambient temperature is 32oC, has an inside
diameter of 50 mm with 10 mm-thick wall. The outside diameter of the corrugated asbestos
insulation is 125 mm and the surface coefficient of still air, ho = 12 W/m2-K. Inside the pipe is
steam having a temperature of 150oC with film coefficient hi = 6000 W/m2-K. Thermal
conductivity of the pipe and asbestos insulation are 45 and 0.12 W/m-K, respectively.
Determine the heat loss per unit length of pipe.
 13. How many watts will be radiated from a spherical black body 15 cm in diameter at a
temperature of 800oC?
 14. Two parallel plates 1 m by 2 m in cross-section are maintained at 1000 K and 500 K. The
configuration factor between the plates, F12, equals 0.50. If the plates are both assumed to be
black bodies, find the net heat transfer between them.
 15. A hollow sphere is heated by means of a heating coil having a resistance of 100 Ω placed in
the inside cavity. The average thermal conductivity of the sphere is 30 Btu/hr-ft-oF. Calculate the current
necessary to maintain the temperature difference between the inside and outside surfaces of 8 Fo. The
inside and outside diameters of the sphere are 20.32 cm and 22.86 cm respectively.
 16. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient air and its
surrounding which are at 25oC by a brick wall 0.15-m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity
of 1.2 W/m-K and a surface emissivity of 0.80. Under steady state conditions, an outer surface
temperature of 100oC is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the air adjoining this
surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2-K. What is the inner
temperature in oC?
 17. A liquid to liquid counterflow heat exchanger is used to heat a cold fluid from 120oF to
310oF. Assuming that the hot fluid enters at 500oF and leaves at 400oF, calculate the log mean
temperature difference for the heat exchanger.
 18. A turbo-generator, 16-cylinder, Vee type diesel engine has an air consumption of 3000
kg/hr per cylinder at rated load and speed. This air is drawn in thru a filter by a centrifugal
compressor directly connected to the exhaust gas turbine. The temperature of the air from the
compressor is 145oC and a counterflow air cooler reduces the air temperature to 45oC before it
goes to the engine suction header. Cooling water enters the air cooler at 30oC and leaves at
38oC. Calculate the arithmetic mean temperature difference.
 19. A heat exchanger has an over-all coefficient of heat transfer of 900 W/m2-K. The mean
temperature difference is 20oC and the heat loss is 15,000 W. Calculate the heat transfer area.
 20. What is the LMTD in oC of a double-piped counterflow heat exchanger where a fluid enters
at 90oC and exits at 50oC. Inside the inner pipe, another fluid enters at 20oC and exits at 60oC.
 21. A fuel oil of 20oAPI is to be heated in a heater which makes two passes thru heater tubes
and the heating fluid makes one pass, but the flow is cross-flow through the heater due to
baffles inside the shell.
Quantity of oil to be heated 3000 Li/hr
Temperature of oil entering the heater tubes 21oC
Temperature of oil leaving the heater tubes 95oC

Heating fluid, steam enters at 105oC and leaves as a condensate at 105oC, Assume specific heat
of oil to be 2.093 kJ/kg-K. Find the heating surface area if the over-all coefficient of heat
transfer is taken as 140 W/m2-Co
 22. A room is initially at the outdoor temperature of 25oC. Now a large fan that consumes 200
W of electricity when running is turned on. The heat transfer rate between the room and the
outdoor air is given as Q=UA(Ti-To) where U=6 W/m2-Co is the overall heat transfer coefficient,
A=30 m2 is the exposed surface area of the room, and Ti and To are the indoor and outdoor air
temperatures, respectively. Determine the indoor air temperature when steady operating
conditions are established.