Trignometry

𝝅
, 𝟗𝟎° y - axis
𝟐
S A
 Sin and csc positive  All positive
 (-ve, +ve)  (+ve, + ve)
𝜋 𝜋
90+θ, 180- θ, + θ, π - θ θ or ( – θ)or 90 - θ
2 2
180°π °x – axis
360 2π
T C
 Tan and cot are positive  cos and sec are positive
 (-ve, -ve)  (+ve, -ve)
3𝜋 3𝜋
π +θ, - θ, 180 + θ, 270 - θ - θ, 270 + 𝜃, - θ, 360 - θ, 2π - θ
2 2

𝟑𝝅
270,
𝟐
𝜋 3𝜋
Change 90°, , 270, and changes.
2 2

Sin cos , csc sec

cos sin , sec csc
tan cot , cot tan

−4
Example If tan θ = and θ ∈ [270°, 360°]
3
: Find:
1. Cos (270 – θ)
2. Sin (180 + θ)
3. Tan (-θ)
4. Cos (90 + θ)
Solution:
−4
1. Cos (270 – θ) = - sin θ =
5
 −4
2. Sin (180 + θ) = - sin θ =
5
−4
3. Tan (- θ) = - tan θ =
3
−4
4. Cos (90 + θ) = - sin θ =
5

Trigonometric rules for (- θ):

Sin (- θ) = - sin θ
Csc (- θ) = - csc θ Odd function
Tan (- θ) = - tan θ F(-x) = -f (x)
Cot (- θ) = - cot θ

Cos (- θ) = cos θ
Sec (- θ) = sec θ

Example Sin (- 10) = - sin (10)

Cos (- 30) = cos 30
:
Trignometric rules for double angles:
1) sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
𝑎⁄ sin 2b = a sin b cos b
2
2) cos 2θ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 - 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃 Note:
= 1 – 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 θ2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 − 1
2𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
3) tan 2θ =
1−𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃

Trignometric rules for relation between 2 angles:

1) sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
2) sin (x – y) = sin x cos y – cos x sin y
3) cos (x+ y) = cos x cos y – sin x sin y
4) cos (x – y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
tan 𝑥+tan 𝑦
5) tan (x + y) =
1−tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦
 tan 𝑥−tan 𝑦
6) tan (x-y) =
1+tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦

"sine law"
𝑎 𝑏 𝐶
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 cos 𝐶
corally:
𝑎+𝑏 sin 𝐴+sin 𝐵
=
𝑐 sin 𝐶

Example
:
Find x:
7 𝑥
=
sin 60° sin 80°

(sin 80°) 7
X= = 7.96
sin 60°

"cosine law"
𝐶 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
𝑏 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑎2 = 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴

Example
:
𝐶 2 = 112 + 82 − 2 × 8 × 11 cos 37°
𝐶 2 = 44.4
C = 6.66
 Function

Even
Neutral Odd
All powers
Powers Are All powers are
Are even
even and odd odd
Symmetric
y - axis Eg: x + 2
Symmetric
eg: 𝑥 2 + 2
origin point
1 0
Eg:
2 0
𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 + 4 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 3 + 𝑥
𝑥4 + 𝑥2 + 3
3 2 0 5 3 1
4 2 0
𝑥3 + 𝑥

3 1

F (-x) = f (x)
Note:
|𝑥 | is even
function

F (-x) = -f (x)
 Drivitive

𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑥5 5𝑥 4

𝑚𝑥 𝑛 𝑚𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1 5𝑥 3 5𝑥3 𝑥 2

𝑛 4𝑥 4
𝑛𝑥

𝑛 0 3 0

Example 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑦 ̀ : 𝑦 = 3𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 8
:
Solution: 𝑦̀ = 9𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5

The slope of tangent of function a texact point is drivitive by substituing x

Example Find tangent for 𝑥 3 - 2𝑥 2 + 3 at point (2, 0)

:
Solution: 𝑦̀ = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥

Slope = 3(2)2 - 4(2) = 4

Tangen is y = 4x + b
Subs. (2, 0)
0 = 4 (2) + b
b = -8
tanget equation = y = 4x - 8

Behavior of function
1 5 2
If 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 + 6𝑥
3 2
Then: 𝑦̀ =𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 6
𝑦̀ = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 − 2)
Then, x = 2 is the maximum point for y.
x =3 is the minimum point for y.
 in the interval ]−∞, 2[ the function y increase.
 In the interval ]2, 3[ the function y decrease.
 In the interval ]3, ∞[ the function increase.
For the function signs:
1 5
𝑦 = 3 𝑥 3 − 2 𝑥2 + 6𝑥
(mode 5, 4)

Conic section

1) Circle: 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑓. 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑓. 𝑦

2𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 = 2𝑟 2

𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑎 ≠𝑏
2) Elipse: + =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
If: 𝑎2 > 𝑏 2 then elipse is horizontal.
If: 𝑏 2 > 𝑎2 then elipse is vertical.
Center = (h, k) , 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
Foci

Horizontal Vertical
∵ center = (x, y) ∵ center = (x, y)
Foci = (x ± c, y) Foci = (x, y ± c)

Example (𝑥−3)2 𝑦2
+ =1
: 9 49
∵ 49 > 9 ∴ Elipse is vertical
Center = (3, 0) 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 - 𝑏 2 = 40
C = 2 √10
foci= (3, 2 √10) and (3, -2 √10)

Asymptote of Elipse

𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
If
𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 𝑚

And: n=m and: n < m and: n > m

Vertical horizontal Vertical Horizontal Vertical Horizontal

asymptote asymptote

𝒂 Zeros of Zeros of
Zeros of 𝐲=𝟎 Oblique
Deminator Dominator
Deminator 𝒃

Oblique or slant for elipse:

𝑎𝑥 2 −𝑐
𝑥−𝑏
5𝑥 2 −2
Example
𝑥−3
:

5𝑥 2 −2 43
= 5𝑥 + 15 +
𝑥−3 𝑥−3
Oblique = 5x + 15
𝑥2 𝑦2 Equations have – ve sign at middle
3) Hyberpola: - =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

 If x became first, then hyberpola is horizontal.

 If y became first, then hyberpola is vertical.

Vertex = (h, k)
𝑏
Asymptote = y = k ± (x – h)
𝑎

Example
(𝑦−3)2 𝑥 2 −14𝑥+49
: - =1
16 25

(𝑥−3)2 (𝑥−7)2
- =1
16 25
 Center = (7, 3)
 Vertical

4
 Asymptote: y=3± (x – 7)
5

4𝑥−13 −4𝑥+43
5 5

Transition of function

f (x)+d Up d points (x, y) (x, y + d)

f (x)- d down d points (x, y) (x, y - d)

f (x + c) Left c units (x, y) (x - c, y)

f (x - c) Right c units (x, y) (x + c, y)

- f (x) Reflection x- axis (x, y) (x , - y)

f (- x) Reflection y- axis (x, y) (- x , y)

 Stretch for |𝑎| > 1
a f (x) vertical
Compression for 0 < |𝑎| < 1

Stretch for 0 < |𝑎| < 1

f (b x) Horizontal
Compression for |𝑎| > 1

𝑥 𝑚 −𝑏𝑚 𝑚
Limit theorm "4": if limx→a 𝑛 𝑛 = (𝑏)𝑚−𝑛
𝑥 −𝑏 𝑛

sin 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
Limit trig. theorm: limx→o =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏
tan 𝑎𝑥 𝑎
limx→o =
𝑏𝑥 𝑏

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝐱 → 𝐢𝐧𝐟𝐢𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐲)

𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛 𝑎𝑥 𝑛
𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚 𝑏𝑥 𝑚

If: n=m if: n < m if: n>m

𝑎
limx→∞ = limx→∞ = 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 limx→∞ = ∞
𝑏
3𝑥 2 −3 3𝑥 3𝑥 2
Eg: limx→∞ =3 eg: limx→∞ =0 eg: limx→∞ =∞
𝑥2 2𝑥 2 +2 2𝑥+3

Note For lim(x → 𝑎)you can use drivitive

 𝑑
𝑥 2 −9 (𝑥 2 −9)|𝑥=3
𝑑𝑥
Eg: limx→3 = 𝑑 =6
𝑥−3 (𝑥−3)|𝑥=3
𝑑𝑥

Solving inquality:
𝑥−2 𝑥
1) >0 ≤ -1
𝑥+3 𝑥+1
 x – 2= 0
x=2 𝑥
+1≤0
 x+3=0 𝑥+1
x = -3
2𝑥+1 1
≤ 0 , 2x + 1 = 0 , x = -
𝑥+1 2
x + 1 = 0 , x = -1
x < -3 or x > 2

−1
-1<x≤
2

Matrices:
2 3
If A = [4 2], then A is (2 × 3) matrix
5 3

If, A is (2 × 3), and B is (3 × 4)

Then AB = (2 × 3) ∙ (3 × 4) is correct matrix

But, BA = (3 × 4) ∙ (2 × 3) cannot be 4 ≠ 2

Vectors:
𝐴̂ = (10, 36°)
(r, θ)
𝐴̂ = 8 𝑖̂ + 6 𝐽̂

If 𝐴⃑ = 3𝑖̂ + 5 𝑗̂ and ⃑⃑ = 4 𝑖⃑ + 2 𝑗⃑
𝐵
Find 3 𝐴⃑ + 2 𝐵 ⃑⃑ :
3 (3 𝑖⃑ + 5 𝑗⃑⃑ ) + 2 (4 𝑖⃑ + 2 𝑗⃑⃑ )
= 9 𝑖⃑ + 15 𝑗⃑ + 8 𝑖⃑ + 4 𝑗⃑
= 17 𝑖⃑ + 19 𝑗⃑
In calculator:
 to change from polar (r, θ) to cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ )
use shift (-)
 to change from cartesien (a 𝑖⃑ + b 𝑗⃑ ) to polar (r, θ)
use shift (+)

Arthmetic sequence
𝑇𝑛 = a + (n – 1) d , d = n – (n – 1)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2a + (n – 1) d) = (a + L)
2 2
Example
If A ∙ S = 2, 4, 6, 8, ………. 22
:
Find 𝑇7 and summution of A ∙ S :
Solution:
a=2,d=6–4=2
𝑇7 = 2 + (7 – 1) 2 = 14
11
Sum = (2 + 22) = 132 𝑇𝑛 = 22 = 2 + (n – 1) 2
2 n = 11

Geomtric sequence

𝑇𝑛
𝑇𝑛 = 𝑎(𝑑)𝑛−1 , d=
𝑇𝑛 −1
𝑎 −𝐿𝑑 𝑎(1−𝑑 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = =
1−𝑑 1−𝑑
𝑎
𝑆∞ = where 0 < d < 1
1−𝑑
Example G ∙ S = 2, 4, 8, ….., 256, find 𝑇5 , sum.
: 8
a=2 d= =2
4
 𝑇5 = 2 (2)5−1 = 32
2−256 ×2
𝑆𝑛 = = 510
1−2

Quick calculator tips:

 if you have equation with 𝑥 2 , |𝑥 |
shift solve 555 (first solution)
shift solve – 555 (second solution)
 if you have an equation and x is an angel (x°)
shift solve 90, 180, 270 or 360
 calculate standered deviation in calc:
mode, 3, 1, [type numbers], on, shift, 1, 4 (var), 3 (6x), =
 calculate line regression:
mode, 3, 2, [type numbers], on, shift, 1, 5 (reg)
(1 : A) y – interception
(2 : B) slope

Logarithm rules

1) 𝐵𝑒 = R log 𝐵 𝑅 = 𝑒
Eg: 32 = 9 log 3 9 = 2

2) log 𝑎 𝑎 = 1 eg:, log 5 5 = 1 , log √3 √3= 1

If B = R , then e = 1 Note:
Lne = 1 Ln is logarithm with e in base

3) If B = a , R = 1 , then e = 0
log 𝑎 1 = 0 eg: log 3 1 = 0 , log 5 1 = 0

4) If log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦

Then log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎 𝑥𝑦
Eg: log 3 (2 × 5) = log 3 2 + log 3 5

𝑥
5) log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 - log 𝑎 𝑦
𝑦
 𝑥
log 𝑎 𝑥 - log 𝑎 𝑦 = log 𝑎
𝑦
11
Eg: log 5 11 - log 5 2 = log 5 ( )
2

𝑥𝑦
log 𝑎 = log 𝑎 𝑥 + log 𝑎 𝑦 - log 𝑎 𝑧 - log 𝑎 𝑙
𝑧𝑙
Note
Numbers in numenator are positive
Numbers in demenator are negative

6) log 𝑎 𝑥 𝑛 = n log 𝑎 𝑥
Eg: log 2 125 = log 2 53 = 3 log 2 5
7 log 5 2 = log 5 27 = log 5 128

log𝑎 𝑥
7) log 𝑦 𝑥 = (you choose your own new base)
log𝑎 𝑦

log 7 Note:
log 5 7 = If logarithm has no base then base = 10
log 5
log11 2
= log 3 2 eg: log10 3 = log 3
log11 3
1
8) log 𝑦 𝑥= , log 𝑏 𝑎 × log 𝑎 𝑏 = 1
log𝑥 𝑦
1
log 7 5 = , log 7 5 × log 5 7 = 1
log5 7

Compination

And X Or +

Eg: 1) if we have 10 men and 8 women

What number of 1 ways to make:
1) Group of 3 men and 2 women.
2) Group of 3 men or 2 women.
Answer:
1) 10𝐶3 × 8𝐶2 = 3360
2) 10
𝐶3 + 18𝐶2 = 148.

2) In test John has 2 papers A, B contain 7, 11 Question. He has to solve 12

Question, selecting 4 at least from each paper. How many ways can John select a
question?

𝐶4 × 11𝐶8 + 7𝐶5 ×
7 11
𝐶7 + 7𝐶6 × 11𝐶6 + 7𝐶7 × 11𝐶5 = 16401

Area of triangle
1
The main rule : B.h
2
First sec. rule:

1
Area = 𝑆1 × 𝑆2 × sin θ
2

Second sec. rule:

Half p =q

1 1 1 1
Area = √ 𝑝( 𝑝 − 𝑆1 )( 𝑝 − 𝑆2 )( 𝑝 − 𝑆3 )
2 2 2 2
Eg:
Area = √9(9 − 7)(𝑞 − 5)(𝑞 − 6)
= 6√6 𝑐𝑚2

Equalitral triangle area:

𝑆2
Area = × √3
4
Third degree function:
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Roots = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3
 If one root is a + bi then the second one is a – bi
To find a, b and c:
∵ roots = 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3
Then, -ve roots = −𝑥1 , −𝑥2 , −𝑥3
a =( −𝑥1 ) + (−𝑥2 ) + (−𝑥3 )
a = sum of –ve of roots
b = (−𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥2 ) + (−𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥3 ) + (−𝑥2 ∙ −𝑥3 )
c = −𝑥1 ∙ −𝑥2 ∙ −𝑥3
eg: find a, b and c:
𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
If roots = 2, -3 and 5
Solution:
-ve roots = -2 , 3, -5
a = -2 + 3 – 5 = -4
b = (-2 × 3) + (-2 × -5) + (3 × -5) = -11
c = (-2) (3) (-5) = 30
∴ 𝑥 3 + (-4) 𝑥 2 − 11𝑥 + 30 = 0

Angle between 2 lines

𝑚2 −𝑚1
tan θ = | |
1+𝑚1 𝑚2
(for only acute angle)

Example
: and b°
Find a°
3−(−2)
tan a° = | |
1+(−2)(3)
a° = 45° b° = 135°
 Distance between point
and line

|𝑎𝑥1 +𝑏𝑦1 +𝑐 |
L=
√𝑎2 +𝑏2
Example
:
Find L: point: (2, 5)
Line: 5x – y – 3 = 0

|5(2)+(−5)−3| √26
L= =
√52 +(−1)2 13

A sin (Bx + c) + D For sin

csc
Eg: 5 sin (2x -3) + 8 cos
sec
Amplitude = |𝐴| = |5|
2𝜋 2𝜋
Period = = =π
𝐵 2
-ve right
𝑐 −3
Horizontal shift = =
𝑏 2 + ve left

Vertical shift -= D = 8
Range -A+D<y<A+D
-5 + 8 < y < 5 + 8
5 < y < 13

No Amptitude:
𝜋 For tan
Period = And cot
𝑏
 Lxponential function
𝒚 = 𝒂(𝒃)𝒙 +c

−𝑥
2𝑥 = (1⁄2) [increase]

(1⁄2)𝑥 = 2−𝑥 [decrease]

y = a (𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
y intercebtion = a + c

If a is +ve y > c
range
If a is –ve y< c

−(2)𝑥 = −2𝑥 reflection on x axis

For 2𝑥