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    Lecture 9

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    23wings
    Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. Common address classes and subnet masking are used to define network ranges. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and significantly increases the available address space from 32 to 128 bits to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

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    Lecture 9

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    23wings
    53 views13 pages
    Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. Common address classes and subnet masking are used to define network ranges. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and significantly increases the available address space from 32 to 128 bits to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

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    Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. Common address classes and subnet masking are used to define network ranges. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and significantly increases the available address space from 32 to 128 bits to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    53 views13 pages

    Lecture 9

    Uploaded by

    23wings
    Internet Protocol (IP) is a connectionless, unreliable protocol that accepts data from upper layers and forwards it in packets using source and destination IP addresses. IP addresses identify interfaces and are divided into network and host portions. Common address classes and subnet masking are used to define network ranges. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) maps IP addresses to MAC addresses within a local network. IPv6 was developed to replace IPv4 and significantly increases the available address space from 32 to 128 bits to avoid future address exhaustion issues.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Internet Protocol

    INTERNET PROTOCOL
    Internet Protocol

    IP as a Routed Protocol
    IP is a connectionless,
    unreliable, best-effort delivery
    protocol.
    IP accepts whatever data is
    passed down to it from the
    upper layers and forwards the
    data in the form of IP Packets.
    All the nodes are identified
    using an IP address.
    Packets are delivered from the
    source to the destination using
    IP address
    Internet Protocol

    Packet Propagation
    Internet Protocol

    IP Address
    IP address is for the INTERFACE of a host. Multiple
    interfaces mean multiple IP addresses, i.e., routers.
    32 bit IP address in dotted-decimal notation for ease of
    reading, i.e., 193.140.195.66
    Address 0.0.0.0, 127.0.0.1 and 255.255.255.255 carries
    special meaning.
    IP address is divided into a network number and a host
    number.
    Also bits in Network or Host Address cannot be all 0 or 1.
    Internet Protocol

    IP Address
    Internet Protocol

    IP Address
    Internet Protocol

    IP Address
    Class A : Address begins with bit 0. It has 8 bit
    network number (range 0.0.0.0-to-127.255.255.255),
    24 bit host number.
    Class B : Address begins with bits 10. It has 16 bit
    network number (range 128.0.0.0-to-
    191.255.255.255), 16 bit host number.
    Class C : Address begins with bits 110. It has 24 bit
    network number (range 192.0.0.0-to-
    223.255.255.255), 8 bit host number.
    Class D : Begins with 1110, multicast addresses
    (224.0.0.0-to-239.255.255.255)
    Class E : Begins with 11110, unused
    Internet Protocol

    Subnet Mask
    Consider IP address = 192.168.2.25
    First few bits (left to right) identify network/subnet
    Remaining bits identify host/interface
    Number of subnet bits is called subnet mask, e.g.
    Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 –
    192.168.2.255 or Mask = 255.255.255.0
    Subnet IP Address range is 192.168.2.0 –
    192.168.2.15 or Mask = 255.255.255.240
    Internet Protocol

    IP Address, Subnet Mask and


    Gateway
    IP Address and Subnet Mask define the Subnet
    For Example IP address 172.31.1.0 and Subnet Mask of
    255.255.240.0 means that the subnet address ranges
    from 172.31.0.0 to 172.31.15.255
    Another notation is 172.31.1.0/28
    The first Address is the Network Address and the last
    Address is the Broadcast Address. They are reserved
    and cannot be assigned to any node.
    The Gateway Address is the Address of the router
    where the packet should be sent in case the
    destination host does not belong to the same subnet
    Internet Protocol

    IP Configuration of an Interface
    Static DHCP
    Internet Protocol

    ARP
    ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used in
    Ethernet Networks to find the MAC address of a
    node given its IP address.
    Source node (say 192.168.2.32) sends broadcast
    message (ARP Request) on its subnet asking ``Who
    is 192.168.2.33’’.
    All computers on subnet receive this request
    Destination responds (ARP Reply) since it has
    192.168.2.33
    Provides its MAC address in response
    Internet Protocol

    IPv6
    Internet Protocol Version 4 is the most popular protocol in use
    today, although there are some questions about its capability
    to serve the Internet community much longer.
    IPv4 was finished in the 1970s and has started to show its age.
    The main issue surrounding IPv4 is addressing—or, the lack
    of addressing—because many experts believe that we are
    nearly out of the four billion addresses available in IPv4.
    Although this seems like a very large number of addresses,
    multiple large blocks are given to government agencies and
    large organizations.
    IPv6 could be the solution to many problems posed by IPv4
    Internet Protocol

    IPv6
    IPv6 uses 128 bit address instead of 32 bit address.
    The IPv6 addresses are being distributed and are
    supposed to be used based on geographical
    location.

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