Introduction

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 Reinforced Concrete Design-
Course
Code
1Title
Course Credit Hours Prerequi
site(s)
CEE308 Reinforced Concrete Design-1 3(3+0) CEE206

CLO Description Taxonomy Level PLO

CLO1 Demonstrate the basic knowledge of Reinforced Concrete C3 PLO2
Design
CLO2 Analysis of RC elements including beams, short columns, C3 PLO2
isolated footing (for axial, shear and flexure loading)
CLO3 Design of RC elements including beams, short columns, C4 PLO3
isolated footing (for axial, shear and flexure loading)

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 RCD-1 Course
• Basic principlesOutline
of reinforced concrete design and associated
assumptions
• Design philosophy
• Design codes
• Factor of safety and load factors
• Prevailing methods of design of reinforced concrete members
• Analysis and design of one-way slab
• Analysis and design of beams
• Analysis and design of short columns

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 RCD-1 -
Books
• Design of Concrete Structures by Nelson/14 th edition

• Reference books
• Reinforced Concrete Design by Wang & Salmon 6th edition.
• Design of RC structures by Cernika.
• Design of Concrete Structures by James G Mcgregor.
• A.C.I Building Code Requirement for reinforce concrete structures 318-08

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 Introduction
• Concrete and Reinforced Concrete
• Structural Forms
• Loads
• Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
• Design Basis
• Design Codes and Specifications
• Safety Provisions of the ACI Code
• Developing Factored Gravity Loads
• Problems

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 Concrete
• A stonelike material obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned
mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other coarse aggregate, and
water to harden in forms of the shape and dimensions of the desired
structure.
• The bulk of the material consists of fine and coarse aggregate. Cement
and water interact chemically to bind the aggregate particles into a
solid mass.
• Concretes with a wide range of properties can be obtained by
appropriate adjustment of the proportions of the constituent materials.

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 Concrete
• These properties depend to a very substantial degree on the
proportions of the mixture, on the thoroughness with which the
various constituents are intermixed, and on the conditions of humidity
and temperature in which the mixture is maintained from the moment
it is placed in the forms until it is fully hardened. The process of
controlling conditions after placement is known as curing.
• Most of the constituent materials, with the exception of cement and
additives, are usually available at low cost locally or at small distances
from the construction site.

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 Concrete
• Its compressive strength, like that of natural stones, is high, which
makes it suitable for members primarily subject to compression, such
as columns and arches.
• On the other hand, again as in natural stones, it is a relatively
brittle material whose tensile strength is low compared with its
compressive strength. This prevents its economical use as the sole
building material in structural members that are subject to tension
either entirely or over part of their cross sections (such as in beams
or other flexural members).
• To offset this limitation, it was found possible, in the second half of
the nineteenth century, to use steel with its high tensile strength to
reinforce concrete, chiefly in those places where its low tensile
strength would limit the carrying capacity of the member.

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 Concrete
• The reinforcement, usually round steel rods with appropriate surface
deformations to provide interlocking, is placed in the forms in
advance of the concrete.
• The resulting combination of two materials, known as reinforced
concrete, combines many of the advantages of each:
• the relatively low cost,
• good weather and fire resistance,
• good compressive strength, and excellent formability of concrete and
• the hightensile strength and much greater ductility and
toughness of steel.

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 Structural Forms

One-way reinforced concrete floor slab with monolithic supporting beams.

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 Structural Forms

One-way joist floor system, with closely spaced ribs supported by monolithic
concrete beams; transverse ribs provide for lateral distribution of localized loads.
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 Structural Forms

Flat plate floor slab, carried directly by columns without beams or girders.

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Structural Forms

Flat slab floor, without beams

but with slab thickness
increased at the columns and
with flared column tops to
provide for local concentration
of forces.
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Structural Forms
Folded plate roof of 125 ft
span

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 Structural Forms

Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge, with a 1300ft center span at Dame Point,
Jacksonville, Florida.
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 Structural Forms

Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge near Franklin, Tennessee, an award-winning

two-span concrete arch structure rising 155ft above the valley floor.
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 Loads
• Loads that act on structures can be divided into three broad
categories:
• dead loads,
• live loads, and
• environmental loads.

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 Dead Load
• Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in
location throughout the lifetime of the structure. Usually the major
part of the dead load is the weight of the structure itself.
• This can be calculated with good accuracy from the design
configuration, dimensions of the structure, and density of the material.
• For buildings, floor fill, finish floors, and plastered ceilings are usually
included as dead loads, and an allowance is made for suspended loads
such as piping and lighting fixtures. For bridges, dead loads may
include wearing surfaces, sidewalks, and curbs, and an allowance is
made for piping and other suspended loads.

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 Live Load
• Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in buildings and traffic
loads on bridges.
• They may be either fully or partially in place or not present at all, and
may also change in location.
• Their magnitude and distribution at any given time are uncertain, and
even their maximum intensities throughout the lifetime of the structure
are not known with precision.
• The minimum live loads for which the floors and roof of a building
should be designed are usually specified in the building code that
governs at the site of construction.

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21
22
 Environmental loads
• Environmental loads consist mainly of snow loads, wind pressure and
suction, earthquake load effects (that is, inertia forces caused by
earthquake motions), soil pressures on subsurface portions of
structures, loads from possible ponding of rainwater on flat surfaces,
and forces caused by temperature differentials.
• Like live loads, environmental loads at any given time are uncertain
in both magnitude and distribution.
• Environmental loads are often modified locally depending, for
instance, on local climatic or seismic conditions.

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 Environmental loads

Snow load in pounds per square

foot (psf) on the ground, 50-year
mean recurrence interval.
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Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
• To serve its purpose, a structure must be safe against collapse and
serviceable in use.
• Serviceability requires that deflections be adequately small; that
cracks, if any, be kept to tolerable limits; that vibrations be minimized;
etc.
• Safety requires that the strength of the structure be adequate for all
loads that may foreseeably act on it.

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Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
• If the strength of a structure, built as designed, could be predicted
accurately, and if the loads and their internal effects (moments, shears,
axial forces) were known accurately, safety could be ensured by
providing a carrying capacity just barely in excess of the known
loads.
• However, there are a number of sources of uncertainty in the analysis,
design, and construction of reinforced concrete structures. These
sources of uncertainty, which require a definite margin of safety, may
be listed as follows:

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Serviceability, Strength, and Structural Safety
1. Actual loads may differ from those assumed.
2. Actual loads may be distributed in a manner different from that
assumed.
3. The assumptions and simplifications inherent in any analysis may
result in calculated load effects (moments, shears, etc.) different
from those that, in fact, act in the structure.
4. The actual structural behavior may differ from that assumed, owing
to imperfect knowledge.
5. Actual member dimensions may differ from those specified.
6. Reinforcement may not be in its proper position.
7. Actual material strength may be different from that specified.

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 Design Basis
Working stress method Limit state method
It is an old and conservative method which It is a more rational method that not only
mainly concentrates on safety aspects takes into account safety and economy but
also serviceability of the structure throughout
its service by controlling serviceability limits

It is based on elastic theory. Concrete and It takes into account actual nonlinear
steel are assumed to act together elastically elasto-plastic stress-strain behavior of
and follow Hook’s Law (linear stress-strain concrete and steel.
relationship)

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Working stress method Limit state method
Design
The stresses in the structural members are The design is based on ultimate loads at
considered for normal working loads without failure
Basis
considering the conditions existing at the (ultimate load = working load x partial
time of failure safety factor)
Different partial safety factors are used for
limit state of collapse and limit state of
serviceability under different load
combinations

Design criteria: Design criteria:

i. Load carrying capacity > Working load (Load carrying capacity of material/Partial
ii. Stresses in material < Permissible stress safety for material)>Load combination
in the material comprising of Σ (load x corresponding
partial safety factor for the load)

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Working stress method Limit state method
Desig
It does not give any idea about margin of
nIt gives an idea about the excess load which a
safety available for loads to assess the
extent of overloading without collapse
Basis
structure can carry beyond the working load
without collapse

The method follows a deterministic approach The method follows a non-deterministic

as it assumes that the loads, factor of safety approach as it adopts probable loads and
and permissible stresses are accurately probable strength of materials as per actual or
known. based on experience or observations
depending upon the situation.

Material strengths are not fully utilized in Materials strength are fully utilized in
designing the member designing the member.

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Working stress method Limit state method
It is a simple method Design It is a somewhat complicated method
involving more calculations
Basis
Due to its simplicity, it is still used for design The method is still evolving for the design
of some complex structures such as Overhead of more complex structures.
water tanks, bunkers, silos etc.

There is no need to check for serviceability The sections are required to be check for
requirement. The same is automatically the serviceability criteria
satisfied as the working stresses are low and
the method results in bigger sections
It assumes that stress-strain relationship for It is more realistic method which takes into
concrete is constant, which is not the case account the actual non-linear stress-strain
relationship of concrete

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Working stress method Limit state method
Design
It results in bigger section size in It results in smaller section size in
comparison to that obtained from Limit comparison to that obtained from Working
Basis
State Method, thus it gives uneconomical Stress Method, thus it gives economical
sections sections

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 Design Basis
• Historically, members were proportioned so that stresses in the steel
and concrete resulting from normal service loads were within specified
limits. These limits, known as allowable stresses, were only
fractions of the failure stresses of the materials.
• For members proportioned on such a service load basis, the margin of
safety was provided by stipulating allowable stresses under service
loads that were appropriately small fractions of the compressive
concrete strength and the steel yield stress.
• We now refer to this basis for design as Service Load Design or
Working Stress Method. Allowable stresses, in practice, were set at
about one-half the concrete compressive strength and one-half the
yield stress of the steel.

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 Design Basis
• The single most important characteristic of any structural member is
its actual strength, which must be large enough to resist, with some
margin to spare, all foreseeable loads that may act on it during the life
of the structure, without failure or other distress.
• It is logical, therefore, to proportion members, that is, to select
concrete dimensions and reinforcement, so that member strengths are
adequate to resist forces resulting from certain hypothetical overload
stages, significantly above loads expected actually to occur in service.
This design concept is known as Strength Design or Limit State
Method.

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 Design Basis
• For reinforced concrete structures at loads close to and at failure, one
or both of the materials, concrete and steel, are invariably in their
nonlinear inelastic range. Consequently, the nominal strength of a
member must be calculated on the basis of this inelastic behavior of
the materials.
• A member designed by the strength method must also perform in a
satisfactory way under normal service loading. For example, beam
deflections must be limited to acceptable values, and the number and
width of flexural cracks at service loads must be controlled.
Serviceability limit conditions are an important part of the total
design, although attention is focused initially on strength.

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 Design Basis
• The strength design method has displaced the older service load
design method.

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 Design Codes and Specifications
• The design of concrete structures is generally done within the
framework of codes giving specific requirements for materials,
structural analysis, member proportioning, etc.
• International Building Code
• American Concrete Institute (ACI)
• Uniform Building Code (UBC)
• Building Code of Pakistan
• Eurocode
• AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials)
• AREMA Manual of Railway Engineering

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 Design Codes and Specifications
• No code or design specification can be construed as a substitute for
sound engineering judgment in the design of concrete structures.
• In structural practice, special circumstances are frequently
encountered where code provisions can serve only as a guide, and the
engineer must rely upon a firm understanding of the basic principles of
structural mechanics applied to reinforced or prestressed concrete, and
an intimate knowledge of the nature of the materials.

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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
• The Code
safety provisions of the ACI Code are met using strength
reduction factors and load factors. These factors are based to
some extent on statistical information but to a larger degree on
experience, engineering judgment, and compromise.
• In words, the design strength 𝜙𝑆𝑛 of a structure or member must be at
least equal to the required strength 𝑈 calculated from the factored
loads, that is,
Design strength ≥ required strength
or
𝜙𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈
1

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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
Code 𝜙𝑆𝑛 ≥ 𝑈
• The nominal strength 𝑆𝑛 is computed (usually somewhat
conservatively) by accepted methods. The required strength 𝑈 is
calculated by applying appropriate load factors to the respective
service loads:
dead load 𝐷 rain load 𝑅
live load 𝐿 earth pressure 𝐻
wind load 𝑊 fluid pressure 𝐹
earthquake load 𝐸 cumulative effects 𝑇 due to differential
settlement and restrained volume change due
snow load 𝑆 to creep, shrinkage, and temperature change

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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
• LoadsCode
are defined in a general sense, to include either loads or the
related internal effects such as moments, shears, and thrusts. Thus, in
specific terms for a member subjected, say, to moment, shear, and axial
load,
𝜙𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝑀𝑢 2a

𝜙𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝑉𝑢 2b

𝜙𝑃𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢 2c
where the subscripts 𝑛 denote the nominal strengths in flexure, shear,
and axial load, respectively, and the subscripts 𝑢 denote the factored
load moment, shear, and axial load.
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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
Code
• The load factors specified in the ACI Code, to be applied to
calculated
dead loads and those live and environmental loads specified in the
appropriate codes or standards, are summarized in Table 1.2 .

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Safety Provisions of the ACI
Code

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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
Code loads, lower factors are used for loads known with
• For individual
greater certainty, such as dead load, compared with loads of greater
variability, such as live loads.
• Further, for load combinations such as dead plus live loads plus wind
forces, reductions are applied to one load or the other that reflect the
improbability that an excessively large live load coincides with an
unusually high windstorm.
• In all cases in Table 1.2 , the controlling equation is the one that gives
the largest factored load effect 𝑈.

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 Safety Provisions of the ACI
Codereduction factors 𝜙 in the ACI Code are given
• The strength different
values depending on the state of knowledge, that is, the accuracy with
which various strengths can be calculated. Thus, the value for bending
is higher than that for shear or bearing.
• Also, 𝜙 values reflect the probable importance, for the survival of the
structure, of the particular member and of the probable quality
control achievable.
• For both these reasons, a lower value is used for columns than for
beams.
• Table 1.3 gives some of the 𝜙 values specified in Chapter 21 of the
ACI Code.

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Safety Provisions of the ACI
Code

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 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior

• The chief task of the structural engineer is the design of structures

• Design is the determination of the general shape and all specific
dimension of a particular structure so that it will perform the function
for which it is created and will safely withstand the influences that will
act on it throughout its useful life.
• The chief items of behavior that are of practical interest are:
• The strength of the structure i.e., that magnitude of loads of a given
distribution which will cause the structure to fail and
• The deformations, such as deflections and extent of cracking, that the structure
will undergo when loaded under service conditions

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 Fundamental Assumptions for Reinforced Concrete Behavior

• The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of reinforced

concrete is based are as follows:
1. The internal forces, such as (BM, SF and normal and shear stress) at
any section of a member are in equilibrium with the effects of the
external loads at that section.(This proposition is not an assumption but a
fact)
2. Thestrain in an embedded steel or rebar is the same as that
of a surrounding concrete(perfect bond).
3. Cross-sections that were plane prior to loading continue to be plane in
the member under load.
4. Tensile strength of concrete is negligible
5. Thetheory is based on the actual stress-strain relationships
and strength properties of the two constituent materials.

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Before bending

After bending

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 Behavior of members subjected to axial loads
• Axial Compression
• Columns are axial members, can be made of pure concrete, however
reinforcement is provided due to
1. Very few members are truly axially loaded
2. Part of the total load can be carried by steel with its much greater strength,
the cross sectional dimensions of the member can be reduced.
• The two chief forms of reinforced concrete columns are shown in
following Figure. In the square column, the four longitudinal bars
serve as main reinforcement.

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Reinforced concrete columns

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• When axial load is applied the compression strain is same over the
entire cross section and, in view of bonding b/w steel and concrete,
same strain in both materials.
• Following Figure shows two typical stress-strain curves,
• one for a concrete with compressive strength fc’ = 4000 psi and
• the other for a steel with yield stress fy = 60,000psi.

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Concrete and steel
stress-strain curve

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 Elastic behavior
• At low stresses, up to about fc’/2 the concrete is seen to behave nearly linear
elastic, i.e. stress are quite closely proportional to the strain. For the given
concrete, this range extends to a strain about 0.0005, whereas steel up to
0.002 or 60ksi.
• Because compression strain in concrete at any given load is equal to the
compression strain in steel.
𝑓𝑐
𝑐 𝑠
𝐸
𝑓𝑠𝑐 𝐸𝑠
• From which the relationship between
𝜀 = steel= 𝜀 stress
= 𝑓𝑠 and concrete stress 𝑓𝑐is
obtained as
𝐸𝑠
𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑛𝑓𝑐 3
𝐸𝑐
Where 𝑛 = 𝐸𝑠 is known as the modular ratio
𝐸𝑐
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Let,
Ac = net area of concrete, i.e., gross area minus
area occupied by the reinforcement bar
Ag = gross area
Ast = total area of reinforcing bars
P = axial load
Then
P = fcAc + fsAst = fcAc + nfc
A
P st= fc (Ac + nAst) 4

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• The term (Ac+nAst) can be interpreted as the area of a fictitious concrete
cross-section, the transformed area, which when subjected to the particular
concrete stress 𝑓𝑐 results in the same axial load 𝑃 as the actual section
composed of both steel and concrete

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• Where,
At = Ag + (n-1) Ast ֒ Ag = Ac +
At = Ag + nAst – Ast Ast
At = Ac + Ast + nAst – Ast
At = Ac + nAst

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• Alternatively, one can think of area of steel rebars is removed and
replaced with concrete in which case
P = fc [Ag + (n -1)Ast] 5
• If load and x-section are known, the concrete stress can be found by
solving equations (4) and (5) for fc and the steel stress fs can
be calculated from equation (3)
• These relationships hold in the range in which the concrete behaves
nearly elastically i.e., up to 50 to 60 percent of fc’. For reasons of
safety and serviceability concrete stresses in structures under normal
conditions are kept within this range.
• “These relations permit one to calculate service load stresses”

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 Example
• Determine the axial load that will stress the concrete up to 1200
psi. The modular ratio 𝑛=8
16in

No. 9 bars 20in

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60
61
• Solution
Ag = 16 x 20 = 320 in2

From, table A.2 two no. 9 bars provide steel area

Ast= 6in2

P = fc’ (Ag + (n – 1) Ast)

= 1200 (320 +(8 – 1) x 6)
= 434,000 lb

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Pc = fcAc= fc (Ag – Ast)
= 1200 (320 – 6)= 377,000lb
Ps = fs Ast = (nfc)Ast
= 8 x 1200 x 6 = 57600lb ,it is 13.3% of the total axial load

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64
Concrete and steel
stress-strain curve

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