COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN-LAB

LAB MANUAL # 1

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Muhammad Waleed

SUBMITTED BY:

Salman Ahmed Khan

ROLL NUMBER:

UET-20F-BSc-CE-APCOMS-09

COURSE CODE:

CE-410

DEPARTMENT:

Civil Engineering

Army Public College of Management and Science Rawalpindi

 PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AND STEEL
CONCRETE PROPERTIES:
 Modulus of Elasticity (E):
 Range: 10,000 to 40,000 MPa (megapascals)
 Modulus of Elasticity represents the stiffness of concrete and its ability to deform under stress.
 Poisson's Ratio (U):
 Range: 0.1 to 0.2
 Poisson's Ratio describes the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain when a material is stretched.
 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (A):
 Range: 8 to 12 x 10^-6 per degree Celsius
 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion measures the change in length of a material for a unit change
in temperature.
 Shear Modulus (G):
 Range: 4,000 to 8,000 MPa
 Shear Modulus describes the material's response to shear stress. It's related to the material's
stiffness in shear deformation.

Water-
Compressive Cement Common
Strength Durability Workability Ratio Reinforcement Applications
Adequate Residential
workability May include foundations,
Suitable for for steel driveways,
residential and placement Typically reinforcement sidewalks,
light commercial and ranges from in structural and non-load-
3000 psi construction. finishing. 0.45 to 0.6 applications. bearing walls.
Suitable for a
wide range of Industrial
applications, Typically, Often used in floors,
including workable for structural parking
structural and placement Typically elements with structures,
high-stress and ranges from steel and high-
4000 psi projects. finishing. 0.40 to 0.50 reinforcement. stress areas.
Industrial
Generally buildings,
workable for bridges, high-
Well-suited for proper Often used in rise
heavy-duty placement Typically reinforced buildings,
structural and ranges from structural and
4500 psi applications. finishing. 0.35 to 0.45 elements. infrastructure.
Moderately High-rise
Excellent workable for Commonly buildings,
durability, proper used in parking
suitable for placement reinforced structures,
heavy-duty and Typically structural dams, and
structural finishing, ranges from elements marine
5000 psi applications in may require 0.35 to 0.45 requiring high structures.
 harsh appropriate strength and
environments. admixtures durability.
for enhanced
workability.
Requires
Exceptional careful mix High-
durability, ideal design and Commonly performance
for critical may involve specified for concrete
structural specialized Typically heavily structures,
applications admixtures maintained reinforced nuclear
subjected to high for proper at lower elements where power plants,
loads and placement values, structural heavy
aggressive and ranging from integrity is industrial
6000 psi environments. finishing. 0.30 to 0.40 paramount. facilities.

STEEL PROPERTIES:

 Modulus of Elasticity (E):

 Range: 190 to 210 gigapascals (GPa)
 Measures the stiffness or rigidity of a material. It quantifies how much a material will deform
under a given amount of stress.
 Poisson's Ratio (U):
 Range: 0.27 to 0.30
 Describes the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain when a material is subjected to stress. It
indicates how a material deforms in directions perpendicular to the direction of stress.
 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (A):
 Range: 10.8 to 13.1 x 10^-6 per degree Celsius (μm/m°C)
 Represents how much a material expands or contracts when subjected to changes in
temperature. It quantifies the rate of change of length or volume per unit temperature change.
 Shear Modulus (G):
 Range: 75 to 85 gigapascals (GPa)
 Measures a material's resistance to shearing forces. It quantifies the ratio of shear stress to shear
strain and indicates a material's ability to withstand deformation due to applied shear stress.

Other properties
 Yield Strength (Fy):
 Range: Varies by steel grade.
 Description: Stress at which material starts deforming permanently.
 Tensile Strength (Fu):
 Range: Varies by steel grade.
 Description: Maximum stress material can withstand without breaking.
 Effective Yield Stress (Fye):
  Range: Lower than Fy.
 Description: Adjusted yield strength accounting for imperfections.
 Effective Tensile Strength (Fue):
 Range: Lower than Fu.
 Description: Adjusted tensile strength accounting for imperfections.

Yield
Strength Tensile Common Corrosion
(fy') Strength Ductility Workability Applications Weldability Resistance
Exhibits
good Easy to work Corrosion
ductility, with in resistance
Typically, allowing various Used in can vary
around for manufacturing structural based on
60,000 deformation and construction, Well-suited composition
40,000 psi or before construction machinery, for welding and
psi higher failure. processes. and more. processes. coatings.
Used in Corrosion
structural resistance
Typically, construction, can vary
around Generally Easily worked automotive based on
70,000 maintains with in parts, Exhibits composition
60,000 psi or good various machinery, good and
psi higher ductility. processes. and more. weldability. coatings.

CRACKS DUE TO EARTH QUAKE

 Seismic Waves: Earthquakes generate seismic waves that propagate through the ground and interact
with structures. These waves can exert forces on buildings, causing them to vibrate and deform.
 Inertia and Mass: When an earthquake occurs, the ground accelerates and decelerates rapidly. This
movement imparts inertia forces to the building, causing it to resist the changes in motion. Buildings
with larger masses tend to experience greater inertial forces.
 Stiffness and Flexibility: Buildings are designed to be stiff vertically to support gravity loads but
flexible horizontally to accommodate lateral loads such as those from wind or earthquakes. However,
excessive flexibility can lead to structural instability during earthquakes.
 Resonance: If the natural frequency of a building matches the frequency of the seismic waves,
resonance can occur, amplifying the building's response and leading to higher stresses and
deformations.
 Weaknesses and Vulnerabilities: Cracks often develop at weak points in the structure, such as
corners, joints, or areas with pre-existing damage or deficiencies in construction materials. These weak
points are more susceptible to stress concentration during earthquakes.
 Brittle Behavior: Some building materials, such as concrete, can exhibit brittle behavior under
sudden and intense loading, leading to cracking and fragmentation.
 Differential Movement: Differential movement between structural elements or between the building
and its foundation can occur during earthquakes, leading to cracking due to shear and tensile stresses.