Chap 1 - Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering

International University Year 3
Of Technology Twintech
semester 6
Reservoir Engineering
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of
Reservoir Engineering
References:
1) Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, by L. P. Dake, ISBN: 044441830X.
2) Applied Reservoir Engineering Vol.(1,2)by Charles Robert Smith,G.W. Tracy,
3) Fundamental of Reservoir Engineering by Ben H. Caudle, ASIN: B0007GPIIQ.
4) Class Notes Dr. A’mer bin Merdhah, Hadhramout University
What is the reservoir engineering?
 The art of developing and producing oil and gas
fluids in such a manner as to obtain a high economic
recovery
 Theapplication of scientific principles to the

drainage problems arising during the development
and production of oil and gas reservoirs
Why do we need to study reservoir engineering?
 Estimation of quantity of hydrocarbons in the reservoir
(hydrocarbons-in-place).
 Identify reservoir drive mechanisms.
 Estimation of reserves.
 Reservoir management to ensure maximum recovery.
 Understand the nature of fluid-rock interactions (Kro, Krg, Krw, So, Sw, Sg,
k, φ, Pc, wettability, etc..)
 Determine the properties of reservoir fluids and rocks.
 Develop a flow model for the reservoir.
 Predict future recoveries.
 Design and analyze methods to improve hydrocarbon recovery.
 Monitor the performance of the reservoir.
 Collect relevant data and interpret it using correlation and equations, so that
the movement of fluids can be:
 Determined, Estimated and Controlled.
 Determine reservoir pressure and temperature.
How much oil or gas in place?
Symbols : OOIP(Ni) or OGIP(Gi)
Figure1
Volumetric estimation & Material balance equation

How much oil or gas can be recovered
from primary reservoir energy(Primary
recovery OR Natural drive)?
Figure 2
How oil or gas recovery can be
improved?
Figure 3
How much oil or gas can be recovered
from Secondary Recovery?
Figure 4
Enhanced Oil Recovery Or Tertiary Recovery
 Oil recovery can be enhanced by:
 Injecting CO2 to displace oil.
 Injecting chemicals into the reservoir.
 Thermal flooding.
Figure 5
Reservoir pressure
 Helps to determine fluid type within the reservoir.
 Gives idea on the energy for initial recovery.
 Reservoir pressure is obtained by allowing the well to flow (MDT).
Figure 6
Reservoir Temperature
Helps to determine:
 Fluid viscosity(µ), formation volume factor (B),
and gas in solution(Rs)
 Fluid-rock interactions.
 Helps in designing thermal flooding.
Rock Properties Review
 Porosity
 Permeability
 Fluidsaturations
 Wettability
Porosity
 Is a measure of the storage capacity of the rock that is capable
of holding fluids.
 Is the ratio of pore volume to the total bulk volume of the rock.
Porosity expressed in fraction or percentage Figure 7

Average Porosity
Why is porosity important?
 Identify possible commercial beds.
 Decide whether or not to complete the well for production.
In practice,
 Sandstone: φ < 40%
φ < 8% in oil zone – not productive
φ < 7% in gas zone – not productive
 Carbonate: φ > 3%
So
What are the types of porosity?
Which type of porosity is important?
For more information about the questions in the previous slide,
check out the reference books which exist in Library.
Figure 8
Permeability
is the ability of a rock to transmit fluids
Why is Permeability important?
 Controls the directional movement of fluids.
 Controls the flow rate of fluids in the formation.
Permeability (k) is defined by Darcy’s equation for Linear flow and an

incompressible fluid.
Permeability Types
 Absolute Permeability:
is the permeability with one fluid in the pore space.
 Effective Permeability:
is the permeability with more than one fluid in the pore space.
 Relative permeability:
Is the ratio of effective
permeability with
a specific fluid to
the absolute permeability.
Fluid Saturations
Sg
So
Sw
Figure 9
Average Saturations
Why is saturation important?

Because It helps to identify commercial sands.
In practice,
Sandstone: Sw < 60% is commercially productive
Carbonates: Sw < 70% is commercially productive
Wettability
Wettability is defined as the tendency of one fluid to spread on or
adhere to a solid surface in the presence of other immiscible fluids.
The concept of wettability is illustrated in the below figure.
The contact angle () has achieved significance as a measure of

Wettability. As the contact angle decreases, the wetting characteristics of
the liquid increases.
If a drop of water falls on clean glass plate, the water spread. The water is wetting
If a droplet of mercury falls on clean glass plate, the mercury remains in spherical
form ( Non wetting )
 If drop of oil is placed on a clean glass plate. The oil droplet develops a hemispherical
shape. (neutral wetting )
Why does wettability affect the ultimate recovery
of oil or gas? Because of the attractive forces.
When the rock is water-wet,
there is a tendency for water to
occupy the small pores and to Water-wet
contact the majority of the rock
surface.
In an oil-wet system, the
location of the two fluids is
reversed, and oil will occupy the
small pores and contact the
majority of the rock
surface. Fig.
Oil -wet
- water/ oil water is often the wetting fluid

- water/ gas water is wetting fluid
- oil/ gas oil is the wetting fluid
Fluid Properties Review

Formation volume factor, Bg, Bo,Bw:Vres/Vsc
Density, specific gravity, API
 Isothermal Compressibility
Viscosity
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio
Ideal gas law: pV = nRT
Real gas law: pV = znRT
We have studied these properties in details in Semester 5 with the
Subject “ Properties Of Reservoir Fluids “
Petroleum Origin
1- Inorganic theories of origin.
2- Organic theories of origin.
 Inorganic theories
The inorganic theories attempt to explain the
formation of petroleum by assuming chemical
reactions among water, carbon dioxide, and various
inorganic substances, such as carbides and
carbonates, in the earth.
Evidence
Petroleum can be produced in the laboratory by reactions of inorganic materials,
 Organic Theories
The organic theories assume that petroleum evolved from
decomposition of vegetable and animal organisms that lived during
previous geologic ages.
Source of energy for transformation of organic matter
into petroleum by
Bacterial action,
Heat and pressure,
Catalytic reactions
Radioactive bombardments
Petroleum Accumulation
There are five basic geologic conditions Or requirements
for a commercial petroleum accumulation:
 Source Rocks: are rocks containing organic matter in sufficient quantity.
 Heat, to generate petroleum from the source rock.
 Porous Permeable Reservoir, to retain petroleum within the reservoir.
 Impermeable Cap Rock, or seal, to prevent petroleum migration
 Structure, such as anticline, to trap petroleum within the reservoir.
Reservoir shapes

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International University Year 3

 Theapplication of scientific principles to the

Volumetric estimation & Material balance equation

Porosity expressed in fraction or percentage Figure 7

Permeability (k) is defined by Darcy’s equation for Linear flow and an

Why is saturation important?

The contact angle () has achieved significance as a measure of

- water/ oil water is often the wetting fluid

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