IPv4 Addressing

Module Objectives

2
1
IPv4 Address
Structure
IPv4 Address

An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number. To make addresses more straightforward, they are
divided into four 8-bit numbers — or octets — separated by a decimal point. These
octets range in number from zero to 255.

Why do octets only go up to 255? Because they're binary.

4
IPv4 Address Format (Dotted Decimal Notation)

192.168.
10 .10
11000000 . 10101000 . 00001010 . 00001010

5
Network and Host Portion

• An IPv4 address is made up of a network portion and a host portion.

• When determining the network portion versus the host portion, you must look at the
32-bit stream.
• A subnet mask is used to determine the network and host portions.

6
Subnet Mask
• To identify the network and host portions of an IPv4 address, the subnet mask is
compared to the IPv4 address bit for bit, from left to right.

• The actual process

used to identify the
network and host
portions is called
ANDing.

7
Determining the Network: Logical AND
• A logical AND Boolean operation is used in determining the network address.
• Logical AND is the comparison of two bits where only a 1 AND 1 produces a 1
and any other combination results in a 0.
• 1 AND 1 = 1, 0 AND 1 = 0, 1 AND 0 = 0, 0 AND 0 = 0
• 1 = True and 0 = False
• To identify the network
address, the host IPv4
address is logically
ANDed, bit by bit, with
the subnet mask to
identify the network
address.

8
Network, Host, and Broadcast Addresses
Within each network are three types of IP addresses:
▸ Network address
▸ Host addresses Network Portion
Host
Host Bits
Portion
▸ Broadcast address
Subnet mask  255 255 255 0
255.255.255.0 or /24 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000
Network address  192 168 10 0
11000000 10100000 00001010 00000000 All 0s
192.168.10.0 or /24
First address  192 168 10 1 All 0s and a
192.168.10.1 or /24 11000000 10100000 00001010 00000001 1
Last address  192 168 10 254 All 1s and a
192.168.10.254 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111110 0
or /24
Broadcast address 192 168 10 255
192.168.10.255 11000000 10100000 00001010 11111111 All 1s
or /24
9
2
IPv4 Unicast, Broadcast,
and Multicast
Unicast
Unicast transmission is sending a packet to one destination IP address
For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a unicast packet to the printer at 172.16.4.253.

11
Broadcast
Broadcast transmission is sending a packet to all other destination IP addresses.
For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a broadcast packet to all IPv4 hosts.

12
Multicast
Multicast transmission is sending a packet to a multicast address group.
For example, the PC at 172.16.4.1 sends a multicast packet to the multicast group address
224.10.10.5.

13
3
Types of IPv4 Addresses
Public and Private IPv4 Addresses
As defined in RFC 1918, public IPv4 addresses are globally routed between internet
service provider (ISP) routers. It is a unique IP address assigned to your network router
by your internet service provider and can be accessed directly over the internet.

Private addresses are common blocks of Network

RFC 1918 Private Address
Address and
Range
addresses used by most organizations to assign Prefix
IPv4 addresses to internal hosts. 10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Private IPv4 addresses are not unique and can 172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255
be used internally within any network.
192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255

However, private addresses are not globally routable.

15
Special Use IPv4 Addresses
▸ Loopback addresses
127.0.0.0 /8 (127.0.0.1 to 127.255.255.254)
Commonly identified as only 127.0.0.1
Used on a host to test if TCP/IP is operational.

▸ Link-Local addresses
169.254.0.0 /16 (169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254)
Commonly known as the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA)
addresses or self-assigned addresses.
Used by Windows DHCP clients to self-configure when no DHCP servers
are available.
16
Legacy Classful Addressing
RFC 790 (1981) allocated IPv4 addresses in classes
Class A (0.0.0.0/8 to 127.0.0.0/8) - 16,777,214 available hosts
Class B (128.0.0.0 /16 – 191.255.0.0 /16) - 65,534 available hosts
Class C (192.0.0.0 /24 – 223.255.255.0 /24) - 254 available hosts
Class D (224.0.0.0 to 239.0.0.0) - Multicasting
Class E (240.0.0.0 – 255.0.0.0) - Research/Reserved/Experimental

Classful addressing wasted many IPv4 addresses.

Classful address allocation was replaced with classless addressing which ignores the
rules of classes (A, B, C).
17
Assignment of IP Addresses
The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) manages and allocates
blocks of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to five Regional Internet Registries (RIRs).

RIRs are responsible for allocating IP

addresses to ISPs who provide IPv4
address blocks to smaller ISPs and
organizations.

18
3
Network
Segmentation
Broadcast Domains and Segmentation
Many protocols use broadcasts or multicasts (e.g., ARP use broadcasts to
locate other devices, hosts send DHCP discover broadcasts to locate a DHCP
server.)

A problem with a large broadcast domain is

that these hosts can generate excessive
broadcasts and negatively affect the
network.

The solution is to reduce the size of the

network to create smaller broadcast
domains in a process called subnetting.

20
Network Segmenting

Subnetting reduces overall network traffic and improves network performance.

It can be used to implement security policies between subnets.
Subnetting reduces the number of devices affected by abnormal broadcast traffic.
Subnets are used for a variety of reasons including by:

21
4
Subnetting an IPv4
Network
 Variable Length Subnet
4
Mask
VLSM
VLSM is a subnet design strategy that allows all subnet masks to have variable
sizes. In VLSM subnetting, network administrators can divide an IP address space
into subnets of different sizes, and allocate it according to the individual need on a
network. This type of subnetting makes more efficient use of a given IP address
range. VLSM is the defacto standard for how every network is designed today.

24
Example of VLSM

Given the topology, 7 subnets are required (i.e, four LANs and three WAN links)
and the largest number of host is in Building D with 28 hosts.

A /27 mask would provide 8 subnets of 30 host IP addresses and therefore support
this topology.

25
VLSM
When using VLSM, always begin
by satisfying the host requirements
of the largest subnet and continue
subnetting until the host
requirements of the smallest subnet
are satisfied.

26
VLSM
The resulting topology with VLSM applied.

27
IPv4 Network Address Planning
IP network planning is crucial to develop a scalable solution to an enterprise
network.

To develop an IPv4 network wide addressing scheme, you need to know how
many subnets are needed, how many hosts a particular subnet requires, what
devices are part of the subnet, which parts of your network use private addresses,
and which use public, and many other determining factors.

28
IPv4 Network Address Planning
Examine the needs of an organization’s network usage and how the subnets will
be structured.

▸ Perform a network requirement study by looking at the entire network to

determining how each area will be segmented.
▸ Determine how many subnets are needed and how many hosts per subnet.
▸ Determine DHCP address pools and Layer 2 VLAN pools.

29
Device Address Assignment
Within a network, there are different types of devices that require addresses:

End user clients – Most use DHCP to reduce errors and burden on network
support staff. IPv6 clients can obtain address information using DHCPv6 or
SLAAC.

Servers and peripherals – These should have a predictable static IP address.

Servers that are accessible from the internet – Servers must have a public IPv4
address, most often accessed using NAT.

30
Device Address Assignment
Intermediary devices – Devices are assigned addresses for network management,
monitoring, and security.

Gateway – Routers and firewall devices are gateway for the hosts in that
network.

When developing an IP addressing scheme, it is generally recommended that you

have a set pattern of how addresses are allocated to each type of device.

31
THANKS!
Any questions?

32
5 Activity
For 10 points each.

1. A company has a network address of 192.168.1.0 /24 and hired you

to divide this network into 4 subnetworks. Give the 4 subnetted
network addresses.

2. A small organization needs to segment their network address,

192.168.20.0 /24, in subnets with 60 usable hosts each. What is the
second subnetted network address?

34