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    Two Ray Model

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    K.Karuna Sree
    The document describes a two-ray ground reflection model for wireless signal propagation. A two-ray model considers both the direct path and a ground reflected path between the transmitter and receiver. The total received electric field is the combination of the direct line of sight component and the ground reflected component. The two-ray model approximates the signal propagation as two waves arriving at the receiver, with the path difference between them determined using the method of images. The received signal strength is calculated based on combining the two components accounting for the phase difference between them. The two-ray model predicts a path loss that falls off with the fourth power of distance.

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    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Two Ray Model

    Uploaded by

    K.Karuna Sree
    193 views6 pages
    The document describes a two-ray ground reflection model for wireless signal propagation. A two-ray model considers both the direct path and a ground reflected path between the transmitter and receiver. The total received electric field is the combination of the direct line of sight component and the ground reflected component. The two-ray model approximates the signal propagation as two waves arriving at the receiver, with the path difference between them determined using the method of images. The received signal strength is calculated based on combining the two components accounting for the phase difference between them. The two-ray model predicts a path loss that falls off with the fourth power of distance.

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    The document describes a two-ray ground reflection model for wireless signal propagation. A two-ray model considers both the direct path and a ground reflected path between the transmitter and receiver. The total received electric field is the combination of the direct line of sight component and the ground reflected component. The two-ray model approximates the signal propagation as two waves arriving at the receiver, with the path difference between them determined using the method of images. The received signal strength is calculated based on combining the two components accounting for the phase difference between them. The two-ray model predicts a path loss that falls off with the fourth power of distance.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    193 views6 pages

    Two Ray Model

    Uploaded by

    K.Karuna Sree
    The document describes a two-ray ground reflection model for wireless signal propagation. A two-ray model considers both the direct path and a ground reflected path between the transmitter and receiver. The total received electric field is the combination of the direct line of sight component and the ground reflected component. The two-ray model approximates the signal propagation as two waves arriving at the receiver, with the path difference between them determined using the method of images. The received signal strength is calculated based on combining the two components accounting for the phase difference between them. The two-ray model predicts a path loss that falls off with the fourth power of distance.

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    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    1.2 TWO RAY GROUND REFLECTION MODEL

    Two ray model considers both the direct path and a ground reflected propagated path between
    transmitter and receiver.

    Fig1.2.1 : Two Ray Model


    [Source : “Wireless communications “by Theodore S. Rappaport,Page- 86]

    A two-ray model, which consists of two overlapping waves at the receiver, one direct path and
    one reflected wave from the ground.

    The total received E-field is the result of the direct line of sight component ELOS and the
    ground reflected component Eg.
    Referring to Figure 1.2.1, ht is the height of the transmitter and hr is the height of the receiver.

    If E0is the free space electric field (in V/m) at a reference distance d0 from the transmitter then
    for d>d0,

    The free space propagating E-field is

    , )) (d

    The envelop of the electric field at d meters from the transmitter at any time t is therefore

    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION


    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    | , |

    Two propagating waves arrive at the receiver, one LOS wave which travels a distance of d’ and
    ||
    another ground reflected wave, that travels .

    The E-field due to the line-of-sight component at the receiver can be expressed as

    |
    |
    , |
    ))

    The E-fleld for the ground reflected wave, which has a propagation distance of d", can be
    expressed as

    ||
    ||
    , |

    According to the law of reflection in a dielectric,

    θi = and Eg= Γ Ei

    where Γ is the reflection coefficient for ground.


    For small values of θi (i.e., grazing incidence), the reflected wave is equal in magnitude and
    180° out of phase with the incident wave.

    The resultant total E-field envelope is given by

    The electric field , can be expressed as

    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION


    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    Using the method of images, which is shown in Figure 1.2.2 , the path difference, Δ between
    the line-of-sight and the ground reflected paths can be expressed as

    Fig 1.2.2: The Method of Images- Two Ray Model.


    [Source : “Wireless communications “by Theodore S. Rappaport,Page- 87]

    When the T-R separation distance d is very large compared to , the above equation can
    be simplified using a Taylor series approximation

    Once the path difference is known, the phase difference between the two Electric field

    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION


    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    components and the time delay between the arrival of the two components can be easily
    computed using the following relations.

    And

    ||
    It should be noted that as d becomes large, the difference between the distances d' and
    becomes very small, and the amplitudes of and Eg are virtually identical and differ only
    in phase.

    ||
    If the received electric field is evaluated at , it can be expressed as

    Referring to the phasor diagram of Figure 1.3, which shows how the direct and ground reflected
    rays combine, the electric field (at the receiver) at a distance d from the transmitter can be written
    as

    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION


    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    Fig 1.2.3: Phasor diagram


    [Source : “Wireless communications“ by Theodore S. Rappaport,Page- 89]

    Using trigonometric identities, the above equation can be expressed as

    Where d Implies that

    The received E-field can be approximated as

    where k is a constant related to E0, the antenna heights, and the wavelength.

    The received power at a distance d from the transmitter can be expressed as

    At large distances ≫ the received power falls off with distance raised to the fourth
    power, or at a rate of 40 dB/ decade. This is a much more rapid path loss than is experienced in
    free space.
    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
    ROHINI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

    The path loss for the 2-ray model (with antenna gains) can be expressed in dB as

    __________________________________________________

    EC8652 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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