www.covenantuniversity.edu.

ng

Raising a new Generation of Leaders

Structural design practical

Dr Oluwarotimi Olofinnade MNSE, Rg. Engr

Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
Covenant University
Welcome to a rewarding and fulfilling session

2
 Brief overview of the course

This course centres on the structural design concept for structure

(reinforced concrete) which includes structural design of RC members,
analysis, and detailing – manual calculation and using design tools
 Introduction

Reinforced Concrete Structures

• Concrete is arguably the most important building
material. Concrete is very versatile i.e. its ability to be
moulded to take up the shapes required for the various
structural forms.
• It is also very durable and fire resistant when
specification and construction procedures are correct.
• Concrete can be used for all standard buildings both
single storey and multistorey and for containment and
retaining structures and bridges.
Introduction
• Some of the common building structures are shown in
Fig. below as follows:

single-storey portal
 Introduction
• Building structures

(b) medium-rise reinforced

concrete framed building;

(c) Multistorey reinforced

concrete framed structure.
Introduction

(a) The single-storey portal supported on isolated

footings;
(b) The medium-rise framed structure which may be
braced by shear walls or unbraced. The building
may be supported on isolated footings, strip
foundations or a raft;
(c) The tall multistorey frame and core structure
where the core and rigid frames together resist
wind loads. The building is usually supported on
a raft which in turn may bear directly on the
ground or be carried on piles or caissons. These
buildings usually include a basement.
Structural Elements
The complete building structure can be broken down into the
following elements:
• Beams horizontal members carrying lateral loads
• Slabs horizontal plate elements carrying lateral loads
• Columns vertical members carrying primarily axial load
but generally subjected to axial load and moment
• Walls vertical plate elements resisting vertical, lateral or in-
plane loads
• Bases and foundations
pads or strips supported directly on the ground that spread
the loads from columns or walls so that they can be
supported by the ground without excessive settlement.
Alternatively the bases may be supported on piles.
 intro
• The elements listed above are illustrated in Fig. below which
shows typical cast-in-situ concrete building construction.

(a) Part elevation of

reinforced concrete
building
(b) section AA, T-beam; (c) section BB, column; (d) continuous slab; (e) wall; (f)
column base.
Intro
• Concrete design start by carrying out the design of
separate elements. However, it is important to
recognize the function of the element in the
complete structure and that the complete structure
or part of it needs to be analysed to obtain actions
for design.
section
(a) Plan roof and
floor;
(b) section CC, T-
beam;
(c) section DD,
column;
(d) side
elevation,
longitudinal frame;
(e) section AA,
transverse frame;
(f) continuous one-
way slab.
A cast-in-situ framed reinforced concrete building
and the rigid frames and elements into which it is
idealized for analysis and design are shown in Fig.
above. The design with regard to this building will
cover

1. one-way continuous slabs

2. transverse and longitudinal rigid frames
3. foundations
 Design Standards

In Nigeria, design is generally to limit state theory in

accordance with
BS8110:1997: Structural Use of Concrete
Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction
The loading on structures conforms to
BS6399:1984: Design Loading for Building
Part 1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed Loads
CP3:1972: Chapter V: Loading
Part 2: Wind Loads

The codes set out the design loads, load combinations and
partial factors of safety, material strengths, design procedures
and sound construction practice. A thorough knowledge of the
codes is one of the essential requirements of a designer.
Calculations, design aids and Computing

• Calculations form the major part of the design

process. They are needed to determine the
loading on the elements and structure and to carry
out the analysis and design of the elements.
• Design aids in the form of charts and tables are an
important part of the designer’s equipment. These
aids make exact design methods easier to apply,
shorten design time and lessen the possibility of
making errors. Part 3 of BS8110 consists of
design charts for beams and columns.
Calculations, design aids and Computing
• The use of computers for the analysis and design
of structures is standard practice. However, it is
essential that students understand the design
principles involved and are able to make manual
design calculations before using computer
programs.
Design Objectives and general
recommendations for Design to BS8110

Aim of design; Clause 2.1.1 of the code

• The aim of design is the achievement of an
acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their
intended life.
• Designed structure must be safe, economical,
have adequate strength to sustain all loads and
deform within limits for construction and use
• Designed structure must be durable and should
adequately resist the effects of misuse and fire.
Design to BS 8110
Design method: Limit state design; Clause 2.1.2
• Calculations alone do not produce safe,
serviceable
and durable structures.
However;
• Suitable materials,
• Quality control and
• Good supervision
are equally important.
Criteria for a safe design—limit states

The criterion for a safe design is that the structure

should not become unfit for use, i.e. that it should not
reach a limit state during its design life. This is
achieved, in particular, by designing the structure to
ensure that it does not reach
1. the ultimate limit state—the whole structure or its
elements should not collapse, overturn or buckle when
subjected to the design loads.
2. serviceability limit states—the structure should
not become unfit for use due to excessive deflection,
cracking or vibration.
Limit state
• The structure must also be durable, i.e. it must not
deteriorate or be damaged excessively by the
action of substances coming into contact with it.
The code places particular emphasis on durability.
• For reinforced concrete structures the normal
practice is to design for the ultimate limit state,
check for serviceability and take all necessary
precautions to ensure durability.
Limit State
Ultimate Limit state (ULS)

• Structural stability
The structure should be so designed that adequate
means exist to transmit the design ultimate dead, wind
and imposed loads safely from the highest supported
level to the foundations. The interaction between the structural
members should be such as to ensure a robust and stable
design.
(clause 2.2.2.1, 2.2.2.2, 2.2.2.3 of the code)
Serviceability Limit States
• The serviceability limit states are discussed in
BS8110: Part 1, section 2.2.3. The code states that
account is to be taken of temperature, creep,
shrinkage, sway and settlement.
• The main serviceability limit states and code
provisions are provided in clause 2.2.3.1 – 2.2.3.5
• Deflection and cracking are majorly being
considered
Durability

• To produce a durable structure requires the integration of all

aspects of design, materials and construction.
• Adequate cover to steel has to be provided for protection.
• Concrete should be of the relevant quality; this depends on
both its constituent materials and mix
proportions.
Clause 2.1.3
• The quality of material must be adequate for safety,
serviceability and durability
 Durability
• Clause 2.2.4 Durability
This states that ‘integration of all aspects of design, materials and
construction is required to produce a durable structure’. The main
provisions in the clause are the following:
1. Environmental conditions should be defined at the design stage;
2. The design should be such as to ensure that surfaces are freely
draining;
3. Cover must be adequate;
4. Concrete must be of relevant quality. Constituents that may
cause durability
problems should be avoided;
5. Particular types of concrete should be specified to meet special
requirements;
6. Good workmanship, particularly in curing, is essential.
Durability
• Detailed requirements for the durability of concrete structures
are set out in section 6.2 of the code.
The factors influencing durability include:
a) the design and detailing of the structure;
b) the cover to embedded steel;
c) the exposure conditions;
d) the type of cement;
e) the type of aggregate;
f ) the cement content and water/cement ratio of the concrete;
g) the type and dosage of admixture
h) workmanship, to obtain a specified cover, full compaction and
efficient curing
i) joints and connections
Durability

• The section gives guidance on design for durability taking

account of exposure conditions, mix proportions and
constituents and the placing, compacting and curing of the
concrete.
Concrete Cover
• Nominal cover against corrosion
The code states in section 3.3.1 that the actual cover
should never be less than the nominal cover minus 5
mm. The nominal cover should protect steel against
corrosion and fire.

• The cover depends on the exposure conditions given

in Table 3.2 in the code. These are as follows
 Concrete Cover

• Mild concrete is protected against weather

• Moderate concrete is sheltered from severe rain
concrete under water
concrete in non-aggressive soil
• Severe concrete exposed to severe rain or to alternate wetting and
drying
• Very severe concrete exposed to sea water, de-icing salts or corrosive fumes
• Extreme concrete exposed to abrasive action
Cover as fire protection
• Nominal cover to all reinforcement to meet a given fire
resistance period for various elements in a building is
given in Table below and Table 3.4 in the code.
Minimum dimensions of members are given in Fig. 3.2
in the code.

Nominal cover to all reinforcement including links to meet specified periods of fire
resistance
Characteristic and Design Loads

• The characteristic or service loads are the actual loads

that the structure is designed to carry. These are normally
thought of as the maximum loads which will not be
exceeded during the life of the structure. In statistical
terms the characteristic loads have a 95% probability of
not being exceeded.
• The characteristic loads used in design are defined in
BS8110: Part 1, clause 2.4.1, are as follows:
Loads

1. The characteristic dead load Gk is the self-weight of the structure

and the weight of finishes, ceilings, services and partitions;
2. The characteristic imposed load Qk is caused by people, furniture,
equipment etc. on floors and snow on roofs. Imposed loads for various
types of buildings are given in BS6399: Part 1;
3. The wind load Wk depends on the location, shape and dimensions
of the buildings. Wind loads are estimated using CP3: Chapter V: Part 2.
Load
• Design load = characteristic load × partial safety factor for
loads
= Fkγf
The design load for a given type of loading and limit state is obtained
by applying the appropriate partial safety factors γf for load.
The partial safety factor γf (BS8110: Part 1, Table 2.1 ) takes account of
1. possible increases in load
2. inaccurate assessment of the effects of loads
3. unforeseen stress distributions in members
4. the importance of the limit state being considered
Load Combination

The code states that the adverse partial safety factor is applied to a load
producing more critical design conditions, e.g. the dead load plus a wind load
acting in the same direction. The beneficial factor is applied to a load producing
a less critical design condition, e.g. in the case of dead load plus wind uplift
where the loads are in opposite directions.
 Materials—Properties and Design Strengths

• The characteristic strengths or grades of materials are as follows:

Concrete, fcu is the 28 days cube strength in newtons per square millimeter.
Reinforcement, fy is the yield or proof stress in newtons per square millimeter.
• The minimum grades for reinforced concrete are given in Table 3.3 in the code.
These are grades 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 in newtons per square millimetre. The
specified characteristic strengths of reinforcement given in Table 3.1 in the code are
• Hot rolled mild steel fy =250 N/mm2
• High yield steel, hot rolled or cold worked fy = 460 N/mm2

• Clause 3.1.7.4 of the code states that a lower value may be used to reduce
deflection or control cracking.
 Material strength
• The resistance of sections to applied stresses is based on the design
strength which is defined as

Values of γm for the ultimate limit state (Section 2.4.4.1/ table2.2 of BS8110.)

The factor γm takes account of

1. uncertainties in the strength of materials in the structure
2. uncertainties in the accuracy of the method used to predict the behaviour of members
3. variations in member sizes and building dimensions
Stress-strain relationships
• The short-term stress-strain relationships may be taken as follows:
a) For normal-weight concrete, from Figure 2.1 of the code
b) For reinforcement, from Figure 2.2 of the code
The maximum design
stress in the concrete is
given as
0.67fcu/γm.
Stress – strain relationship

The stress-strain curve for reinforcement

shown is bilinear with one yield point. The
behaviour and strength of reinforcement
are taken to be the same in tension and
compression.
Analysis

• General provisions
The general provisions relating to analysis of the structure is
set out in BS8110: Part 1,section 2.5.
The objective of analysis of the structure is to determine the
axial forces, shears and moments throughout the structure.
The analysis that is carried out to justify a design can be
broken into two stages as follows:
a) analysis of the structure;
b) analysis of sections.
 Analysis

• The code states that it is generally satisfactory to obtain maximum

design values from moment and shear envelopes constructed from
linear elastic analysis and to allow for moment redistribution if desired
and for buckling effects in frames with slender columns.
• The code also states that plastic methods such as yield line analysis
may also be used.
• The complete structure may be analysed using rigorous manual
elastic analysis or a matrix computer program.
• Approximate methods of analysis are set out in the code as an
alternative to a rigorous analysis of the whole frame. Such method
include;
Analysis
Analysis for vertical load:
(a) frame elevation;
(b) subframes;
(c) simplified subframe;
(d) continuous-beam simplification;
(e) column moments analysis for (d).

The critical arrangements of vertical load are

1. all spans loaded with the maximum design
ultimate load of 1.4Gk+ 1.6Qk
2. alternate spans loaded with the maximum
design ultimate load of 1.4Gk+1.6Qk and all
other spans loaded with the minimum design
ultimate load of 1.0Gk

where Gk is the total dead load on the span

and Qk is the imposed load on the span.
 Analysis

The primary objective of structural analysis is to obtain a set of

internal forces and moments throughout the structure that are in
equilibrium with the design loads for the required loading
combinations.
The methods of analysis used should be based on as accurate a
representation of the behaviour of the structure as is reasonably
practicable.
Course Practical
Brief overview
• Design and Detailing of a Reinforced Concrete for a
storey building for residential purposes (Ground floor
and First floor).
• Individual class design practical of a complete Structure.
• The class will be divided into groups, however each
student will provide his/her own design separately
 Practical

• Design and detailing of a reinforced concrete two –

storey residential building in any location.
• You are to provide the structural drawings and
calculation sheets for the:
- Roof beams and rafters
- 1st floor columns
- Ground and 1st floor slab
- 1st floor beams
- Ground floor columns
- And the foundation
Practical

• For each part of the design, - Identify all the elements to be

designed
• The grading will include manual calculation design of structural
members with sketches (detailing) of your design elements and
using the computer aided design software for the design detailing
and preparation of the GA.
Practical class

TERMS OF REFERENCE

• Provide a manual design and detailing of the RC elements

• PROVIDE WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORTS
• PRODUCE THE FINAL REPORT
practical

Recommended Reading/Text
• 1. Chanakya Arya: Design of Structural Elements.
(Spon press, New York)
• 2. T.J.Macginley and B.S.Choo Reinforced Concrete
Design Theory and Examples (Spon Press, London)
• 3. C E Reynolds and J C Steedman Reinforced Concrete
Designer’s Handbook
• 4. BS8110 Part 1: Code of practice for design and
construction