LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE
DRAWING
1. Graphic Language

A technical person can use the graphic language as powerful means of communication
with others for conveying ideas on technical matters. However, for effective exchange of
ideas with others, the engineer must have proficiency in (i) language, both written and
oral, (ii) symbols associated with basic sciences and (iii) the graphic language.
Engineering drawing is a suitable graphic language from which any trained person can
visualize the required object. As an engineering drawing displays the exact picture of an
object, it obviously conveys the same ideas to every trained eye.
Irrespective of language barriers, the drawings can be effectively used in other countries,
in addition to the country where they are prepared. Thus, the engineering drawing is the
universal language of all engineers.

2. Importance of Graphic Language

The graphic language had its existence when it became necessary to build new structures
and create new machines or the like, in addition to representing the existing ones. In the
absence of graphic language, the ideas on technical matters have to be conveyed by
speech or writing, both are unreliable and difficult to understand by the shop floor people
for manufacturing. This method involves not only lot of time and labor, but also
manufacturing errors. Without engineering drawing, it would have been impossible to
produce objects such as aircrafts, automobiles, locomotives, etc., each requiring
thousands of different components.

3. Need for Correct Drawings

The drawings prepared by any technical person must be clear, unmistakable in meaning
and there should not be any scope for more than one interpretation, or else litigation may
arise. In a number of dealings with contracts, the drawing is an official document and the
success or failure of a structure depends on the clarity of details provided on the drawing.
Thus, the drawings should not give any scope for misinterpretation even by accident.
It would not have been possible to produce the machines/automobiles on a mass scale
where a number of assemblies and sub-assemblies are involved, without clear, correct
and accurate drawings. To achieve this, the technical person must gain a thorough
knowledge of both the principles and conventional practice of drawing. If these are not
achieved and or practiced, the drawings prepared by one may convey different meaning
to others, causing unnecessary delays and expenses in production shops.

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Hence, an engineer should posse good knowledge, not only in preparing a correct
drawing but also to read the drawing correctly.

4. Classifications of Drawings

4.1 Machine Drawing

It is pertaining to machine parts or components. It is presented through a number of
orthographic views, so that the size and shape of the component is fully understood. Part
drawings and assembly drawings belong to this classification. There are two types of
machine drawing:

4.1.1 Part Drawing

Component or part drawing is a detailed drawing of a component to facilitate its
manufacture. All the principles of orthographic projection and the technique of graphic
representation must be followed to communicate the details in a part drawing. Fig. 1
shows an example of part drawing ( Note that the drawing was drawn according to a
different drawing standard)

Fig. 1 Part drawing of a machine component.

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 Fig. 2. Part drawing Examples.

4.1.2 Assembly Drawing

A drawing that shows the various parts of a machine in their correct working locations is
an assembly drawing. Fig. 3 shows an example of an assembly drawing ( Note that the
drawing was drawn according to a different drawing standard).

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 Fig. 3. Assembly drawing of a machine.

The assembly drawing can be shown in exploded view as shown in the Fig. 4.

Fig. 4. Exploded view drawing of a machine.

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4.1.3 Production Drawing
A production drawing, also referred to as working drawing, should furnish all the
dimensions, limits and special finishing processes such as heat treatment, honing,
lapping, surface finish, etc., to guide the craftsman on the shop floor in producing the
component. The title should also mention the material used for the product, number of
parts required for the assembled unit, etc. Fig. 5 shows an example of a production
drawing ( Note that the drawing was drawn according to a different drawing standard)

Fig. 5. Production drawing of a machine component

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An assembly drawing of a fuel injector for a diesel engine. Drawn to BS and ISO Standards, as shown in Fig. 6, this is a typical
professional CAD drawing which could be produced using most CAD software on the market.

Fig. 6. Part drawing of a machine component.

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5. Drawing Layout
5.1 Drawing Layout

Fig. 7. Drawing Layout.

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5.2 Drawing Layout Example

Fig. 8. Drawing Layout Example.

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5.3 Drawing Layout example solution

Fig. 9. Drawing Layout Example Solution.

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5.4 Table dimensions

Fig. 10. Drawing Table.

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5.5 An example of filled table

Fig. 11. Filled-Drawing Table.

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6. Drawing Conventions
6.1. Line Types

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 Fig. 12. Example of different line types.

Interrupted view application

Fig. 13. Interrupted view example.

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6.2 Part numbering

Fig. 14. Part Numbering Example.

6.3 Drawing conventions

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6.4 Abbreviations for Materials

Material Abbreviation
Aluminum AL
Bronze BRZ
Cast Iron C.I.
Stainless Steel ST.

7. Lettering

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8. Hatching Review

Fig. 15. Hatching of two adjacent parts.

8.1 Sections not to be hatched

Fig. 16. Example of sections.

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Indicate the correct and incorrect methods of sectioning of machine elements represented
in Fig. 14.

Fig. 17. Hatching of two adjacent parts.

Indicate the correct and incorrect methods of sectioning of machine elements represented
in Fig. 15.

Fig. 18. Hatching of two adjacent parts.

Indicate the correct and incorrect methods of sectioning of machine elements represented
in Fig. 19.

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Fig. 19. Hatching of two adjacent parts.

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9. Sectional View
A sectional view is obtained by imagining the object, as if cut by a cutting plane and the
portion between the observer and the section plane being removed. Figure 4.1a shows an
object, with the cutting plane passing through it and Fig., the two halves drawn apart,
exposing the interior details.

Fig. 20. Section Example.

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Indicate the correct and incorrect methods of sectioning of machine elements represented
in Fig. 19.

Fig. 21. Correct and incorrect section views.

Half Section

Fig. 22. Half Section Example.

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10. First and Third Angel Projection

First Angle Third Angle

First Angle Third Angle

Fig. 23. First and Third Angel Projection.

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 KNUCKLE JOINT

Knuckle joint is a type of mechanical joint used in structures, to connect two intersecting
cylindrical rods, whose axes lie on the same plane. It permits some angular movement
between the cylindrical rods (in their plane). It is specially designed to withstand tensile
loads.

Fig. 24. Knuckle Joint Examples.

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Applications of Knuckle Joint
Tractors
Trains
Automobile wipers
Cranes
Robotic joints

Advantages of Knuckle Joint:

Knuckle joint can withstand large tensile loads.
It has good mechanical rigidity.
It is easy to manufacture and set up.
It can be easily dismantled and assembled.
Design is simple and easy.

Disadvantages of Knuckle Joint:

The joint cannot withstand large compressive loads.
It permits angular movement in only one plane.

Fig. 25. Assembly of Knuckle Joint.

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Split Pin

Fig. 26. Split Pin.

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