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Computer Networking Transport Layer Notes

The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery using client-server communication. It requires port numbers to uniquely identify processes, with well-known ports 0-1023 controlled by IANA and unregistered dynamic ports available for any use. Transport protocols can be either connectionless like UDP, which provides unreliable delivery, or connection-oriented like TCP, which establishes connections and provides reliability, flow control, and error checking.

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27 views

Computer Networking Transport Layer Notes

The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery using client-server communication. It requires port numbers to uniquely identify processes, with well-known ports 0-1023 controlled by IANA and unregistered dynamic ports available for any use. Transport protocols can be either connectionless like UDP, which provides unreliable delivery, or connection-oriented like TCP, which establishes connections and provides reliability, flow control, and error checking.

Uploaded by

dordelderek the last
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as RTF, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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TRANSPORT LAYER

 Transport layer is responsible for process to process delivery.


 For process to process communication the client/Server paradigm is used
 Addressing
o At the transport layer we need an address called a port number

o Port numbers are 16 bit integers

o Internet has decided to use universal port numbers for servers known as well-known port
number.
o IANA Ranges (Internet Assigned Number Authority)

 Well-known ports 0-1023 are assigned and controlled by IANA.


 Registered ports 1024 – 49151 are not assigned or controlled by IANA they can only
be registered with IANA to prevent duplication.
 Dynamic ports are neither controlled nor registered they can be used by any
processes.
o Socket address
The combination of the IP address and the Port number is known as the Socket Address.
the Socket address defines the process uniquely on the net.

transport layer protocols require a pair of socket addresses one for client side and one for
server side.
o These 4 pieces of information are part of the IP header and the transport layer protocol
header. IP header contains the IP address and the TCP/UDP header contains the port
number.
 CONNECTION LESS VS CONNECTION ORIENTED SERVICE
o Connection less service the packets are sent without connection establishment
connections are not numbered packets maybe delayed arrive late or lost.
there is no acknowledgement either. Example : UDP
o Connection-Oriented services
a connection is first established between sender and receiver data are transferred then the
connection is closed. Example : TCP, SCTP
 UDP ( user datagram protocol )
o Connection less unreliable transport protocol does not add anything to the services of IP
also performs limited error checking
o User Datagrams also called UDP packets
 Have a fixed size header of 8 bytes

 The UDP checksum calculation is different


here checksum includes 3 sections :
a pseudo header, the UDP header, data coming from application layer.
pseudo header is part of the IP header packet in which the user datagram is
encapsulated.
o Connection less services

 UDP provide a connectionless service.


 Process that uses UDP cannot send data and expect UDP to chop it into different
related user datagrams.
 Each request must be small enough to fit into one user datagram
 Only processes sending short messages should use UDP.
o Flow and error control

 There is no flow control mechanism in UDP.


 There is no error control mechanism in UDP except checksum.
 This means that the process using UDP should provide these mechanisms.
o Queuing

 In UDP queues are associated with ports.


o Uses of UDP

 Suitable for processes that require simple request-response communication with


little concern for flow and error control, not used to send bulk data.
 Suitable for process with internal flow and error control mechanisms.
 UDP is suitable protocol for multicasting.
 Used for management processes such as SNMP
 Used for some route updating protocols such as RIP.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)


 Connection oriented protocol, adds connection-oriented and reliability features to the services of
IP.
 TCP segments the data coming from the application layer also called byte streaming
 Uses 3 way handshake to establish a connection.
 TCP uses piggybacking for more efficient transmission of data.
 It has error control and flow control
 Also has congestion control.
 TCP HEADER
o Min 20 bytes (160 bits).
o

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