Particle Model of Matter (H) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.

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A student investigated how the temperature of a lump of ice varied as the ice was heated.
1.
The student recorded the temperature until the ice melted and then the water produced boiled.

The figure below shows the student’s results.

The power output of the heater was constant.

boiling

melting

(a) The specific heat capacity of ice is less than the specific heat capacity of water.

Explain how the figure above shows this.

1. The temperature of ice increased faster than the temperature of water.
___________________________________________________________________
2. The Gradient of ice is steeper as compared to the gradient of water.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
If the gradient is steeper, then the specific heat capacity is less.
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(2)

(b) The specific latent heat of fusion of ice is less than the specific latent heat of vaporisation of
water.

Explain how the figure above shows this.

Water took more time to vaporize then the ice to melt.
___________________________________________________________________
which means that from ice to melt less energy is required and to boil more energy is required.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(c) A second student did the same investigation and recorded the temperature until the water
produced boiled.

In the second student’s investigation more thermal energy was transferred to the
surroundings. (more energy is lost)

Describe two ways the results of the experiment in the figure above would have been
different.

Ice/water will take more time to increase in temperature.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
They would more time to change state.
2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) When the water was boiling, 0.030 kg of water turned into steam.

The energy transferred to the water was 69 kJ.

Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.

Give the unit.

mass = 0.030 kg
___________________________________________________________________
E = 69kJ, 69,000
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
E = m L , L = E/m, E = Joules, m = kg
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L= 69 000/0.03 = 2300000 J/kg
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
2300000
Specific latent heat of vaporisation = _______________

Joules/kg
Unit __________
(5)
(Total 11 marks)

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A student investigated the density of different fruits.
2.
The table below shows the results.

Fruit Density in g/cm3

Apple 0.68

Kiwi 1.03

Lemon 0.95

Lime 1.05

(a) The student determined the volume of each fruit using a displacement can and a
measuring cylinder.

What other piece of equipment would the student need to determine the density of each
fruit?
Measuring scale.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Write down the equation which links density (ρ), mass (m) and volume (V).

density = mass/Volume
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) The mass of the apple was 85 g.

The density of the apple was 0.68 g/cm3.

Calculate the volume of the apple.

Give your answer in cm3.

d = m/V
___________________________________________________________________
V = m/d
___________________________________________________________________
V = 85/0.68
___________________________________________________________________

V = 125cm3
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
125
Volume = _______________ cm3
(3)

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(d) The student only measured the volume of each fruit once.

The volume measurements cannot be used to show that the method to measure volume
gives precise readings.

Give the reason why.

because repeatedly taken readings will show that they are close together.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

A teacher demonstrated the relationship between the pressure in a gas and the volume of the
3. gas.

The figure below shows the equipment used.

This is the method used.

1. Record the initial volume of gas in the syringe and the pressure reading before any weights
are attached.

2. Attach a 2.0 N weight to the syringe.

3. Record the volume of the gas and the reading on the pressure gauge.

4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 until a weight of 12.0 N is attached to the syringe.

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(a) What was the range of force used?

From __________ N to __________ N

(1)

(b) Give one control variable in the investigation.

mass of gas should not change/ temperature should not change.
___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) When the volume of gas in the syringe was 45 cm3, the pressure gauge showed a value of
60 kPa.

Calculate the pressure in the gas when the volume of gas in the syringe was 40 cm3.

___________________________________________________________________
Data : Vi = 45, Pi = 60k
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
Vf = 40, Pf
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
Vi x Pi = Pf x Vf
___________________________________________________________________

Pf = Vi x Pi / Vf =====> 45 x 60/40 = 67.5kPa

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
67.5kPa kPa
Pressure = _______________
(4)

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(d) When the volume of gas in the syringe increased, the pressure on the inside walls of the
syringe decreased.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

1. More time between the collision of particles and wall of

___________________________________________________________________
container.
___________________________________________________________________
2.more times means less average force
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
3. less average force means less pressure.
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

The photograph below shows a balloon filled with helium gas.

4.

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(a) Which statements describe the movement of the gas particles in the balloon?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

The particles all move in a predictable way.

The particles move at the same speed.

The particles move in circular paths.

The particles move in random directions.

The particles move with a range of speeds.

The particles vibrate about fixed positions.

(2)

(b) The pressure of the helium in the balloon is 100 000 Pa.

The volume of the balloon is 0.030 m3.

The balloon is compressed at a constant temperature causing the volume to decrease to

0.025 m3.

No helium leaves the balloon.

Calculate the new pressure in the balloon.

___________________________________________________________________
Pi = 100 000Pa, Vi = 0.03m3
___________________________________________________________________

Vf = 0.025, Vi x Pi = Vf x Pf
___________________________________________________________________

100 000 x 0.03/0.025 = Pf

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
120 000
New pressure = _______________ Pa
(4)

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(c) The temperature of the helium in the balloon was increased.

The mass and volume of helium in the balloon remained constant.

Explain why the pressure exerted by the helium inside the balloon would increase.

___________________________________________________________________

1. Increase in temperature will increase the average K.E of

___________________________________________________________________
molecules.(speed is increase)
___________________________________________________________________
2. Increase the number of collusion between molecules and
___________________________________________________________________
wall of container per second.
___________________________________________________________________
3. more collision per second means greater force
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
4. Greater force in given area will increase the pressure.
___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 10 marks)

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A student measured the width of a solid metal cube using a digital micrometer.
5.
The figure below shows the micrometer.

(a) The resolution of the micrometer is 0.01 mm

The student could have used a metre rule to measure the width of the cube.

Explain how using a metre rule would have affected the accuracy of the student’s
measurement of width.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The mass of the metal cube was measured using a top pan balance.

The balance had a zero error.

Explain how the zero error may be corrected after readings had been taken from the
balance.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(c) The width of the cube was 18.45 mm. The density of the cube was 8.0 × 103 kg/m3

Calculate the mass of the cube.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = ________________________________ kg
(5)
(Total 9 marks)

The figure below shows a Bunsen burner heating some water in a beaker.
6. Eventually the water changes into steam.

(a) Explain how the internal energy of the water changes as it is heated from 20 °C to 25 °C

The mean kinetic energy of the particles will increase.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Increase in Kinetic energy increase the internal energy

___________________________________________________________________
of water.
___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (H) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) How is the particle model used to explain the difference in density between a liquid and a
gas?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Particles in a gas have less kinetic energy than particles in a liquid.

Particles in a gas have more potential energy than particles in a

liquid.

Particles in a liquid are further apart than particles in a gas.

Particles in a liquid are larger than particles in a gas.

(1)

(c) A student measured the mass of boiling water that was turned into steam in five minutes.

Explain how the student could use this information to estimate the power output of the
Bunsen burner in watts.

Power in watts is given by P = E/Time.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
E = mass x L ( L = Specific heat capacity)
___________________________________________________________________
P = mass x L / time,
___________________________________________________________________

student can search the specific heat of water, he can calculate

___________________________________________________________________ the
mass of water using measuring scale.
___________________________________________________________________

time he needs to convert into seconds (300)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 7 marks)

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A student investigated how the pressure exerted by a gas varied with the volume of the gas.
7.
Figure 1 shows the equipment the student used.

Figure 1

A pump was used to compress the gas in a tube. As the volume of the gas decreases, the
pressure of the gas increases.

(a) The student only recorded one set of results.

Give two reasons why taking repeat readings could provide more accurate data.

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (H) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(b) Figure 2 shows the position of the student’s eye when taking volume measurements.

Figure 2

Explain what type of error would be caused if the student’s eye was not in line with the
level of the liquid in the tube.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) If the gas is compressed too quickly the temperature of the gas increases.

Explain how the temperature increase would affect the pressure exerted by the gas.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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Particle Model of Matter (H) PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(d) One of the student’s results is given below.

pressure = 1.6 × 105 Pa

volume = 9.0 cm3

Calculate the volume of the gas when the pressure was 1.8 × 105 Pa.

The temperature of the gas was constant.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Volume = _____________________ cm3

(3)

(e) Figure 3 shows a person using a bicycle pump to inflate a tyre.

Figure 3

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The internal energy of the air increases as the tyre is inflated.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

The diagram below shows a wind turbine.

8.

(a) At a particular wind speed, a volume of 2.3 × 104 m3 of air passes the blades each second.

The density of air is 1.2 kg/m3.

Calculate the mass of air passing the blades per second.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass of air per second = ____________________ kg

(3)

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(b) The power output of the turbine is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the air
passing the blades each second.

Describe the effect on the power output when the wind speed is halved.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) At a different wind speed, the wind turbine has a power output of 388 kW.

The mass of air passing the wind turbine each second is 13 800 kg.

Calculate the speed of the air passing the blades each second.

Assume that the process is 100% efficient.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Speed of air = ____________________ m/s

(3)
(Total 9 marks)

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