INTRODUCTION

Prepared by: Victor Nilo T. Repatacodo Jr.

What is Ethics?
Ethics…
 Ethics is a science
 Body of systematized knowledge with explanation
 Ethics as a practical science
 With principles and laws that are applied in daily
living
 Ethics as a philosophical science
 Presents principles by means of human reasons alone
What is Ethics?
 Science for the study of the morality of human acts
 Greek word ethos, means custom or characteristic
way of acting
 Ethike pertains to doctrine of morality
 Identical to moral science or moral philosophy
Morality
 Latin word mos (nominative) or moris (genitive),
means custom or traditional line of conduct
 Practical science of the morality of human conduct
 Can you define the following terms?
 Moralperson
 Immoral person

 Amoral person
Ethics versus Morality

Ethics Morality
Greek term ethos (custom) Latin term mos (custom)
Deals more on the Deals more on the
principles and laws on the implementation of ethical
morality of human acts principles and laws
Provides knowledge what Doing acts in accordance
to do and how to do it with ethical norms
Guides to the performance Practice of ethics
of an act
The Object of Ethics
 Material Object
 Subject matter to be studied, i.e. human act
 Formal Object
 What is learned and how to be applied, i.e. morality
of human act
 Formula Object Quo
 Human reason employed in the study of the course
Importance of the Study of Ethics
1. To sharpen the moral nature of the learners by inculcating
the moral norms;
2. To make them aware of the moral principles and laws
governing man’s actions;
3. To become aware of the intimate relation between their
moral nature and laws;
4. To show that acting in accordance with rational and moral
nature could lead to supernatural destiny – God;
5. To develop a morally upright living; and
6. To realize that people cannot live together harmoniously in
society without ethical norms and applied or followed.
Division of Ethics
 General Ethics
 Basic course in the science of Ethics
 Basic notions and fundamental principles and norms of
morality
 Brief study of philosophy of man

 Study of human acts

 Applied/Special Ethics
 Special concerns to which moral norms applied and
principles applied
Philosophy of Man
Man
 Corporeal and rational
 Spiritual and moral
 Conscious and directed to certain goals in life
 Acts are subject to morality
 Speak and behave according to moral norms
 Only moral being on earth
Founders of the Philosophy of Man
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Man is… Made of body Made of body and soul Made of body
and soul and soul.

Soul is… Distinct from the Immediate product of Soul dies along
body and is God’s action. It is spiritual, with the body
likened to God rational, autonomous and
memory, immortal. It is incarnated
understanding, into bodies. It is the
indivisibility, and thinking principle. It is
immortality liberated by death.
Happiness Attained only by If man lives well on earth, It is not a state
is… man’s intellectual his soul will go to a place but an activity.
virtue of happiness.
Socrates
 469-399 BC
 Soul is distinct from the
body
 Soul is likened to God
in memory,
understanding,
indivisibility, and
immortality
Socrates
 Human beings
naturally desire
happiness
 Pleasures that result
from pursuing virtue
and knowledge are
of a higher quality
than the pleasures
resulting from
satisfying more animal
desires
Intellect versus Will

Intellect Will
Highest Goal Wisdom Virtue
Goal Truth Good
Function Thinking Doing
Purpose Knowing Choosing
Plato
 427-347 BC
 Student of Socrates
 Soul is immediate
product of God’s
action
 Transmigration
 Soul is immortal and
unchanging
 Souls are incarnated
into bodies
Plato
 Posited an unreal world
of the senses (the world
we are currently in) and
a real world of ideal
forms (the world of
ideal forms, the world of
forms being where our
soul first resided)
 We must choose to live
well and be truly happy
Plato
 To be truly happy rests on cardinal virtues:
 Wisdom – related to intellect. Uses mind to understand
moral reality and then apply it to daily life.
 Courage – related how we face adversity and show
one’s convictions.
 Moderation – related to desires. We must not let our
desires for food, sex, and drink control our lives in a
way that compromises our character.
 Justice – related to one’s overall character. Reason
rules the appetites and our desire for honor.
Aristotle
 384-322 BC
 Soul is the substantial
form of the human body
 Body and soul are
different aspects of the
same thing
 Body = matter
 Soul = form
 To be happy we must
live in accordance with
the function of human
nature
Aristotle
 Soul is the structure of the body – its function and
organization
 Soul dies along with the body
 Examples if they are living things
 Ax: body is made of wood and metal, and soul is the thing which
made it an axe i.e. it’s capacity to chop. If it lost the ability to chop it
would cease to be an axe.
 Eye: when it no longer sees then it is an eye in the name only.
 Hierarchy of living things
 Plants – vegetative soul
 Animals – above plants because they have appetites
 Humans – above animals because it has the power of reason
Notions of Man
 Man as body-soul composite
 Man as a rational animal
 Man not merely as corporeal and spiritual, but also
rational
 Man as embodied subjectivity
 Man is not a static entity, he undergoes a continuous
change (physical and mental or spiritual). He changes
for the better. He grows and develops.
Notions of Man
 Man is a being-in-this-world
 In view of phenomenologist, man exists in this world. He
is link to physical world. There is an interconnection
between the world and the human body. Man gives
meaning to the world and vice versa. Man is worldly.
 Man as socius and interhuman
 Man lives in the midst of fellowmen. Man has social
nature, he seeks the company of other men. The relation
is dynamic and fruitful.
Notions of Man
 Man as a person
 Man has drive to improve and develop himself in the
journey of life. He has to move and climb the social ladder.
He has to work out to move from manhood to personhood,
sometimes through education.
 Man as an absolute value
 In Christian thought, man is the center of the universe, giving
meaning to it, a being of human dignity created in the
image and likeness of God, he cannot be valued in terms of
material or money which are of temporary value. His value
is absolute and infinite in the sight of his creator and
parents.
Human Existential Experiences
 The experience of good
 E.g.joy, healthiness, fullness, life
 Man knows, feels, do, and attracted to things that are
good. Because by nature, man is good himself. He is
created and procreated good.
 Man does not only experience the good, he himself as
a being is goodness.
 Experience of the evil (pain, deprivation, suffering,
death) confirms the experience of the good.
Human Existential Experiences
 The experience of the beautiful
 Man’s capacity to appreciate is directed toward
beautiful, whether value or an act.
 When man perceives an object of beauty or a
beautiful lady, his hears starts to beat faster and tends
to move towards it. He wishes himself and others to be
beautiful.
Human Existential Experiences
 The experience of love
 Every human creature has the capacity to love; to love
himself, to love others, and God.
 He also feels the need to be loved by other people like
his parents, brothers and sisters, and friends.
 It is love that keeps man alive. It is love that makes him
happy. Without love man cannot exist even a single
moment.
Human Existential Experiences
 The experience of happiness
 If life is all pain, suffering and sorrow, the live person is
between living and dying.
 Happiness is the goal of human living and the crowning
point of human existence.
 Natural tendency and innate desire.

 The experience of existence

 Summing up all the experiences above is the experience of
existence of living in the cosmos.
 The experience of the good, the beautiful, love and
happiness are the elements of life.
HUMAN ACTS
Prepared by: Victor Nilo T. Repatacodo Jr.
Human Acts vs. Acts of Man
Human Acts
 Acts that proceed from the deliberate free will of
man (done freely and consciously).
 Any sort of activity, internal or external, bodily or
spiritual, performed by a human being.
 Acts that are proper to man as man who is
rational, has understanding and free will.
 Characterized as acts that are considered to be
carried out freely, voluntarily, and done with
knowledge.
Human Acts
 Human acts are moral acts, therefore man is
responsible and such are imputed to him as worth of
praise and blame, of reward or nourishment.
 A man is what his human acts make him
 Human acts tend to repeat themselves and to form habits
and will become Man’s Character .
 Examples:
 Decision making on material things, like choosing what
perfume to wear.
 Doing things with reason, like putting makeup to impress.
Acts of Man
 Man’s animal act of sensation (use of the senses)
and appetites (bodily tendencies), acts that man
performs indeliberately or without the exercise of
free choice.
 Acts done on sleep, in delirium, in the state of
unconsciousness, acts done abstractedly, acts
performed in infancy, acts due to infirmity of mind
or the weakness of senility.
Acts of Man
 Actions that are naturally exhibited by man.
 Performed intuitively or involuntarily.
 Examples:
 Blinkingof the eyes
 Digestion
 Perspiration
 Beating of the heart

 Acts of man can become human acts when one

employs intellect (with malice) and will in
performing the act.
Exercise: Human Act or Acts of Man?

 Looking
 Seeing
 Dreaming
 Day dreaming
 Hearing
 Listening
 Walking
 Sleepwalking
Classification of Human Acts
Classification of Human Acts
 Complete or adequate cause
 Elicited Acts
 Wish, Intention, Consent, Election, Use, Fruition
 Commanded Acts
 Internal, External, Mixed
 Relation to dictates of reason
 Good, Evil, Indifferent
Complete or adequate cause
Elicited Acts
Commanded Acts
Elicited Acts
 Emanates from the will of the agent.
 Acts begin and are perfected in the will itself, and
the rest begin and are perfected by other faculties
under the control of the will.
 Wish
 Intention
 Consent
 Election
 Use
 Fruition
Elicited Acts: Wish
 A natural inclination of the will towards an object.
 The simple love of anything.
 The first tendency of the will towards a thing,
whether this thing be realizable or not.
 Example:
I wish to become the president of the Philippines.
Elicited Acts: Intention
 The will’s tendency towards something attainable
but not obligatory.
 Example:
I intend to study in PATTS next semester.
Elicited Acts: Consent
 The acceptance of the will of the means necessary
to carry out intention
 It is further intention of doing what is necessary to
realize the first or main intention
 Example:
 Ifyou would like to go an a vacation, you will consent
to preparation necessary for the trip.
Elicited Acts: Election
 The selection by the will of the precise means to be
employed (consented to) in carrying out an intention
 Example:
 If
going on a vacation, you should elect or select a
means, like sail on a ship instead of a plane.
Elicited Acts: Use
 The will’s command to make use of the selected
means in carrying out the intention
 The employment by the will of powers (of body,
mind, or both) to carry out what you elected
 Example:
 When you intend to go on a vacation, and choose to
sail on a ship, you should put your body in action.
Elicited Acts: Fruition
 The enjoyment of the will as a result of the
attainment of the object desired earlier.
 The will’s act of satisfaction in intention fulfilled.
 Example:
 Happiness you felt after going on a vacation.
Commanded Acts
 Body-mind acts done to carry out the elicited act
of the subject or agent
 Perfected by the action of mental or bodily
powers under the control of the will, or more so,
under orders from the will
 Internal

 External

 Mixed
Commanded Acts: Internal Acts
 Acts done by internal mental power under
command of the will
 Examples:
 Effortto remember or intentional recall, conscious
reasoning, nerving one self to meet an issue, effort to
control anger, meditation
Commanded Acts: External Acts
 Acts affected by bodily powers under the
command of the will
 Examples:
 Deliberate walking, eating, speaking, hand gestures
and writing
Commanded Acts: Mixed Acts
 Acts that involved the employment of bodily
powers and mental powers
 Examples:
 Studying involves the use of intellect and use of eyes in
reading, playing chess
Relation to dictates of reason
Relation to dictates of reason
 Human acts are either in agreement or in
disagreement with the dictates of reason, and this
relation with reason constitutes their morality.
 On the score of their morality, human acts are:
 Good
 when they are in harmony with the dictates of reason
 Evil
 when they are in opposition to these dictates of reason
 Indifferent
 when they stand in no positive relation to the dictates of reason
Dictates of reason
 These are shared consciousness of prudent people
about the manner of action or behaviour.
 Norm of morality which is the standard by which
actions are judged as good or evil.
Essential Qualities of Human Acts
Three Essential Qualities of Human Acts

 It must be knowing (knowledge)

 The agent does it consciously; he knows that he is doing
the act and aware of its consequences, good or evil.
 Requires deliberation.

 It must be free (freedom)

 The person who is doing the act must be free from external
force. Otherwise, the act is not his own. The act must not be
done out of fear.
 It must be voluntary (voluntariness)
 The act is done out of the will and decision of the agent.
The act emanates from his heart.
The Existence of Human Act
The existence of human act
Question:
What causes human act to exist? What motivates it to be
performed? What is in the mind of the agent in doing the act?

Answer:
A human act cannot be caused to be performed without an
object involve. For every act that is done, there is always a
corresponding end or a goal, and this end in view that gives
the act the reason for its existence. If there is an act, the agent
has an objective in mind. To attain such, he makes the act as a
means to reach that objective.
Human Acts and Responsibility
Responsibility
 The ability of an individual to give a fitting
response to a human situation that involves human
needs.
 Responsible Person
 Has that feeling of moral obligation to do an act as a
response to the demand of the situation.
 The agent, who is a moral person, feels that he must do
“what-ought-to-be-done” to the demand of the
prevailing situation. His conscience tells him from within
that he must do something for the situation.
Responsibility
 The agent’s act of responding to the call is free,
conscious, and voluntary act.
 The agent becomes responsible then for whatever
is the consequence.
 Responding positively = fulfilment as a person
 Denial to the call = retardation and self-destruction
Example
 Mother Teresa from Europe helping people in India
facing poverty causing deaths due to hunger. Made
a campaign to feed and cure the sick people in
India.
 She responded favourably to the call. As a result
she was considered a “living saint” and awarded
a “Nobel Prize”.
Free will and Freedom
Free will
 “Will” is man’s natural tendency of being attracted
to what is good and beautiful and to be repulsed
from what is evil and ugly, after they have been
presented by the intellect.
 To Illustrate, a beautiful lady is presented to the
gentleman; the lady attracts the attention and WILL
(love) of the man.
 In other words, the gentleman wills to the lady
Free will
 The will is free when it acts without any pressure
from outside. We call this human free will.
 In the performance of the human act, free will is
involved.
 The act cannot be human without free will.
Without it, the act would be classified as an “act of
man”.
Freedom
 St. Thomas defines freedom of the will as the
“power which men have of determining their
actions according to the judgement of their
reason”.
 Negatively defined as the absence of constriction.
 Positively, it is the power to be and to act under
free will and choice.
 Our FREEDOM is “situated” or limited by the rights
of others, things or persons.
Freedom
 It is not the power to do what we like, but the right
of being able to do what we know we ought to do
in relation to our ultimate end.
 Both freedom and responsibility are interlinked
with each other and as such inseparable.
 There are many things in man that he would like to
do but he cannot do, like to stay young forever and
to know everything.
 Although one’s freedom is limited, he is free in his
choices.
Modifiers of Human Acts
Modifiers of Human Acts
 Things that affect the human acts.
 Lessen the moral character of the human act.
 Diminish the responsibility of the agent.
 Modifiers of Human Acts:
 Ignorance

 Concupiscence

 Violence

 Fear

 Habit
Ignorance
 Absence of the intellectual knowledge in man
 It is also the presence of what is falsely supposed to
be knowledge called mistake, error, or positive
ignorance.
 When it is the absence of knowledge that ought to be
present, the ignorance is not merely negative, but
privative.
 Example: Ignorance of mathematics by a worker is merely
negative, but for an engineer or architect it is privative.
 Ignorance in its object
 Ignorance in its subject
 Ignorance in its result
Ignorance
 Ignorance in its object
 The things of which a person may be ignorant in
matters of law, fact, or penalty.
 Ignorance of Fact
 Ignorance of the nature or circumstance of an act as
forbidden
 Example:
 A student smokes inside the library, where he was caught by
school security men, not knowing the a sign prohibits the said acts.
 A pedestrian used the forbidden lane because he doesn’t know
that the underpass is in use.
Ignorance
 Ignorance of Law
 Ignorance of the existence of a duty, rule, or regulation
 Example:
 A freshman comes to school with fever to take an exam in
Chemistry not knowing that a memo has been passed prohibiting
anyone to attend his class with symptoms of AH1N1.
 Ignorance of Penalty
 Lack of knowledge of the precise sanction
Ignorance
 Ignorance in its subject
 Subject – persons in whom ignorance exists
 Vincible Ignorance
 Conquerable ignorance since it can and should be
supplanted by knowledge.
 Can be dispelled by use of ordinary diligence.

 Invincible Ignorance
 Ignorance that ordinary and proper diligence cannot dispel.
 The subject has no realization of his lack of knowledge, or
he realizes his ignorance but finds his effort ineffective.
Ignorance
 Vincible Ignorance
 Example: A Catholic eats meat, wholly unaware that the day
is Friday, a day of abstinence.
 It is a culpable ignorance.

 Invincible Ignorance
 Example: The inability of a person to dispel his lack of
knowledge due to insurmountable difficulties needed to
overcome.
 It is an inculpable ignorance.
Ignorance
 Ignorance in its result
 Ignorance with reference to acts performed while
ignorance exists.
 Antecedent ignorance
 Precedes all consent of the will.
 Example:
 A student comes to school not knowing that the day was declared
a holiday for the area where the school is located.
 A chef serves a poisonous mushroom soup not knowing that it can
cause the death of customers.
Ignorance
 Concomitant ignorance
 Ignorancewhich accompanies an act that would have been
performed even if the ignorance did not exist.
 Example:
 A student misses his Ethics class, but even if he knows, he will still
miss it.
 Consequent ignorance
 This
is what follows upon an act of the will.
 Example:
 A doctor suspects that the patient’s disease is cancerous but
deliberately refrain from making sure and does not inform him.
Concupiscence
 The bodily appetites or tendencies which are called
the passions, and enumerated as: love, hatred, joy,
grief, desire, fear, aversion, horror, hope, despair,
courage or daring, and anger.
 Antecedent concupiscence or passion
 Consequent concupiscence or passion
Concupiscence
 Antecedent Concupiscence
 This is an act of man and an inculpable passion.
 When passions sprung into the action unstimulated by any
act of the will.
 Always lessens the voluntariness of the act and diminishes
the responsibility since it hinders reflection of reason and
weakens attention.
 Does not destroy the responsibility of the agent since
knowledge and freedom may be lessened but he is still the
master of his acts.
 Example:
 The feeling of joy upon suddenly seeing a beautiful landscape.
Concupiscence
 Consequent Concupiscence
 When the will, directly or indirectly, stirs up the passions
 However great does not lessen the voluntariness since it
is willed directly or indirectly.
 Follows the free determination of the act and is freely
admitted and consented to and deliberately aroused.
 Example:
 The anger that surges in resentment of adjust and offensive
treatment.
 Planned revenge or assassination .
Fear
 Induces the will to do what it would not do otherwise.
 Shrinking back of the mind from danger.
 Agitation of mind brought about by the apprehension
of impending evil.
 If fear is so great as to make the agent momentarily
insane, the act done from fear is not voluntary at all, for
it is an act of man and not a human act. But as long as
the agent has the use of reason, his acts performed
from fear are simply voluntary.
 Acts done with fear
 Acts done from fear
Fear
 Acts done with fear
 Fearaccompanies an act which in itself is voluntary.
 Example:
 When a person climbs a dangerous mountain at night.
 Acts done from fear
 Actsdone because of fear.
 Example:
 When a person threatened with a gun yields his wealth to a
thief.
Violence
 External force applied by a free cause for the
purpose of compelling a person to perform an act
which is against his will.
Habit
 Repeated acts for acting in a certain manner.
 A man who always endeavoured to speak the truth
has a habit of truthfulness, and lie goes against his
habit. Such man finds it necessary to make a distinct
effort in order to utter a deliberate falsehood.
 A man who has the habit of lying, finds it very easy
to falsify or evade the truth, and it is very difficult
for him to tell the truth, when lie would prove more
convenient.
THE FOUNDATION OF
PROFESSIONS
What is a Profession?

An occupation requiring special

education such as law, medicine,
teaching, or the ministry by which a
person habitually earns his living.

An area in which the training for its

practice is intellectual in character
that is pursued not for its own sake
but for others, and the amount for
financial reward not be considered 2
the measure of success.
What Professionals possess to Acquire
and Practice the Profession

Interest
In order for a professional to enjoy and stay long in his chosen
profession

Aptitude
The presence of the professional’s tendency and talent in the
profession

Health
3
Can adversely affect interest and the body
Features of a Profession

▪ A profession takes a rather extensive and rigorous training

preparatory for its practice.
▪ The training for a profession involves a significant intellectual
component.
▪ The acquired skills, knowledge, and trainings are used to provide
services to society. They are not to be stored unused.
▪ In the presence of a profession, public interest is priority over the
personal interest of the professional.
▪ A profession’s measure of success is not the amount of financial
reward but self-fulfillment of the professional and success of the 4
clientele.
Features of a Profession

▪ The emphasis of a profession is competence in a certain field of

specialization.
▪ A profession requires a code of conduct from its members.
▪ A profession demands from its members (professionals)
integrity, moral uprightness, maturity, and professional
responsibility.
▪ Professions are licensed or certified.

5
Features of a Profession

▪ Professions require its members membership in professional

association.
▫ Professional Associations aim to achieve:
▫ To advance the goals of the profession; and
▫ To promote the well being of their members.
▪ A common feature of professions is autonomy in its practice.

6
Basic Types of Professions

1. Consulting
2. Scholarly

7
Basic Types of Professions

The Consulting Professions

▪ Professions whose practice is done on a fee-for-service basis
with a personal individual relationship between the client and the
professional.
▪ Client approaches and consults a professional for his need or
problem.
▪ Law, Medicine, Psychiatry, Accountancy, Engineering services,
Architecture, Guidance Counselling, Scientific Research

8
Basic Types of Professions

The Scholarly Professions

▪ One in which the professional has, more or less, a fixed task at a
definite time designated by an individual proprietor or an
institution or corporation.
▪ Salary/Wage is the financial remuneration of this profession
▪ College teacher, researcher, nurses

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White-Collar VS. Blue-Collar Job

White-collar job Blue-collar job

▪ Refers to academic jobs ▪ Refers to vocational-

performed by so-called technical ones done by
professionals vocational or technical
▪ Professionals are workers.
collegiate graduates ▪ Vocational workers generally
finished technical or
vocational trainings of one or
two years.
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Professional and Craftsman

Inspired by the ideas of Aristotle, here are John S. Brubacher views of

the distinguishing features of professional and craftsman:
▪ A professional is motivated primarily by service; that of the
craftsman is financial gain.
▪ A professional learns his profession for at least four years; a
craftsman takes his skills training for a short period of time.
▪ The activity of the professional is classified as “honorable”; that
of the craftsman is useful.

11
Professional and Craftsman

▪ A professional exercises recondite and creative judgment a

craftsman does routine skilled manual work.
▪ The value of the professional’s honorable activity results in
perfecting the self of the doer; the value of the craftsman’s
useful activity lies outside the self.

If professionals perform their services out of sense of self-fulfillment,

if they feel that they must exercise their professions to realize
themselves, we can add that their actions are “honorable”
12
Brubacher’s view

An honorarium is not a payment for

a professional service done because
it is difficult or impossible to
compute the value of the service
performed and therefore to
recompense it.

Services that are honorable can

hardly be assigned a price.
13
Aristotle’s view

Profession is an honorable activity resulting

in perfecting the self of the doer.
A profession that is practiced primarily for
pay is categorized as purely utilitarian and
not honorable. A professional, no doubt,
needs material things of this world to
support his living but he should not be
obsessed and possessed by such mundane
values so that he becomes blind to see the
nobler things of his profession.

Otherwise, he may not stay long in the

practice of his profession. If he is pressured
to hold on to his profession for economic 14
reasons he will not enjoy the practice.
Subject of Professions

Professionals
▪ Reason why professions exist
▪ Makers of professions
▪ Agents and carriers of professions
▪ Subject of professions
Subject
▪ Implies activity, action, and dynamism
▪ Doer, actor
▪ Active
15
Professional-in-activity
Utilitarian way of Thinking

Question: What would be the effect of the

misperceptions among people in the society?

Answer:
Feelings of social discrimination and social classification would develop.

Feelings of superiority would develop among the higher

professionals and feelings of inferiority among the
lowly professionals, despite the fact that they are all
professionals, which they share in common. 16
Utilitarian Attitude

Utilitarian attitude can have the following negative tendencies:

1. The employer tends to disregard concern for the personal welfare
of the worker.
2. Superiority-inferiority complex will be developed between
employers and employees, supervisors and subordinates.
3. Employees will be prone to abuses or maltreatment by employers.
4. Salary rates will be affected.
5. Relationship between management and labor will be adversely
affected.
6. Work efficiency will be affected adversely. 17
Clients

▪ Individuals, public, or society who are entitled to avail of services

from professionals.
▪ Persons who need to be helped in the resolution of their
problems.
▪ The very reason why professionals and profession exist.
▪ They are the reason why professions are created and exercised.

18
Take Note!

▪ The value of work or profession is

not to be gauged by the nature or
kind of work, NOT even by the
amount of professional
remuneration.
▪ The primary basis of the value of
profession is to be judged by the
measure of the dignity and worth
of its subject, the professional.

19
Desired Qualities of a Professional

▪ A professional possesses a sound mind a healthy body.

▪ A professional must at least be an intellectually average person or
better.
▪ A professional loves to serve people.
▪ The professional loves and enjoys the practice of his profession.
▪ A professional must possess the desire for professional
development and growth. He constantly updates his knowledge.
▪ A professional undergoes research.
▪ A professional establishes acquaintance and good relationships
with colleagues in the profession and co-workers.
20
Desired Qualities of a Professional

▪ A professional belongs to an association of his profession.

▪ A professional protects and helps develop the profession.
▪ A professional is aware that he is the sole and best person to judge
what is best for his client.
▪ A professional exercises professional integrity.
▫ Basic qualities: Honesty, Sincerity, and Uprightness
▫ Professional integrity is a pedestal that upholds the
reputation of professions and professionals.
▪ A professional subordinates his personal interest to his clients and
public good.
▪ A professional does not consider financial reward as primary
21
motivation, foremost for him is welfare of the clientele and public
good.
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
22
 CODE OF ETHICS
FOR THE TECHNICAL
PROFESSION
CODE OF ETHICS FOR THE
TECHNICAL PROFESSION

Honesty, Justice and Courtesy from

moral philosophy which, associated
with mutual interest among men,
constitutes the foundation of ethics.

The professional, should recognize

such a standing not in passive
observance, but a set of dynamic
principles guiding his conduct and
way of life. It is his duty to practice his
profession according to these 18 2
Canons of Ethics.
18 Canons of Ethics

1. Professional Life
2. Relation with the Public
3. Relations with Clients and
Employer

3
Professional Life

Section 1: The professional will cooperate in extending the

effectiveness of the technical trade by interchanging
information and experience with other and students and by
contributing to the work of technical societies school and the
scientific and technical press.

Section 2: He will not advertise his work or merit in a

self-laudatory manner, and he will avoid all conduct or practice
likely to discredit or do injury to the dignity and honor of this
trade. 4
Relation with the Public

Section 3: The professional will endeavor to extend public

knowledge of technical trades and will discourage the
spreading of untrue, unfair, and exaggerated statement
regarding the technical trade.

Section 4: He will have due regarding for the safety of life and
health of the public and employees who may be affected by the
work for which he is responsible.

5
Relation with the Public

Section 5: He will not issue an ex-parte statement, criticism, or

argument on matters connected with public policy which are
inspired or paid.

Section 6: He will express an opinion only when it is founded on

adequate knowledge and honest convictions while he is serving
as a witness before a court.

Section 7: He will refrain from expressing publicity an opinion on a

technical subject unless he is informed as to the facts relating 6

there to.
Relation with Clients and Employer

Section 8 : The professional will act in professional matters for

each client or employer as a faithful agent or trustee.

Section 9: He will act with fairness and justice between his client
or employer and the contractor when dealing with contracts.

Section 10: He will make his status clear to his or employer before
and the contractor may have a financial interest.
7
Relation with Clients and Employer

Section 11: He will guard against condition that are dangerous or

threatening To life, limb, or property on work for which he is not
responsible , will promptly call such conditions to the attention of
those who are responsible.

Section 12: He will guard, present clearly the consequences to the

expected from proposed if his technical judgement is over all by
non-technical authority in cases where he is responsible for the
technical adequacy of the technical work.
8
Relation with Clients and Employer

Section 14: He will disclose no information concerning the

business affairs or technical processes of client of employers
without their consent.

Section 15: He will not accept compensation financial or

otherwise from more than one interest party for the same service,
or for services pertaining to the same work.

Section 16: He will not accept commissions or allowances directly

from the contractor or other parties dealing with his client or 9
employers.
Relation with Clients and Employer

Section 17: He will not be financially interested in the bids as or of

a contractor on competitive work for which he is employed as a
professional, unless he has the consent of his client or employer.

Section 18: He will promptly disclose to his client or employer any

interest in a business which may compete with or affect the
business to affect his client or employer.

10
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
11
The End of Human
Conduct
 Overview

01 02 03
Appetency Good Ultimate Ends
based from different
Every activity tends How the end or final cause Ethical Views
toward an end of human acts must be
apprehended
2
 End
• Final cause of human and gives purpose to a man.
• Apprehended as good, desirable, and which causes
the agent to the performance of the act.
• Termination, goal, completes or finishes a thing, end
of an activity
01 Appetency
Every activity tends toward an end
 Appetency

● Every activity tends toward an end; and

● Every activity is a tendency. Now,
● Every tendency may be called an appetite, or more
properly, Appetency.
 Types of Appetency

Natural Will or Rational

appetency appetency
• When appetency exists without • When appetency is stirred into
any sort of knowledge, as in action with an intellectual
plants and lifeless things. knowledge.
• E.g; A tree tends to grow full • E.g; An engineer will finish his
maturity and bear flowers and plans and submit it on time
fruits, which is the end of its because it will bring fame or
growth. money, or he is devoted to his
work.
 Good 02
How the end or final cause of
human acts must be
apprehended

7
 Good
● The end or final cause of human acts must be
apprehended as good. Evil is done only when it assumes
the aspect of goods, as will bring satisfaction or will lead to
it.
● Believed that the Ultimate End in Ethics is doing the right
thing no matter what. And only if the right thing is done out
of duty, then you are eligible for happiness. Happiness
and having a good will is the highest good.
 Three Modes of Good

Good as to Good as to Good as to

utility beauty nature/reality
When an object/act is When good satisfies If an expectation from a
useful for one’s purpose aesthetic appetite thing is not realized, then
and satisfaction what it is designed to do
Example: People’s is not fulfilled.
Example: Water that is character influences how
used for drinking and we judge their Example: Pleasant
farming. appearance. cheerful character to
please and be pleased
Moral goodness
● Goodness of an object/act is relative on how useful it can
be for our own purpose.
● To behave in the right manner and as a mean between
extremes of deficiency and excess, which are vices.
● Which means the amount you are ahead of yourself and
amount you are behind.
● Moral goodness emanates the following:
○ Good to himself
○ Good to other people
○ Good to environment
○ Good to God
03 Classification
of Ends
 Classification of Ends
● End of the act VS End of the agent
● Proximate end VS Remote end
● Intermediate end VS Ultimate end
 Classification of Ends

End of the act End of the agent

• The end which the agent intends
• The direct object of the act.
to achieve by his act.
• The end toward which the act of its own
• The end which the agent intends to
nature is immediately directed.
achieve by his act.
Example: A rich man donates food to
Example: A politician donates
the poor.
P5,000 to the church. Why?
Gratitude to God for a favor, to
obtain popularity, out
of love for God and people, or
reparation for his sins.
 Classification of Ends

Proximate end Remote end

• The end intended as the immediate • What the agent wishes to achieve
outcome of an act. later on, and toward the attainment
of which he employs the present act
Example: A politician who gives as means.
money to the poor, wishes his good
deed to be recorded in the newspaper Example: A politician who gives
which can lead to favorable publicity money to the poor, wishes his good
and to attract voters in the coming deed to be recorded in the
elections. Publicity is the proximate newspaper which can lead to
favorable publicity to attract voters in
end.
the coming elections. To attract
voters in the coming elections is the
remote end.
 Classification of Ends

Intermediate end Ultimate end

• If end is willed as a means to a • End of all ends since it cannot be
further end. used to attain any higher end.
• It serves as a sufficient reason and
Example: A man give alms to the poor motive for the acts.
because of the following intermediate
ends: for publicity in a newspaper and Example: A man give alms to the poor
for attracting votes in the coming because of the following intermediate
ends: for publicity in a newspaper and
elections.
for attracting votes in the coming
elections. For his ultimate end, he
wants to win the election for
prominence, power, and wealth which
the office will give him.
Ultimate end
● Example: Perfect happiness
● Objective ultimate end
○ Ends that are just, neutral, and fair to all.
● Subjective ultimate end
○ The possession of objective ultimate end of a person.
○ The possession of this end results to enjoyment or
happiness of the agent since it is based on personal
feelings.
Goal
● The desired result that a person envisions, plans,
and commits to achieve.
● It is an objective that gives purpose to a man’s life.
 Why people have
different goals?
● Each person has a different view of the world.
● Each person has a different kind of ethical views.
Ethical Views
Materialistic Ethic
Hedonism
Utilitarianism

Ultra-Spiritualism Ethics
Greco-Roman Stoicism
Humanistic Personalism

Progressive Ethics
Christian Ethics
Materialistic Ethics
● This tendency holds that the supreme good of
human life are human pleasures and satisfaction.
 Materialistic Ethics

Hedonism Utilitarianism
• It teaches that the highest end of • It holds that the ultimate end of
human life is found in sensual man in his possession of political
pleasures and bodily satisfaction man power through conquest of other
can enjoy in this world. nations.

• These includes biological, sexual and • Social utilitarianism teaches that

social pleasures and all kinds of bodily the greatest value of man consists
enjoyments. of the maximum welfare of the
entire society.
Ultra-Spiritualism
● This type of ethics takes spiritual matters and
virtues in this kind of life as the ultimate end of man.
 Ultra-Spiritualism

Greco-Roman Humanistic
Stoicism Personalism
• This ethics takes virtue and abstinence • Ultimate end consists of human
from sensual pleasures as the highest perfection through knowledge,
end of man. virtue, honor which must be
acquired.
• Stoicism teaches the development of
self-control and fortitude as a means • Such perfection and self-fulfillment
of overcoming destructive emotions. fulfillment are the highest value,
hence taken as the ultimate end of
human life.
Progressive Ethics
● All of the previously stated life goals taken by
certain thinkers as their ultimate end fall short of the
absolute and permanent and everlasting.
● These life goals cannot be accepted as the ultimate
end.
● They are only good and satisfying for a short period
of time.
 Progressive Ethics

Temporal happiness and Self-perfection and well-being,

temporal progress as ultimate taken as the ultimate
end of man is egoistic, limited to goal of life, hence received
temporal values, and lacking these similar criticisms: they
foundation for moral imperative. are individualistic, hence
It ignores divine values and egotist; lacking superior
does not give meaning to values like love and concern for
human suffering. others; limited in the
naturalist sense, denying
religious and divine values.
Christian Ethics
● Christian Ethics emanates from the teachings of Jesus
Christ and His Church, embodied in the Holy
Scriptures and church doctrine.
● There are two basic points in Christian ethics:
○ God promises salvation to man, and
○ Man freely accepts the condition for his salvation:
to door not to do God’s will.

● Man is free to accept and perform the conditions. He is

not forced to do such. However, for man to be saved,
he must do his part just like how God has done His.
 Thanks!
Do you have any questions?

Presented by: Sir Kjap

kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph

CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo

THE NORMS OF
HUMAN CONDUCT
The Norms of Human Conduct
Human acts are directed to their true end by
law, and law is applied by conscience.
Norms

▪ Set standard of development or achievement usually

derived from the average or median achievement of a large
group
▪ They are the ways an individual expects all the people to
act in a given situation.
▪ A principle of right action binding upon the members of a
group and serving to guide, control,
▪ or regulate proper and acceptable behavior.
3
LAW
LAW

It is best defined by St.

Thomas Aquinas, a
Catholic priest, as an
ordinance of reason,
promulgated for the
common good by one
who has charge of
society.
5
Law is an Ordinance

▪ It is an order coming from a legitimate authority.

▪ As an order, it is binding upon the subjects to obey.
▪ A law is not a request but a command.

6
Law is an Ordinance of Reason

▪ A law is not a product of the whims of the lawmakers,

▪ but the result of intellectual and rational study.
▪ As a product of reason, the law saw to it that the following
qualities are present:

▫ A law must be just

▫ A law must be honest
▫ It is possible to be fulfilled
▫ It is useful as guide to attain a goal
▫ It must be relatively permanent
▫ It must be promulgated 7
Law is Promulgated

▪ The law must be publicized in order to be made known to the

people who will be subjected to it.
▪ The law takes effect only when the subjects are aware of it.

8
Law is Promulgated for the Common Good

▪ A law which covers not a mere single individual but a group of

people or society, must serve the public good.
▪ A law should “liberating agency and not an enslaving one”.

9
In Detail:

Law Precept
▪ It is territorial and applies ▪ It is personal and binds its
to subjects while they are subjects wherever they
in a certain place may be
▪ Always enacted by public ▪ May be issued by either
authority public or private authority
▪ Endures in force until it is ▪ Ceases to bind with the
repealed by the authority preceptors death or
that enacted it removal from office
10
Example

Law Precept
▪ Martial Law ▪ 10 Commandments
▪ Republic Act No. 9165 ▪ Be honest, be true to
(instituting comprehensive yourselves and others
dangerous drugs act of ▪ House owner posting rules
2002) and regulations of his in
▪ RA 7948 his property

11
Law is Promulgated by one who has Charge of
a Society

▪ The “one” refers to the legitimate lawgivers, be it a one-person or

group of persons.

▫ For the state, President or the senate or Congress

▫ In the church, this may be the Pope or Bishops, or Church
Council.

12
Classifications of Law
According to the Immediate Author

Divine Law Human Law

▪ These laws are authored ▪ These are laws authored
by God, such as the Ten by the Church or by the
Commandments. State, or by other
institutions.
▫ Ecclesiastical Law
▫ Enacted by the
church
▫ Civil Law
▫ Enacted by State 14
According to the Duration

Eternal Law Temporal Law

▪ St. Augustine defines it ▪ Made by man, whether it is
as “the Divine Reason and enacted by the Church or
will commanding that the by the State, or by other
natural order of things be legitimate institutions.
persevered and forbidding ▪ Generally subject to time
that it be disturbed. and place and they are not
▪ God’s planned providence absolute or permanent.
for the universe
15
According to the Manner of Promulgation

Natural Law Positive Law

▪ God-given laws inherent in ▪ Man-made
our being ▪ Applicable to geographically
▪ Universal defined political territory
▪ Eternal and constant ▪ Can be amended
▪ Based on reason and human ▪ Prescribes what is right or
beings have the free will wrong and people have to
▪ Can exist even in the absence abide by the prescriptions
of man ▪ Dependent on the existence
of man 16
To be Continued.
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
17
THE NORMS OF
HUMAN CONDUCT
The Norms of Human Conduct
Human acts are directed to their true end by
law, and law is applied by conscience.
Physical Law

▪ Typically conclusions based on repeated scientific

experiments and observations over many years and have
become accepted universally
Examples:
▫ Isaac Newton’s classical mechanics
▫ Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity
▫ Boyle’s law of gases
▫ Conservation laws
▫ Four laws of thermodynamics
3
Take Note:

The following points should be noted and be remembered in

matters of law:

▪ A law exists for the good of man; not man to exist for the
good of law. A law is made to facilitate the good of the
individual and society. A law is definitely a MEANS, not an
end for its own sake.
▪ A good law is pro-people, not pro-institution.
▪ What is legal is not necessarily moral. 4
Take Note:

▪ An act may be illegal; but it can be morally good.

▪ Love cannot be equated to law, for law is only a servant of
love.
▪ A genuine law is morally good, too.

▫ For Christians, the greatest law is the TEN

COMMANDMENTS OF GOD.
▫ This is summed up to two: LOVE OF GOD and LOVE OF
NEIGHBOR.
5
CONSCIENCE
Conscience

▪ It is the immediate and practical norm man uses to confront a

given action.
▪ It is the moral tool man uses to pass judgement on actions and
things.
▪ The act of reasoning out the right and wrong of a situation before
choosing what to do.

7
Synteresis or Synderesis

▪ It is the acquired equipment of moral principles.

▪ It is the starting point of the reasoning process which end in the
judgement of conscience.
▪ The reasoning process may proceed smoothly and swiftly that we
are not aware of it as a reasoning process at all.

8
States of Conscience

▪ True or Correct Conscience

▪ False or Erroneous Conscience
▪ Scrupulous Conscience
▪ Lax Conscience
▪ Certain Conscience
▪ Doubtful Conscience

9
True or Correct Conscience

▪ When conscience is a judgement in accordance with facts.

▪ Discerns and dictates to the person what is good as good, what is
evil as evil.
▪ Guides us in all our decisions, constantly persuading us to do
what is right.
▪ A person has subjective judgement that corresponds to the
objective fact of a particular act either morally good or morally
wrong.
10
False or Erroneous Conscience

▪ Mistaken what is good as evil, and what is evil as good.

▪ A person who is never taught the truth about a case of moral
point at issue.

▫ Invincibly erroneous or Inculpably erroneous

▫ Conscience that is erroneous without the knowledge or
fault of the agent.

▫ Vincibly erroneous or Culpably erroneous

▫ Conscience that is erroneous through a persons fault.
11
Scrupulous Conscience

▪ It is one that is extremely cautious or fearful to the point that the

person refuses to do or judge the act.
▪ As a result, the person tends to judge an act as sinful when it is
not.
▪ A person has a problem seeing sins where there are no sins and
this leads to an inner torment of feeling guilty when there is no
good reason.

12
Lax Conscience

▪ The opposite of scrupulous conscience.

▪ What is sinful act is judged as not sinful or even a good act.
▪ This conscience finds excuses for an evil act to be not sinful.
▪ A person that is feigning virtue for viciously self- serving reasons.

13
Certain Conscience

▪ It is of sure and firm judgement on an act without a bit of doubt.

▪ A person that implies that his decision is always sure.

14
Doubtful Conscience

▪ It is the opposite of certain conscience.

▪ The subject suspends judgement on an act because he is not
sure on the goodness or badness.
▪ A person can’t certainly decide for or against a course of action
and leave him unsure about the morality of what one is to do.

15
Examples

True or Correct Conscience False or Erroneous

▪ A person who reports his Conscience
classmates cheating in an ▪ A friend who encourage
exam. his friend to stay in an
▪ A person who tells his abusive relationship.
friends that getting other’s ▪ A friend of a husband tells
properties is bad. him to have a mistress
since is what a macho
should do.
16
Examples

Scrupulous Conscience Correct Conscience

▪ A toxic and possessive ▪ A friend who encourage
partner who equates his friend to stay in an
having professional abusive relationship
relationship outside their
relationship as cheating

17
To be Continued.
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
18
How to form one’s
conscience?
1. Get rid of doubt and achieve certainty.
2. Make up one’s mind clearly and definitely on what is
required.
3. One must achieve moral certitude.
Moral Certitude

▪ Sufficient and requisites for guidance of the conscience-

judgement when there is question of the lawfulness or
unlawfulness of an act here and now to be determined.
▪ Degree of certainty based on currently available limited
knowledge, sufficient to act in good conscience that is
without actual sin.
▪ This is not absolute certitude since it is inherent for human
to have limited knowledge and fallible use of reason when
making judgements.
2
Moral Certitude

▪ A person need not have absolute certitude as to the best

course of action before acting.
▪ The certitude possessed is morally sufficient if the
individual makes use of available knowledge and then
chooses to act, or to refrain from acting, in conformity
with the moral law, as it is understood by faith and reason.

3
Moral Certitude

▪ Slight likelihood of great harm or great likelihood of slight

harm means bad consequences have only a slight moral
weight.
▪ Substantial possibility of grave harm would have
substantial moral weight, even though the harm is only a
risk and not a certainty.

4
Example

▪ A man decides to drive his vehicle while tired. His intention

is good, in that he intends to get to his home. Driving a
vehicle while tired is not intrinsically evil. Whether or not it is
moral is matter of degree, and this degree is in the
circumstances.

5
Explanation

 If he is extremely tired, so that there is a substantial

risk of causing serious harm, then the act would be
immoral.
 If he is not so tired as to present any significant risk of
harm, then the act would be moral.
 There is a judgement to be made of the risk of bad
consequences. This depends on how likely it is that his
tiredness will result in an accident causing the grave
harm.
 If he is very tired, and the drive is long, the risk of grave 6
harm in the consequences is greater.
Explanation

 Even though the man cannot know in advance whether

or not he will do harm with his vehicle, he is able to
judge the degree of likelihood and the degree of
possible harm, not with absolute certitude, but with
moral certitude.
 But when an act is immoral due to the great likelihood
of great harm, even if the likely grave harm does not
happen to occur, the morality of the act is
unchanged.
7
Explanation

 The morality of the act is based on the known

likelihood of harm at the time that the decision to act
was made and not based on the specific subsequent
outcome.

MORALITY IS BASED ON THE LIKELIHOOD RISK OF BAD

CONSEQUENCES.

8
MORALITY OF
HUMAN ACTS
Morality

▪ It is the quality of human acts which leads us to call some

of them good and some evil.
▪ A thing is good in as much as it can answer a tendency,
appetite, or desire. Therefore, it is good in as much as it
serves as an end of such tendency.
▪ Example:
▫ Clothing that gives warmth and style
▫ Summum Bonum
10
Summum Bonum

▪ Introduced by Latin philosopher Cicero.

▪ Latin expression which means the highest good.
▪ The ultimate good according to which values and properties are
established in an ethical system.
▪ It answers the following questions:
▫ What is the greatest way that we can find pleasure in life?
▫ What is the greatest pursuit, path to experiencing the
greatest good?
11
Summum Bonum

▪ According to St. Thomas Aquinas, Summum Bonum is God, the

greatest good.
▪ It is the ultimate end as it puts everything else in its proper
perspectives and rightly orders our lives.

12
Good or Evil

▪ Human acts which are in harmony with the eternal plan are good;
those that are not are evil.
▪ Eternal law (Divine Reason) and conscience (Human Reason)
constitutes the norm of morality.
▪ Conscience is the judgement of human reason recognizing and
applying eternal law in individual human acts.
▪ Very early in life a man acquires an equipment of reasoned moral
principles which are really recognitions of the Eternal law.

13
Determinants of Morality
Determinants of Morality

▪ An objectively good act performed for a good purpose takes on a

new goodness from the good end.
▪ An objectively evil act performed for an evil purpose takes on a
new malice or evil from the evil end.
▪ An act which is objectively good, but one for an evil end, is
entirely evil if the evil end is the whole motive of the act.
▪ An objectively evil act can never become good by reason of a
good end.
▪ An act which is indifferent objectively becomes good if done for
good end, and evil if done for an evil end. 15
Properties of Human Acts
Properties of Human Acts

▪ Every human act has its morality. Every human act is, as an
individual deed done, a good or an evil act.).
▪ Human acts are imputable, and hence the person is responsible,
accountable, and answerable for them.

The Imputability involves the notion of:

▫ Praiseworthiness (merit → deserves well)
▫ Culpability (demerit → deserves ill/punishment)

17
Imputability of Human Acts

▪ An obedient subject of a true law deserves well of the lawgiver,

while the agent of evil human acts deserve punishment.
▪ The agent of good human acts deserves well of God, the Divine
Lawgiver, while the agent of evil human acts deserve
punishment.

18
The Consequences of Human
Acts

▪ Man does more easily those

which he has done before, and
the more frequent the repetition
of an act, the easier becomes its
performance.

19
Habit

▪ Virtue
▫ Habit of performing good moral habit.
▪ Vice
▫ Habit of performing immoral habit

Remember:
Vice and virtue are not matters of a single human act, nor of
an act once or twice repeated, but of an act frequently
repeated.
20
Virtues

▪ Comes from the Latin word virtus (means courage, bravery of the
soldier).
▪ Derived from the noun vir (means man)
▪ Hence, virtue means manliness (means characteristic of the true
and upright man)
▪ In Ethics, virtue signifies that habitual manliness and power for
good and which arises from frequent performance of such acts.

21
Kinds of Virtue

▪ Intellectual virtue
▫ Perfect intellectual powers of the human being.
▫ Theoretical activities: understanding (grasp of true principles),
science (grasp of the truths derived from principles), and wisdom
(grasp of the highest causes).
▪ Physical Virtue
▪ Theological virtue (Supernatural virtue)
▫ Faith, hope, and charity. Infused into the human intellect and will by
a special grace of God.
▪ Moral Virtue (Natu)
▫ Any virtue of which humankind is capable, especially the cardinal
22
virtues: justice, temperance, prudent, and fortitude.
Chief Moral Virtues

Prudence Fortitude
▪ Cautiousness, carefulness, ▪ Bravery
alertness. ▪ Courage in pain or adversity
▪ Careful good judgment that
allows someone to avoid
danger or risks.

Justice Temperance
▪ Fairness ▪ Self-restraint
▪ Just behavior or treatment ▪ Moderation or self-restraint,
like in eating, drinking,
thoughts, or feelings

23
Vices

▪ Sin → a single evil human act

▪ Vice → the habit of sin. Evil operative habit

Remember:
Virtues stands in the middle being neither defective nor
excessive when measured by the requirements of right
reason, while vice lies upon either hand.

24
Vices

Opposed to Prudence by Opposed to Prudence by

Defect Excess

▪ Imprudence ▪ Over-Solitude
▪ Precipitateness ▪ Over-Smartness
▪ Lack of Docility ▪ Trickery
▪ Carelessness ▪ Fraud
▪ Improvidence
25
Vices

Opposed to Temperance by Opposed to Temperance by

Defect Excess

▪ Pride ▪ Fanatical Rigorousness

▪ Lust ▪ Too great self-effacement
▪ Anger of self-abjection
▪ Gluttony ▪ Affectation
▪ Morose
26
▪ Gloomy Conduct
Vices

Opposed to Fortitude we find Opposed to Fortitude we find

by Defect by Excess

▪ Weak Spiritedness ▪ Presumptuous Boldness

▪ Inconstancy ▪ Stubbornness
▪ Impatience ▪ Insensibility

27
Vice

Opposed to Justice we find

▫ Injustice
▫ Irreligion
▫ Impiety
▫ Irreverence
▫ Mendacity
▫ Ingratitude
▫ Cruelty

28
Philippine Bill of Rights 1987
1. Constitution of Government
2. Constitution of Sovereignty
3. Constitution of Liberty
Bill of Rights 1987

▪ Article III of the Philippine Constitution is the Bill of Rights.

It establishes the relationship of the individual to the
State and defines the rights of the individual by limiting the
lawful powers of the State.
▪ It is one of the most important political achievements of
the Filipinos.

2
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 1.

No person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without

due process of law, nor shall any person be denied the equal
protection of the laws.

3
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 2.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers,

and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable, and no search warrant
or warrant of arrest shall issue except upon probable cause to be
determined personally by the judge after examination under oath or
affirmation of the complainant and the witnesses he may produce,
and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons
or things to be seized.
4
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 3.

(1) The privacy of communication and correspondence shall be

inviolable except upon lawful order of the court, or when public safety
or order requires otherwise, as prescribed by law.

(2) Any evidence obtained in violation of this or the preceding section

shall be inadmissible for any purpose in any proceeding.

5
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 4.

No law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, of

expression, or of the press, or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble and petition the government for redress of grievances.

6
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 5.

No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or

prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious
test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights.

7
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 6.

The liberty of abode and of changing the same within the limits
prescribed by law shall not be impaired except upon lawful order of
the court. Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except in the
interest of national security, public safety, or public health, as may be
provided by law.

8
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 8.

The right of the people, including those employed in the public and
private sectors, to form unions, associations, or societies for
purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.

9
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 7.

The right of the people to information on matters of public concern

shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents
and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as
well as to government research data used as basis for policy
development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such
limitations as may be provided by law.

10
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 9.
Private property shall not be taken for public use without just
compensation.

Section 10.
No law impairing the obligation of contracts shall be passed.

Section 11.
Free access to the courts and quasi-judicial bodies and adequate
legal assistance shall not be denied to any person by reason of
poverty. 11
Philippine Bill of Rights 1987
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 12.

(1) Any person under investigation for the commission of an offense shall have
the right to be informed of his right to remain silent and to have competent
and independent counsel preferably of his own choice. If the person cannot
afford the services of counsel, he must be provided with one. These rights
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of counsel.
(2) No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which
vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places,
solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited.

2
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 12.

(3) Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or Section 17

hereof shall be inadmissible in evidence against him.
(4) The law shall provide for penal and civil sanctions for violations of this
section as well as compensation to and rehabilitation of victims of torture or
similar practices, and their families.

3
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 13.

All persons, except those charged with offenses punishable by

reclusion perpetua when evidence of guilt is strong, shall, before
conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, or be released on
recognizance as may be provided by law. The right to bail shall not be
impaired even when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. Excessive bail shall not be required.

4
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 14.

(1) No person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due
process of law.
(2) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall be presumed innocent until
the contrary is proved, and shall enjoy the right to be heard by himself and
counsel, to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against
him, to have a speedy, impartial, and public trial, to meet the witnesses face
to face, and to have compulsory process to secure the attendance of
witnesses and the production of evidence in his behalf. However, after
arraignment, trial may proceed notwithstanding the absence of the accused
provided that he has been duly notified and his failure to appear is 5
unjustifiable.
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 15.
The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended
except in cases of invasion or rebellion when the public safety
requires it.

Section 16.
All persons shall have the right to a speedy disposition of their cases
before all judicial, quasi-judicial, or administrative bodies.

Section 17.
No person shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. 6
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 18.

(1) No person shall be detained solely by reason of his political beliefs

and aspirations.
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall exist except as a
punishment for a crime whereof the party shall have been duly
convicted.

7
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 19.

(1) Excessive fines shall not be imposed, nor cruel, degrading or inhuman
punishment inflicted. Neither shall the death penalty be imposed, unless, for
compelling reasons involving heinous crimes, the Congress hereafter
provides for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to
reclusion perpetua.

(2) The employment of physical, psychological, or degrading punishment

against any prisoner or detainee or the use of substandard or inadequate
penal facilities under subhuman conditions shall be dealt with by law.
8
Bill of Rights 1987

Section 20.
No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non-payment of a poll tax.

Section 21.
No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of punishment for the same
offense. If an act is punished by a law and an ordinance, conviction or
acquittal under either shall constitute a bar to another prosecution
for the same act.

Section 22.
No ex post facto law or bill of attainder shall be enacted. 9
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
10
DUTY
DUTY

▪ Anything/one is obliged to do or to omit.

▪ Just like our Rights, Duty is based on law.
▪ Right, imposes a duty on all others of respecting it.

2
Divisions of Duty

▪ Natural
▪ Positive
▪ Affirmative
▪ Negative
▪ Perfect
▪ Imperfect

3
Divisions of Duty

Natural Duty Positive Duty

▪ imposed by Natural Law. ▪ Comes from Positive Law

▪ are those that are binding on ▪ Man-made
individuals without the ▪ Can be amended
performance of voluntary
acts. ▪ Prescribes what is right or
wrong and people have to
▪ E.g. - Worshipping God, abide by the prescriptions
preserving one’s life, Taking
care of one’s health ▪ E.g. – Paying taxes, observing
4
traffic rules
Divisions of Duty

Affirmative Duty Negative Duty

▪ Those that requires ▪ Those that requires omission

performance of a certain act. or avoidance of a certain act.
▪ E.g. – Casting your votes ▪ E.g. – Not carrying illegal
during elections, applying a firearms, destroying one’s
business license. property.

5
Divisions of Duty

Perfect/Juridical Duty Negative Duty

▪ Obliges in strict justice, and so ▪ Does not obligate according

corresponds to a perfect right. to justice, but according to
▪ Required by others, including the charity or some other virtue.
government, to respect
everyone’s personal freedoms ▪ E.g. Helping the poor or
and not interfere with their lives, people affected by calamities
property or activities. when they may be in.
▪ Recognize these rights as
belonging to their fellow citizens 6
equally, and to do what they can
to respect them.
Divisions of Duty

“On the case of greater and lesser duties, where

these seem to conflict, the lesser ceases to be a
duty, and the greater prevails.”

7
“Necessity knows no law.”

Necessity means conflict of duty

and danger, this is when one finds
oneself when the performing of a
duty means living with evil.

8
Exemption from Duty

Extreme necessity
▪ When one’s choice lies between duty and death, or between duty
and an evil fairly comparable to death.

Grave necessity
▪ When one’s choice lies between duty and a notable evil less than
death, such as loss of health, good name, or very valuable property.

Common or ordinary necessity

▪ When one’s choice lies between duty and the enduring of ordinary
9
evils or common hardships
Man’s Duty towards God

“No race is uncultured, no nation is

so inane, as to have minds
unimbued with the notion of God.”

10
RELIGION

▪ Taken subjectively, inclines the will to give the worship due

to God.
▪ Taken objectively, means the sum total of truths and laws
which establish and regulate duties to God.
▪ Religion is regarded as a duty owed by man to God.

11
Man’s Personal Office

Personal means done by and to the

acting person, while office means
duty or system of duties.

12
MAN’S DUTY TOWARDS HIS SOUL

▪ Two faculties or powers or capacities for action of soul:

▫ Intellect – knowing faculty

▫ Will – choosing faculty

13
DUTIES OF THE INTELLECT

Man has a duty of exercising his intellect and of

perfecting it by knowledge and truth.

Man must know the truths that relate to the last end
and the means to achieving it.

The end is there to be achieved; man exist to achieve

it; hence it is distinctly “up to man” to discover this
last end and the means of reaching it. 14
DUTIES OF THE WILL

Will is perfected by the quest of that which is good.

Good could refer to last or ultimate end, properties,

good name, honor, or liberty.

To attain the last end, the will must follow the rule of
right reason, and must acquire a readiness in this
matter.
15
DUTIES OF MAN TOWARDS HIS BODY

Life
Man has a duty of conserving it in integrity and the
duty of avoiding death, mutilation, and needless
danger.

Man does not own his body, God owns it. God alone
has the right to dispose of it and of its life and
health. Life and health have been given to man as
16
great blessing, as good to be conserved and used.
DUTIES OF MAN TOWARDS HIS BODY

Other Goods
Properties

Man does not own his body, God owns it. God alone
has the right to dispose of it and of its life and
health. Life and health have been given to man as
great blessing, as good to be conserved and used.

17
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
18
DUTY
Man’s Duty Towards His
Neighbor

Some duties founded upon the law

of Charity, which is expressed in the
formula, “love thy neighbor as
thyself”, while other based upon
the natural law of justice, which is
expressed as
“injure not thy neighbor nor his
goods”.
2
CHARITY

▪ Charity means love.

▪ Love is an act of the will and it may or may not be defined
as the desire to the possession of the object (person or
thing) beloved and seek the welfare of the object beloved.

3
Love vs. Affection and Emotion

Love Affection or Emotions

▪ Enduring ▪ Are of their nature

▪ A habit ▪ Passing
▪ A virtue

4
Love

Love of Concupiscence Love of Benevolence

▪ Tend to the possession of ▪ Tend to seek the welfare of

the object (person or thing) the object beloved.
beloved. ▪ Seeks to do good to its
▪ Seeks to win or have its object.
object.

5
The Duty of Love

Man has the duty loving God, his last end. Now, a man cannot
love God unless he loves that God loves, that is, all men.

▪ Every man’s duty to love every other man, even his enemy,
with the love of benevolence.
▪ Neighbor must follow the pattern of the love has for oneself.

6
Duties Consequences Upon

We fulfil the duty of love towards our neighbor by the following

Acts:
▪ Humanity
▪ Beneficence
▪ Gratitude

7
Humanity

▪ Quality of being kind, thoughtful, and sympathetic toward others.

▪ To understand quality of humanity in an individual, take note of
what he does for people who give nothing back in return, to the
favor they have offered.

Example:
Mother Teresa caring for and helping
other whenever and wherever possible.

Inhuman – man who would without reason refuse

8
such kindness
Beneficence

▪ Defined as an act of charity, mercy, and kindness with a strong

connotation of doing good to others including moral obligation.

9
Gratitude

▪ A thankful appreciation for what an individual receives, whether

tangible or intangible.

“Cultivate the habit of being grateful for every good thing that comes
to you, and to give thanks continuously. And because all things have
contributed to your advancement, you should include all things in your
gratitude.”
– Ralph Waldo Emerson

10
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
11
OBLIGATION
Obligation

An obligation is a juridical necessity

to give, to do or not to do.

Obligation is a juridical necessity

because in case of non-compliance,
the courts of justice may be called
upon by the aggrieved party to
enforce its fulfillment or, in default
thereof, the economic value that it
represents. 2
Obligation

The term obligation is derived from the Latin word “obligatio”

which means tying or binding.

It is a tie or bond recognized by law by virtue of which one is

bound in favor of another to render something – and this may
consist in giving a thing, doing a certain act, or not doing a
certain act.

3
Four Essential Requisites Of
Obligation

1. Obligor
2. Obligee
3. Prestation
4. Legal Tie

4
Difference of Obligor and Obligee

Obligor Obligee

▪ also called DEBTOR and ▪ Also called CREDITOR

PASSIVE SUBJECT and ACTIVE SUBJECT
▪ The person who is bound ▪ The person who is
to the fulfillment of the entitled to demand the
Obligation fulfillment of the
obligation
▪ One who has the duty of
giving, doing or not doing ▪ One who has the right
to the performance of 5
the obligation.
Defining prestation and Efficient

Prestation Efficient

▪ Also called object and ▪ Also called juridical or legal

subject matter of the tie
obligation ▪ What binds or connects the
▪ The conduct which must be parties to the obligation
observed by the debtor

6
Example

Jose, a licensed aircraft

mechanic and owner of an
approved Repair Station,
promised to repair the
Cessna150 of Ricardo for a fee
of P10, 000. As a result of an
agreement between them.

7
Example

Gela enters into a

contract of sale with Tito
who paid the purchase of
GE refrigerator. Gela did
not deliver the
refrigerator.

8
Types of Obligation

Civil Natural
▪ Obligations which give to ▪ Do not grant a right of action
the creditor or obligee a to enforce their performance.
right under the law to
enforce their performance ▪ Derive their binding effect
in the courts of justice. from equity and natural
justice.
▪ Derive their binding force
from positive law. ▪ The fulfillment cannot be
compelled by court action but
▪ Can be enforced by court depends on the good
action of the coercive power conscience of debtor. 9
of public authority.
Kinds of Obligation

Real Obligation - is that in which the subject matter is a thing which

the obligor must deliver to the obligee.

Personal Obligation - is that which the subject matter is an act to be

done or not to be done that is, to refrain from action that would hinder
human rights.
There are Two (2) kinds of Personal Obligation:
▪ Positive personal Obligation is an obligation to do or render
service
▪ Negative personal obligation is an obligation not to do (which 10

naturally includes obligations “not to give”)

Sources of Obligations

11
Source of Obligations: Law

Law
▪ When obligations are imposed by specific provisions of law, which
means that obligations arising from law are not presumed and that
to be demandable must be clearly provided for, expressly or
impliedly in the law.

Examples:
▪ It is the duty of the spouses to support each other (Art. 291, New
Civil Code)
▪ Under the National Internal Revenue Code, it is the duty of every 12

person having an income to pay taxes

Source of Obligations: Contract

Contract
▪ is the meeting of minds between two persons whereby on binds
himself with respect to the other.
▪ obligations arising from contracts have the force of law between
the contracting parties because that which is agreed upon in the
contract by the parties is the law between them, thus, the
agreement should be complied with in good faith.

Example:
13
▪ A contract of lease was executed between lessee and lessor for
the rent of an apartment.
Source of Obligations: Contract

Note:
▪ Although contracts have the force of law, it does not mean that
contract are over and above the law.
▪ Contracts are with the limitations imposed by law.

▪ Parties may establish such stipulations, clauses, terms and

conditions as they may deem convenient, provided that are not
contrary to law, morals, good custom, public order or public
policy.

14
Source of Obligations: Quasi-contract

Quasi contract
▪ The quasi literally means as if.

▪ Quasi-contract is the juridical relation resulting from a lawful,

voluntary and unilateral act which has for its purpose the
payment of indemnity to the end that no one shall unjustly enrich
or benefited at the expense of another.
▪ A quasi contract is a legal agreement created by the courts
between two parties who did not have a previous obligation to
each other.
15
Difference of Contract and Quasi-contract

Contract Quasi-Contract

▪ Consent is essential ▪ There is no consent as it is

requirement for its validity implied by law
▪ It is a civil obligation ▪ It is a natural obligation

16
Two Kinds of Quasi-contracts

1. Solutio Indebiti (Payment by mistake)

is the juridical relation which arises when a person is obliged to
return something received by him through error or mistake.

Example:
Arvin owed Ian the sum of P1,000. By mistake, Arvin paid
P2,000. Ian has the obligation to return the P1,000 excess
because there was payment by mistake.

17
Two Kinds of Quasi-contracts

2. Negotiorum Gestio (management of another’s property)

is the voluntary management or administration by a person of the
abandoned business or property of another without any authority
or power from the latter. (Art. 2144, NCC)

Example:
Andrew, a wealthy landowner suddenly left for abroad leaving his
livestock farm unattended. Bernard, a neighbor of Andrew managed
the farm thereby incurring expenses. When Andrew returns, he has
the obligation to reimburse Bernard for the expenses incurred by
him and to pay him for his services. It is based on the principle that
18
no one shall enrich himself at the expense of another.
Source of Obligations: Delict

Delict or Felony or Crime

▪ acts or omissions punished by law as source of obligations
▪ while an act or omission is felonious because it is punishable by
law, the criminal act gives arise to civil liability as it caused
damage to another
▪ when obligations arise from civil liability which is the
consequence of a criminal offense

19
Source of Obligations: Delict

Delict or Felony or Crime

Civil liabilities arising from delicts:
▪ Restitution – which is the restoration of or returning the object
of the crime to the injured party.
▪ Reparation – which is the payment by the offender of the value of
the object of the crime, when such object cannot be returned to
the injured party.
▪ Indemnification - the consequential damages which includes the
payment of other damages that may have been caused to the
injured party.
20
Source of Obligations: Delict

Illustration:
1. Mark was convicted and sentenced to imprisonment by the Court
for the crime of theft, the gold wrist watch, of John.
2. In addition to whatever penalty that the Court may impose, Mark
may also be ordered to return (restitution) the gold wrist watch to
John.
3. If restitution is no longer possible, for Mark to pay the value
(reparation) of the gold wrist watch.
4. In addition to either restitution or reparation, Mark shall also pay
for damages (indemnification) suffered by John.

21
Source of Obligations: Quasi-Delict

Quasi-delict
▪ It is one where whoever by act or omission causes damages to
another, there being fault of negligence, is obliged to pay for the
damage done.
▪ Such fault of negligency, if there is no pre-existing contractual
relation between the parties (Art. 2176)

Example:
If Pedro drives his car negligently and because of his negligence
hits Jose, who is walking on the sidewalk of the street, inflicting
upon him physical injuries. Then Pedro becomes liable for 22
damages based on quasi-delict.
Requisites of a Quasi-Delict

1. There must be fault of negligence attributable to

the offended;
2. There must be damage or injury caused to
another; and
3. There is no pre-existing contract.

23
Thank you!
Any questions?
Don’t hesitate to reach out.

Capt. Kenn Jhorge Agustine T. Ponferrada

AT Instructor
kennjhorgeagustine.ponferrada@patts.edu.ph
24