CE 51014 Design of Concrete Structures I

• 2-1-0 period/week
• Assessment system:
Exam (50%),
Tutorial (20%),
Project Assignment (30%)
 Reference:
1. Design of Concrete Structures,
Fourteenth Edition, Arthur H.
Nilson, David Darwin and Charles
W. Dolan
2. Design of Reinforced Concrete,
Ninth Edition, Jack C.
McCormac, Russell H. Brown

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 CE 21003/22003 (MoM),
CE 31013/32013,CE 41013(Theory of structures),

CE 42004 (Timber/ Masonry),

CE 51014/52014(R.C), CE 51024/52024(Steel)

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 Concrete and Reinforced Concrete

• Concrete cement + aggregates + water

Rocklike substances, concrete has a high

compressive strength and a very low tensile
strength

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• Reinforced Concrete concrete +
reinforcing steel

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Advantages of R.C as a Structural Disadvantages of R.C as a
Member Structural Member

• Compressive strength per unit cost • has a very low tensile strength
• Has great resistance to the actions of • forms are required
fire and water • low strength per unit weight of
• very rigid concrete leads to heavy
• low maintenance material members
• has a very long service life • similarly, low strength per unit
• a special feature of concrete is its volume
ability to be cast into an extraordinary • properties of concrete vary
variety of shapes widely
• only economical material available
for footings, floor slabs, basement,…
• in most areas, concrete takes
inexpensive local materials
• a lower grade of skilled labor is
required
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for erections
 Comparison of R.C and Structural Steel
for Building and Bridges

“Should R.C or structural steel be used?”

The selection of the structural material to be used for a

particular building depends on the height and span of the
structure , the material market, foundation conditions, local
building codes, and architectural considerations.

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Compatibility of Concrete and Steel
Concrete and steel reinforcing work together
beautifully in R.C structures. The advantages
of each material seem to compensate for the
advantages of the other.

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 Design Codes
• American Concrete Institute’s Building Code
Requirements for Structural Concrete
(ACI 318-99)
• International Building Codes (IBC)
• Myanmar National Building Code (MNBC)

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 Structural Forms, Loads and
Material Properties

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Concrete Structural Forms

Concrete is a very versatile material and can easily be

shaped into various structural forms to meet
strength, functional, economical and aesthetic
requirements.

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 Figure 1. One-way RC floor slab with monolithic beams

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12/2/2022 Figure 2. Flat slab floor system
 Figure 3. Cable-stayed bridge
(1300 ft main span);
Napoleon Bridge, Florida
USA

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Figure 4. Cylindrical Concrete tank

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 Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into
three broad categories:
• dead loads,
• Live loads, and
• environmental loads.

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Dead Loads
Dead loads are those loads that are constant in
magnitude and fixed in location throughout the
lifetime of the structure. This is mainly the own weight
of the structure including the weights of permanent
partitions or walls, roofs, ceilings, stairways, finishes,
claddings, pipings, lighting fixtures, electrical feeders,
permanent mechanical equipment including heating,
ventilation and air conditioning systems and fire
sprinkler systems, etc. for buildings, and wearing
surfaces, sidewalks, curbs, piping and other suspended
loads for bridges.
Dead loads can easily be calculated from the volume of
the element and the unit weight of the material.
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 Table 1. weight of some common building materials
and metals
Material weight
Plain concrete 145lb/ft3
Reinforced or prestressed concrete 150lb/ft3
Bricks 120lb/ft3
Cement, portland, loose 90lb/ft3
Cement, portland, set 183lb/ft3
Asbestos cement sheeting,
flat 0.25in. Wallboard 1.4lb/ft2
fully-compressed 2.5lb/ft2
Glass
sheet
24oz, 0.11in thick 1.5lb/ft2
32oz, 0.156in thick 2lb/ft2

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Live Loads
Live loads consist chiefly of occupancy loads in
buildings(movable loads) and traffic loads on
bridges(moving loads). They may be fully or partially in
place or not present at all, and may also change in
location. They do not include construction or
environmental loads such as wind load, snow load, rain
load due to ponding on flat roofs, earthquake load,
flood load, soil pressure on subsurface portion of
structures and forces caused by temperature
differentials. Roof live loads are those produced
(1) during maintenance by workers, equipment, and
materials, and (2) during the life of the structure by
movable objects such as planters and by people.

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 Symmetrical Asymmetrical
distribution distribution

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Table 2. some minimum uniformly distributed live loads
(2009 IBC)
Occupancy or use Live load, psf
Assembly areas and theatres
fixed seats 60
lobbies 100
movable seats 100
stages and platforms 125
Garages(passenger vehicle only)
trucks and buses
H20-44 and HS 20-44 640lb/ft of lane + conc.
Hospital
operating rooms, laboratories 60
patient room 40
corridors above the first floor 80
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Environmental Loads
Environmental loads are loads caused by the
environment in which the structure is located.
For the buildings, they are caused by rain,
wind, temperature change, and earthquake.
Strictly speaking, they are also live loads, but
they are the result of the environment in
which the structure is located. Although they
do vary with time, they are not all caused by
gravity or operating conditions, as it typical
with other live loads.
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 SERVICEABILITY, STRENGTH, AND
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
• Variability of Loads
• Strength
• Structural Safety

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 SAFETY PROVISIONS OF THE ACI CODE
Design strength ≥ required strength
ØSn≥ U
where Sn = nominal strength
U = required strength
In specific terms of a member subjected, say, to
moment, shear, and axial load
ØMn≥ Mu
ØVn≥ Vu
ØPn≥ Pu
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 Table 3. Factored load combinations for determining
required strength U in the ACI Code

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 Table 4. Strength reduction factors in the ACI Code

Ø < 1.0

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 FUNDAMENTAL ASSUMPTIONS FOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEHAVIOR
The fundamental propositions on which the mechanics of
reinforced concrete is based are as follows:

1. the internal forces

2. the strain
3. Cross sections
4. the tensile strength of concrete
5. The theory is based on the actual stress-strain relationships
and strength properties of the two constituent materials

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 BEHAVIOR OF MEMBERS SUBJECT TO AXIAL
LOADS
a. Axial compression

Figure 5. Reinforced concrete

columns

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Figure 6. Concrete
and steel stress
–strain curves

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 the compression strain in the concrete, at any
given load, is equal to the compression strain
in the steel,
fc fs
∈c = = ∈s =
Ec Es
Es
fs = fc = nfc
Ec
Es
where n= is the modular ratio
Ec

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b. Axial Tension

where fct is the tensile stress in the concrete.

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