Algorithmic Design

and Programming 2
Lesson 1
BSCS 1 (2022-23)
 Introduction to Computer Programming
Current and future computer programming principles have
influenced sophisticated technologies, such as voice recognition and
artificial intelligence, which affect our day-to-day lives. With the
ever-changing face of computer technology, programming has
become an exciting and forever challenging environment that more
and more people would like to get involved with.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
A computer program is a
series of instructions written to
perform a specified task on a
computer. A computer needs a
program to work. The program
has an executable form that the
computer can use directly to
perform instructions. A
programmer is a person who
writes, develops, and debugs
the computer program.
WHAT IS PROGRAMMING?
Programming is the
art or process and science
of creating/writing
programs. It is the process
done by programmers to
instruct a computer on how
to do a task. It is the process
of planning and designing
solutions for a particular
problem and then writing
the code using a
programming language.
WHAT IS A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE?
A programming language is a tool that allows
programmers to write commands or programs that can easily
be understood by a person and translated into codes that are
machine-readable. This is the form of communication that
programmers use to develop applications, scripts, or other
sets of instructions for a computer to execute.
 HISTORY OF
PROGRAMMING
 Augusta Ada Byron
World’s First Computer Programmer
HERMAN HOLLERITH
JOHN MAUCHLY
CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Programming
languages can be viewed
or classified into four
general types: machine
language, assembly
language, high-level
language, and object-
oriented/event driven
programming language.
CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Machine Language
This is the only language that a
computer can understand. The machine
language is difficult to understand
because it only understands the binary
system that uses two numbers, 0s and
1s, known as the machine code. This language is also called
Programmers have to write program the lowest level
programming language. As
instructions using combinations of 0s and mentioned earlier, binary
numbers 0 and 1 represent
1s. Imagine how challenging it would be codes; each of those digits is
called a bit. 0 is for OFF and 1
is for ON and through this,
to learn how to create simple commands the CPU executes the
program mechanically.
using the machine language
CLASSIFICATION OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
Assembly Language
This is more advanced than the machine language. Assembly
language uses mnemonics in place of 0s and 1s to simplify the
programmer's way of creating programs.

Mnemonics are memory aids. Instead of using. numbers,

programmers began using English-like abbreviations such as mov for
move, mul for a multiply operation, add for an addition operation, and
so on.
Assembly Language
Assembly Language
● Although the assembly language is easier to understand, it
is incomprehensible to computers. Because of this, the
assembly language required another program called an
assembler, which translated assembly language statements
into the target computer's machine code.
Assembly Language
● Due to its great speed and
reliability, early console
games in 1990s like NBA Jam
and some anti-virus
programs were created
using it. The infamous IBM
PC DOS' operating system is
also programmed using the
language.
Assembly Language
● Even though the language is created back in 1949, it is
still one of the current programming languages that are
being used to develop complex applications and certain
device drivers. IBM Philippines, one of the biggest
technology companies, applies the language to support
some of their apps.
High-Level Language
● To speed up the programming process, high-level languages
were developed. High-level languages allowed
programmers to use English commands to carry out
instructions. Examples are: BASIC, COBOL, Pascal,
FORTRAN, C, etc.
High-Level Language
● These languages require separate programs like an assembler to
translate instructions to machine code. The translators used were an
interpreter or compiler. An interpreter translates high-level
instructions into machine code, line by line as the program is running,
while a compiler translates the entire program into machine code
before running the program.
Example:
High-Level Language
● Most of these languages are procedure-oriented.
Procedure-oriented means that the instructions must be
properly sequenced in order for the computer to process
the tasks correctly. Before the existence of OOP (Object-
Oriented Programming), systems such as payroll and
inventory were created using the procedure-oriented
languages.
High-Level Language
● Medium to large-sized businesses are employing

or outsourcing programmers or IT companies to

create and maintain their payroll, database, and
inventory system. One example of a company in
the country that is still developing using high-level
programming languages is Collabera Solutions
Private Limited.
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages

● A challenging problem arise when the advanced

Graphical User Interface (GUI) environment, such
as the Microsoft Windows Operating System, was
introduced in the 1980s.The GUI environment
programs were more powerful and user-friendly
but demanded more complex programming tools.
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages

● As Windows required more complicated

programming capabilities, new types of
programming languages were developed for
them. These languages were called Object-
Oriented Programming (OOP) and Event-driven
Programming languages.
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages
● With these languages, the emphasis of
creating a program was on the objects
included in the user interface like buttons and
scrollbars. Examples of which are: Visual Basic,
Delphi, Visual C++, PROLOG, and Smalltalk.
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages

● Microsoft Office applications such as Microsoft

Office Word, Microsoft Office Excel, Microsoft
Office Access, and Microsoft Office PowerPoint
are examples of an event-driven program. The
application's work environment consists of
graphics such as buttons, pictures, and text.
Object-Oriented/Event-Driven Programming Languages
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● In order to create a successful program, you need
to follow the proper development process listed.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Planning
First, identify the problem or
the requirements of the client. Once
you have an idea, or if someone
comes to you with an idea or a
problem that needs to be solved using
a computer program, dedicate time to
think and analyze the needed
components for the program.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Planning
Determine the overall goal or desired output of the
program. Will the program produce reports? Will the
program calculate values? At this stage, programmers decide
and define the task that the program should perform.
Once you have identified the problems that need to
be addressed, analyze the solutions to these problems. This
process will also help you define the required input and
output in order to achieve the computer programs' goals.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Coding
Writing the source code is the second stage. You can use a
program development tool such as Small Basic to write a program.
The source code is the actual set of programming instructions that
the computer follows.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Coding
You will spend most of your programming time
working on the source code. Just remember that before you
start coding, you should have properly planned the intended
purpose for the program and what it should do.
In this stage, programmers should have broad
knowledge in the programming language and they need to
make sure that the program performs the way it is intended.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Testing and Debugging
Errors, called bugs, often appear in programs because of the details and
syntax needed for even the simplest programs. Therefore, you must test the
program thoroughly and fix the errors.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Testing and Debugging
The process of fixing errors is called debugging. Once a program is completely
free of errors, it is considered finished and ready to use.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Documentation
When the program is finished and thoroughly tested, documentation is
included for its distribution. Documentation includes the necessary information about
a program such as the program description, list of hardware equipment needed to
run the program, the operating system compatible with the program, and other
specifications deemed necessary to ensure smooth installation and use.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Documentation
It also contains technical information such as where and
who created the program, contact information for issues or
concerns, and most importantly, instructions on the proper use
and maintenance of the program.
PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
● Maintenance
The final stage in programming is the maintenance or
updating of the program. This is the point where the programmer
is tasked to keep the program running smoothly, provide updates,
and improvement in consideration of development and changes
in the field it is used.
 END

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