ASHRAE - Fundamentals of Psychrometrics
ASHRAE - Fundamentals of Psychrometrics
ASHRAE - Fundamentals of Psychrometrics
Psychrometrics
Second Edition
Don Brandt
si
In ternational System
/—v
ashrae)
Learning Institute
M E C H A N IC A L
E N G IN E E R
Second Edition
Don Brandt
/—v
ASHRAEy
Atlanta
Fundamentals o f Psychrometrics (SI), Second Edition
A Course Book for Self-Directed or Group Learning
ISBN 978-1-939200-32-7 (paperback)
ISBN 978-1-939200-33-4 (PDF) ASHRA^
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Don Brandt is an ASHRAE member from Phoenix, Arizona, who
spent 39 years (4 o f them part time) with Trane Co., mostly as a Com
mercial Sales Engineer and Sales Manager. He was involved in thou
sands o f projects over that time period, including many with large
industrial customers that had special HVAC and process applications.
Brandt also taught the Trane A/C Clinic series many times to young
engineers starting out in the industry.
Brandt has also been active in ASHRAE at all three levels o f orga
nization— Chapter, Regional, and Society— during this same period.
He is a charter member and past president o f the Anthracite Chapter in
Northeast Pennsylvania. He was the Technical, Energy and Govern
ment Activities Committee (TEGA) Regional Vice Chair for Region X,
the TEGA Vice Chair and Chair in 2002, Region X Director and
Regional Chair from 2002-2005, on the Board o f Directors from 2002-
2005, and a member o f Standards Committee from 2005-2009 as a
Standards Project Liaison Subcommittee (SPLS) Liaison. In 2001 he
became a member o f Professional Development Committee, moving up
to Chair in 2013. He is currently a member o f the Energy Targets Mul
tidisciplinary Task Group, a Nominating Member for Region X, and
Member o f the Appeals Board for Standards.
Brandt is a 1974 graduate o f Penn State with a BS in Electrical
Engineering and an active member o f the Alumni Association. In retire
ment, he is an instructor for the successful ASHRAE HVAC Essentials
Course, both Levels 1 and 2, that is held both in the United States and
internationally. He also teaches a portion o f the Association o f Energy
Engineers (AEE), Arizona Chapter, Certified Energy Manager (CEM)
preparation class held on an annual basis.
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................................... . xi
Acknow ledgm ents............................................................................................. xiii
Chapter I: Introduction to Psychrom etrics........................................ . I
Introduction...................................................................................................... . I
Enthalp y........................................................................................................... . 2
Air D e n s ity ...................................................................................................... . 2
Volumetric Airflow versus Mass Flow Calculations.................... . 2
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter I ..................................... . 4
Chapter 2: Properties of Moist A i r ......................................................... . 5
Introduction...................................................................................................... . 5
Tem perature................................................................................................... . 5
Humidity........................................................................................................... . 6
Enthalp y........................................................................................................... . 6
Specific Volum e............................................................................................. . 6
Using Appendix A ........................................................................................ . 6
Terminology and Symbols for Psychrom etrics............................ .7
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 2 ..................................... . 8
Chapter 3: Introducing the Psychrom etric C h a r t .......................... II
Th e Modern Age of Psychrometrics................................................... II
Creating the Psychrometric C h a r t ...................................................... II
Finding Seven Psychrometric Quantities.......................................... 14
Climatic Design Information.................................................................... 16
Psychrometric Chart for Extended Temperature and Altitude 17
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 3 ..................................... 19
Chapter 4: Air-Conditioning Processes
on the Psychrom etric C h a r t ....................................................................... 21
Th e Power of the Psychrometric C h art............................................. 21
Sensible C o o lin g .......................................................................................... 22
Sensible H e atin g .......................................................................................... 22
Latent Heat A d d ition.................................................................................. 23
Latent Heat Rem oval.................................................................................. 23
Total Heat C o ntent..................................................................................... 25
Cooling and Humidifying......................................................................... 26
Heating and Hum idifying......................................................................... 28
Dehumidification and Heating................................................................. 30
Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 4 ..................................... 32
viii C o n te n ts
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 1. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
Psychrometrics is an analysis tool that HVAC engineers use to provide
solutions to comfort issues. These issues can be related to human comfort or
process comfort depending on the applications.
If the air surrounding us were totally dry, our job as HVAC engineers
would be very easy and probably boring. But, because all air we work with
contains some amount o f moisture in the form o f water vapor, our jobs get
more complex.
The four basic processes that an HVAC system can perform on moist air
are as follows:
Note that HVAC processes can also be a combination o f the above four
basic actions. These combinations include the following:
Enthalpy
We will use the property o f the enthalpy o f air throughout this course.
Enthalpy is the sum o f the internal energy or the total heat content o f the air. In
other words, warm and hum id air can have the same heat content as hot and dry
air. So the energy required to cool warm/humid air in the G ulf Region o f North
America might be close to the energy required to cool hot/dry air in the South
west deserts. Enthalpy h is subdivided into the following:
Air Density
Elevation has an effect on psychrometric analyses. As elevation changes, so
does the air density. This means the constants used in equations will change
and different psychrometric charts (Chapter 3) are required for proper calcula
tion.
For this course we will use sea level as atmospheric pressure for all calcula
tions unless otherwise noted.
qt (kW) = 3010 x airflow in m3/s x (»vj - w2) in kg/kg of dry air (1-3)
where 2500 kJ/kg is the latent heat o f water vapor and 1.006 kJ/(kg-K) is the
specific heat o f air.
4 C h a p te r I Introduction to Psychrometrics
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r I
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
1-1 How many basic processes o f air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2 Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the mois
ture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 2. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter defines the properties that an HVAC engineer uses to do psy-
chrometric analysis. The properties are temperature, humidity, enthalpy, and
specific volume.
Temperature
The temperatures we are concerned about in HVAC systems are the follow
ing:
Humidity
Humidity is the moisture in the air. We can talk about it in two ways:
• Humidity ratio: The mass in grams o f water vapor per kilogram o f dry air
• Relative humidity: The actual amount o f moisture in the air at a given dry-
bulb temperature versus the maximum amount o f moisture in the air at the
same dry-bulb temperature. It is expressed in percentage because it is a par
tial moisture/maximum moisture ratio. At constant moisture content, as
soon as the dry-bulb temperature changes, so does the relative humidity.
Enthalpy
The energy content o f air is defined as the enthalpy o f the air or the total
heat content o f the air. It is expressed in kilojoules (kJ) per kilogram o f dry air
(kJ/kg^a). Again, warm/humid air can have the same enthalpy as hot/dry air, so
it takes the same amount o f energy to cool either airstream to a comfortable
condition.
Specific Volume
Specific volume is the cubic metres per kilogram o f dry air (nr /kgda). It is
the inverse o f air density (kg/m3).
Note that specific volume changes as the dry-bulb temperature changes, but
not nearly as much as it changes with the effect o f higher altitude.
Using Appendix A
The table in Appendix A lists thermodynamic properties o f moist air at
101.325 kPa. For each dry-bulb temperature in °C, we have values for the fol
lowing:
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r 2
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
2-1 Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2 Saturation temperature o f air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3 Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-6 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
d) None o f the above
2-7 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy o f dry air h^a at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
d) None o f the above
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 9
2-8 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012
d) None o f the above
Introducing the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 3. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
h th = dry-bulb temperature
{wb = wet-bulb temperature
ldp = dew-point temperature
4> = relative humidity
h = enthalpy
W = humidity ratio
V = specific volume
Fig ure 3-2 Plotting intersection of dew-point tem perature on the psychrom etric chart.
establish the 42.11 ki!kgda enthalpy line. Lines o f constant enthalpy are sloped
and are solid dark.
Figure 3-3 also shows that lines o f constant wet-bulb temperature are
almost parallel to lines o f constant enthalpy. Lines o f constant wet-bulb tem
perature are sloped and dotted, as shown in Figure 3-4.
Figure 3-4 shows specific volume lines. We plot them by going to Appen
dix A and, at a given saturation temperature, getting the vs value and inserting
it on the saturation line. Then we look at the table for the same value at a higher
temperature, and that is the x-axis intersection point for the other end o f the
specific volume line.
E x a m p le 3 -1
P ro b le m Given a sample o f air where tdb = 21°C and (j) = 60% rh, determine its dew
point.
So lu tio n Using Figure 3-4, the location point is at the intersection o f the conditions
stated in the problem. Moving to the left in a straight line indicates that the sat
uration curve is crossed at a temperature o f 13°C. This is the dew-point tem
perature.
E x a m p le 3-2
P ro b le m What is the enthalpy o f the 21°C and 60% rh parcel o f air from Example 3-1?
So lu tio n Again using Figure 3-4, the location point is the same. Following the line o f
constant enthalpy up the enthalpy scale reveals that the enthalpy o f this point is
45 kJ/kgrfa.
E x a m p le 3-3
0> *0
DRY B U LB TE M P ER ATU FE °C
i
o
l
-
s
§
So lu tio n Again using Figure 3-4, follow the constant wet-bulb line to the saturation line,
then drop straight down to read a temperature o f 16°C, the wet-bulb tempera
ture.
E x a m p le 3-4
P ro b le m Use Figure 3-4 to find the specific volume o f tdb = 21°C and <j) = 60% rh.
So lu tio n Finding this point on Figure 3-4 reveals that it is located between the values o f
0.84 and 0.85 m'Vkg for specific volume. Further inspection o f the figure indi
cates that there are more lines o f constant specific volume that are unmarked. It
appears that each o f these represents an increase o f 0.01 x\?/kgda. Therefore, it
can be determined that the intersection is a specific volume o f 0.846 m3/k g ^ .
E x a m p le 3-5
P ro b le m Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, find the tdb, tdp, twb, 6, and humid
ity ratio I f o f a parcel o f air that has a specific volume o f 0.88 m 3/kgda and an
enthalpy o f 60 kJ/kgda.
So lu tio n tdb = 32.3°C, tdp = 15.2°C, twh = 20.9°C, $ = 36% rh, ^ = 1 0 .8 g/kgda
Notice that the dew point and relative humidity both needed interpolation.
There are many methods o f interpolation. Most engineers simply “eyeball”
interpolate by doing a visual scaling between the lines o f the chart. There is an
art to this that is learned by practice, but results in error by less than =El% can
be achieved.
Figure 3-5 Climatic design information plotted on the psychrometric chart (detail).
18 C h a p te r 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
If you do work at these elevations and temperature ranges, please use the
appropriate charts. Also, do not forget to correct the sensible heat formula,
enthalpy formula, and humidity ratio formula constants for air density changes
using the equations included at the end o f Chapter 1.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 19
S k ill D e v e l o p m e n t E x e r c i s e s f o r C h a p t e r 3
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
3-1 On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity o f
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and tdb = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera
ture o f an air parcel with tdb = 21°C and (j) = 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W o f
an air parcel with a saturation temperature o f tdb = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
o f an air parcel with tdb = 21 °C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none o f the above
20 C h ap ter 3 Introducing the Psychrometric Chart
3-6 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy o f
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
b) 35
c) 76
d) 25
3-7 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem
perature o f a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and <|) = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point o f
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) -5°C
3-9 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem
perature o f tdb = 21 °C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) -4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investiga
tion o f the line, which o f the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope o f about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.
Air-Conditioning
Processes on the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 4. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
where airflow in cubic metres per second, t\ is the initial temperature, and t2 is
the final temperature.
Latent heat transfer (<q/) is changing only the moisture content o f the air or
changing only the humidity ratio o f the air. It is vertical-only movement on the
psychrometric chart, top to bottom or bottom to top only. We can use the fol
lowing equation for latent heat change at sea level:
<7/ (W) = 3010 x airflow x (Wx - W2) in g/kg o f dry air (4-2)
22 C h a p te r 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on the Ps/chrometric Chart
where airflow in cubic metres per second, W\ is the initial humidity ratio, and
W2 is the final humidity ratio.
Sensible Cooling
We will first show the air conditioning process o f sensible cooling. It is a
horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, moving from the right to left.
For example, our entering temperature (71 is at 38°C db, = 10% rh, and we cool
the air to 16°C db as shown in Figure 4-1. The leaving t2 is at 16°C db and (f) =
37% rh. Note the humidity ratio o f ^ = 4 .1 did not change.
If we apply our example airflow o f 2.35 m3/s to the problem, then
Sensible Heating
Next we will review the air-conditioning process o f sensible heating. It is
also a horizontal process on the psychrometric chart, but from left to right. In
this example, our entering temperature (7) is 21°C db, <() = 51% rh, and we heat
the air to 43°C db as shown in Figure 4-2. The leaving t2 is 43°C db and <j) =
14% rh. Note the humidity ratio o f W= 7.9 did not change.
If we apply our example airflow o f 2.35 m3/s to our sensible heat equation,
then
Fig ure 4-3 Latent heat addition shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
It should be noted at this time that the processes shown in both Figures 4-3
and 4-4 are nearly impossible to do in the real world o f HVAC as stand-alone
processes. When we humidify the air, we generally have to add heat to the air,
even if not desired (steam humidifier). When we dehumidify the air, we need
to cool the air dry-bulb temperature below the entering dew-point temperature
to start the moisture removal process, so we end up with cooled and dehumidi
fied air.
where airflow in cubic metres per second, h\ is the initial enthalpy, and h2 is
the final enthalpy.
Let us start with the cooling and dehumidifying process, because it is the
most common in the HVAC industry. Movement on the psychrometric chart is
to the left (sensible) and down (latent) from the initial condition. See Figure 4-5
for the actual movement o f the air.
Also, note that a gradual slope indicates a more sensible than latent load,
but a steeper slope shows a more latent than sensible load. The following
example will explain this combination process.
The entering conditions to our cooling coil are 27°C db and 18°C wb, with
/*! = 50.7. The air is cooled and dehumidified all the way down to 12°C db and
11.5°C wb with h2 = 33. We can find the lolal heal required by using our new
equation with our example o f 2.35 m3/s:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
= 1.2 x 2.35 m3/s x (5 0 .7 -3 3 )
= 1.2 x 2.35 x (17.7) = 49.91 kW or 49 910 W
We can get the same answer by using the individual sensible and latent heat
equations:
Fig ure 4-5 Psychrom etric ch art showing movement of a ir in the cooling and dehumidifying
process.
and
Almost the same answer, but done in one less step by using the combina
tion equation. Because we are “eyeballing” the values on our psychrometric
chart, it is not uncommon that these two answers are not exact and can be off
by a few percent. See Figure 4-6 for the breakdown o f the sensible and latent
components.
Fig ure 4-6 Sensible and latent components of determining total heat content using the psy-
chrom etric ch art.
and note that the movement on the psychrometric chart is to the left (sensible)
and upward (latent) to complete the process.
Our inlet conditions to the evaporative cooler are 38°C db and <j) =10% rh,
resulting in a 17.5°C wb. We move upward and left on the 17.5°C wet-bulb line
the distance our evaporative media will provide. Our outlet conditions will be
18.5°C db, 17.5°C wb, and (j) =85% rh. Note that we have dropped the dry-bulb
temperature from 38°C to 18.5°C by using only water. At our 2.35 m3/s exam
ple, we are able to obtain a sensible cooling o f
So, how much water do we use in the evaporative process? We can use a
new equation to calculate the water usage in grams o f water per hour:
Fig ure 4-8 Heating and humidifying shown on the psychrom etric chart.
Another way to get this answer is to break the problem into the sensible
portion and the latent portion. The sensible portion is easy, 18°C db to
24°C db, or:
For the latent portion, we need to go to Appendix D and look at the thermo
dynamic properties o f water at saturation, or steam, tables. In the left-hand col
umn, find 18°C temperature and follow that to the right until you get to the
column labeled “Evap. under the “ Specific Enthalpy” heading and get 2533
kJ/kgw. The steam will reach equilibrium at 18°C db soon after injection into
the airstream. Because we know the grams o f water per hour o f the humidifier,
the latent portion is
30 C h ap ter 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on the Psychrometric Chart
qs + qi = qt
= 17 060 + 48 530
= 65 590 W
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 4-9 Dehumidification and heating shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
32 C h a p te r 4 Air-Conditioning Processes on the Ps/chrometric Chart
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
4-1 Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type o f humidifier
4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210 x airflow x (tx - 12)
b) 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
c) 3300 x airflow x (W x - W2)
d) None o f the above
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5 A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 33
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8 One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
W ater is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature o f the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9 If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts o f cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10 Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tempera-
ture o f 7°C. What is the total watts o f cooling required if a 2.35 nr Is fan is
located at the inlet o f the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 174 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W
HVAC Design
and the
Psychrometric Chart
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 5. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
c
3
Q.
*<
I
Fig ure 5-2 Sum m er design conditions shown on the psychrom etric chart.
Next, we draw a straight line between these two plotted points on the psy-
chrometric chart. Our mixed condition will always be on this straight line. We
can locate the exact location by using the following formula:
where
tma = dry-bulb temperature o f mixed air
airflowoa = volume o f outdoor air
toa = temperature o f outdoor air
airflow*. = volume o f return air
^ra = temperature o f return air
airflow ^ = volume o f supply air
Assume our HVAC system has a supply air volume (m3/s5a) o f 11 m3/s and
a ventilation or outdoor air volume (m?/soa) o f 2.2 m3/s. This means the return
or room air volume (m3/sra) is the difference between the supply air volume
and the return air volume, or
Now go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-2 and plot the mixed-
air condition on this straight line at the intersection with the 26.2°C dry-bulb
line marked MA. So our mixed-air conditions for these two airstreams are tdb =
26.2°C and twb = 18°C. This is an important item to know because the cooling
coil will be sized using this condition as the entering air to this heat exchanger.
Go back to the psychrometric chart in Figure 5-3 and plot this heating
mixed-air condition on the straight line at the intersection with the 16.8°C dry-
bulb temperature line. This results in a mixing o f these two airstreams at tdb =
16.8°C and twb = 10.5°C. This will be the entering air condition for the heating
coil used in our system.
One special note on heating mixed airstreams is that we need only the dry-
bulb temperature to select our heating coil or heat exchanger. The wet-bulb
temperature becomes important only if humidification is needed in the HVAC
system serving this area.
Fig ure 5-3 W inter design conditions shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 39
For our example, we will use a space with a sensible heat gain o f 80 000 W
and a latent heat gain o f 20 000 W, for a total load o f 100 000 W. Our room
SHR is
80 000
SHR
100 000
We plot the intersection o f the SHR line and a condition around 90% rh to
the left o f the room condition in Figure 5-4. We have selected a leaving air tem
perature o f tjfj = 12°C and <j) = 87% rh as the desired cooling coil leaving air
temperature. It is best practice to contact a cooling coil manufacturer (or run
Fig ure 5-4 Drawing the S H R slope line on the psychrom etric ch art.
40 C h a p te r 5 HVAC Design and the Psychrometric Chart
their cooling coil selection software) and confirm that they can provide a coil
that would perform to these conditions with a volume o f
• r, 80 000 , , 3/
airtlow = ------------ = 5.5 m /s
1210 x 12
So, our cooling coil needs to provide a leaving air temperature o f tdb =
12°C and (f) = 87% rh at our entering air temperature o f tdb = 24°C and (j) = 50%
rh, with 5.5 m3/s o f airflow through the coil.
We could also have picked a leaving air temperature o f tdb = 15°C and § =
76% rh, resulting in an volume o f
We may or may not have been able to find a cooling coil to perform this
duty, because the leaving relative humidity is not close to 90%. Coils that
dehumidify typically have a leaving relative humidity close to 90%.
By providing this supply air quantity (airflow), supply air dry-bulb tem
perature, and relative humidity, we will ensure that our room design conditions
are satisfied.
Dry-Bulb Temperature
Fig ure 5-5 S H R for cooling w ith outdoor a ir shown on the psychrom etric chart.
twb = 12°C and § = 87% rh to meet our room conditions. To calculate the total
cooling coil load, use the follow total heat equation:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow * (h j - h2)
= 1.2 x 5.5 m3/s x (53 kJ/kg - 32 kJ/kg)
= 138.6 kW or 138 600 W
Note the increased cooling requirement due to the addition o f outdoor air
into the HVAC system. The room total load was 100,000 W and the outdoor air
is an additional 38 600 W total. We can also calculate the room-only coil load
with the same total heat equation:
qt = 1 . 2 x airflow * (h j - h2)
= 1.2 x 5.5 m3/s x (47 kJ/kg - 32 kJ/kg)
= 1 . 2 x 5.5 m3/s x (15 kJ/kg)
= 99 kW or 99 000 W
Notice that this is not exactly the same as the 100 000 W total heat gain, but
it is very close and within acceptable tolerance for HVAC calculations.
Fig ure 5-6 Th e heating process shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
The heating room design tdb = 21 °C and <j) = 40% rh. So, our t x = 21 °C and
qs = 90 000 W
90 0 0 0 = 1210 x 5.5 m3/s x (21 - t 2)
90 000 = 6655 x (21 - t 2)
90 000
(21 - t 2)
6655
13.5°C = (21 - t 2)
t2 = 34.5°C db
So, if we supply 34.5°C warm air to our space on the coldest winter day, we
will keep the space at tdb = 21°C. See Figure 5-6 for how to show the heating
process on a psychrometric chart.
Now we add the need for humidification in the winter to our space. Assume,
for example, that we need to add 15 000 W o f latent heating in the form o f
moisture or water vapor. Our outdoor design is tdh = 0°C and <j) = 50% rh. We
add 20% outdoor air into our HVAC system and our new entering air conditions
are = 16.8°C and (J) = 44% rh. The new total heating required is
Fig ure 5-7 Hum idification need shown on the psychrom ctric ch art.
An interesting part o f this analysis is that the leaving air temperature from
the heating coil has been increased to approximately tdb = 35.3°C to account
for the temperature drop the humidified air will cause, as shown in Figure 5-7.
The amount o f water vapor that must be added to the airstream is calculated
based on an entering air o f tdb = 16.8°C and <|>= 44% rh with a humidity ratio
o f W\ = 6.5 gwfkgda and leaving conditions o f tdb = 34.5°C and (j) = 20% rh
with a humidity ratio o f W2 = 7.5 gw/kgda. Use the following formula:
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
5-2 If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value o f SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) -2
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements o f
a room depends on:
a) The amount o f outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All o f the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4 Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety o f ‘'assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every /St.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety o f methods for heating and
cooling.
5-6 In a system, 1 m3/s o f air at 153C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-8 In a system, I n r /s o f air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate o f the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9 If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is = 24°C and <}>= 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at trfb = 48°C and 4>= 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 6. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
3
o!
o'
Fig ure 6-2 Cooling coil line shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
coil are doing sensible cooling only, as can be seen in Figure 6-2, the cooling
coil line. Note, it is horizontal and moving to the left side o f the psychrometric
chart.
As the air moves further into the coil, the dehumidification process is start
ing as the cooling coil starts curving downward and to the left. The maximum
dehumidification occurs just before the air exits the coil and generally leaves
the coil around (j) = 90% rh. Again, refer to Figure 6-2 to see the final curve
showing the completed dehumidification and cooling process.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 49
Assume a fan has an airflow o f 2.0 nrVs, entering conditions o f tdb = 28°C
and twb = 20°C (with outdoor air mixed), and desired leaving conditions o f tdb
= 11°C and approximately (j) = 90% rh. Now we can calculate the total cooling
capacity o f the cooing coil with the total heat equation discussed in Chapter 4:
We can now plot the cooling coil performance on the psychrometric chart
as shown in Figure 6-2. We can see the total heat is broken down into a sensible
component and a latent component, as also shown in Figure 6-2.
Again, the HVAC engineer must provide the above information to the man
ufacturer o f the cooling coils so they can provide an actual selection o f either a
chilled-water coil or a direct expansion (DX) refrigerant coil. Their output
would include the size, height, width, number o f coil rows, pressure drop (air
pressure and water pressure, if a chilled-water coil), chilled-water temperature
rise (you must supply the entering chilled-water temperature), and the actual
leaving air conditions.
So, we have the addition o f 1.3°C fan heat to account for in our psychro
metric analysis.
Fan heat is the addition o f sensible heat, horizontal moving to the right on
the psychrometric chart, either before the cooling coil (blow-through fan) or
after the cooling coil (draw-through fan). Be careful with draw-through fans,
because with these fans the fan leaving air temperature is higher than the cool
ing coil leaving air temperature. It is an additional load that must be accounted
for in cooling heat gain calculations.
50 C h a p te r 6 Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
Even if you forget that the process is sensible heating only, using the total
heat equation discussed in Chapter 4 will give you almost the same result as
shown below:
Humidification Equipment
Humidification equipment can be divided into two groups: 1) isothermal or
constant temperature and 2) adiabatic or moisture evaporating (see Figure 6-4).
Isothermal humidification generally involves steam humidifiers, with many
ways o f steam generation, and addition o f moisture to an airstream at a con
stant temperature.
Adiabatic humidification is moisture evaporating and involves sprayed,
atomized, media, or ultrasonic humidifiers. These humidifiers lower the air
temperature as they add moisture to the airstream and are the same as evapora
tive coolers.
In all methods o f humidification, the following formula can be used to cal
culate the amount o f water that must be added to the airstream in pounds o f
water per hour:
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 6-3 Heating coil line shown on the psychrom etric chart.
Fig ure 6-5 Isotherm al humidification shown on the psychrom etric ch art.
Isothermal humidification is shown in Figure 6-5 and has entering air con
ditions o f tdb = 32°C and § = 20% rh and leaving air conditions o f tdb = 32°C
and (j) = 40% rh. The humidity ratio increases from 7 to 13. Note that the dry-
bulb temperature stays the same even though we have added moisture to the
airstream.
Adiabatic humidification is shown in Figure 6-6 and has entering air condi
tions o f tdb = 32°C and (j) = 20% rh and leaving air conditions o f tdb = 28°C and
<j>= 36% rh. The humidity ratio is increased from 7 to 8.5. Note that the dry-
bulb temperature decreases in the process o f adding moisture to the air.
Be careful to not humidify the airstream at greater than (j) = 90% rh. The
dew-point temperature o f the interior surface o f the ductwork is very import
ant, and failure to observe this rule will result in condensation in the ductwork
that will eventually leak out and cause a problem in the building. Please work
closely with a humidifier supplier to make sure you are following all the appli
cation rules o f that product and system.
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. Chapter 1. In ASHRAE handbook—Fundamentals. Atlanta:
ASHRAE.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 53
120
■110
Humidity Ratio
>100
90
80
70
60
Fig ure 6-6 Adiabatic humidification shown on the psychrom etric chart.
54 C h a p te r 6 Psychrometrics in HVAC Equipment
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
6-1 Which type o f humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera
ture rise capacity o f a heating coil?
a) W ater spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2 From the discussion o f the psychrometrics o f cooling coils, which “rule o f
thumb'' will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume o f air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3 Which o f the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4 Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions o f tdb = 22°C and approximately <J>=
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None o f these
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 55
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None o f these
6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity tj>from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7 What is the leaving relative humidity <J> from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m /s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain o f 146 kW and a room latent heat gain o f
15 000 W, and room conditions o f tdb = 24°C and <|>= 40% rh and without out
door air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and (f) from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdf), <|) = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb, (f) = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdf), <|) = 75% rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure
Psychrometrics in
Zoned HVAC Systems
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 7. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
tem, you should look for ways to use recovered energy to provide the reheat.
Recovered energy sources could be condenser heat from the cooling system,
such as a heat recovery chiller or condenser reheat plus sensible heat recovery
from exhaust or return airstreams, among others.
The psychrometric chart for this system is shown in Figure 7-3 at part-load
conditions. Note that even with a SHR of less than the design SHR, we can
meet the room relative humidity condition. The psychrometrics o f this system
at full load are exactly the same as shown in Figure 7-1 because, at full load,
we are not doing any reheat.
Fig ure 7-3 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith reheat at part load.
Fig ure 7-4 Components of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil.
temperature rises: the damper adjusts for less bypass air and more cooling coil
air to lower the air handler supply temperature.
The psychrometrics o f this system at part load are show in Figure 7-5. Note
that the cooling coil supply air temperature decreases as we decrease the air
flow through the cooling coil at part load. Therefore, this system does a much
better job o f maintaining the room relative humidity at part load than a con
stant-volume, variable-temperature, single-zone system.
The psychrometrics o f the face and bypass system at full load are the same
as shown in Figure 7-1 because no air is being bypassed at full load. The room
thermostat is calling for full cooling, so 100% o f the supply air is being cooled
in the cooling coil.
62 C h a p te r 7 Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
Fig ure 7-5 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume, single-zone system w ith face and bypass
dampers on the cooling coil at part load.
Fig ure 7-6 Components of constant-volume, m ultizone system (A S H R A E 2 0 16, Figure 12).
chart, because the amount o f the reheat will vary by zone and the SHR can be
slightly different by zone. However, a word o f caution: the worst zone, from a
lowest-SHR standpoint, sets the air handler supply air dry-bulb temperature for
the entire system.
Fig ure 7-7 Components of constant-volume, dual-duct system (A S H R A E 2 0 16, Figure 13).
Fig ure 7-8 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 65
and <j) = 87% rh to the hot-deck discharge at tdb = 40°C and (f) = 22% rh. The
actual discharge temperature can be any one o f an infinite number o f points
along this line, and each zone can be at a different discharge point. Also note
that we can heat and cool with this mixing o f airstreams at each zone.
Exercise caution to make sure that the cold-deck dry-bulb temperature is
low enough to satisfy the SHR for the worst zone and that the hot-deck tem
perature is warm enough to satisfy the heat loss o f the worst zone.
Figure 7-9 shows the psychrometrics o f multizone and dual-duct systems in
winter heating mode. In this example, the room is at tdb = 21°C and <j) = 40%
rh, with an outdoor design o f tdb = 0°C and <j) = 50% rh. The mixed condition is
tdb = 16°C and <j) = 45% rh. The cooling coil line is sensible cooling only, or
horizontal, and ends at tdb = 12°C and (J) = 57% rh. The heating coil line is sen
sible heating only and ends at tdb = 41°C and (J) = 12% rh. Note that because
both the cooling and heating are sensible only (no latent), the hot-deck and
cold-deck mixing line is the sum o f the cooling coil line and the heating coil
line. Any zone will require supply air that is mixed along this line.
Fig ure 7-9 Psychrom etrics of constant-volume multizone and dual-duct systems in w inter
heating mode.
66 C h a p te r 7 Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
An air handler with a single supply duct and a VFD on the supply fan pro
vides a constant discharge air temperature o f = 12°C to the building. As
zones are required, a VAV box is tapped into this main supply trunk.
The VAV box is a single-damper device that modulates the airflow to the
zone in response to the room thermostat. Said another way, it is an air-throt
tling device that provides comfort to the zone. At full load in the zone, the VAV
box is wide open in response to the room thermostat. At all part-load condi
tions, the VAV box has its damper closed some amount in response to lower
demand for cooling in the zone.
The psychrometrics for VAV systems are the same as shown in Figure 7-1
for each zone on the AHU. Again, make sure the air handler leaving supply air
dry-bulb temperature is low enough to satisfy the worst zone's SHR. Now at
part load we simply go to the sensible heat equation, qs = 1210 x airflow x (t\ -
/2), to determine how we handle the VAV operation.
Because the supply air temperature is constant year round, we reduce the
sensible heat by simply reducing the airflow delivered to the zone. If we want
h alf o f the sensible load, we only supply h alf the airflow to the zone. The
room thermostat controls the actuator on the damper shaft to keep the zone
comfortable.
So, at most part-load conditions, the psychrometrics do not change— only
the airflow changes to satisfy the reduced load, and Figure 7-1 is still valid.
This assumes the room SHR stays close to the full- load SHR at part load.
This style o f VAV box is a cooling-only box and can typically only be used
for the building interior or zones that are in cooling year round.
To construct a fan-powered VAV box that can also have reheat as needed,
add a sheet metal plenum on the side o f a cooling-only box with a small direct-
drive centrifugal fan. The fan can draw plenum air through an air filter and dis
charge it into the cooling box downstream o f the cooling control damper. A
back-draft damper is required on the discharge o f the centrifugal fan. This is
considered a parallel fan-powered box.
The control is similar to that o f a VAV reheat box. At full cooling, we have
100% o f the cooling air going to the zone (no fan operation). At part load, we
throttle down the supply air to a lower amount (no fan operation). At a preset
minimum airflow, say 35% o f the full-load airflow, we fix the cooling damper
to that position and start the centrifugal fan. It draws air from the ceiling ple
num and mixes it with the reduced flow tdh = 12°C to discharge warmer air into
the zone and meet the room thermostat setpoint. This ceiling plenum air can be
1.5°C to 3°C higher than the room temperature as long as the building is occu
pied, because it has the heat o f the lights added to it.
The psychrometrics o f a fan-powered VAV box that can have reheat as
needed are shown in Figure 7-11. Note that you are mixing supply air at tdb =
12°C and § = 87% rh with plenum air at tdb = 26°C and <j>= 42% rh along the
mixing line. The location will be determined by the airflow o f supply air and
the airflow o f the plenum air provided by the small centrifugal fan.
If needed, another reheat coil could be mounted on the box discharge sec
tion to provide additional heating capacity for wintertime zone heat losses. The
coil is shown as additional reheat (“ Reheat if Needed”) in Figure 7-11.
68 C h a p te r 7 Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
Fig ure 7-1 I Psychrom etrics of a fan-powered V A V box with reheat at part load.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1, Energy standard fo r
building except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2016. Chapter 4, Air handling and distribution. In ASHRAE hand
book—HVAC systems and equipment. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
CBSC. 2013. California building standards code. Title 24 o f California Code
o f Regulations. Sacramento, CA: California Building Standards Commis
sion.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 69
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
For all o f the Skill Development Exercises for Chapter 7, consider three zones
in a small office building that we are going to heat and cool. The cooling and
heating loads are as follows:
7-1 What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1,2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87,0.89,0.86
b) 0.88,0.9,0.91
c) 0.87,0.89,0.88
7-2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and (j) = 25% rh?
a ) fdb = 34.5°C and <|>= 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and <() = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and <|>= 42% rh
7-3 For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
70 C h a p te r 7 Psychrometrics in Zoned HVAC Systems
7-4 For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply air
flow?
a) tdh= 12oCand(|> = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and <|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 16oCand(|> = 80% rh
7-5 For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , o f the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume ter
minal reheat system, what would the airflow o f all three zones be, in order 1,2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99,1.3,1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi
tions from this air handler?
a) tdb= 13.5°Cand<() = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and c|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 160Cand(|> = 82% rh
7-8 With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1 , 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000,25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930,24 240 W
c) 16 000,21 000,26 000 W
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition 71
7-10 F r o m E x e r c i s e 7 - 7 , w i t h t h e c o r r e c t l e a v i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d a i r f l o w , w h a t is th e
to ta l c o o lin g c a p a c ity o f th e c e n tra l a ir - h a n d le r c o o lin g c o il?
a) 73 2 8 0 W
b) 70 120 W
c) 76 910 W
7-11 I f th e s y s te m in E x e rc is e 7 -7 w e re a c o n s ta n t- v o lu m e , d u a l- d u c t s y s te m , w h a t
w o u l d b e th e h e a t c a p a c i t y o f t h e h o t - d e c k c o i l u s e d i n t h e c e n t r a l a i r h a n d l e r ?
(R o o m a t = 2 4 ° C .)
a) 75 0 0 0 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W
Energy Conservation
and Psychrometrics
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
□ understand energy saving systems and strategies and their effects on the
psychrometric analysis and
□ understand why lower energy costs result from the use o f these systems and
strategies.
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 8. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter covers energy conservation principles and strategies and how
they affect the HVAC system design. There are many devices and strategies
that can conserve energy, but this text focuses on only the most commonly used
in HVAC: heat recovery devices, energy recovery devices, air-side economiz
ers, water-side economizers, and supply air temperature reset. We will examine
the psychrometric processes and the energy-saving effects o f these five sys
tems.
OUTDOOR
A IR
TO
OUTSIDE
closets, etc.) is generally acceptable to use, but exhaust from hospital isolation
rooms is never acceptable.
One final note on rotary heat wheels is that the loss o f air from the supply
side (outdoor air) to the exhaust air side can be as high as 10% o f the total air
flow. This is the cause o f the cross-contamination, but you must also increase
the airflow higher than the design required amount to cover this loss or leak
age.
An air-to-air heat exchanger uses parallel plates o f metal (or other material)
to separate the exhaust air from the outdoor air. The plates are packed tightly
next to each other in the heat exchanger, and the heat transfer goes across each
plate. So every other plate has indoor or outdoor air flowing through it in oppo
site directions. This heat exchanger design does not have any cross-contamina
tion between the two airstreams, and both airstreams must be side by side
somewhere in the system.
Heat pipes look like one big chilled-water coil or heat exchanger. The dif
ference is that each tube going across the coil is a separate chamber filled with
a very small refrigerant charge. Each half o f the coil, split side to side, sits in
one o f the airstreams. In winter, the outdoor air side o f the heat pipe condenses
the refrigerant in the tube and rejects the heat to the outdoor air, warming it.
The other side sits in the warm exhaust air, which vaporizes the refrigerant,
absorbing the heat from the warm airstream. By natural pressure difference, the
warm refrigerant vapor migrates to the colder side, where it condenses. The
coil is tilted slightly so the liquid refrigerant flows back to the warm side on the
bottom o f each small tube. When the season changes to summer, the tilt must
be reversed so the heat pipe can work in the reverse and cool the warm entering
outdoor air.
A glycol run-around loop is two large coils or heat exchangers placed in the
two airstreams that are connected by two pipes and one pump to move the gly
col-water solution from one coil to the other. They transfer heat from the
exhaust airstream to the outdoor airstream by warming up and then cooling
down the pumped glycol-water solution. The advantage o f this system is that
the airstreams can be located great distances from each other. There is no
cross-contamination with this device.
Humidity Ratio
Fig ure 8 -3 H eat recovery in the w in te r.
If the exhaust airstream were cooled from tdb = 21°C to tdb = 0°C the max
imum amount o f sensible heat transfer would be
An air-to-air heat exchanger was used in this example, but the same proce
dure applies to the other three heat recovery devices— only the effectiveness
will change.
We must consider two other items in the use o f heat recovery devices, con
densation and frost formation. Condensation can occur on a heat exchanger if
the exhaust air dew-point temperature is reached. For example, in Figure 8-3, if
the exhaust air temperature were lowered below tdb = 7°C, then condensation
would occur on a small portion o f the heat transfer surface. Be sure to specify
these devices with a condensate drain to properly collect this water.
Frost can form on the leaving side o f the exhaust air in the heat recovery
device when the outdoor air gets to temperatures o f —12°C or less. In the win
ter, because the exhaust air dew-point temperature is almost always above 2°C,
this is a design consideration in Climate Zones 4 to 8 (ASHRAE 2013). Frost
formation in the heat recovery device decreases the exhaust airflow and
reduces the device’s effectiveness.
The methods used to prevent frost formation on heat recovery devices are
as follows:
Outdoor air conditions: tdb = 35°C, twb = 24°C, outdoor air = 1.08 m 3/s
Supply air conditions: tdb = 28°C, twb = 20°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions: tdb = 24°C, twb = 16°C, return air = 0.7 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions: tdb = 33°C, twb = 24°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
'X
Note the leakage airflow is 0.14 nr /s and the outdoor air total cooling load
reduction is
The cooling system only needs to cool the outdoor air from tdb = 28°C and
twb = 20°C to tdb = 24°C and <j) = 50% rh instead o f from tdb = 35°C and twb =
24°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs.
Winter performance with the same effectiveness is shown in Figure 8-6 and
is as follows:
Outdoor air conditions: tdb = 0°C, twb = -3°C , outdoor air = 1.08 m3/s
Supply air conditions: tdb = 13°C, twb = 9°C, supply air = 0.94 m3/s
Return air conditions: tdb = 21°C, twb = 13°C, return air = 0.94 m3/s
Exhaust air conditions: tdb = 3°C, twb = 0°C, exhaust air = 0.84 m3/s
The outdoor air now has only to be heated from tdb = 13°C to tdb = 21°C
instead o f from tdb = 0°C, which reduces the cooling energy costs, as with the
winter operation.
Note that in both cases o f heating and cooling to the outdoor air, the humid
ity ratio changes so you are not only transferring sensible heat, but also latent
heat. This latent heat helps maintain the indoor room relative humidity at the
design condition.
Air-Side Economizer
An air-side economizer is an HVAC system option that allows cooling
without the use o f mechanical refrigeration, thus making the cooling energy
equal to zero. For instance, to satisfy the cooling load, we need the supply air
tdb = 12°C. Then, any time o f the year that the outdoor air temperature is tdb =
12°C or less, we can shut the mechanized refrigeration off and open our out
door air dampers to 100%, pulling in 12°C air. Now this 12°C outdoor air pro
vides all the cooling to the building. This is called fu ll economizer mode and
should be considered any place where there is a cooling need in the fall, winter,
and spring.
You can also implement partial air-side economizing in your HVAC sys
tem. For example, the outdoor air temperature is tdb = 18°C and your room is at
tdb = 24°C. Instead o f cooling the air from 24°C down to 12°C for the supply
air, you only have to cool the air from 18°C to 12°C with mechanical refrigera
tion. In this example, the refrigeration load is reduced approximately 50%. So
partial economizing can be used any time the outdoor air is less than the room
cooling condition.
A word o f caution when using partial air-side economizing on constant-
volume, variable-temperature systems and it is very humid or raining outdoors
is that the humid outdoor air will cause the room relative humidity to go above
the room design condition o f <|>= 50% rh. In this instance, use the outdoor air
enthalpy instead o f the dry-bulb temperature to initiate partial economizing.
The outdoor enthalpy should be at least 8 kJ/kg^a less than the room enthalpy
condition before you allow partial economizing. This is less o f a concern on
VAV systems since they control to a constant leaving cooling air temperature at
all load conditions.
Note that with the air-side economizer option the air-handling system must
be capable o f bringing in up to 100% outdoor air. This means the outdoor air
weather louvers, outdoor air duct, and outdoor air dampers must all be sized
and selected for the full airflow o f the air handler.
Also, because you are bringing up to 100% outdoor air into the building,
you must provide a way to relieve, or exhaust, this additional air and provide
building pressure control to prevent overpressurization o f the building. Fail
ure to do this will result in the exterior doors staying partially open, not fully
closing.
Water-Side Economizer
The water-side economizer system was developed to provide cooling via
the chilled-water system to air-handling systems that do not have any outdoor
82 C h a p te r 8 Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
air connection or have minimum outdoor air capability. For this energy-saving
option, you must have a chilled-water cooling delivery system, a cooling tower,
and a heat exchanger piped between the chilled- and condenser-water systems.
Let’s look at the performance o f a cooling tower from the psychrometric
side. A cooling tower produces cool water dependent on the ambient wet-bulb
temperature only. For example, the ambient is tdb = 35°C and twb = 24°C, as in
our previous examples. The cooling tower has a 3°C approach temperature at
full load or heat rejection. This means the cooling tower can produce 27°C
leaving cooling tower water, or twb = 24°C + 3°C = 27°C. In the process o f
cooling the water down to 27°C, a portion o f the recirculating water is evapo
rated by slightly cooling the air (lower tdb) and greatly adding moisture to the
air. It is not uncommon that the air leaving a cooling tower is between 90% and
95% relative humidity.
As the outdoor air cools in the fall, winter, and spring, so does the outdoor
wet-bulb temperature. Also, the building sensible load decreases in these non
peak cooling seasons. For example, the ambient temperature is tdb = 4°C and
twb = 1°C. We also have the same approach temperature at part load o f 3°C (if
the tower is at full load and the same ambient conditions, the approach would
be around 6°C).
So this tower will make 7°C leaving condenser water. If our heat exchanger
has a 1°C approach temperature, then we can make 8°C chilled water to be dis
tributed throughout the building to provide cooling where needed. See Figure
8-7 for a system schematic o f a water-side economizer.
This water-side economizer is most commonly used on systems that have
chilled-water fan-coils or small air handler type systems. Typically, these sys-
H Load
terns have no outdoor air or a small amount o f outdoor air, and it could be diffi
cult or impossible to duct 100% outdoor air capability to them.
The heat exchanger between the condenser water system and the chilled-
water system must be cleanable. So, because both can have the condenser
water debris easily removed, plate-and-frame and shell-and-tube (tube-side
condenser water) are the two heat exchangers most commonly used.
Simply by having the air handler supply tdb = 18°C, we can provide the
cooling necessary. See Figure 8-8 for the psychrometric analysis o f this con
cept. Also note that the sensible heat ratio will change as the heat gain
decreases in the off-peak load times o f the year.
A few words o f caution are in order before you apply this strategy:
• Data centers, IT rooms, and telecom rooms may have only slight decreases
in the sensible load throughout the year and, therefore, cannot use supply
air temperature reset.
• Process or industrial applications may never change in sensible load and so
cannot use supply air temperature reset.
• VAV systems arc very economical to run because the airflow varies as the
sensible load goes down. But if you reset the supply air temperature
upward too much, you will eat into or eliminate the fan horsepower savings
derived from this system. Granted, you can probably reset the supply air
tdb = 12°C to 13°C or 14°C, but not up to 19°C to 21°C. This is a great
case for energy modeling o f the VAV system to see how high in reset tem
perature you can go at the expense o f fan energy usage. Remember, the
higher the supply air temperature, the more refrigeration or cooling energy
you can save.
• Be very careful about how much supply air temperature reset you do in
very humid areas o f the world. Remember, the supply air temperature from
the cooling coil sets the required dew point to maintain the room relative
84 C h a p te r 8 Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
humidity via the sensible heat ratio calculation. Many times in the off-peak
cooling season you could reset the supply air temperature, but the outdoor
humidity conditions force the cooling coil to always be in dehumidification
mode. And be careful o f rainy days in the off-peak cooling season, as the
outdoor moisture content may take precedent over supply air temperature
reset. All modem HVAC control systems should do some indoor relative
humidity sensing as a standard benefit, so the building manager/operator
has the ability to make the right decision in this event.
References
ASHRAE. 2013. Figure B 1-1, Normative Appendix B, Building envelope cli
mate criteria. In ANS1/ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-2013, Energy stan
dardfor buildings except low-rise residential buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
ASHRAE. 2012. Chapter 26, Air-to-air energy recovery equipment. In
ASHRAE Handbook— HVAC Systems and Equipment.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 85
Complete these questions by writing yo u r answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
8-3 Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount o f heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4 Energy recovery involves the transfer o f sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem
perature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all termi
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
86 C h a p te r 8 Energy Conservation and Psychrometrics
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C
and (j) = 10% rh. If the effectiveness is 75% o f the heat recovery device and the
exhaust airstream is tdb = 24°C and <j) = 40% rh, what are the dry-bulb tempera
ture and relative humidity o f the outdoor airstream leaving the recovery
device?
a) tdb = 32°C and <|>= 25% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f>= 20% rh
c) tdb = 38°C and (f>= 18% rh
d) tdb = 30°C and § = 28% rh
8-8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions o f the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and (f) = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f) = 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and (f) = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and 4>= 16% rh
8-9 If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature o f 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time o f the year in all parts o f the world, regardless o f the ambient air condi
tions.
a) True
b) False
Special Applications and
Psychrometric Considerations
Study Objectives
After completing this chapter, you should be able to
Instructions
Read the material in Chapter 9. At the end o f the chapter, complete the skill
development exercises without referring to the text.
Introduction
This chapter discusses five special cases o f psychrometric applications in
the HVAC industry: cooling towers, cleanrooms, indoor swimming pools,
direct evaporative cooling, and indirect evaporative cooling.
Cooling Towers
Starting with cooling towers may seem strange because the function o f a
cooling tower is to cool water. However, it cools the water by rejecting the
heat, through an evaporative/sensible process cooling, to the ambient or out
door air.
The cooling tower approach temperature is the difference between the leav
ing water temperature and the ambient air wet-bulb temperature.
An example shows what happens to the ambient air and the entering water
as they pass through the cooling tower. Consider a 1055 kW cooling tower that
can cool 0.056 m3/s o f water from 35°C to 30°C. The heat being rejected by
the water is
The entering ambient air to the cooling tower is tdb = 40°C and twb = 25°C.
This tower moves 28.45 m3/s o f air, which leaves the tower almost at the satu
ration line on the psychrometric chart. Therefore, the air must pick up 1319
kW, as shown by the total heat required equation discussed in Chapter 4:
where h\ is the enthalpy at tdb = 40°C and twh = 25°C, or h = 76 kJ/kg^. There
fore,
So, the leaving air temperature is tdb = 33°C and twb = 32.8°C, or almost
saturated air. Note that the cooling tower approach is the difference between
the leaving water temperature (28°C) and the 25°C entering wet-bulb ambient
temperature, or 3°C.
See Figure 9-1 for the details o f the air condition as it flows through the
cooling tower. Note that part o f the process is sensible cooling, but the majority
is latent heat being added to the ambient air as the tower water is cooled.
Also note that the entering ambient air can be anywhere on the twb = 25°C
wet-bulb line and we will get the same results. The only difference is the
amount o f latent heat and the amount o f sensible heating or cooling that takes
place as the air moves through the cooling tower.
OUTDOOR AIR
Take care to ensure that the building envelope is designed to handle the
high-dew-point indoor air. Exterior windows are discouraged in cold winter
design areas, as they will sweat excessively and cause damage.
For our example, the indoor pool is at tdb = 26°C and (j) = 55% rh. Note that
the indoor dew point is tdp = 17°C. The pool dehumidification unit cools and
dehumidifies the air first and then reheats the air to meet the psychrometric
needs. From a load calculation, the room sensible heat ratio (SHR) for this
example is 0.5. So the air is cooled from tdb = 26°C down to tdb = 12°C and
room moisture is removed in the process. Then the air is reheated from tdb =
12°C up to tdb = 19°C to intersect the SHR line on the psychrometric chart and
balance the sensible and latent cooling processes. See Figure 9-3 for the actual
pool dehumidification and reheat process.
Also note that to provide for the full heating load at winter design, both the
refrigeration reheat coil and the auxiliary heat will be used to warm the air to
the design supply air temperature. Conversely, for the summer design, dehu
midification will be needed. So the supply air temperature o f tdb = 19°C will
cover the cooling design load without any reheat. This then requires a second
refrigerant condenser to reject the heat to the ambient air.
Cleanrooms
The need for cleanrooms has expanded greatly over time. They are used in
manufacturing facilities for microprocessors, pharmaceuticals, medical prod
ucts, and various electronic devices. The common requirement o f these facili-
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 91
i 1 1 4 4
Discharge ^
ties is a clean area using high-efficiency particle arrestor air filtration with
precise dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity control.
A cleanroom HVAC system is divided into two subsystems with different
functions. First is the makeup air system, which provides preconditioned out
door air to the cleanroom area because a large amount o f exhaust air is typi
cally removed in the manufacturing process. The second subsystem is the
recirculating room air handlers that slightly cool and filter the room air, at the
same time maintaining an airflow rate in the room.
As an example, a cleanroom is designed at summer conditions o f tdb =
21 °C and <\>= 45% rh, which is means a tdr) o f 9°C. The design outdoor air is tdb
= 40°C and twb = 25°C. Therefore, the makeup air handler must cool this hot/
humid summer design air to something less than tdb = 9°C, because the recircu
lation air handlers perform only sensible cooling. Or, said another way, the
makeup air has to remove all the outdoor air latent load plus any room latent
load prior to the air being mixed into the cleanroom.
Because most cleanrooms have very few people working in them at any
given time and the manufacturing tool load is mostly a sensible load, the latent
load from the cleanroom is typically small. For this example, by cooling the air
down to tdb = 8°C, we can handle the cleanroom latent load from our latent
load calculations.
The makeup air handler must also be able to add humidity to the air when
the outdoor air is dry, as well as heat the air to near room condition in the win
ter. These are typically very large and long air handlers, because they perform
many functions on the outdoor airstream. Note in Figure 9-4 all the compo
nents necessary to provide preconditioned outdoor air.
Let’s look at the psychrometrics o f this make-up air handler at the summer
design conditions. The psychrometric chart for this unit is shown in Figure 9-5.
92 C h a p te r 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
Fig ure 9-5 Makeup a ir handler psychrom etrics at sum m er design conditions.
All three cooling coils and the reheat coil are used to precondition the air
before mixing it with the cleanroom recirculation air. A summary o f the four
coils follows:
1. Precool coil takes the 100% outdoor air from tdb = 40°C down to tdb =
34°C with a process cooling loop water supply at 30°C.
2. Chilled-water coil then takes the air from tdb = 34°C down to tdb = 11°C
with the chilled-water loop at 5°C.
3. Glycol (antifreeze) cooling coil then takes the air from tdb = 11°C down to
tdb = 8°C with a water/glycol solution at 2°C.
4. Reheat coil then heats the air from tdb = 8°C up to tdb = 19°C with the
return water from the process cooling loop that is at about 35°C. This is a
huge energy-saving feature to use the return water as a heating source and
thus cool the return water in the process.
This preconditioned outdoor air is then mixed with the cleanroom return air
that is at tdb = 21°C and (j) = 45% rh at the inlet o f the recirculation air-handling
units. If the relative humidity gets to below 45%, then the glycol coil raises its
supply air temperature a degree or two to bring the cleanroom back up to (J) =
45% rh.
At any outdoor condition, this makeup air handler has the components to
bring the outdoor air to the desired mixed condition before it is introduced into
the cleanroom.
The cleanroom recirculation units are very simple: they consist o f a fan, a
small chilled-water coil, and a set o f air prefilters. The actual cleanroom high-
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 93
efficiency particle arrestor filters are in the ceiling o f the cleanroom and pro
vide airflow at a high velocity through the room. Because they are sensible-
cooling-only units and have a very small temperature drop, tdb = 21°C to tdb =
19°C, or only 2°C o f cooling, there is no temperature deviation in the clean
room. The psychrometrics o f the recirculation cleanroom air handler are shown
in Figure 9-6.
The mixing o f the preconditioned makeup air and the return air from the
cleanroom is interesting in that the ratio of the room/makeup air is typically 20/1
to 50/1, depending on the process in the cleanroom. Therefore, the mixed condi
tion is only reduced a few tenths o f a degree in the dry bulb temperature. The
room temperature sensor controls the chilled-water valve in the recirculation air
handler to change the leaving air temperature slightly if needed.
ture will be tdb = 16°C and (j) = 90% rh. We can also calculate the condition as
follows:
where
EAT = entering air temperature
LAT = leaving air temperature
So, if the room has a high sensible load and a very low latent load, we can
keep the room conditions at tdb = 24°C and <|>= 60% rh with a fairly flat SHR line.
cooling coil and we can make tdb = 20°C air with tdb = 24°C air entering the
coil. Again, if our cooling load is mostly/all sensible and our airflow is high
enough, we can maintain the room at tdb = 24°C and § = 50% rh. See Figure 9-
8 for the psychrometrics o f the indirect evaporative cooling process.
However, when used together with 100% outdoor air, the leaving air tem
perature can be lowered by 5°C. We use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb =
38°C and § = 5% rh, but our efficiency is only 45% at best.
We can use the same formula as before so our indirect section can deliver
Fig ure 9-9 Psychrom etrics of indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Waste Air
t
Supply Air
------►
Fig ure 9-10 A ir handler w ith indirect and d irect evaporative cooling sections.
So, as you can see, the combination o f both indirect and direct evaporative
cooling in series can deliver air that can provide for a comfortable room with
out mechanical refrigeration.
See Figure 9-9 for a plot o f indirect and direct evaporative cooling in series.
Figure 9-10 shows the component arrangement for an air handler with both
indirect and direct evaporative cooling. The waste air is the air that provides
cooling to the one side o f the indirect heat exchanger.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 97
Reference
ASHRAE. 2013. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, Ventilation fo r accept-
able indoor air quality. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
98 C h a p te r 9 Special Applications and Psychrometric Considerations
Complete these questions by writing your answers on the worksheets at the back o f this book.
9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s o f water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow o f 47.2 m3/s and ambi
ent air conditions o f tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air condi
tions o f the tower?
a) tdh = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdh = 32°C, twb = 7>\°C
c) tdb = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3 What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exer
cise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4 In the design o f an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possi
ble.
a) True
b) False
9-5 In a cleanroom with design conditions o f tdb = 20°C and <f» = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humid
ity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) ^ = 1 0 ° C
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 99
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and § = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?
a) tdb = 17°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdh = 18°C
d) tdh = 12°C
9-7 In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and (|) = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and § = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and § = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and § = 50% rh
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a) (j) = 53% rh
b) <|>= 60% rh
c) (j) = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9 If we use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb = 43°C and (f) = 2% rh from Exer
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section o f 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdh = 33°C and ((>= 3% rh
b) ^ = 31°Cand(|> = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and ((>= 5% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 5% rh
9-10 If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream o f the indi
rect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency o f 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and (J>= 95% rh
b) tdh= 15°Cand(t> = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and (|) = 60% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 52% rh
Appendix A—
Thermodynamic
Properties of Moist Air
Tab le A-1 Therm odynam ic Properties of Moist A ir at Standard Atm ospheric Pressure,
101.325 kPa
T e m p ., °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J / k g ^ S p e c ific E n tr o p y , k J / f k g ^ K ) T e m p ., ° C
-5 0 0 .0 0 0 0 2 4 3 0 .6 3 1 2 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 1 2 - 5 0 .2 8 1 0 .0 5 9 - 5 0 .2 2 2 - 0 .2 0 3 3 - 0 .2 0 3 0 -5 0
—4 9 0 .0 0 0 0 2 7 5 0 .6 3 4 0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 4 0 - 4 9 .2 7 5 0 .0 6 6 —4 9 .2 0 9 - 0 .1 9 8 8 - 0 .1 9 8 5 -4 9
—4 8 0 .0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 .6 3 6 9 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 6 9 —4 8 .2 6 9 0 .0 7 5 —4 8 .1 9 4 - 0 .1 9 4 3 - 0 .1 9 4 0 -1 8
—4 7 0 .0 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 .6 3 9 7 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 3 9 7 - 4 7 .2 6 3 0 .0 8 5 —4 7 .1 7 9 - 0 .1 8 9 9 - 0 .1 8 9 5 -4 7
—4 6 0 .0 0 0 0 3 9 5 0 .6 4 2 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 4 2 6 —4 6 .2 5 7 0 .0 9 5 —4 6 .1 6 2 - 0 .1 8 5 4 - 0 .1 8 5 0 -4 6
-4 5 0 .0 0 0 0 4 4 5 0 .6 4 5 4 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .6 4 5 4 - 4 5 .2 5 2 0 .1 0 7 —4 5 .1 4 4 - 0 .1 8 1 0 - 0 .1 8 0 5 -45
-4 4 0 .0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 .6 4 8 2 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 4 8 3 - 4 4 .2 4 6 0 .1 2 1 - 4 4 .1 2 5 - 0 .1 7 6 6 - 0 .1 7 6 1 -4 4
-4 3 0 .0 0 0 0 5 6 2 0 .6 5 1 1 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 1 1 - 4 3 .2 4 0 0 .1 3 6 —4 3 .1 0 4 - 0 .1 7 2 2 - 0 .1 7 1 6 -43
-4 2 0 .0 0 0 0 6 3 1 0 .6 5 3 9 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 4 0 - 4 2 .2 3 4 0 .1 5 3 —4 2 .0 8 1 - 0 .1 6 7 9 - 0 .1 6 7 2 -4 2
-4 1 0 .0 0 0 0 7 0 8 0 .6 5 6 8 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 6 8 - 4 1 .2 2 9 0 .1 7 2 —4 1 .0 5 7 - 0 .1 6 3 5 - 0 .1 6 2 8 -1 1
^10 0 .0 0 0 0 7 9 3 0 .6 5 9 6 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 5 9 7 - 4 0 .2 2 3 0 .1 9 2 - 4 0 .0 3 1 - 0 .1 5 9 2 - 0 .1 5 8 3 -1 0
-3 9 0 .0 0 0 0 8 8 7 0 .6 6 2 5 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 2 6 - 3 9 .2 1 7 0 .2 1 5 - 3 9 .0 0 2 - 0 .1 5 4 9 - 0 .1 5 3 9 -3 9
-3 8 0 .0 0 0 0 9 9 2 0 .6 6 5 3 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 5 4 - 3 8 .2 1 2 0 .2 4 1 - 3 7 .9 7 0 - 0 .1 5 0 6 - 0 .1 4 9 5 -3 8
-3 7 0 .0 0 0 1 1 0 8 0 .6 6 8 2 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 6 8 3 - 3 7 .2 0 6 0 .2 6 9 - 3 6 .9 3 6 - 0 .1 4 6 4 - 0 .1 4 5 1 -3 7
-3 6 0 .0 0 0 1 2 3 7 0 .6 7 1 0 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 7 1 1 - 3 6 .2 0 0 0 .3 0 1 - 3 5 .8 9 9 - 0 .1 4 2 1 - 0 .1 4 0 8 -3 6
-3 5 0 .0 0 0 1 3 7 9 0 .6 7 3 8 0 .0 0 0 1 0 .6 7 4 0 - 3 5 .1 9 5 0 .3 3 6 - 3 4 .8 5 9 - 0 .1 3 7 9 - 0 .1 3 6 4 -3 5
-3 4 0 .0 0 0 1 5 3 6 0 .6 7 6 7 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 7 6 9 - 3 4 .1 8 9 0 .3 7 4 - 3 3 .8 1 5 - 0 .1 3 3 7 - 0 .1 3 2 0 -3 4
-3 3 0 .0 0 0 1 7 1 0 0 .6 7 9 5 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 7 9 7 - 3 3 .1 8 3 0 .4 1 7 - 3 2 .7 6 6 - 0 .1 2 9 5 - 0 .1 2 7 6 -3 3
-3 2 0 .0 0 0 1 9 0 2 0 .6 8 2 4 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 8 2 6 - 3 2 .1 7 8 0 .4 6 4 - 3 1 .7 1 4 - 0 .1 2 5 3 - 0 .1 2 3 2 -3 2
-3 1 0 .0 0 0 2 1 1 3 0 .6 8 5 2 0 .0 0 0 2 0 .6 8 5 5 - 3 1 .1 7 2 0 .5 1 6 - 3 0 .6 5 6 - 0 .1 2 1 1 - 0 .1 1 8 9 -3 1
-3 0 0 .0 0 0 2 3 4 5 0 .6 8 8 1 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 8 8 3 - 3 0 .1 6 7 0 .5 7 3 - 2 9 .5 9 3 - 0 .1 1 7 0 - 0 .1 1 4 5 -3 0
-2 9 0 .0 0 0 2 6 0 2 0 .6 9 0 9 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 9 1 2 - 2 9 .1 6 1 0 .6 3 6 - 2 8 .5 2 5 - 0 .1 1 2 9 - 0 .1 1 0 1 -2 9
-2 8 0 .0 0 0 2 8 8 3 0 .6 9 3 8 0 .0 0 0 3 0 .6 9 4 1 - 2 8 .1 5 6 0 .7 0 6 - 2 7 .4 5 0 - 0 .1 0 8 8 - 0 .1 0 5 7 -2 8
-2 7 0 .0 0 0 3 1 9 3 0 .6 9 6 6 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .6 9 7 0 - 2 7 .1 5 0 0 .7 8 2 - 2 6 .3 6 8 - 0 .1 0 4 7 - 0 .1 0 1 3 -2 7
-2 6 0 .0 0 0 3 5 3 2 0 .6 9 9 4 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .6 9 9 8 - 2 6 .1 4 4 0 .8 6 6 - 2 5 .2 7 8 - 0 .1 0 0 6 - 0 .0 9 6 9 -2 6
-2 5 0 .0 0 0 3 9 0 5 0 .7 0 2 3 0 .0 0 0 4 0 .7 0 2 7 - 2 5 .1 3 9 0 .9 5 8 - 2 4 .1 8 1 - 0 .0 9 6 5 - 0 .0 9 2 4 -2 5
-2 4 0 .0 0 0 4 3 1 4 0 .7 0 5 1 0 .0 0 0 5 0 .7 0 5 6 - 2 4 .1 3 3 1 .0 5 9 - 2 3 .0 7 4 - 0 .0 9 2 5 - 0 .0 8 8 0 -2 4
-2 3 0 .0 0 0 4 7 6 1 0 .7 0 8 0 0 .0 0 0 5 0 .7 0 8 5 - 2 3 .1 2 8 1 .1 7 0 - 2 1 .9 5 8 - 0 .0 8 8 4 - 0 .0 8 3 5 -2 3
-2 2 0 .0 0 0 5 2 5 1 0 .7 1 0 8 0 .0 0 0 6 0 .7 1 1 4 - 2 2 .1 2 2 1 .2 9 1 - 2 0 .8 3 1 - 0 .0 8 4 4 - 0 .0 7 9 0 -2 2
-2 1 0 .0 0 0 5 7 8 7 0 .7 1 3 7 0 .0 0 0 7 0 .7 1 4 3 - 2 1 .1 1 7 1 .4 2 4 - 1 9 .6 9 3 - 0 .0 8 0 4 - 0 .0 7 4 5 -2 1
-2 0 0 .0 0 0 6 3 7 3 0 .7 1 6 5 0 .0 0 0 7 0 .7 1 7 2 - 2 0 .1 1 1 1 .5 7 0 - 1 8 .5 4 2 - 0 .0 7 6 5 - 0 .0 6 9 9 -2 0
-1 9 0 .0 0 0 7 0 1 3 0 .7 1 9 3 0 .0 0 0 8 0 .7 2 0 1 - 1 9 .1 0 6 1 .7 2 8 - 1 7 .3 7 7 - 0 .0 7 2 5 - 0 .0 6 5 3 -1 9
-1 8 0 .0 0 0 7 7 1 1 0 .7 2 2 2 0 .0 0 0 9 0 .7 2 3 1 - 1 8 .1 0 0 1 .9 0 2 - 1 6 .1 9 8 - 0 .0 6 8 5 - 0 .0 6 0 7 -1 8
-1 7 0 .0 0 0 8 4 7 3 0 .7 2 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .7 2 6 0 - 1 7 .0 9 5 2 .0 9 1 - 1 5 .0 0 3 - 0 .0 6 4 6 - 0 .0 5 6 0 -1 7
-1 6 0 .0 0 0 9 3 0 3 0 .7 2 7 9 0 .0 0 1 1 0 .7 2 9 0 - 1 6 .0 8 9 2 .2 9 8 - 1 3 .7 9 1 - 0 .0 6 0 7 - 0 .0 5 1 3 -1 6
-1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 7 0 .7 3 0 7 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .7 3 1 9 - 1 5 .0 8 4 2 .5 2 3 - 1 2 .5 6 0 - 0 .0 5 6 8 - 0 .0 4 6 5 -1 5
-1 4 0 .0 0 1 1 1 9 1 0 .7 3 3 6 0 .0 0 1 3 0 .7 3 4 9 - 1 4 .0 7 8 2 .7 6 9 - 1 1 .3 1 0 - 0 .0 5 2 9 - 0 .0 4 1 6 -1 4
-1 3 0 .0 0 1 2 2 6 1 0 .7 3 6 4 0 .0 0 1 4 0 .7 3 7 8 - 1 3 .0 7 3 3 .0 3 6 - 1 0 .0 3 7 - 0 .0 4 9 0 - 0 .0 3 6 7 -1 3
-1 2 0 .0 0 1 3 4 2 5 0 .7 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 6 0 .7 4 0 8 - 1 2 .0 6 7 3 .3 2 6 -8 .7 4 1 - 0 .0 4 5 2 - 0 .0 3 1 7 -1 2
-1 1 0 .0 0 1 4 6 8 9 0 .7 4 2 1 0 .0 0 1 7 0 .7 4 3 8 - 1 1 .0 6 2 3 .6 4 2 -7 .4 1 9 - 0 .0 4 1 3 - 0 .0 2 6 7 -1 1
-1 0 0 .0 0 1 6 0 6 2 0 .7 4 4 9 0 .0 0 1 9 0 .7 4 6 8 - 1 0 .0 5 6 3 .9 8 6 -6 .0 7 0 - 0 .0 3 7 5 - 0 .0 2 1 5 -1 0
102 A ppendix A Thermodynamic Properties of Moist Air
Tab le A-1 Therm odynam ic Properties of Moist A ir at Standard Atm ospheric Pressure,
101.325 kP a (C o n tin u e d )
T e m p .. °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ fl S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J /k g ja S p e c i f i c E n t r o p y , k J / ( k g j fl K ) x e m p . . ° C
r H v, k g K / k g j fl
'd a 'a s 's l>da •‘as •‘ s s da Ss
r
=9 0 .0 0 1 7 5 5 1 0 7 /4 7 8 0 .0 0 2 1 0 .7 4 9 9 -9 .0 5 0 4 .3 5 8 -4 .6 9 2 - 0 .0 3 3 7 - 0 .0 1 6 3 --9
-8 0 .0 0 1 9 1 6 6 0 .7 5 0 6 0 .0 0 2 3 0 .7 5 2 9 -8 .0 4 5 4 .7 6 3 -3 .2 8 2 - 0 .0 2 9 9 - 0 .0 1 1 0 -8
-7 0 .0 0 2 0 9 1 6 0 .7 5 3 4 0 .0 0 2 5 0 .7 5 6 0 -7 .0 3 9 5 .2 0 2 -1 .8 3 8 - 0 .0 2 6 1 - 0 .0 0 5 5 -7
-6 0 .0 0 2 2 8 1 2 0 .7 5 6 3 0 .0 0 2 8 0 .7 5 9 1 -6 .0 3 4 5 .6 7 7 -0 .3 5 6 - 0 .0 2 2 3 0 .0 0 0 0 -6
-5 0 .0 0 2 4 8 6 3 0 .7 5 9 1 0 .0 0 3 0 0 .7 6 2 2 -5 .0 2 8 6 .1 9 3 1 .1 6 4 - 0 .0 1 8 6 0 .0 0 5 7 -5
-4 0 .0 0 2 7 0 8 3 0 .7 6 2 0 0 .0 0 3 3 0 .7 6 5 3 -4 .0 2 3 6 .7 5 0 2 .7 2 8 - 0 .0 1 4 8 0 .0 1 1 5 -4
-3 0 .0 0 2 9 4 8 2 0 .7 6 4 8 0 .0 0 3 6 0 .7 6 8 4 - 3 .0 1 7 7 .3 5 4 4 .3 3 7 - 0 .0 1 1 1 0 .0 1 7 5 -3
-2 0 .0 0 3 2 0 7 6 0 .7 6 7 7 0 .0 0 3 9 0 .7 7 1 6 -2 .0 1 1 8 .0 0 7 5 .9 9 5 - 0 .0 0 7 4 0 .0 2 3 6 -2
-1 0 .0 0 3 4 8 7 7 0 .7 7 0 5 0 .0 0 4 3 0 .7 7 4 8 - 1 .0 0 6 8 .7 1 2 7 .7 0 7 - 0 .0 0 3 7 0 .0 2 9 9 -1
0 0 .0 0 3 7 9 0 0 0 .7 7 3 3 0 .0 0 4 7 0 .7 7 8 0 0 .0 0 0 9 .4 7 5 9 .4 7 5 0 .0 0 0 0 0 .0 3 6 4 0
1 0 .0 0 4 0 7 6 0 .7 7 6 2 0 .0 0 5 1 0 .7 8 1 3 1 .0 0 6 1 0 .1 9 8 1 1 .2 0 3 0 .0 0 3 7 0 .0 4 2 7 1
2 0 .0 0 4 3 8 2 0 .7 7 9 0 0 .0 0 5 5 0 .7 8 4 5 2 .0 1 1 1 0 .9 7 0 1 2 .9 8 1 0 .0 0 7 3 0 .0 4 9 2 2
3 0 .0 0 4 7 0 8 0 .7 8 1 9 0 .0 0 5 9 0 .7 8 7 8 3 .0 1 7 1 1 .7 9 4 1 4 .8 1 1 0 .0 1 1 0 0 .0 5 5 9 3
4 0 .0 0 5 0 5 5 0 .7 8 4 7 0 .0 0 6 4 0 .7 9 1 1 4 .0 2 3 1 2 .6 7 3 1 6 .6 9 6 0 .0 1 4 6 0 .0 6 2 7 4
5 0 .0 0 5 4 2 5 0 .7 8 7 5 0 .0 0 6 8 0 .7 9 4 4 5 .0 2 9 1 3 .6 1 1 1 8 .6 3 9 0 .0 1 8 2 0 .0 6 9 7 5
6 0 .0 0 5 8 1 9 0 .7 9 0 4 0 .0 0 7 4 0 .7 9 7 8 6 .0 3 4 1 4 .6 1 0 2 0 .6 4 4 0 .0 2 1 9 0 .0 7 6 9 6
7 0 .0 0 6 2 3 8 0 .7 9 3 2 0 .0 0 7 9 0 .8 0 1 2 7 .0 4 0 1 5 .6 7 4 2 2 .7 1 4 0 .0 2 5 4 0 .0 8 4 3 7
8 0 .0 0 6 6 8 4 0 .7 9 6 1 0 .0 0 8 5 0 .8 0 4 6 8 .0 4 6 1 6 .8 0 7 2 4 .8 5 3 0 .0 2 9 0 0 .0 9 1 9 8
9 0 .0 0 7 1 5 8 0 .7 9 8 9 0 .0 0 9 2 0 .8 0 8 1 9 .0 5 2 1 8 .0 1 3 2 7 .0 6 5 0 .0 3 2 6 0 .0 9 9 7 9
10 0 .0 0 7 6 6 3 0 .8 0 1 7 0 .0 0 9 8 0 .8 1 1 6 1 0 .0 5 8 1 9 .2 9 7 2 9 .3 5 4 0 .0 3 6 2 0 .1 0 7 8 10
11 0 .0 0 8 1 9 9 0 .8 0 4 6 0 .0 1 0 6 0 .8 1 5 2 1 1 .0 6 3 2 0 .6 6 1 3 1 .7 2 4 0 .0 3 9 7 0 .1 1 6 2 11
12 0 .0 0 8 7 6 8 0 .8 0 7 4 0 .0 1 1 3 0 .8 1 8 8 1 2 .0 6 9 2 2 .1 1 1 3 4 .1 8 1 0 .0 4 3 2 0 .1 2 4 8 12
13 0 .0 0 9 3 7 2 0 .8 1 0 3 0 .0 1 2 2 0 .8 2 2 4 1 3 .0 7 5 2 3 .6 5 3 3 6 .7 2 8 0 .0 4 6 8 0 .1 3 3 7 13
14 0 .0 1 0 0 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 0 .0 1 3 1 0 .8 2 6 2 1 4 .0 8 1 2 5 .2 9 0 3 9 .3 7 1 0 .0 5 0 3 0 .1 4 3 0 14
15 0 .0 1 0 6 9 4 0 .8 1 5 9 0 .0 1 4 0 0 .8 2 9 9 1 5 .0 8 7 2 7 .0 2 8 4 2 .1 1 5 0 .0 5 3 8 0 .1 5 2 5 15
16 0 .0 1 1 4 1 5 0 .8 1 8 8 0 .0 1 5 0 0 .8 3 3 8 1 6 .0 9 3 2 8 .8 7 3 4 4 .9 6 6 0 .0 5 7 3 0 .1 6 2 4 16
17 0 .0 1 2 1 8 1 0 .8 2 1 6 0 .0 1 6 0 0 .8 3 7 7 1 7 .0 9 9 3 0 .8 3 0 4 7 .9 2 9 0 .0 6 0 7 0 .1 7 2 6 17
18 0 .0 1 2 9 9 1 0 .8 2 4 5 0 .0 1 7 2 0 .8 4 1 6 1 8 .1 0 5 3 2 .9 0 6 5 1 .0 1 1 0 .0 6 4 2 0 .1 8 3 2 18
19 0 .0 1 3 8 5 1 0 .8 2 7 3 0 .0 1 8 4 0 .8 4 5 7 1 9 .1 1 1 3 5 .1 0 7 5 4 .2 1 9 0 .0 6 7 6 0 .1 9 4 2 19
20 0 .0 1 4 7 6 1 0 .8 3 0 1 0 .0 1 9 6 0 .8 4 9 8 2 0 .1 1 7 3 7 .4 4 1 5 7 .5 5 8 0 .0 7 1 1 0 .2 0 5 7 20
21 0 .0 1 5 7 2 4 0 .8 3 3 0 0 .0 2 1 0 0 .8 5 4 0 2 1 .1 2 4 3 9 .9 1 4 6 1 .0 3 7 0 .0 7 4 5 0 .2 1 7 5 21
22 0 .0 1 6 7 4 4 0 .8 3 5 8 0 .0 2 2 4 0 .8 5 8 3 2 2 .1 3 0 4 2 .5 3 3 6 4 .6 6 3 0 .0 7 7 9 0 .2 2 9 8 22
23 0 .0 1 7 8 2 3 0 .8 3 8 7 0 .0 2 4 0 0 .8 6 2 6 2 3 .1 3 6 4 5 .3 0 8 6 8 .4 4 4 0 .0 8 1 3 0 .2 4 2 6 23
24 0 .0 1 8 9 6 5 0 .8 4 1 5 0 .0 2 5 6 0 .8 6 7 1 2 4 .1 4 2 4 8 .2 4 5 7 2 .3 8 8 0 .0 8 4 7 0 .2 5 6 0 24
25 0 .0 2 0 1 7 3 0 .8 4 4 3 0 .0 2 7 3 0 .8 7 1 6 2 5 .1 4 8 5 1 .3 5 5 7 6 .5 0 3 0 .0 8 8 1 0 .2 6 9 8 25
26 0 .0 2 1 4 5 1 0 .8 4 7 2 0 .0 2 9 1 0 .8 7 6 3 2 6 .1 5 5 5 4 .6 4 6 8 0 .8 0 1 0 .0 9 1 5 0 .2 8 4 2 26
27 0 .0 2 2 8 0 2 0 .8 5 0 0 0 .0 3 1 1 0 .8 8 1 1 2 7 .1 6 1 5 8 .1 2 8 8 5 .2 8 9 0 .0 9 4 8 0 .2 9 9 2 27
28 0 .0 2 4 2 2 9 0 .8 5 2 9 0 .0 3 3 1 0 .8 8 6 0 2 8 .1 6 7 6 1 .8 1 2 8 9 .9 7 9 0 .0 9 8 2 0 .3 1 4 8 28
29 0 .0 2 5 7 3 8 0 .8 5 5 7 0 .0 3 5 3 0 .8 9 1 0 2 9 .1 7 4 6 5 .7 0 8 9 4 .8 8 2 0 .1 0 1 5 0 .3 3 1 1 29
30 0 .0 2 7 3 3 3 0 .8 5 8 5 0 .0 3 7 6 0 .8 9 6 1 3 0 .1 8 0 6 9 .8 2 9 1 0 0 .0 0 9 0 .1 0 4 8 0 .3 4 8 1 30
31 0 .0 2 9 0 1 8 0 .8 6 1 4 0 .0 4 0 0 0 .9 0 1 4 3 1 .1 8 7 7 4 .1 8 5 1 0 5 .3 7 2 0 .1 0 8 1 0 .3 6 5 8 31
32 0 .0 3 0 7 9 7 0 .8 6 4 2 0 .0 4 2 6 0 .9 0 6 9 3 2 .1 9 3 7 8 .7 9 1 1 1 0 .9 8 5 0 .1 1 1 5 0 .3 8 4 3 32
33 0 .0 3 2 6 7 7 0 .8 6 7 1 0 .0 4 5 4 0 .9 1 2 4 3 3 .2 0 0 8 3 .6 6 0 1 1 6 .8 6 0 0 .1 1 4 7 0 .4 0 3 5 33
34 0 .0 3 4 6 6 3 0 .8 6 9 9 0 .0 4 8 3 0 .9 1 8 2 3 4 .2 0 7 8 8 .8 0 6 1 2 3 .0 1 3 0 .1 1 8 0 0 .4 2 3 6 34
35 0 .0 3 6 7 6 0 0 .8 7 2 7 0 .0 5 1 4 0 .9 2 4 1 3 5 .2 1 3 9 4 .2 4 5 1 2 9 .4 5 8 0 .1 2 1 3 0 .4 4 4 7 35
36 0 .0 3 8 9 7 5 0 .8 7 5 6 0 .0 5 4 7 0 .9 3 0 2 3 6 .2 2 0 9 9 .9 9 3 1 3 6 .2 1 3 0 .1 2 4 6 0 .4 6 6 6 36
37 0 .0 4 1 3 1 3 0 .8 7 8 4 0 .0 5 8 1 0 .9 3 6 5 3 7 .2 2 7 1 0 6 .0 6 8 1 4 3 .2 9 4 0 .1 2 7 8 0 .4 8 9 5 37
38 0 .0 4 3 7 8 3 0 .8 8 1 3 0 .0 6 1 8 0 .9 4 3 0 3 8 .2 3 3 1 1 2 .4 8 7 1 5 0 .7 2 0 0 .1 3 1 1 0 .5 1 3 5 38
39 0 .0 4 6 3 9 1 0 .8 8 4 1 0 .0 6 5 7 0 .9 4 9 8 3 9 .2 4 0 1 1 9 .2 7 0 1 5 8 .5 1 0 0 .1 3 4 3 0 .5 3 8 6 39
40 0 .0 4 9 1 4 5 0 .8 8 6 9 0 .0 6 9 8 0 .9 5 6 7 4 0 .2 4 7 1 2 6 .4 3 8 1 6 6 .6 8 5 0 .1 3 7 5 0 .5 6 5 0 40
41 0 .0 5 2 0 5 3 0 .8 8 9 8 0 .0 7 4 1 0 .9 6 3 9 4 1 .2 5 4 1 3 4 .0 1 4 1 7 5 .2 6 8 0 .1 4 0 7 0 .5 9 2 5 41
42 0 .0 5 5 1 2 4 0 .8 9 2 6 0 .0 7 8 8 0 .9 7 1 4 4 2 .2 6 1 1 4 2 .0 2 1 1 8 4 .2 8 2 0 .1 4 3 9 0 .6 2 1 3 42
43 0 .0 5 8 3 6 8 0 .8 9 5 5 0 .0 8 3 7 0 .9 7 9 1 4 3 .2 6 8 1 5 0 .4 8 3 1 9 3 .7 5 1 0 .1 4 7 1 0 .6 5 1 4 43
44 0 .0 6 1 7 9 5 0 .8 9 8 3 0 .0 8 8 8 0 .9 8 7 1 4 4 .2 7 5 1 5 9 .4 2 9 2 0 3 .7 0 4 0 .1 5 0 3 0 .6 8 3 0 44
45 0 .0 6 5 4 1 6 0 .9 0 1 1 0 .0 9 4 3 0 .9 9 5 5 4 5 .2 8 2 1 6 8 .8 8 7 2 1 4 .1 6 9 0 .1 5 3 5 0 .7 1 6 2 45
46 0 .0 6 9 2 4 2 0 .9 0 4 0 0 .1 0 0 2 1 .0 0 4 1 4 6 .2 8 9 1 7 8 .8 8 9 2 2 5 .1 7 8 0 .1 5 6 6 0 .7 5 0 9 46
47 0 .0 7 3 2 8 6 0 .9 0 6 8 0 .1 0 6 3 1 .0 1 3 1 4 7 .2 9 7 1 8 9 .4 6 6 2 3 6 .7 6 3 0 .1 5 9 8 0 .7 8 7 4 47
48 0 .0 7 7 5 6 1 0 .9 0 9 6 0 .1 1 2 9 1 .0 2 2 5 4 8 .3 0 4 2 0 0 .6 5 6 2 4 8 .9 6 0 0 .1 6 2 9 0 .8 2 5 6 48
49 0 .0 8 2 0 8 1 0 .9 1 2 5 0 .1 1 9 8 1 .0 3 2 3 4 9 .3 1 1 2 1 2 .4 9 7 2 6 1 .8 0 8 0 .1 6 6 0 0 .8 6 5 8 49
50 0 .0 8 6 8 6 3 0 .9 1 5 3 0 .1 2 7 2 1 .0 4 2 5 5 0 .3 1 9 2 2 5 .0 3 0 2 7 5 .3 4 9 0 .1 6 9 2 0 .9 0 8 1 50
51 0 .0 9 1 9 2 2 0 .9 1 8 2 0 .1 3 5 0 1 .0 5 3 1 5 1 .3 2 6 2 3 8 .3 0 0 2 8 9 .6 2 7 0 .1 7 2 3 0 .9 5 2 5 51
52 0 .0 9 7 2 7 8 0 .9 2 1 0 0 .1 4 3 3 1 .0 6 4 3 5 2 .3 3 4 2 5 2 .3 5 7 3 0 4 .6 9 0 0 .1 7 5 4 0 .9 9 9 3 52
53 0 .1 0 2 9 4 9 0 .9 2 3 8 0 .1 5 2 1 1 .0 7 5 9 5 3 .3 4 1 2 6 7 .2 5 1 3 2 0 .5 9 2 0 .1 7 8 5 1 .0 4 8 5 53
54 0 .1 0 8 9 5 8 0 .9 2 6 7 0 .1 6 1 4 1 .0 8 8 1 5 4 .3 4 9 2 8 3 .0 4 1 3 3 7 .3 8 9 0 .1 8 1 6 1 .1 0 0 3 54
55 0 .1 1 5 3 2 6 0 .9 2 9 5 0 .1 7 1 4 1 .1 0 0 9 5 5 .3 5 6 2 9 9 .7 8 8 3 5 5 .1 4 4 0 .1 8 4 6 1 .1 5 4 9 55
56 0 .1 2 2 0 8 0 0 .9 3 2 4 0 .1 8 1 9 1 .1 1 4 3 5 6 .3 6 4 3 1 7 .5 6 0 3 7 3 .9 2 4 0 .1 8 7 7 1 .2 1 2 6 56
57 0 .1 2 9 2 4 8 0 .9 3 5 2 0 .1 9 3 2 1 .1 2 8 4 5 7 .3 7 2 3 3 6 .4 3 1 3 9 3 .8 0 3 0 .1 9 0 8 1 .2 7 3 4 57
58 0 .1 3 6 8 5 8 0 .9 3 8 0 0 .2 0 5 1 1 .1 4 3 2 5 8 .3 8 0 3 5 6 .4 8 2 4 1 4 .8 6 2 0 .1 9 3 8 1 .3 3 7 7 58
59 0 .1 4 4 9 4 5 0 .9 4 0 9 0 .2 1 7 9 1 .1 5 8 7 5 9 .3 8 8 3 7 7 .8 0 0 4 3 7 .1 8 8 0 .1 9 6 8 1 .4 0 5 6 59
60 0 .1 5 3 5 4 5 0 .9 4 3 7 0 .2 3 1 5 1 .1 7 5 2 6 0 .3 9 6 4 0 0 .4 8 4 4 6 0 .8 8 0 0 .1 9 9 9 1 .4 7 7 5 60
61 0 .1 6 2 6 9 7 0 .9 4 6 5 0 .2 4 6 0 1 .1 9 2 5 6 1 .4 0 4 4 2 4 .6 4 1 4 8 6 .0 4 4 0 .2 0 2 9 1 .5 5 3 7 61
62 0 .1 7 2 4 4 6 0 .9 4 9 4 0 .2 6 1 5 1 .2 1 0 8 6 2 .4 1 2 4 5 0 .3 8 8 5 1 2 .7 9 9 0 .2 0 5 9 1 .6 3 4 5 62
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 103
Tab le A-1 Therm odynam ic Properties of Moist A ir at Standard Atm ospheric Pressure,
101.325 kP a (C o n tin u e d )
T e m p .. °C H u m id ity R a tio S p e c i f i c V o l u m e . m 3/ k g ^ fl S p e c ific E n th a lp y , k J /k g ja S p e c i f i c E n t r o p y , k J / ( k g j fl K ) j e m p . . ° C
r H v, k g K / k g j fl
'd a 'a s 's l>da •‘as •‘ s s da Ss
r
63 0 .1 8 2 8 4 2 0 .9 5 2 2 0 .2 /8 0 1 .2 3 0 2 6 3 .4 2 0 4 7 7 .8 5 6 5 4 1 .2 /6 0 .2 0 8 9 177203 63
64 0 .1 9 3 9 3 7 0 .9 5 5 1 0 .2 9 5 7 1 .2 5 0 8 6 4 .4 2 8 5 0 7 .1 9 2 5 7 1 .6 2 0 0 .2 1 1 9 1 .8 1 1 4 64
65 0 .2 0 5 7 9 4 0 .9 5 7 9 0 .3 1 4 7 1 .2 7 2 6 6 5 .4 3 6 5 3 8 .5 5 7 6 0 3 .9 9 3 0 .2 1 4 9 1 .9 0 8 4 65
66 0 .2 1 8 4 7 8 0 .9 6 0 7 0 .3 3 5 0 1 .2 9 5 7 6 6 .4 4 5 5 7 2 .1 3 1 6 3 8 .5 7 6 0 .2 1 7 9 2 .0 1 1 7 66
67 0 .2 3 2 0 6 7 0 .9 6 3 6 0 .3 5 6 8 1 .3 2 0 4 6 7 .4 5 3 6 0 8 .1 1 8 6 7 5 .5 7 2 0 .2 2 0 8 2 .1 2 2 0 67
68 0 .2 4 6 6 4 5 0 .9 6 6 4 0 .3 8 0 3 1 .3 4 6 7 6 8 .4 6 2 6 4 6 .7 4 6 7 1 5 .2 0 8 0 .2 2 3 8 2 .2 3 9 8 68
69 0 .2 6 2 3 0 9 0 .9 6 9 2 0 .4 0 5 6 1 .3 7 4 8 6 9 .4 7 0 6 8 8 .2 7 1 7 5 7 .7 4 1 0 .2 2 6 8 2 .3 6 5 9 69
70 0 .2 7 9 1 6 7 0 .9 7 2 1 0 .4 3 2 8 1 .4 0 4 9 7 0 .4 7 9 7 3 2 .9 8 5 8 0 3 .4 6 4 0 .2 2 9 7 2 .5 0 1 1 70
71 0 .2 9 7 3 4 3 0 .9 7 4 9 0 .4 6 2 2 1 .4 3 7 2 7 1 .4 8 8 7 8 1 .2 2 0 8 5 2 .7 0 7 0 .2 3 2 6 2 .6 4 6 4 71
72 0 .3 1 6 9 7 9 0 .9 7 7 8 0 .4 9 4 1 1 .4 7 1 9 7 2 .4 9 6 8 3 3 .3 5 3 9 0 5 .8 5 0 0 .2 3 5 6 2 .8 0 2 8 72
73 0 .3 3 8 2 3 7 0 .9 8 0 6 0 .5 2 8 7 1 .5 0 9 3 7 3 .5 0 5 8 8 9 .8 2 1 9 6 3 .3 2 6 0 .2 3 8 5 2 .9 7 1 5 73
74 0 .3 6 1 3 0 4 0 .9 8 3 4 0 .5 6 6 3 1 .5 4 9 7 7 4 .5 1 4 9 5 1 .1 2 4 1 0 2 5 .6 3 8 0 .2 4 1 4 3 .1 5 3 9 74
75 0 .3 8 6 3 9 9 0 .9 8 6 3 0 .6 0 7 2 1 .5 9 3 5 7 5 .5 2 3 1 0 1 7 .8 4 3 1 0 9 3 .3 6 7 0 .2 4 4 3 3 .3 5 1 7 75
76 0 .4 1 3 7 7 4 0 .9 8 9 1 0 .6 5 2 0 1 .6 4 1 1 7 6 .5 3 2 1 0 9 0 .6 5 9 1 1 6 7 .1 9 1 0 .2 4 7 2 3 .5 6 6 8 76
77 0 .4 4 3 7 2 7 0 .9 9 1 9 0 .7 0 1 0 1 .6 9 3 0 7 7 .5 4 2 1 1 7 0 .3 6 6 1 2 4 7 .9 0 7 0 .2 5 0 1 3 .8 0 1 4 77
78 0 .4 7 6 6 1 0 0 .9 9 4 8 0 .7 5 5 0 1 .7 4 9 7 7 8 .5 5 1 1 2 5 7 .9 0 7 1 3 3 6 .4 5 8 0 .2 5 2 9 4 .0 5 8 1 78
79 0 .5 1 2 8 4 2 0 .9 9 7 6 0 .8 1 4 5 1 .8 1 2 1 7 9 .5 6 0 1 3 5 4 .4 0 2 1 4 3 3 .9 6 2 0 .2 5 5 8 4 .3 4 0 1 79
80 0 .5 5 2 9 2 6 1 .0 0 0 5 0 .8 8 0 5 1 .8 8 0 9 8 0 .5 6 9 1 4 6 1 .1 9 6 1 5 4 1 .7 6 5 0 .2 5 8 7 4 .6 5 1 1 80
81 0 .5 9 7 4 7 0 1 .0 0 3 3 0 .9 5 3 9 1 .9 5 7 2 8 1 .5 7 9 1 5 7 9 .9 1 7 1 6 6 1 .4 9 6 0 .2 6 1 5 4 .9 9 5 6 81
82 0 .6 4 7 2 1 8 1 .0 0 6 1 1 .0 3 6 0 2 .0 4 2 1 8 2 .5 8 9 1 7 1 2 .5 5 6 1 7 9 5 .1 4 5 0 .2 6 4 4 5 .3 7 9 4 82
83 0 .7 0 3 0 8 9 1 .0 0 9 0 1 .1 2 8 3 2 .1 3 7 3 8 3 .5 9 8 1 8 6 1 .5 7 3 1 9 4 5 .1 7 1 0 .2 6 7 2 5 .8 0 9 1 83
84 0 .7 6 6 2 3 3 1 .0 1 1 8 1 .2 3 2 8 2 .2 4 4 6 8 4 .6 0 8 2 0 3 0 .0 4 1 2 1 1 4 .6 4 9 0 .2 7 0 1 6 .2 9 3 3 84
85 0 .8 3 8 1 0 5 1 .0 1 4 6 1 .3 5 1 9 2 .3 6 6 5 8 5 .6 1 8 2 2 2 1 .8 5 8 2 3 0 7 .4 7 6 0 .2 7 2 9 6 .8 4 3 0 85
86 0 .9 2 0 5 8 0 1 .0 1 7 5 1 .4 8 8 7 2 .5 0 6 2 8 6 .6 2 8 2 4 4 2 .0 3 5 2 5 2 8 .6 6 2 0 .2 7 5 7 7 .4 7 2 1 86
87 1 .0 1 6 1 0 5 1 .0 2 0 3 1 .6 4 7 3 2 .6 6 7 6 8 7 .6 3 8 2 6 9 7 .1 2 7 2 7 8 4 .7 6 4 0 .2 7 8 5 8 .1 9 8 7 87
88 1 .1 2 7 9 5 2 1 .0 2 3 2 1 .8 3 3 2 2 .8 5 6 4 8 8 .6 4 8 2 9 9 5 .8 8 0 3 0 8 4 .5 2 8 0 .2 8 1 3 9 .0 4 7 2 88
89 1 .2 6 0 5 7 9 1 .0 2 6 0 2 .0 5 3 9 3 .0 7 9 9 8 9 .6 5 8 3 3 5 0 .2 2 8 3 4 3 9 .8 8 5 0 .2 8 4 1 1 0 .0 5 0 8 89
90 1 .4 2 0 2 3 5 1 .0 2 8 8 2 .3 1 9 8 3 .3 4 8 7 9 0 .6 6 8 3 7 7 6 .8 8 8 3 8 6 7 .5 5 6 0 .2 8 6 9 1 1 .2 5 5 8 90
Appendix B—
Dimensions, Units, and
Unit Conversion Factors
H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a ) '
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D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e ,
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cc Pr* a O' © <-< a © a
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D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , SC W B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : H i n d s p e e d m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M CDB M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 QC , c C - d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , ® E le v : E le v a tio n , m
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 ° C , ° C - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
112
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B . M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 3 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D D eu p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , 8C M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a r in g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C . ° C - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
I 15
116
M C W B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t w -e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 BC , 3C - d a } '
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a c L a titu d e , e L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d a y
E le v : E le v a tio n , m
W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
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M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a c L a titu d e , e L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition 123
E le v : E le v a tio n , m
W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l b e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e l 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
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D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : iV e t b u l b te m p e r a tu r e , 5C D P D e * p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m b
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t we t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 ° C , ° C - d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M B W e t b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 . 3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 CC , " C - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
125
126
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C S 1 C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , eC - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
127
128
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B . M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , * C -d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . ®C D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , °C H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S : W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t n e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C S 1 C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , eC - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
129
130
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC M C D B : M e a n c o i n c i d e n t d r y b u l b t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a t i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e 1 8 ,3 ° C °C -d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i : L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 0 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , °C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
A p p e n d ix C
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a l i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e ! 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
u
S
E v a p o ra tio n W 'B 'M C D B
-
D e h u m ld lflc a tio DPHRMCDB E xtre m e H e a t./C o ol.
H e a tin g DB
S ta tio n Lit Long E lev 0.4% 1
% 2% 0.4% 1% 0.4% 1
% A nn u al WS D e g ree -D a yi
9 9 .6 % 1 99% D B . M C W B DB M C W B DB M C W B W B . M CDB W B . M C D B D P . H R -M C D B D P H R - 'M C D B 1%| 2.5%5% H D D /C D D 18.3
K R A K O W -B A L IC E 50.C8N 19.80E 237 -16.1 -13.1 29.9 20.4 27.9 19.6 26.0 18.6 21.3 27.9 20.4 26.4 19.1 14.3 24.1 18.2 13.5 22.7 9.4 8.2 7.3 3667 119
LO D Z 51.73N I9.40E 190 -15.3 -12.2 29.6 19.4 27.6 18.6 25.8 17.7 20.7 26.5 19.7 25.4 188 14.0 22.7 17.9 13.1 21.7 9.0 7.9 7.0 3744 115
L U B L IN R A D A W IE C 5 I.2 2 N 22.40E 240 -17.3 -13.7 28.8 20.3 26.8 19.4 25.1 18.4 21.3 26.8 20.2 25.3 19.4 14.6 24.2 18.4 13.7 22.7 8.5 7.4 6.5 3931 93
PO ZNAN 52.42N 16.85E 84 -14.0 -10.9 30.1 19.4 28.1 18.4 26.3 17.7 20.7 27.5 19.7 25.9 18.5 13.5 22.5 17.7 12.8 21 9 9.6 8.4 7.4 3582 123
R A C IB O R Z 50.C5N 18.20E 206 -15.6 -12.2 29.5 20.1 27.7 19.3 25.9 18.5 21.1 27.0 202 25.9 19.1 14.2 23.8 18.2 13.4 22.7 10.1 8.7 7.5 3559 III
S ZC ZE C IN 53.40N 14.62E 7 -12.7 -9.4 29.0 19.9 27.0 19.1 25.2 18.3 21.2 26.8 20.1 25.1 19.3 14.1 23.6 18.3 13.2 22.4 9.4 8.4 7.4 3506 94
L IS B O A G A G O C O U T IN H 38.77N 9 .1 3 W 105 4.6 5.8 33.6 20.4 31.5 19.8 29.6 19.3 21.5 30.5 20.8 28.5 19.2 14.2 22.5 18.6 13.6 22.3 8.8 7.7 6.9 1045 549
P u e r t o R ic o 2 s te s , 2 m o r e o n C D - R O M
S A N J U A N IN T L A R P T 18.42N 66.00W 4 20.8 21.3 32.8 25.4 31.9 25.5 31.4 25.4 26.9 30.4 26.5 30.1 25.9 21.2 28.8 25.5 20.8 28.6 8.8 8.1 7.4 0 3131
L U IS M U N O Z M A R IN IN 18.43N 66.00W 3 21.0 21.5 32.9 25.2 32.1 25.4 31.6 25.5 27.2 30.3 26.7 30.1 26.2 21.6 28.9 25.8 21.2 28.8 9.2 8.5 7.9 0 3137
1 li e , 0 m o r e o n C D - R O M
O
.J| OO -JOJI
8 s ite s , 4 5 m o r e o n C D -R O M
BUCURESTI AFU M ATI 44.48N 26.18E 90 -13.2 -10.8 33.9 21.6 32.1 21.4 30.8 20.7 23.4 30.2 22.1 29.5 21.3 16.2 25.4 20.2 15.0 24.5 10.2 8.2 7.1 2995 419
B U C U R E S T IIN M H -B A N E 44.48N 26.12E 91 -12.5 -10.0 34.1 21.1 32.5 20.7 30.9 20.1 23.1 29.9 22.1 29.1 21.2 16.0 25.0 20.1 15.0 23.8 8.4 7.4 6.3 3012 399
C L U J-N A P O C A 46.78N 23.57E 413 -14.8 -12.0 30.4 20.5 28.9 19.7 27.2 19.0 21.9 28.1 20.8 26.6 20.0 15.4 24.6 18.9 14.4 23.2 8.1 6.4 5.3 3526 169
CO NSTANTA 44.22N 28.65E 14 -8.9 •6.9 30.1 23.7 28.7 22.9 27.5 22.3 25.6 28.2 24.3 27.2 24.8 19.9 27.3 23.4 18.2 26 3 12.2 10.3 9.7 2627 442
C R A IO V A 44.32N 23.87E 195 -12.0 -9.6 33.9 22.0 32.1 21.6 30.5 21.0 24.1 30.7 23.J 29.3 22.1 17.2 27.1 21.0 16.1 25.8 12.1 9.5 8.1 2884 457
IA S I 47.17N 27.63E 104 -15.8 -12.6 32.7 21.2 30.9 20.7 29.2 19.9 22.9 29.5 21.) 28.2 21.0 15.8 25.9 19.9 14.8 24.4 9.5 8.0 7.0 3248 339
K O G A L N IC E A N U 44.33N 28.43E 102 -11.0 -9.0 32.5 22.0 30.9 21.4 29.1 21.0 25.2 27.6 23.8 27.0 24.5 19.8 26.3 23.0 17.9 250 11.2 9.4 8.5 2881 402
T IM IS O A R A 45.77N 21.25E 88 -11.4 -8.9 33.9 21.2 32.1 20.9 30.2 20.1 22.8 30.0 21.8 28.8 21.0 15.8 24.7 19.9 14.8 23.8 8.4 7 .0 5.9 2877 362
S O C H I (A D L E R ) 43.43N 39.90E 13 -2.0 -0.6 30.2 23.9 29.1 23.5 28.0 23.1 25.4 28.7 24.5 27.9 24.2 19.1 27.8 23.4 18.2 26.9 7.6 6.6 5.9 2012 469
ARHANG ELSK 64. SON 40.72E 8 -33.2 -29.5 27.2 19.5 25.0 18.1 22.9 17.0 20.6 25.5 19 3 23.7 188 13.6 23.2 17.4 12.5 21.7 8.1 7.0 6.2 6263 47
ASTR AH AN 46.28N 48.05E -23 -18.1 -15.0 35.4 21.5 33.7 21.1 32.2 20.7 23.6 30.8 22.5 29.8 21.6 16.2 26.3 20.5 15.2 25.5 9.8 8.6 7.9 3397 667
BARNAUL 53.43N 83.52E 184 -32.9 -29.8 30.0 19.1 28.2 18.5 26.7 17.7 21.0 27.0 19.) 25.7 19.0 14.1 23.7 17.9 13.1 22.9 10.7 9.0 7.9 5846 157
B R JA N S K 53.2SN 34.32E 216 -22.6 -19.4 28.5 19.4 26.8 18.6 25.1 17.8 20.6 26.3 19.5 24.9 186 13.8 23.0 17.6 12.9 22.0 9.2 8.0 7.2 4572 116
CHEREPOVEC 59.27N 38.02E 114 -30.3 -26.8 28.0 20.1 25.9 19.0 24.0 17.8 21.1 26.4 2 0 .: 24.5 19.3 14.2 24.0 18.2 13.3 22.4 8.9 7.4 6.3 5577 53
C H E U A B IN S K -B A L A N D I 5S..30N 6I.S 3E 227 -29.2 -26.3 30.5 19.6 2R.6 19 0 26.9 18.2 21.0 27.6 20.1 26.5 18 9 14.1 23.3 17.9 13.2 22.7 10.6 9.2 8.1 5563 153
C H IT A 52.C8N 1I3.48E 671 -37.2 -35.0 30.9 19.3 28.9 18.2 26.9 17.3 21.0 28.2 19.7 26.2 18.8 14.7 23.7 17.5 13.6 22.5 10.1 8.7 7.6 6979 100
E K A T E R IN B U R G 56.83N 60.63E 283 -30.8 -27.9 29.4 19.5 27.7 18.7 25.9 17.8 21.1 27.1 20.) 25.8 19.1 14.3 23.8 18.0 13.4 22.7 8.9 7.9 7.1 5893 99
ELABU G A 55.77N 52.07E 192 -29.2 -25.6 30.6 20.1 28.6 19.5 26.7 18.5 21.4 28.2 20.1 26.8 19.1 14.2 24.1 18.1 13.4 23.3 13.2 1
1.0 9.4 5380 172
GORTCIJ 56.22N 43.82E 82 -27.4 -23.9 28.4 19.5 26.7 18.8 25.0 17.8 20.9 26.3 19.8 24.8 19.1 14.0 23.5 17.9 13.0 22.2 9.3 8.3 7.3 5163 96
HABAROVSK 48.52N 135.17E 76 -30.0 -28.0 30.5 22.2 28.8 21.6 27.1 20.6 24.0 27.8 22.) 26.7 23.0 17.9 25.7 21.8 16.6 24.9 10.6 9.3 8.3 6046 222
IR K U T S K 52.27N 104.32E 469 -35.5 -32.1 28.2 17.9 26.8 17.6 25.0 16.8 20.0 25.6 1 9 .: 24.3 18.1 13.8 22.2 17.0 12.9 21.2 10.1 8.8 7.7 6612 52
IZ H E V S K 56.83N 53.45E 159 -30.1 -26.5 29.7 19.8 27.8 18.9 26.0 18.0 20.9 27.4 2 0 .: 26.2 18.7 13.8 23.8 17.7 12.9 22.7 9.8 8.4 7.2 5706 126
K A L IN IN G R A D 54.72N 20.55E 21 -17.4 -13.2 27.8 19.7 25.8 18.7 24.1 17.6 21.1 25.6 198 24.2 19.5 14.2 23.2 18.2 13.1 21 8 9.1 7.9 7.1 3848 67
KALUG A 54.S7N 36.40E 201 -25.4 -22.0 27.9 19.5 26.2 188 24.6 18.0 20.9 25.7 198 24.4 19.1 14.2 23.7 18.1 13.3 22.4 9.1 7.6 6.7 4898 71
KAZAN 55.73N 49.20E 116 -28.6 -25.0 30.7 19.8 28.4 194 26.6 18.5 21.3 27.6 20.1 26.4 19.1 14.1 24.2 18.2 13.3 23.2 11.1 9.9 9.1 5299 172
KEM EROVO 55.23N 86.12E 260 -33.6 -30.3 28.7 19.1 26.9 18.2 25.1 17.4 20.7 25.8 19.5 24.7 18.9 14.2 23.3 17.8 13.2 22.2 10.9 9.5 8.6 6240 106
K IR O V 58.6SN 49.62E 164 -33.5 -28.7 28.3 20.0 25.9 18.5 24.1 17.5 20.7 26.1 19.5 24.4 18.7 13.8 23.7 17.7 12.9 22.1 9.8 8.7 7.8 5907 67
K IR O V 58.57N 49.57E 158 -29.5 -26.2 29.6 20.6 27.7 194 25.9 18.3 21.2 27.7 20.1 26.4 19.1 14.2 24.0 18.2 13.4 23.1 6.2 5.4 5.0 5587 131
KRASNO DAR 45.C3N 39.15E 34 -14.8 -11.1 34.2 22.5 32.2 22.0 30.6 21.2 24.1 30.9 23.1 29.6 22.0 16.8 27.5 21.1 15.8 26.3 10.3 9.1 8.2 2866 509
K R A S N O JA R S K 56.C0N 92.88E 277 -33.7 -31.1 28.4 18.3 26.6 17.6 24.8 16.8 20.0 25.7 1 9 .: 24.3 18.1 13.4 22.4 17.0 12.6 21.3 10.1 8.4 7.0 6227 70
K R A S N O JA R S K O P Y T N O E 56.C3N 92.75E 276 -37.1 -34.6 29.0 19.2 27.1 18.7 25.2 17.7 20.8 26.5 19.5 24.9 188 14.1 23.8 17.7 13.2 22.2 7.2 6.2 5.4 6149 105
KURGAN 55.47N 65.40E 79 -32.7 -29.5 31.3 19.5 29.4 19.2 27.6 18.4 21.3 28.4 20.1 27.2 18.9 13.8 24.0 18.0 13.1 23.0 10.8 9.3 8.2 5848 174
KURSK 5 I.7 7 N 36.17E 247 -22.8 -19.5 30.4 19.6 28.4 18.8 26.6 18.2 20.9 27.3 20.1 26.1 18.8 14.0 23.6 17.9 13.3 22.8 9.1 7.9 7.1 4420 183
M A G N IT O G O R S K 53.3SN 59.08E 382 -29.5 -26.5 30.4 18.5 28.6 17.9 26.9 17.3 20.0 27.2 19.2 26.2 17.6 13.2 23.0 16.6 12.4 22.3 10.0 8.5 7.4 5758 142
M AHACKALA 43.Q N 47.48E 32 -11.6 •8.6 31.5 23.4 30.1 23.3 28.9 22.8 25.5 29.3 24.7 28.5 24.3 19.3 28.4 23.4 18.2 27.7 10.9 9.4 8.2 2729 581
MOSKVA 55.83N 37.62E 156 -22.8 -19.5 29.4 20.9 27.5 20.2 25.6 19.1 21.9 27.8 20.8 26.0 19.8 14.8 25.0 18.8 13.9 23.7 4.3 3.5 3.2 4662 131
MURMANSK 68.S7N 33.05E 51 -32.2 -28.8 24.1 16.0 21.5 14.9 19.2 13.8 17.0 21.6 15.5 20.3 14.9 10.7 19.2 13.3 9.6 17.5 10.9 9.4 8.1 6645 10
N IZ H N Y J T A G IL 57.88N 60.07E 258 -31.9 -29.2 28.6 19.2 26.9 18.4 25.1 17.6 20.7 26.5 19.5 25.0 186 13.9 23.2 17.5 12.9 220 7.4 6.4 5.6 6118 71
N IZ N IJ N O V G O R O D 56.27N 44.00E 157 -26.6 -23.2 30.8 20.4 28.6 19.7 26.8 19.0 21.4 27.8 20.5 26.8 19.2 14.3 24.0 18.3 13.4 22.9 7.2 6.3 5.5 4997 154
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a t: L a t i t u d e ,c L o n g : L o n g itu d e , e E le v : E le v a tio n , m
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e ,
°C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC D P : D e w p o i n t te m p e r a tu r e , eC H R H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a ir W S : H i n d s p e e d , m /s
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t net b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a l i n g a n d c o o l i n g d e g r e e - d a y s , b a s e I 8 . 3 eC , ° C - d a y
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
I 33
134
D B : D r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , 3C W B : W e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ®C D P : D e w p o i n t t e m p e r a t u r e , CC H R : H u m id ity r a tio , g o f m o is tu r e p e r k g o f d r y a i r W S: W in d s p e e d , m /s
M C n 'B . M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , eC H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e 1 8 .3 ° C , cC - d a y
A ppendix C
Climatic Design Information
M e a n in g o f a c r o n y m s : L a i: L a titu d e , 0 L o n g : L o n g itu d e , 8 E le v : E le v a tio n , m
A p p e n d ix C
M C W B : M e a n c o in c id e n t w e t b u lb te m p e r a tu r e . °C M C D B : M e a n c o in c id e n t d r y b u lb te m p e r a tu r e , ° C H D D a n d C D D 1 8 .3 : A n n u a l h e a tin g a n d c o o lin g d e g r e e -d a y s , b a s e I 8 .3 ° C , ° C -d a y
-5 0 0 .0 0 3 9 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 6 1 5 3 .8 0 2 6 1 5 3 .8 0 - 4 2 9 .1 6 2 8 3 7 .8 1 2 4 0 8 .6 6 - 1 .6 0 6 5 1 2 .7 1 7 1 1 1 .1 1 0 6 -5 0
-4 9 0 .0 0 4 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 3 2 3 2 .0 3 2 3 2 3 2 .0 4 - 4 2 7 .4 2 2 8 3 7 .9 3 2 4 1 0 .5 1 - 1 .5 9 8 7 1 2 .6 6 0 9 1 1 .0 6 2 2 —4 9
-4 8 0 .0 0 5 0 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 2 0 6 5 8 .7 0 2 0 6 5 8 .7 0 - 4 2 5 .6 8 2 8 3 8 .0 4 2 4 1 2 .3 6 - 1 .5 9 0 9 1 2 .6 0 5 1 1 1 .0 1 4 2 —4 8
-4 7 0 .0 0 5 6 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 1 8 3 8 9 .7 5 1 8 3 8 9 .7 5 - 4 2 3 .9 3 2 8 3 8 .1 4 2 4 1 4 .2 1 - 1 .5 8 3 2 1 2 .5 4 9 8 1 0 .9 6 6 6 —4 7
-4 6 0 .0 0 6 4 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 3 1 6 3 8 7 .0 3 1 6 3 8 7 .0 3 - 4 2 2 .1 7 2 8 3 8 .2 3 2 4 1 6 .0 6 - 1 .5 7 5 4 1 2 .4 9 5 0 1 0 .9 1 9 6 —4 6
-4 5 0 .0 0 7 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 4 6 1 7 .3 9 1 4 6 1 7 .3 9 - 4 2 0 .4 0 2 8 3 8 .3 2 2 4 1 7 .9 1 - 1 .5 6 7 7 1 2 .4 4 0 6 1 0 .8 7 2 9 -4 5
—4 4 0 .0 0 8 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 3 0 5 2 .0 7 1 3 0 5 2 .0 7 - 4 1 8 .6 3 2 8 3 8 .3 9 2 4 1 9 .7 6 - 1 .5 5 9 9 1 2 .3 8 6 7 1 0 .8 2 6 7 -4 4
-4 3 0 .0 0 9 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 1 6 6 6 .0 2 1 1 6 6 6 .0 2 - 4 1 6 .8 5 2 8 3 8 .4 7 2 4 2 1 .6 2 - 1 .5 5 2 2 1 2 .3 3 3 1 1 0 .7 8 1 0 -4 3
^42 0 .0 1 0 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 1 0 4 3 7 .4 6 1 0 4 3 7 .4 6 - 4 1 5 .0 6 2 8 3 8 .5 3 2 4 2 3 .4 7 - 1 .5 4 4 4 1 2 .2 8 0 1 1 0 .7 3 5 6 -4 2
-4 1 0 .0 1 1 4 6 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 9 3 4 7 .3 8 9 3 4 7 .3 8 ^ 4 1 3 .2 7 2 8 3 8 .5 9 2 4 2 5 .3 2 - 1 .5 3 6 7 1 2 .2 2 7 4 1 0 .6 9 0 7 -4 1
^10 0 .0 1 2 8 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 8 3 7 9 .2 0 8 3 7 9 .2 0 - 4 1 1 .4 7 2 8 3 8 .6 4 2 4 2 7 .1 7 - 1 .5 2 8 9 1 2 .1 7 5 2 1 0 .6 4 6 2 ^10
-3 9 0 .0 1 4 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 7 5 1 8 .4 4 7 5 1 8 .4 4 - 4 0 9 .6 6 2 8 3 8 .6 8 2 4 2 9 .0 2 - 1 .5 2 1 2 1 2 .1 2 3 4 1 0 .6 0 2 2 -3 9
-3 8 0 .0 1 6 0 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 6 7 5 2 .4 3 6 7 5 2 .4 3 - 4 0 7 .8 5 2 8 3 8 .7 2 2 4 3 0 .8 7 - 1 .5 1 3 5 1 2 .0 7 2 0 1 0 .5 5 8 5 -3 8
-3 7 0 .0 1 7 9 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 6 0 7 0 .0 8 6 0 7 0 .0 8 - 4 0 6 .0 2 2 8 3 8 .7 4 2 4 3 2 .7 2 - 1 .5 0 5 7 1 2 .0 2 1 0 1 0 .5 1 5 2 -3 7
-3 6 0 .0 2 0 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 5 4 6 1 .6 8 5 4 6 1 .6 8 —4 0 4 . 1 9 2 8 3 8 .7 6 2 4 3 4 .5 7 - 1 .4 9 8 0 1 1 .9 7 0 4 1 0 .4 7 2 4 -3 6
-3 5 0 .0 2 2 3 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 4 9 1 8 .6 9 4 9 1 8 .6 9 - 4 0 2 .3 6 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 3 6 .4 2 - 1 .4 9 0 3 1 1 .9 2 0 2 1 0 .4 2 9 9 -3 5
-3 4 0 .0 2 4 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 4 4 3 3 .6 4 4 4 3 3 .6 4 - 4 0 0 .5 1 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 3 8 .2 7 - 1 .4 8 2 5 1 1 .8 7 0 3 1 0 .3 8 7 8 -3 4
-3 3 0 .0 2 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 5 3 9 9 9 .9 5 3 9 9 9 .9 5 - 3 9 8 .6 6 2 8 3 8 .7 8 2 4 4 0 .1 2 - 1 .4 7 4 8 1 1 .8 2 0 9 1 0 .3 4 6 1 -3 3
-3 2 0 .0 3 0 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 3 6 1 1 .8 2 3 6 1 1 .8 2 - 3 9 6 .8 0 2 8 3 8 .7 7 2 4 4 1 .9 7 -1 .4 6 7 1 1 1 .7 7 1 8 1 0 .3 0 4 7 -3 2
-3 1 0 .0 3 4 2 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 3 2 6 4 .1 5 3 2 6 4 .1 6 - 3 9 4 .9 4 2 8 3 8 .7 5 2 4 4 3 .8 2 - 1 .4 5 9 4 1 1 .7 2 3 1 1 0 .2 6 3 8 -3 1
-3 0 0 .0 3 8 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 9 5 2 .4 6 2 9 5 2 .4 6 - 3 9 3 .0 6 2 8 3 8 .7 3 2 4 4 5 .6 7 - 1 .4 5 1 6 1 1 .6 7 4 8 1 0 .2 2 3 2 -3 0
-2 9 0 .0 4 2 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 6 7 2 .7 7 2 6 7 2 .7 7 - 3 9 1 .1 8 2 8 3 8 .7 0 2 4 4 7 .5 1 - 1 .4 4 3 9 1 1 .6 2 6 9 1 0 .1 8 3 0 -2 9
-2 8 0 .0 4 6 7 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 4 2 1 .5 8 2 4 2 1 .5 8 - 3 8 9 .2 9 2 8 3 8 .6 6 2 4 4 9 .3 6 - 1 .4 3 6 2 1 1 .5 7 9 3 1 0 .1 4 3 1 -2 8
-2 7 0 .0 5 1 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 2 1 9 5 .8 0 2 1 9 5 .8 0 - 3 8 7 .4 0 2 8 3 8 .6 1 2 4 5 1 .2 1 - 1 .4 2 8 5 1 1 .5 3 2 1 1 0 .1 0 3 6 -2 7
-2 6 0 .0 5 7 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 9 9 2 .6 8 1 9 9 2 .6 8 - 3 8 5 .5 0 2 8 3 8 .5 6 2 4 5 3 .0 6 - 1 .4 2 0 8 1 1 .4 8 5 2 1 0 .0 6 4 4 -2 6
-2 5 0 .0 6 3 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 8 0 9 .7 9 1 8 0 9 .7 9 - 3 8 3 .5 9 2 8 3 8 .4 9 2 4 5 4 .9 1 - 1 .4 1 3 1 1 1 .4 3 8 6 1 0 .0 2 5 6 -2 5
-2 4 0 .0 6 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 6 4 4 .9 9 1 6 4 4 .9 9 - 3 8 1 .6 7 2 8 3 8 .4 2 2 4 5 6 .7 5 - 1 .4 0 5 4 1 1 .3 9 2 5 9 .9 8 7 1 -2 4
-2 3 0 .0 7 7 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 4 9 6 .3 6 1 4 9 6 .3 6 - 3 7 9 .7 5 2 8 3 8 .3 5 2 4 5 8 .6 0 - 1 .3 9 7 7 1 1 .3 4 6 6 9 .9 4 8 9 -2 3
-2 2 0 .0 8 5 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 3 6 2 .2 1 1 3 6 2 .2 1 - 3 7 7 .8 1 2 8 3 8 .2 6 2 4 6 0 .4 5 - 1 .3 8 9 9 1 1 .3 0 1 1 9 .9 1 1 1 -2 2
-2 1 0 .0 9 3 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 2 4 1 .0 3 1 2 4 1 .0 3 - 3 7 5 .8 8 2 8 3 8 .1 7 2 4 6 2 .2 9 - 1 .3 8 2 2 1 1 .2 5 5 9 9 .8 7 3 6 -2 1
-2 0 0 .1 0 3 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 8 7 1 1 3 1 .4 9 1 1 3 1 .4 9 - 3 7 3 .9 3 2 8 3 8 .0 7 2 4 6 4 .1 4 - 1 .3 7 4 5 1 1 .2 1 1 0 9 .8 3 6 5 -2 0
-1 9 0 .1 1 3 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 1 0 3 2 .3 8 1 0 3 2 .3 8 - 3 7 1 .9 8 2 8 3 7 .9 6 2 4 6 5 .9 8 - 1 .3 6 6 8 1 1 .1 6 6 5 9 .7 9 9 6 -1 9
-1 8 0 .1 2 4 9 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 9 4 2 .6 4 9 4 2 .6 5 - 3 7 0 .0 1 2 8 3 7 .8 4 2 4 6 7 .8 3 -1 .3 5 9 1 1 1 .1 2 2 3 9 .7 6 3 1 -1 8
-1 7 0 .1 3 7 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 8 6 1 .3 4 8 6 1 .3 4 - 3 6 8 .0 5 2 8 3 7 .7 2 2 4 6 9 .6 7 - 1 .3 5 1 4 1 1 .0 7 8 4 9 .7 2 6 9 -1 7
-1 6 0 .1 5 0 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 7 8 7 .6 1 7 8 7 .6 1 - 3 6 6 .0 7 2 8 3 7 .5 9 2 4 7 1 .5 1 - 1 .3 4 3 7 1 1 .0 3 4 8 9 .6 9 1 0 -1 6
-1 5 0 .1 6 5 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 7 2 0 .7 0 7 2 0 .7 0 - 3 6 4 .0 9 2 8 3 7 .4 5 2 4 7 3 .3 6 - 1 .3 3 6 0 1 0 .9 9 1 5 9 .6 5 5 4 -1 5
-1 4 0 .1 8 1 1 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 6 5 9 .9 4 6 5 9 .9 4 - 3 6 2 .1 0 2 8 3 7 .3 0 2 4 7 5 .2 0 - 1 .3 2 8 4 1 0 .9 4 8 5 9 .6 2 0 1 -1 4
-1 3 0 .1 9 8 4 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 6 0 4 .7 2 6 0 4 .7 3 - 3 6 0 .1 0 2 8 3 7 .1 4 2 4 7 7 .0 4 - 1 .3 2 0 7 1 0 .9 0 5 8 9 .5 8 5 1 -1 3
I 38 A ppendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
-1 2 0 .2 1 7 2 9 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 5 5 4 .5 1 5 5 4 .5 1 - 3 5 8 .1 0 2 8 3 6 .9 8 2 4 7 8 .8 8 - 1 .3 1 3 0 1 0 .8 6 3 4 9 .5 5 0 4 -1 2
-1 1 0 .2 3 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 5 0 8 .8 1 5 0 8 .8 1 - 3 5 6 .0 8 2 8 3 6 .8 0 2 4 8 0 .7 2 - 1 .3 0 5 3 1 0 .8 2 1 3 9 .5 1 6 0 -1 1
-1 0 0 .2 5 9 8 7 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 4 6 7 .1 9 4 6 7 .1 9 - 3 5 4 .0 6 2 8 3 6 .6 2 2 4 8 2 .5 6 - 1 .2 9 7 6 1 0 .7 7 9 5 9 .4 8 1 9 -1 0
-9 0 .2 8 3 9 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 4 2 9 .2 5 4 2 9 .2 6 - 3 5 2 .0 4 2 8 3 6 .4 4 2 4 8 4 .4 0 - 1 .2 8 9 9 1 0 .7 3 8 0 9 .4 4 8 1 -9
-8 0 .3 0 9 9 5 0 .0 0 1 0 8 9 3 9 4 .6 6 3 9 4 .6 6 - 3 5 0 .0 0 2 8 3 6 .2 4 2 4 8 6 .2 3 - 1 .2 8 2 2 1 0 .6 9 6 7 9 .4 1 4 5 -8
-7 0 .3 3 8 1 7 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 6 3 .0 9 3 6 3 .0 9 - 3 4 7 .9 6 2 8 3 6 .0 3 2 4 8 8 .0 7 - 1 .2 7 4 5 1 0 .6 5 5 8 9 .3 8 1 2 -7
-6 0 .3 6 8 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 3 4 .2 6 3 3 4 .2 6 - 3 4 5 .9 1 2 8 3 5 .8 2 2 4 8 9 .9 1 - 1 .2 6 6 8 1 0 .6 1 5 1 9 .3 4 8 2 -6
-5 0 .4 0 1 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 3 0 7 .9 2 3 0 7 .9 2 - 3 4 3 .8 6 2 8 3 5 .6 0 2 4 9 1 .7 4 - 1 .2 5 9 2 1 0 .5 7 4 7 9 .3 1 5 5 -5
-A 0 .4 3 7 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 2 8 3 .8 2 2 8 3 .8 3 - 3 4 1 .7 9 2 8 3 5 .3 7 2 4 9 3 .5 7 - 1 .2 5 1 5 1 0 .5 3 4 5 9 .2 8 3 0 -4
-3 0 .4 7 6 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 0 2 6 1 .7 8 2 6 1 .7 8 - 3 3 9 .7 2 2 8 3 5 .1 3 2 4 9 5 .4 1 - 1 .2 4 3 8 1 0 .4 9 4 6 9 .2 5 0 8 -3
-2 0 .5 1 7 7 0 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 4 1 .6 0 2 4 1 .6 0 - 3 3 7 .6 4 2 8 3 4 .8 8 2 4 9 7 .2 4 - 1 .2 3 6 1 1 0 .4 5 5 0 9 .2 1 8 9 -2
-1 0 .5 6 2 6 6 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 2 3 .1 0 2 2 3 .1 1 - 3 3 5 .5 6 2 8 3 4 .6 3 2 4 9 9 .0 7 - 1 .2 2 8 4 1 0 .4 1 5 7 9 .1 8 7 2 -1
0 0 .6 1 1 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 2 0 6 .1 5 2 0 6 .1 5 - 3 3 3 .4 7 2 8 3 4 .3 6 2 5 0 0 .9 0 - 1 .2 2 0 8 1 0 .3 7 6 6 9 .1 5 5 8 0
Transitionfromsaturatedsolidtosaturatedliquid
0 0 .6 1 1 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 6 .1 3 9 2 0 6 .1 4 0 - 0 .0 4 2 5 0 0 .9 3 2 5 0 0 .8 9 - 0 .0 0 0 2 9 .1 5 5 9 9 .1 5 5 8 0
1 0 .6 5 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 9 2 .4 4 4 1 9 2 .4 4 5 4 .1 8 2 4 9 8 .5 5 2 5 0 2 .7 3 0 .0 1 5 3 9 .1 1 3 8 9 .1 2 9 1 1
2 0 .7 0 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 7 9 .7 6 3 1 7 9 .7 6 4 8 .3 9 2 4 9 6 .1 7 2 5 0 4 .5 7 0 .0 3 0 6 9 .0 7 2 1 9 .1 0 2 7 2
3 0 .7 5 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 6 8 .0 1 3 1 6 8 .0 1 4 1 2 .6 0 2 4 9 3 .8 0 2 5 0 6 .4 0 0 .0 4 5 9 9 .0 3 0 6 9 .0 7 6 5 3
4 0 .8 1 3 5 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 7 .1 2 0 1 5 7 .1 2 1 1 6 .8 1 2 4 9 1 .4 2 2 5 0 8 .2 4 0 .0 6 1 1 8 .9 8 9 5 9 .0 5 0 6 4
5 0 .8 7 2 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 4 7 .0 1 6 1 4 7 .0 1 7 2 1 .0 2 2 4 8 9 .0 5 2 5 1 0 .0 7 0 .0 7 6 3 8 .9 4 8 6 9 .0 2 4 9 5
6 0 .9 3 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 3 7 .6 3 7 1 3 7 .6 3 8 2 5 .2 2 2 4 8 6 .6 8 2 5 1 1 .9 1 0 .0 9 1 3 8 .9 0 8 1 8 .9 9 9 4 6
7 1 .0 0 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 8 .9 2 7 1 2 8 .9 2 8 2 9 .4 3 2 4 8 4 .3 1 2 5 1 3 .7 4 0 .1 0 6 4 8 .8 6 7 8 8 .9 7 4 2 7
8 1 .0 7 3 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 .8 3 3 1 2 0 .8 3 4 3 3 .6 3 2 4 8 1 .9 4 2 5 1 5 .5 7 0 .1 2 1 3 8 .8 2 7 8 8 .9 4 9 2 8
9 1 .1 4 8 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 .3 0 8 1 1 3 .3 0 9 3 7 .8 2 2 4 7 9 .5 8 2 5 1 7 .4 0 0 .1 3 6 2 8 .7 8 8 2 8 .9 2 4 4 9
10 1 .2 2 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 6 .3 0 8 1 0 6 .3 0 9 4 2 .0 2 2 4 7 7 .2 1 2 5 1 9 .2 3 0 .1 5 1 1 8 .7 4 8 8 8 .8 9 9 8 10
11 1 .3 1 2 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 9 9 .7 9 2 9 9 .7 9 3 4 6 .2 2 2 4 7 4 .8 4 2 5 2 1 .0 6 0 .1 6 5 9 8 .7 0 9 6 8 .8 7 5 5 11
12 1 .4 0 2 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 9 3 .7 2 3 9 3 .7 2 4 5 0 .4 1 2 4 7 2 .4 8 2 5 2 2 .8 9 0 .1 8 0 6 8 .6 7 0 8 8 .8 5 1 4 12
13 1 .4 9 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 8 8 .0 6 9 8 8 .0 7 0 5 4 .6 0 2 4 7 0 .1 1 2 5 2 4 .7 1 0 .1 9 5 3 8 .6 3 2 2 8 .8 2 7 5 13
14 1 .5 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 8 2 .7 9 7 8 2 .7 9 8 5 8 .7 9 2 4 6 7 .7 5 2 5 2 6 .5 4 0 .2 0 9 9 8 .5 9 3 9 8 .8 0 3 8 14
15 1 .7 0 5 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 7 7 .8 8 0 7 7 .8 8 1 6 2 .9 8 2 4 6 5 .3 8 2 5 2 8 .3 6 0 .2 2 4 5 8 .5 5 5 9 8 .7 8 0 4 15
16 1 .8 1 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 7 3 .2 9 0 7 3 .2 9 1 6 7 .1 7 2 4 6 3 .0 1 2 5 3 0 .1 9 0 .2 3 9 0 8 .5 1 8 1 8 .7 5 7 1 16
17 1 .9 3 8 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 6 9 .0 0 5 6 9 .0 0 6 7 1 .3 6 2 4 6 0 .6 5 2 5 3 2 .0 1 0 .2 5 3 4 8 .4 8 0 6 8 .7 3 4 1 17
18 2 .0 6 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 1 6 5 .0 0 2 6 5 .0 0 3 7 5 .5 5 2 4 5 8 .2 8 2 5 3 3 .8 3 0 .2 6 7 8 8 .4 4 3 4 8 .7 1 1 2 18
19 2 .1 9 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 6 1 .2 6 0 6 1 .2 6 1 7 9 .7 3 2 4 5 5 .9 2 2 5 3 5 .6 5 0 .2 8 2 2 8 .4 0 6 4 8 .6 8 8 6 19
20 2 .3 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 7 .7 6 0 5 7 .7 6 1 8 3 .9 2 2 4 5 3 .5 5 2 5 3 7 .4 7 0 .2 9 6 5 8 .3 6 9 6 8 .6 6 6 1 20
21 2 .4 8 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 4 .4 8 6 5 4 .4 8 7 8 8 .1 0 2 4 5 1 .1 8 2 5 3 9 .2 9 0 .3 1 0 8 8 .3 3 3 1 8 .6 4 3 9 21
22 2 .6 4 5 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 2 5 1 .4 2 1 5 1 .4 2 2 9 2 .2 9 2 4 4 8 .8 1 2 5 4 1 .1 0 0 .3 2 5 0 8 .2 9 6 9 8 .6 2 1 8 22
23 2 .8 1 0 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 8 .5 5 1 4 8 .5 5 2 9 6 .4 7 2 4 4 6 .4 5 2 5 4 2 .9 2 0 .3 3 9 1 8 .2 6 0 9 8 .6 0 0 0 23
24 2 .9 8 5 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 5 .8 6 2 4 5 .8 6 3 1 0 0 .6 6 2 4 4 4 .0 8 2 5 4 4 .7 3 0 .3 5 3 2 8 .2 2 5 1 8 .5 7 8 3 24
25 3 .1 6 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 3 .3 4 0 4 3 .3 4 1 1 0 4 .8 4 2 4 4 1 .7 1 2 5 4 6 .5 4 0 .3 6 7 3 8 .1 8 9 5 8 .5 5 6 8 25
26 3 .3 6 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 3 4 0 .9 7 6 4 0 .9 7 7 1 0 9 .0 2 2 4 3 9 .3 3 2 5 4 8 .3 5 0 .3 8 1 3 8 .1 5 4 2 8 .5 3 5 5 26
27 3 .5 6 7 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 8 .7 5 7 3 8 .7 5 8 1 1 3 .2 0 2 4 3 6 .9 6 2 5 5 0 .1 6 0 .3 9 5 2 8 .1 1 9 2 8 .5 1 4 4 27
28 3 .7 8 2 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 6 .6 7 4 3 6 .6 7 5 1 1 7 .3 8 2 4 3 4 .5 9 2 5 5 1 .9 7 0 .4 0 9 1 8 .0 8 4 3 8 .4 9 3 4 28
29 4 .0 0 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 4 .7 1 8 3 4 .7 1 9 1 2 1 .5 6 2 4 3 2 .2 1 2 5 5 3 .7 8 0 .4 2 3 0 8 .0 4 9 7 8 .4 7 2 7 29
30 4 .2 4 6 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 4 3 2 .8 8 1 3 2 .8 8 2 1 2 5 .7 5 2 4 2 9 .8 4 2 5 5 5 .5 8 0 .4 3 6 8 8 .0 1 5 3 8 .4 5 2 1 30
31 4 .4 9 6 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 3 1 .1 5 3 3 1 .1 5 4 1 2 9 .9 3 2 4 2 7 .4 6 2 5 5 7 .3 9 0 .4 5 0 6 7 .9 8 1 2 8 .4 3 1 7 31
32 4 .7 5 9 2 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 2 9 .5 2 8 2 9 .5 2 9 1 3 4 .1 1 2 4 2 5 .0 8 2 5 5 9 .1 9 0 .4 6 4 3 7 .9 4 7 2 8 .4 1 1 5 32
33 5 .0 3 5 1 0 .0 0 1 0 0 5 2 8 .0 0 0 2 8 .0 0 1 1 3 8 .2 9 2 4 2 2 .7 0 2 5 6 0 .9 9 0 .4 7 8 0 7 .9 1 3 5 8 .3 9 1 4 33
34 5 .3 2 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 6 .5 6 1 2 6 .5 6 2 1 4 2 .4 7 2 4 2 0 .3 2 2 5 6 2 .7 9 0 .4 9 1 6 7 .8 8 0 0 8 .3 7 1 5 34
35 5 .6 2 8 6 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 5 .2 0 7 2 5 .2 0 8 1 4 6 .6 4 2 4 1 7 .9 4 2 5 6 4 .5 8 0 .5 0 5 2 7 .8 4 6 7 8 .3 5 1 8 35
36 5 .9 4 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 0 6 2 3 .9 3 1 2 3 .9 3 2 1 5 0 .8 2 2 4 1 5 .5 6 2 5 6 6 .3 8 0 .5 1 8 7 7 .8 1 3 6 8 .3 3 2 3 36
37 6 .2 8 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 2 .7 2 8 2 2 .7 2 9 1 5 5 .0 0 2 4 1 3 .1 7 2 5 6 8 .1 7 0 .5 3 2 2 7 .7 8 0 7 8 .3 1 2 9 37
38 6 .6 3 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 1 .5 9 4 2 1 .5 9 5 1 5 9 .1 8 2 4 1 0 .7 8 2 5 6 9 .9 6 0 .5 4 5 7 7 .7 4 8 0 8 .2 9 3 6 38
39 6 .9 9 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 0 7 2 0 .5 2 5 2 0 .5 2 6 1 6 3 .3 6 2 4 0 8 .3 9 2 5 7 1 .7 5 0 .5 5 9 1 7 .7 1 5 5 8 .2 7 4 6 39
40 7 .3 8 4 4 0 .0 0 1 0 0 8 1 9 .5 1 6 1 9 .5 1 7 1 6 7 .5 4 2 4 0 6 .0 0 2 5 7 3 .5 4 0 .5 7 2 4 7 .6 8 3 2 8 .2 5 5 7 40
41 7 .7 8 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 8 1 8 .5 6 4 1 8 .5 6 5 1 7 1 .7 2 2 4 0 3 .6 1 2 5 7 5 .3 3 0 .5 8 5 8 7 .6 5 1 2 8 .2 3 6 9 41
42 8 .2 0 9 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 7 .6 6 4 1 7 .6 6 5 1 7 5 .9 0 2 4 0 1 .2 1 2 5 7 7 .1 1 0 .5 9 9 0 7 .6 1 9 3 8 .2 1 8 3 42
43 8 .6 5 0 3 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 6 .8 1 5 1 6 .8 1 6 1 8 0 .0 8 2 3 9 8 .8 2 2 5 7 8 .8 9 0 .6 1 2 3 7 .5 8 7 6 8 .1 9 9 9 43
44 9 .1 1 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 0 9 1 6 .0 1 2 1 6 .0 1 3 1 8 4 .2 6 2 3 9 6 .4 2 2 5 8 0 .6 7 0 .6 2 5 5 7 .5 5 6 1 8 .1 8 1 6 44
45 9 .5 9 4 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 0 1 5 .2 5 2 1 5 .2 5 3 1 8 8 .4 4 2 3 9 4 .0 2 2 5 8 2 .4 5 0 .6 3 8 6 7 .5 2 4 8 8 .1 6 3 4 45
46 1 0 .0 9 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 0 1 4 .5 3 4 1 4 .5 3 5 1 9 2 .6 2 2 3 9 1 .6 1 2 5 8 4 .2 3 0 .6 5 1 7 7 .4 9 3 7 8 .1 4 5 4 46
47 1 0 .6 2 5 9 0 .0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 .8 5 5 1 3 .8 5 6 1 9 6 .8 0 2 3 8 9 .2 1 2 5 8 6 .0 0 0 .6 6 4 8 7 .4 6 2 8 8 .1 2 7 6 47
48 1 1 .1 7 6 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 1 1 3 .2 1 2 1 3 .2 1 3 2 0 0 .9 8 2 3 8 6 .8 0 2 5 8 7 .7 7 0 .6 7 7 8 7 .4 3 2 0 8 .1 0 9 9 48
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition I 39
50 1 2 .3 5 1 3 0 .0 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 .0 2 7 1 2 .0 2 8 2 0 9 .3 4 2 3 8 1 .9 7 2 5 9 1 .3 1 0 .7 0 3 8 7 .3 7 1 1 8 .0 7 4 9 50
51 1 2 .9 7 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 3 1 1 .4 8 1 1 1 .4 8 2 2 1 3 .5 2 2 3 7 9 .5 6 2 5 9 3 .0 8 0 .7 1 6 7 7 .3 4 0 9 8 .0 5 7 6 51
52 1 3 .6 3 0 5 0 .0 0 1 0 1 3 1 0 .9 6 3 1 0 .9 6 4 2 1 7 .7 0 2 3 7 7 .1 4 2 5 9 4 .8 4 0 .7 2 9 6 7 .3 1 0 9 8 .0 4 0 5 52
53 1 4 .3 1 1 6 0 .0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 .4 7 2 1 0 .4 7 3 2 2 1 .8 8 2 3 7 4 .7 2 2 5 9 6 .6 0 0 .7 4 2 4 7 .2 8 1 1 8 .0 2 3 5 53
54 1 5 .0 2 1 5 0 .0 0 1 0 1 4 1 0 .0 0 6 1 0 .0 0 7 2 2 6 .0 6 2 3 7 2 .3 0 2 5 9 8 .3 5 0 .7 5 5 2 7 .2 5 1 4 8 .0 0 6 6 54
55 1 5 .7 6 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 5 9 .5 6 3 9 9 .5 6 4 9 2 3 0 .2 4 2 3 6 9 .8 7 2 6 0 0 .1 1 0 .7 6 8 0 7 .2 2 1 9 7 .9 8 9 9 55
56 1 6 .5 3 2 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 5 9 .1 4 4 4 9 .1 4 5 4 2 3 4 .4 2 2 3 6 7 .4 4 2 6 0 1 .8 6 0 .7 8 0 7 7 .1 9 2 6 7 .9 7 3 3 56
57 1 7 .3 3 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 1 6 8 .7 4 6 1 8 .7 4 7 1 2 3 8 .6 1 2 3 6 5 .0 1 2 6 0 3 .6 1 0 .7 9 3 4 7 .1 6 3 4 7 .9 5 6 8 57
58 1 8 .1 7 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 6 8 .3 6 7 8 8 .3 6 8 8 2 4 2 .7 9 2 3 6 2 .5 7 2 6 0 5 .3 6 0 .8 0 6 0 7 .1 3 4 4 7 .9 4 0 5 58
59 1 9 .0 4 0 7 0 .0 0 1 0 1 7 8 .0 0 8 3 8 .0 0 9 3 2 4 6 .9 7 2 3 6 0 .1 3 2 6 0 7 .1 0 0 .8 1 8 6 7 .1 0 5 6 7 .9 2 4 3 59
60 1 9 .9 4 5 8 0 .0 0 1 0 1 7 7 .6 6 6 6 7 .6 6 7 7 2 5 1 .1 5 2 3 5 7 .6 9 2 6 0 8 .8 5 0 .8 3 1 2 7 .0 7 7 0 7 .9 0 8 2 60
61 2 0 .8 8 7 3 0 .0 0 1 0 1 8 7 .3 4 1 8 7 .3 4 2 8 2 5 5 .3 4 2 3 5 5 .2 5 2 6 1 0 .5 8 0 .8 4 3 8 7 .0 4 8 5 7 .8 9 2 2 61
62 2 1 .8 6 6 4 0 .0 0 1 0 1 8 7 .0 3 2 8 7 .0 3 3 8 2 5 9 .5 2 2 3 5 2 .8 0 2 6 1 2 .3 2 0 .8 5 6 3 7 .0 2 0 1 7 .8 7 6 4 62
63 2 2 .8 8 4 2 0 .0 0 1 0 1 9 6 .7 3 8 9 6 .7 3 9 9 2 6 3 .7 1 2 3 5 0 .3 5 2 6 1 4 .0 5 0 .8 6 8 7 6 .9 9 1 9 7 .8 6 0 7 63
64 2 3 .9 4 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 1 9 6 .4 5 9 1 6 .4 6 0 1 2 6 7 .8 9 2 3 4 7 .8 9 2 6 1 5 .7 8 0 .8 8 1 1 6 .9 6 3 9 7 .8 4 5 1 64
65 2 5 .0 4 1 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 6 .1 9 2 8 6 .1 9 3 8 2 7 2 .0 8 2 3 4 5 .4 3 2 6 1 7 .5 1 0 .8 9 3 5 6 .9 3 6 1 7 .8 2 9 6 65
66 2 6 .1 8 2 7 0 .0 0 1 0 2 0 5 .9 3 9 2 5 .9 4 0 2 2 7 6 .2 7 2 3 4 2 .9 7 2 6 1 9 .2 3 0 .9 0 5 9 6 .9 0 8 3 7 .8 1 4 2 66
67 2 7 .3 6 8 0 0 .0 0 1 0 2 1 5 .6 9 7 6 5 .6 9 8 6 2 8 0 .4 5 2 3 4 0 .5 0 2 6 2 0 .9 6 0 .9 1 8 2 6 .8 8 0 8 7 .7 9 9 0 67
68 2 8 .5 9 8 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 2 5 .4 6 7 4 5 .4 6 8 4 2 8 4 .6 4 2 3 3 8 .0 3 2 6 2 2 .6 7 0 .9 3 0 5 6 .8 5 3 4 7 .7 8 3 9 68
69 2 9 .8 7 5 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 2 5 .2 4 7 9 5 .2 4 9 0 2 8 8 .8 3 2 3 3 5 .5 6 2 6 2 4 .3 9 0 .9 4 2 8 6 .8 2 6 1 7 .7 6 8 9 69
70 3 1 .2 0 0 6 0 .0 0 1 0 2 3 5 .0 3 8 7 5 .0 3 9 7 2 9 3 .0 2 2 3 3 3 .0 8 2 6 2 6 .1 0 0 .9 5 5 0 6 .7 9 9 0 7 .7 5 4 0 70
71 3 2 .5 7 5 0 0 .0 0 1 0 2 3 4 .8 3 9 2 4 .8 4 0 2 2 9 7 .2 1 2 3 3 0 .6 0 2 6 2 7 .8 1 0 .9 6 7 2 6 .7 7 2 0 7 .7 3 9 2 71
72 3 4 .0 0 0 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 4 4 .6 4 8 8 4 .6 4 9 8 3 0 1 .4 0 2 3 2 8 .1 1 2 6 2 9 .5 1 0 .9 7 9 3 6 .7 4 5 2 7 .7 2 4 5 72
73 3 5 .4 7 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 2 5 4 .4 6 7 1 4 .4 6 8 1 3 0 5 .5 9 2 3 2 5 .6 2 2 6 3 1 .2 1 0 .9 9 1 5 6 .7 1 8 5 7 .7 1 0 0 73
74 3 7 .0 0 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 2 5 4 .2 9 3 7 4 .2 9 4 7 3 0 9 .7 8 2 3 2 3 .1 3 2 6 3 2 .9 1 1 .0 0 3 5 6 .6 9 2 0 7 .6 9 5 5 74
75 3 8 .5 9 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 2 6 4 .1 2 8 1 4 .1 2 9 1 3 1 3 .9 7 2 3 2 0 .6 3 2 6 3 4 .6 0 1 .0 1 5 6 6 .6 6 5 6 7 .6 8 1 2 75
76 4 0 .2 3 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 2 6 3 .9 6 9 9 3 .9 7 0 9 3 1 8 .1 7 2 3 1 8 .1 3 2 6 3 6 .2 9 1 .0 2 7 6 6 .6 3 9 3 7 .6 6 6 9 76
77 4 1 .9 4 0 9 0 .0 0 1 0 2 7 3 .8 1 8 8 3 .8 1 9 8 3 2 2 .3 6 2 3 1 5 .6 2 2 6 3 7 .9 8 1 .0 3 9 6 6 .6 1 3 2 7 .6 5 2 8 77
78 4 3 .7 0 3 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 8 3 .6 7 4 3 3 .6 7 5 4 3 2 6 .5 6 2 3 1 3 .1 1 2 6 3 9 .6 6 1 .0 5 1 6 6 .5 8 7 2 7 .6 3 8 8 78
79 4 5 .5 2 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 2 8 3 .5 3 6 3 3 .5 3 7 3 3 3 0 .7 5 2 3 1 0 .5 9 2 6 4 1 .3 4 1 .0 6 3 5 6 .5 6 1 3 7 .6 2 4 8 79
80 4 7 .4 1 4 7 0 .0 0 1 0 2 9 3 .4 0 4 2 3 .4 0 5 3 3 3 4 .9 5 2 3 0 8 .0 7 2 6 4 3 .0 1 1 .0 7 5 4 6 .5 3 5 6 7 .6 1 1 0 80
81 4 9 .3 6 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 3 0 3 .2 7 8 0 3 .2 7 9 0 3 3 9 .1 5 2 3 0 5 .5 4 2 6 4 4 .6 8 1 .0 8 7 3 6 .5 1 0 0 7 .5 9 7 3 81
82 5 1 .3 8 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 0 3 .1 5 7 2 3 .1 5 8 2 3 4 3 .3 4 2 3 0 3 .0 1 2 6 4 6 .3 5 1 .0 9 9 1 6 .4 8 4 6 7 .5 8 3 7 82
83 5 3 .4 7 6 2 0 .0 0 1 0 3 1 3 .0 4 1 5 3 .0 4 2 6 3 4 7 .5 4 2 3 0 0 .4 7 2 6 4 8 .0 1 1 .1 1 0 9 6 .4 5 9 2 7 .5 7 0 1 83
84 5 5 .6 3 5 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 2 2 .9 3 0 9 2 .9 3 1 9 3 5 1 .7 4 2 2 9 7 .9 3 2 6 4 9 .6 7 1 .1 2 2 7 6 .4 3 4 0 7 .5 5 6 7 84
85 5 7 .8 6 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 2 2 .8 2 4 9 2 .8 2 5 9 3 5 5 .9 5 2 2 9 5 .3 8 2 6 5 1 .3 3 1 .1 3 4 4 6 .4 0 9 0 7 .5 4 3 4 85
86 6 0 .1 7 3 8 0 .0 0 1 0 3 3 2 .7 2 3 4 2 .7 2 4 4 3 6 0 .1 5 2 2 9 2 .8 3 2 6 5 2 .9 8 1 .1 4 6 1 6 .3 8 4 0 7 .5 3 0 1 86
87 6 2 .5 5 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 3 4 2 .6 2 6 2 2 .6 2 7 2 3 6 4 .3 5 2 2 9 0 .2 7 2 6 5 4 .6 2 1 .1 5 7 8 6 .3 5 9 2 7 .5 1 7 0 87
88 6 5 .0 1 7 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 5 2 .5 3 3 0 2 .5 3 4 1 3 6 8 .5 6 2 2 8 7 .7 0 2 6 5 6 .2 6 1 .1 6 9 4 6 .3 3 4 5 7 .5 0 3 9 88
89 6 7 .5 5 8 7 0 .0 0 1 0 3 5 2 .4 4 3 7 2 .4 4 4 8 3 7 2 .7 6 2 2 8 5 .1 4 2 6 5 7 .9 0 1 .1 8 1 1 6 .3 0 9 9 7 .4 9 0 9 89
90 7 0 .1 8 2 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 6 2 .3 5 8 1 2 .3 5 9 1 3 7 6 .9 7 2 2 8 2 .5 6 2 6 5 9 .5 3 1 .1 9 2 7 6 .2 8 5 4 7 .4 7 8 1 90
91 7 2 .8 9 0 4 0 .0 0 1 0 3 7 2 .2 7 6 0 2 .2 7 7 1 3 8 1 .1 8 2 2 7 9 .9 8 2 6 6 1 .1 6 1 .2 0 4 2 6 .2 6 1 1 7 .4 6 5 3 91
92 7 5 .6 8 4 9 0 .0 0 1 0 3 7 2 .1 9 7 3 2 .1 9 8 3 3 8 5 .3 8 2 2 7 7 .3 9 2 6 6 2 .7 8 1 .2 1 5 8 6 .2 3 6 8 7 .4 5 2 6 92
93 7 8 .5 6 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 3 8 2 .1 2 1 7 2 .1 2 2 8 3 8 9 .5 9 2 2 7 4 .8 0 2 6 6 4 .3 9 1 .2 2 7 3 6 .2 1 2 7 7 .4 4 0 0 93
94 8 1 .5 4 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 3 9 2 .0 4 9 2 2 .0 5 0 2 3 9 3 .8 1 2 2 7 2 .2 0 2 6 6 6 .0 1 1 .2 3 8 7 6 .1 8 8 7 7 .4 2 7 5 94
95 8 4 .6 0 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 4 0 1 .9 7 9 6 1 .9 8 0 6 3 9 8 .0 2 2 2 6 9 .6 0 2 6 6 7 .6 1 1 .2 5 0 2 6 .1 6 4 8 7 .4 1 5 0 95
96 8 7 .7 7 1 1 0 .0 0 1 0 4 0 1 .9 1 2 8 1 .9 1 3 8 4 0 2 .2 3 2 2 6 6 .9 8 2 6 6 9 .2 2 1 .2 6 1 6 6 .1 4 1 1 7 .4 0 2 7 96
97 9 1 .0 3 0 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 1 1 .8 4 8 6 1 .8 4 9 7 4 0 6 .4 5 2 2 6 4 .3 7 2 6 7 0 .8 1 1 .2 7 3 0 6 .1 1 7 4 7 .3 9 0 4 97
98 9 4 .3 9 0 2 0 .0 0 1 0 4 2 1 .7 8 7 0 1 .7 8 8 0 4 1 0 .6 6 2 2 6 1 .7 4 2 6 7 2 .4 0 1 .2 8 4 4 6 .0 9 3 8 7 .3 7 8 2 98
99 9 7 .8 5 1 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 3 1 .7 2 7 7 1 .7 2 8 8 4 1 4 .8 8 2 2 5 9 .1 1 2 6 7 3 .9 9 1 .2 9 5 7 6 .0 7 0 4 7 .3 6 6 1 99
100 1 0 1 .4 1 8 0 0 .0 0 1 0 4 3 1 .6 7 0 8 1 .6 7 1 9 4 1 9 .1 0 2 2 5 6 .4 7 2 6 7 5 .5 7 1 .3 0 7 0 6 .0 4 7 1 7 .3 5 4 1 100
101 1 0 5 .0 9 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 4 4 1 .6 1 6 1 1 .6 1 7 1 4 2 3 .3 2 2 2 5 3 .8 3 2 6 7 7 .1 5 1 .3 1 8 3 6 .0 2 3 8 7 .3 4 2 1 101
102 1 0 8 .8 7 3 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 5 1 .5 6 3 5 1 .5 6 4 5 4 2 7 .5 4 2 2 5 1 .1 8 2 6 7 8 .7 2 1 .3 2 9 6 6 .0 0 0 7 7 .3 3 0 3 102
103 1 1 2 .7 6 7 8 0 .0 0 1 0 4 6 1 .5 1 2 9 1 .5 1 4 0 4 3 1 .7 6 2 2 4 8 .5 2 2 6 8 0 .2 8 1 .3 4 0 8 5 .9 7 7 7 7 .3 1 8 5 103
104 1 1 6 .7 7 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 7 1 .4 6 4 2 1 .4 6 5 3 4 3 5 .9 9 2 2 4 5 .8 5 2 6 8 1 .8 4 1 .3 5 2 0 5 .9 5 4 8 7 .3 0 6 8 104
105 1 2 0 .9 0 2 1 0 .0 0 1 0 4 7 1 .4 1 7 4 1 .4 1 8 5 4 4 0 .2 1 2 2 4 3 .1 8 2 6 8 3 .3 9 1 .3 6 3 2 5 .9 3 2 0 7 .2 9 5 1 105
106 1 2 5 .1 4 7 2 0 .0 0 1 0 4 8 1 .3 7 2 4 1 .3 7 3 4 4 4 4 .4 4 2 2 4 0 .5 0 2 6 8 4 .9 4 1 .3 7 4 3 5 .9 0 9 2 7 .2 8 3 6 106
107 1 2 9 .5 1 4 5 0 .0 0 1 0 4 9 1 .3 2 9 0 1 .3 3 0 1 4 4 8 .6 7 2 2 3 7 .8 1 2 6 8 6 .4 8 1 .3 8 5 4 5 .8 8 6 6 7 .2 7 2 1 107
108 1 3 4 .0 0 6 5 0 .0 0 1 0 5 0 1 .2 8 7 3 1 .2 8 8 3 4 5 2 .9 0 2 2 3 5 .1 2 2 6 8 8 .0 2 1 .3 9 6 5 5 .8 6 4 1 7 .2 6 0 7 108
109 1 3 8 .6 2 6 1 0 .0 0 1 0 5 1 1 .2 4 7 1 1 .2 4 8 1 4 5 7 .1 3 2 2 3 2 .4 1 2 6 8 9 .5 5 1 .4 0 7 6 5 .8 4 1 7 7 .2 4 9 3 109
110 1 4 3 .3 7 6 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 2 1 .2 0 8 3 1 .2 0 9 4 4 6 1 .3 6 2 2 2 9 .7 0 2 6 9 1 .0 7 1 .4 1 8 7 5 .8 1 9 4 7 .2 3 8 0 110
111 1 4 8 .2 5 8 8 0 .0 0 1 0 5 2 1 .1 7 1 0 1 .1 7 2 1 4 6 5 .6 0 2 2 2 6 .9 9 2 6 9 2 .5 8 1 .4 2 9 7 5 .7 9 7 2 7 .2 2 6 8 111
112 1 5 3 .2 7 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 5 3 1 .1 3 5 1 1 .1 3 6 2 4 6 9 .8 3 2 2 2 4 .2 6 2 6 9 4 .0 9 1 .4 4 0 7 5 .7 7 5 0 7 .2 1 5 7 112
113 1 5 8 .4 3 4 8 0 .0 0 1 0 5 4 1 .1 0 0 5 1 .1 0 1 5 4 7 4 .0 7 2 2 2 1 .5 3 2 6 9 5 .6 0 1 .4 5 1 7 5 .7 5 3 0 7 .2 0 4 7 113
114 1 6 3 .7 3 3 7 0 .0 0 1 0 5 5 1 .0 6 7 1 1 .0 6 8 1 4 7 8 .3 1 2 2 1 8 .7 8 2 6 9 7 .0 9 1 .4 6 2 6 5 .7 3 1 0 7 .1 9 3 7 114
115 1 6 9 .1 7 7 0 0 .0 0 1 0 5 6 1 .0 3 4 9 1 .0 3 5 9 4 8 2 .5 5 2 2 1 6 .0 3 2 6 9 8 .5 8 1 .4 7 3 5 5 .7 0 9 2 7 .1 8 2 7 115
140 A ppendix D Thermodynamic Properties of Water at Saturation
120 1 9 8 .6 6 5 4 0 .0 0 1 0 6 0 0 .8 9 0 2 0 .8 9 1 3 5 0 3 .7 8 2 2 0 2 .1 5 2 7 0 5 .9 3 1 .5 2 7 8 5 .6 0 1 3 7 .1 2 9 1 120
122 2 1 1 .5 7 8 2 0 .0 0 1 0 6 2 0 .8 3 9 2 0 .8 4 0 3 5 1 2 .2 9 2 1 9 6 .5 3 2 7 0 8 .8 2 1 .5 4 9 4 5 .5 5 8 7 7 .1 0 8 1 122
124 2 2 5 .1 6 7 6 0 .0 0 1 0 6 4 0 .7 9 1 6 0 .7 9 2 7 5 2 0 .8 0 2 1 9 0 .8 8 2 7 1 1 .6 9 1 .5 7 0 8 5 .5 1 6 5 7 .0 8 7 3 124
126 2 3 9 .4 5 9 7 0 .0 0 1 0 6 6 0 .7 4 7 2 0 .7 4 8 3 5 2 9 .3 2 2 1 8 5 .1 9 2 7 1 4 .5 2 1 .5 9 2 2 5 .4 7 4 6 7 .0 6 6 8 126
128 2 5 4 .4 8 1 3 0 .0 0 1 0 6 8 0 .7 0 5 8 0 .7 0 6 8 5 3 7 .8 5 2 1 7 9 .4 7 2 7 1 7 .3 2 1 .6 1 3 4 5 .4 3 3 0 7 .0 4 6 5 128
130 2 7 0 .2 5 % 0 .0 0 1 0 7 0 0 .6 6 7 0 0 .6 6 8 1 5 4 6 .3 9 2 1 7 3 .7 0 2 7 2 0 .0 9 1 .6 3 4 6 5 .3 9 1 8 7 .0 2 6 4 130
132 2 8 6 .8 2 2 6 0 .0 0 1 0 7 2 0 .6 3 0 8 0 .6 3 1 8 5 5 4 .9 3 2 1 6 7 .8 9 2 7 2 2 .8 3 1 .6 5 5 7 5 .3 5 0 8 7 .0 0 6 6 132
134 3 0 4 .1 9 8 9 0 .0 0 1 0 7 4 0 .5 9 6 9 0 .5 9 7 9 5 6 3 .4 9 2 1 6 2 .0 4 2 7 2 5 .5 3 1 .6 7 6 7 5 .3 1 0 2 6 .9 8 6 9 134
136 3 2 2 .4 1 7 5 0 .0 0 1 0 7 6 0 .5 6 5 1 0 .5 6 6 2 5 7 2 .0 5 2 1 5 6 .1 5 2 7 2 8 .2 0 1 .6 9 7 7 5 .2 6 9 8 6 .9 6 7 5 136
138 3 4 1 .5 0 8 1 0 .0 0 1 0 7 8 0 .5 3 5 3 0 .5 3 6 4 5 8 0 .6 2 2 1 5 0 .2 2 2 7 3 0 .8 4 1 .7 1 8 5 5 .2 2 9 8 6 .9 4 8 3 138
140 3 6 1 .5 0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 0 0 .5 0 7 4 0 .5 0 8 5 5 8 9 .2 0 2 1 4 4 .2 4 2 7 3 3 .4 4 1 .7 3 9 3 5 .1 9 0 0 6 .9 2 9 3 140
142 3 8 2 .4 2 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 8 2 0 .4 8 1 3 0 .4 8 2 3 5 9 7 .7 9 2 1 3 8 .2 2 2 7 3 6 .0 1 1 .7 6 0 0 5 .1 5 0 5 6 .9 1 0 5 142
144 4 0 4 .3 1 7 8 0 .0 0 1 0 8 4 0 .4 5 6 7 0 .4 5 7 7 6 0 6 .3 9 2 1 3 2 .1 5 2 7 3 8 .5 4 1 .7 8 0 6 5 .1 1 1 2 6 .8 9 1 8 144
146 4 2 7 .2 0 5 3 0 .0 0 1 0 8 6 0 .4 3 3 6 0 .4 3 4 6 6 1 5 .0 0 2 1 2 6 .0 4 2 7 4 1 .0 4 1 .8 0 1 1 5 .0 7 2 3 6 .8 7 3 4 146
148 4 5 1 .1 2 2 0 0 .0 0 1 0 8 8 0 .4 1 1 8 0 .4 1 2 9 6 2 3 .6 2 2 1 1 9 .8 8 2 7 4 3 .5 0 1 .8 2 1 6 5 .0 3 3 5 6 .8 5 5 1 148
150 4 7 6 .1 0 1 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 1 0 .3 9 1 4 0 .3 9 2 5 6 3 2 .2 5 2 1 1 3 .6 7 2 7 4 5 .9 2 1 .8 4 2 0 4 .9 9 5 1 6 .8 3 7 0 150
152 5 0 2 .1 7 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 9 3 0 .3 7 2 2 0 .3 7 3 3 6 4 0 .8 9 2 1 0 7 .4 1 2 7 4 8 .3 0 1 .8 6 2 3 4 .9 5 6 9 6 .8 1 9 1 152
154 5 2 9 .3 8 3 4 0 .0 0 1 0 9 5 0 .3 5 4 1 0 .3 5 5 2 6 4 9 .5 5 2 1 0 1 .1 0 2 7 5 0 .6 4 1 .8 8 2 5 4 .9 1 8 9 6 .8 0 1 4 154
156 5 5 7 .7 5 5 5 0 .0 0 1 0 9 7 0 .3 3 7 0 0 .3 3 8 1 6 5 8 .2 1 2 0 9 4 .7 4 2 7 5 2 .9 5 1 .9 0 2 7 4 .8 8 1 1 6 .7 8 3 8 156
158 5 8 7 .3 2 8 7 0 .0 0 1 1 0 0 0 .3 2 0 9 0 .3 2 2 0 6 6 6 .8 9 2 0 8 8 .3 2 2 7 5 5 .2 1 1 .9 2 2 8 4 .8 4 3 6 6 .7 6 6 4 158
160 6 1 8 .1 3 9 2 0 .0 0 1 1 0 2 0 .3 0 5 7 0 .3 0 6 8 6 7 5 .5 7 2 0 8 1 .8 6 2 7 5 7 .4 3 1 .9 4 2 8 4 .8 0 6 3 6 .7 4 9 1 160
Skill Development
Exercises
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Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: 4
l-l How many basic processes o f air conditioning can be performed on moist air?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
1-2 Which combination process will increase both the temperature and the mois
ture content?
a) Cooling and dehumidification
b) Heating and dehumidification
c) Heating and humidification
2-1 Dry-bulb temperature is measured with a wet sock around the sensing bulb.
a) True
b) False
2-2 Saturation temperature o f air is the point at which the dry-bulb, wet-bulb, and
dew-point temperatures are equal.
a) True
b) False
2-3 Relative humidity does not change as the dry-bulb temperature changes.
a) True
b) False
2-6 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-5,
what is the specific volume v?
a) 0.811
b) 0.794
c) 0.006
d) None o f the above
2-7 According to Appendix A, what is the specific enthalpy o f dry air h^a at 50°C?
a) 52.33
b) 225.03
c) 50.31
d) None o f the above
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
2-8 According to Appendix A, under the same condition cited in Exercise 2-7,
what is the specific volume v?
C h a p t e r 2 Skill Development Exercises
a) 0.915
b) 1.24
c) 0.012
d) None o f the above
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
3-1 On a psychrometric chart, the y-axis is humidity ratio and the x-axis is:
a) Relative humidity
b) Dew-point temperature
c) Dry-bulb temperature
d) Wet-bulb temperature
3-2 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the relative humidity o f
an air parcel with W = 6.4 and td/} = 15°C.
a) 60% rh
b) 70% rh
c) 80% rh
d) 90% rh
3-3 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the dew-point tempera
ture o f an air parcel with td/} = 2 \ °C and <j>= 50% rh.
a) 10°C
b) 12°C
c) 15°C
d) 19°C
3-4 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the humidity ratio W o f
an air parcel with a saturation temperature o f td/, = 10°C.
a) 6.5
b) 7.6
c) 30%
d) 10°C
3-5 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, determine the specific volume v
o f an air parcel with = 21°C and W = 10.
a) 0.82
b) 0.846
c) 0.86
d) none o f the above
3-6 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the enthalpy o f
tdb = 25°C dry air?
a) 22
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
b) 35
c) 76
C h a p t e r 3 Skill Development Exercises
d) 25
3-7 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem
perature o f a moist air parcel with tdb = 21°C and <|) = 50% rh air?
a) 21°C
b) 14°C
c) 10°C
d) 13°C
3-8 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the dew point o f
tdb = 10°C saturated air?
a) 10°C
b) 4°C
c) 0°C
d) -5°C
3-9 According to the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, what is the wet-bulb tem
perature o f tdb = 21 °C dry air?
a) 0°C
b) -4°C
c) 4°C
d) 6.5°C
3-10 Using the psychrometric chart in Figure 3-4, plot the points tdb = 21°C, h = 24,
and tdb = 21°C, twb = 14°C, then connect the points with a line. Upon investiga
tion o f the line, which o f the following is the best description?
a) The line is almost vertical.
b) The line has a slope o f about 45° (angle).
c) The line almost horizontal.
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
4-1 Moist air that is heated without humidification has the following change in relative
humidity:
a) Increase
b) Decrease
c) Stays the same
d) Depends on the type o f humidifier
4-2 What is the equation that converts enthalpy changes into capacity (kW)?
a) 1210x airflow x (tx - t2)
b) 1.2 x airflow x (h x - h2)
c) 3300 x airflow x (W x - W2)
d) None o f the above
4-4 A heating coil can provide for both heating and humidification.
a) True
b) False
4-5 A cooling coil can provide for both cooling and dehumidification.
a) True
b) False
4-6 What is the change in enthalpy when dry air is heated from 10°C to 23°C?
a) 10
b) 13
c) 16
d) 18
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
4-7 What is the enthalpy change when saturated air at 10°C is conditioned to be
saturated air at 23°C?
C h a p t e r 4 Skill Development Exercises
a) 39
b) 35
c) 13
d) 45
4-8 One day in Phoenix, Arizona, the temperature reaches 40.5°C with 20% rh.
Water is sprayed into the air to cool it. What will the temperature o f the air be
when the relative humidity increases to 50% rh?
a) 30°C
b) 35°C
c) 40°C
d) 22°C
4-9 If the air entering a heating coil is dry and 21°C db and the leaving air is 43°C,
how many watts o f cooling are supplied by the coil at 2.35 m3/s if the fan is
located at the coil inlet?
a) 58 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 61 000 W
d) 62 550 W
4-10 Air enters a cooling coil at 38°C and 40% rh and leaves saturated at a tempera-
ture o f 7°C. What is the total watts o f cooling required if a 2.35 nr Is fan is
located at the inlet o f the cooling coil?
a) 190 200 W
b) 176 840 W
c) 160 000 W
d) 158 960 W
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
5-2 If the sensible load on a building is equal to the latent load, the value o f SHR is:
a) 2
b) 1
c) 0.5
d) -2
5-3 The psychrometric condition for supply air that will satisfy the requirements o f
a room depends on:
a) The amount o f outdoor air needed
b) The desired room condition
c) Room SHR
d) All o f the above
e) Answers b and c only
5-4 Why is it possible to satisfy a room with a variety o f “assumptions” about the
temperature change across a coil (heating or cooling)?
a) Because there is a corresponding airflow with every zV.
b) Because the heat/cool load calculation is never accurate.
c) Because the comfort zone is large.
d) Because there is a wide variety o f methods for heating and
cooling.
5-6 In a system, 1 m3/s o f air at 153C and 30% rh is mixed with 4 m3/s air at 27°C
and 80% rh. Find the mixed-air temperature using the mixing equation.
C h a p t e r 5 Skill Development Exercises
a) 18°C
b) 17.5°C
c) 16°C
d) 25°C
5-8 In a system, I n r /s o f air at 4°C and 90% rh is adiabatically mixed with moist
air at 26°C but unknown relative humidity. The final mixture is at 22°C and
50% rh. What is the relative humidity and airflow rate o f the second airstream?
a) 42% rh, 5 m3/s
b) 42% rh, 3 m3/s
c) 60% rh, 5 m3/s
d) 35% rh, 6 m3/s
5-9 If the sensible load is 600 000 W and the latent load is 300 000 W, what is the
SHR?
a) 2.0
b) 1.0
c) 0.66
d) 0.76
5-10 If the room design is = 24°C and <}>= 50% rh and we mix in 25% outdoor air
at trfb = 48°C and 4>= 10% rh, what is the mixed-air dry-bulb temperature?
a) 45°C
b) 42°C
c) 30°C
d) Not possible
6-1 Which type o f humidification requires the change to not exceed the tempera
ture rise capacity o f a heating coil?
a) W ater spray
b) Steam
c) Both the same
d) Neither has an impact
6-2 From the discussion o f the psychrometrics o f cooling coils, which “rule o f
thumb'' will best select the cooling coil conditions?
a) Temperature drop across a cooling coil should be about 10°C.
b) Relative humidity off the coil should be 90%.
c) Volume o f air across a cooling coil should be kept to a minimum.
d) Coil temperatures should be selected to be as low as possible.
6-3 Which o f the following statements best describe why cooling coils cannot
accommodate large latent loads with small sensible loads?
a) Cooling coils rust if too much condensate forms.
b) Cooling coils will freeze up if the coil temperature gets too low.
c) Cooling coils tend to dehumidify first, then drop the air
temperature.
d) Condensation requires a drop in air temperature to the dew point.
6-4 Consider a room heating load with a 200 000 W sensible loss and 40 000 W
latent loss, with room design conditions o f tdb = 22°C and approximately (J) =
40% rh. The air handler has an adiabatic humidifier downstream from a heating
coil without any outdoor air. If the leaving air temperature is tdb = 38°C after
the humidifier, what is the airflow required to satisfy the load?
a) 12
b) 10.3
c) 8
d) None o f these
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
6-5 What is the leaving air temperature from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
C h a p t e r 6 Skill Development Exercises
a) 37°C
b) 40°C
c) 38°C
d) None o f these
6-6 What is the leaving relative humidity <J>from the heating coil for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 12% rh
c) 20% rh
d) 24% rh
6-7 What is the leaving relative humidity <J> from the adiabatic humidifier for the
conditions listed in Exercise 6-4?
a) 15% rh
b) 25% rh
c) 19% rh
d) 28% rh
6-8 Using the air handler in Exercise 6-4 and 10.3 m /s, adding a cooling coil to
satisfy a room sensible heat gain o f 146 kW and a room latent heat gain o f
15 000 W, and room conditions o f tdb = 24°C and § = 40% rh and without out
door air, what is the required leaving air temperature tdb and (f) from the cooling
coil?
a) 12°C tdb, (f) = 90% rh
b) 13°C tdb, (f) = 80% rh
c) 12°C tdb, (f) = 75% rh
6-9 What is the room sensible heat ratio for the conditions listed in Exercise 6-8?
a) 0.89
b) 0.95
c) 0.91
d) 1.0
6-10 Would you attempt to add humidity to the leaving airstream for the conditions
listed in Exercise 6-8 in the cooling mode with an adiabatic humidifier?
a) Yes
b) No
c) Not sure
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
7-1 What is the sensible heat ratio for all three zones in order 1, 2, 3? (Round to
two decimal places.)
a) 0.87,0.89,0.86
b) 0.88,0.9,0.91
c) 0.87,0.89,0.88
7-2 If we provide 25% outdoor air for code-required ventilation to all three zones,
what is the mixed air condition in the summer if the outdoor air is tdb = 38°C
and (j) = 25% rh?
a) tdb = 34.5°C and <|>= 30% rh
b) tdb = 29°C and <() = 36% rh
c) tdb = 27.5°C and <|>= 42% rh
7-3 For Zone 1 only, if we use individual fan-coils for each zone, what is the
required supply airflow?
a) airflow = 0.9 m3/s
b) airflow = 0.99 m3/s
c) airflow = 1.03 m3/s
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
7-4 For Zone 1 only, what are the leaving air conditions from the cooling coil
assuming we use 25% outdoor air from Exercise 7-2 and the correct supply air
C h a p t e r 7 Skill Development Exercises
flow?
a) tdh= 12oCand(|> = 90% rh
b) tdb = 14°C and <|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 16°Cand(t> = 80% rh
7-5 For Zone 1 only, what is the total cooling capacity, qt , o f the cooling coil with
the correct airflow and leaving air conditions?
a) 18 000 W
b) 22 000 W
c) 19 008 W
7-6 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a constant-volume ter
minal reheat system, what would the airflow o f all three zones be, in order 1,2,
3? (Same outdoor design and percent outdoor air.)
a) 0.99,1.3,1.6
b) 0.9, 1.4, 1.7
c) 0.99, 1.32, 1.65
7-7 If all three zones were put on a central air handler with a variable-air-volume
reheat VAV box and 25% outdoor air, what are the required leaving air condi
tions from this air handler?
a) tdb= 13.5°Cand<() = 91% rh
b) tdb = 14.5°C and c|>= 88% rh
c) tdb= 160Cand(|> = 82% rh
7-8 With the system in Exercise 7-7, what are the new required airflows by zone in
order 1 , 2, 3 with the new leaving conditions?
a) 0.94, 1.26, 1.57 m3/s
b) 0.99, 1.26, 1.6 m3/s
c) 1.03, 1.3, 1.55 m3/s
7-9 What is the reheat required by zone in order 1, 2, 3 to meet the total reheat load
plus the winter heat loss load? (Use tdb = 21°C for room condition and 25%
outdoor air.)
a) 14 000, 18 000,25 000 W
b) 14 530, 19 930,24 240 W
c) 16 000,21 000,26 000 W
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (SI), Second Edition
7-10 From Exercise 7-7, with the correct leaving conditions and airflow, what is the
total cooling capacity o f the central air-handler cooling coil?
7-11 If the system in Exercise 7-7 were a constant-volume, dual-duct system, what
would be the heat capacity o f the hot-deck coil used in the central air handler?
(Room at = 24°C.)
a) 75 000 W
b) 65 000 W
c) 55 100 W
d) 60 500 W
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: 10
8-3 Heat recovery effectiveness is the actual amount o f heat transferred versus the
maximum amount that could be transferred.
a) True
b) False
8-4 Energy recovery involves the transfer o f sensible heat from one airstream to the
other airstream.
a) True
b) False
8-5 An air-side economizer should be considered on any/all air systems that have
100% outdoor air capability and high operation hours with an ambient air tem
perature below 16°C and a demand for cooling.
a) True
b) False
8-6 Water-side economizers can be used on a chilled-water system with all termi
nal fan-coils and an air-cooled water chiller.
a) True
b) False
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
8-7 There is a sensible heat recovery system between equal outdoor air and exhaust
airstreams in Phoenix, Arizona, and the summer design outside is tdb = 48°C
8-8 From Exercise 8-7, what are the leaving air conditions o f the exhaust airstream
with everything else being the same?
a) tdb = 30°C and (f) = 30% rh
b) tdb = 35°C and (f>= 25% rh
c) tdb = 40°C and (f) = 20% rh
d) tdb = 42°C and 4>= 16% rh
8-9 If the entering air conditions to a cooling tower are tdb = 48°C and twb = 19°C
and the cooling tower has a full-load approach temperature o f 4°C, what is the
leaving water from cooling tower (at full load)?
a) 40°C
b) 35°C
c) 23°C
d) 29°C
8-10 Supply air temperature reset can be used on all air-conditioning systems, any
time o f the year in all parts o f the world, regardless o f the ambient air condi
tions.
a) True
b) False
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
T o ta l n u m b e r o f q u e stio n s: 10
9-1 A cooling tower needs to reject heat from 0.075 cu m/s o f water entering at
35°C and leaving at 30°C. What is the total heat required to be rejected?
a) 1766 kW
b) 184 kW
c) 1610 kW
d) 1495 kW
From Exercise 9-1, if the cooling tower has an airflow o f 47.2 m3/s and ambi
ent air conditions o f tdb = 30°C and twb = 24°C, what are the leaving air condi
tions o f the tower?
a) tdb = 30°C, twb = 28.5°C
b) tdh = 32°C, twb = 7>\°C
c) tdh = 31°C, twb = 30.5°C
d) tdb = 30°C, twb = 29.7°C
9-3 What is the cooling tower approach temperature for the cooling tower in Exer
cise 9-2?
a) 3°C
b) 7°C
c) 4°C
d) 6°C
9-4 In the design o f an indoor swimming pool, it is best to keep the swimming pool
water temperature and the room temperature as far apart as comfortably possi
ble.
a) True
b) False
9-5 In a cleanroom with design conditions o f tdb = 20°C and <f» = 40% rh, the
makeup air must be cooled to what dry-bulb temperature or the relative humid
ity will not be met?
a) tdb = 12°C
b) tdb = 20°C
c) tdb = 5°C
d) ^ = 1 0 ° C
Fundam entals of P sychrom etrics (S I), Second Edition
9-6 If we cool the air via direct evaporative cooling from tdb = 43°C and § = 2% rh,
what is the lowest leaving air temperature we can achieve?
9-7 In Exercise 9-6, if our evaporative efficiency is 80%, what are the leaving air
conditions?
a) tdb = 20°C and (|) = 70% rh
b) tdb = 22°C and § = 70% rh
c) tdb = 21°C and § = 58% rh
d) tdb = 25°C and § = 50% rh
9-8 In Exercises 9-6 and 9-7, if the room sensible heat ratio is 0.9, what is the
expected room relative humidity if the room is at tdb = 24°C?
a) (j) = 53% rh
b) <|>= 60% rh
c) (j) = 50% rh
d) Cannot maintain room at tdb = 24°C with this leaving condition
9-9 If we use the same outdoor conditions o f tdb = 43°C and (f) = 2% rh from Exer
cise 9-6 and an indirect evaporative cooling section o f 40% efficiency, what are
the leaving air conditions from this section?
a) tdh = 33°C and ((>= 3% rh
b) ^ = 31°Cand(|> = 20% rh
c) tdb = 35°C and ((>= 5% rh
d) tdh = 19°Cand(t> = 5% rh
9-10 If we add a direct evaporative cooling section in series downstream o f the indi
rect section in Exercise 9-9 and the direct section has an efficiency o f 70%,
what are the leaving air conditions?
a) tdb = 15°C and (J>= 95% rh
b) tdh= 15°Cand(t> = 65% rh
c) tdb = 19°C and (|) = 60% rh
d) tdh = 19°C and (() = 52% rh
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