BKI Vol3

BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
RULES
FOR THE CLASSIFICATION
AND CONSTRUCTION OF
SEAGOING STEEL SHIPS

VOLUME III
Rules for Machinery Instalation

EDITION 2005
Table of Contents x
Tables of Contents
Page
Section 1 General Rules and Instructions
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
B. Documents for Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
C. Ambient Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
D. Design and Construction of the Machinery Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6
E. Engine and Boiler Room Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
F. Safety Equipment and Protective Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9
G. Communication and Signalling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
H. Instructions for the Application of the Construction Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-10
Section 2 Internal Combuction Engines and Air Compressors
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
B. Documents for Approval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
C. Crankshaft Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
D. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
E. Tests and Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
F. Safety Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
G. Pipelines and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
H. Starting equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
I. Control Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
J. Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
K. Engine Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19
L. Approximate Calculation of the Starting Air Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-21
M. Air Compressors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22
Section 3 Turbomachinery
I. Steam Turbines
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
C. Design and Construction Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
D. Astern Running, Emergency Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
E. Manoeuvering and Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
F. Control and Monitoring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
G. Condensers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
H. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
I. Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
II. Gas Turbines and Exhaust Gas Turbochargers
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
C. Design and Construction Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
D. Astern Running, Emergency Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
E. Control and Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
F. Control and Monitoring Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
G. Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
xi Table of Contents
H. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
I. Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Section 4 Main Shafting
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
C. Shaft Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
D. Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
E. Pressure Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Section 5 Gears, Couplings
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
C. Calculation of the Load-Bearing Capacity of Gear Teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
D. Gear Shalts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
E. Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
F. Balancing and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
G. Design and Construction of Couplings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Section 6 Propellers
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
C. Dimensions and design of propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1
D. Controllable Pitch Propellers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
E. Propeller Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
F. Vane wheels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
G. Balancing and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Section 7 Boilers and Heat Transfer Equipment
I. Boilers
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
C. Principles Applicable to Manufacture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4
D. Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5
E. Equipment and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-23
F. Testings of Boilers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-27
G. Hot Water Generators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28
H. Exhaust Gas Economizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28
II. Thermal Oil System
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33
B. Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-34
C. Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-35
D. Equipment Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-36
E. Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37
F. Fire Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37
G. Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37
Table of Contents xii
Section 8 Pressure Vessels
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
B. Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
C. Manufacturing Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
D. Design Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
E. Equipment and Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
F. Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
G. Gas Cylinders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
Section 9 Oil Firing Equipment
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
B. Oil Firing Equipment for Boilers and Thermal Oil Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
C. Oil Burners for Hot Water Boilers, Oil-Fired Heaters and
Small Heating Appliances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-4
Section 10 Storage of Liquid Fuels, Lubricating, Hydraulic and
Thermal Oils as well as Oil Residues
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
B. Storage of Liquid Fuels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
C. Storage of Lubricating and Hydraulic Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
D. Storage of thermal oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
E. Storage of Oil Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
Section 11 Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Pumps
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
B. Materials, Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1
C. Calculation of Wall Thickness and Elasticity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-6
D. Principles for the Construction of Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-12
E. Steam Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-17
F. Boiler Feedwater and Circulating Arrangement, Condensate Recirculation . . . . . . . . . 11-18
G. Oil Fuel Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-19
H. Lubricating Oil Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-21
I. Seawater Cooling Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-23
K. Fresh Water Cooling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-24
L. Compressed Air Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26
M. Exhaust Gas Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26
N. Bilge Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26
O. Equipment for the Treatment and Storage of Bilge Water
and Fuel and Oil - Residues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31
P. Ballast Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-31
Q. Thermal Oil Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-32
R. Air, Overflow and Sounding Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-33
S. Drinking Water Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-35
T. Sanitary Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-36
U. Hose Assemblies and Compensators of Non-Metallic Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-37
Section 12 Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishing Equipment
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-1
B. Fire Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-2
C. Fire Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-4
D. Scope of Fire Extinguishing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
xiii Table of Contents
E. General Water Fire Extinguishing Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-6
F. Portable and Mobile Fire Extinguisher, Portable Foam Applicators and
Water Fog Applicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-12
G. High-Pressure CO
2
Fire Extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-14
H. Low-Pressure CO
2
Fire Extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-18
I. Halon Fire Extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
K. Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-20
L. Pressure Water Spraying Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-22
M. Fire Extinguishing Systems for Paint Lockers, Flammable Liquid Lockers
and Galley Range Exhaust Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
N. Dry Powder Fire Extinguishing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-24
O. Inert Gas Systems for Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-25
P. Fire Extinguishing Equipment for Helicopter Landing Decks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-26
Section 13 Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
B. Necessary Propulsion Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
C. Necessary Reinforcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-1
Section 14 Steering Gears, Rudder Propeller Units, Lateral Thrust Units, Windlasses, Winches
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems and Stabilizers
A. Steering Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-1
B. Rudder Propeller Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-5
C. Lateral Thrust Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-6
D. Windlasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-7
E. Winches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-9
F. Hydraulic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-10
G. Pneumatic Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-14
H. Stabilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-16
Section 15 Special Rules for Tankers
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-1
B. General Rules for Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-2
C. Tankers for the Carriage of Oil Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-8
D. Machinery for Operation with Crude Oil from
the Cargo of Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15-11
Section 16 Torsional Vibrations
A. Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
B. Calculation of Torsional Vibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-1
C. Permissible Torsional Vibration Stresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-2
D. Torsional Vibration Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-5
E. Prohibited Ranges of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-5
F. Auxiliary Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16-6
Section 17 Spare Parts
A. General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
B. Volume of Spare Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17-1
1-1

A. General
1. The Rules for the Construction of Machinery
Installations apply to the propulsion installations of
ships classed by Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia including
all the auxiliary machinery and equipment necessary
for the operation and safety of the ship.
They also apply to machinery which the Society is to
confirm as being equivalent to classed machinery.
2. Apart from the machinery and equipment
detailed below, the Rules are also individually
applicable to other machinery and equipment where
this is necessary to the safety of the ship or its cargo.
3. Designs which deviate from the Rules for the
Construction of Machinery Installations may be
approved provided that such designs have been
examined by the Society for suitability and have been
recognized as equivalent.
4. Machinery installations which have been
developed on novel principles and/or which have not
yet been sufficiently tested in shipboard service
require the Society's special approval.
Such machinery may be designated by "Exp." attached
to the character of classification and be subjected to
intensified survey, if sufficiently reliable proof cannot
be provided of its suitability and equivalence in
accordance with para. 3.
5. In the instances mentioned in 3. and 4. the
Society is entitled to require additional documentation
to be submitted and special trials to be carried out.
6. In addition to the Rules, the Society reserves
the right to impose further requirements in respect of
all types of machinery where this is unavoidable due
to new findings or operational experience, or the
Society may permit deviations from the Rules where
these are specially warranted.
7. National Rules or Regulations outside the
Society's Rules remain unaffected.
B. Documents for Approval
1. Before the start of manufacture, plans
showing the general arrangement of the machinery
installation together with all drawings of parts and
installations subject to testing, to the extent specified
in the following Sections of Rules for Machiney
Installations, Volume III, are each to be submitted in
triplicate
1
) to the Society.
2. The drawings must contain all the data
necessary for approval. Where necessary, calculations
and descriptions of the plant are to be submitted.
3. Once the documents submitted have been
approved by the Society they are binding on the
execution of the work. And subsequent modifications
require the Society's approval before being put into
effect.
C. Ambient Conditions
1. Operating conditions, general
1.1 The selection, layout and arrangement of all
shipboard machinery, equipment and appliances shall
be such as to ensure faultless continuous operation
under the ambient conditions specified in Tables
1.1-1.4.
1.2 Account is to be taken of the effects on the
machinery installation of distortions of the ship's hull.
1
)
,

1-2
Table 1.1 Inclinations
Installations,
Components
Angle of inclination [
o
]
2
)
Athwartship Fore-and-aft
static dynamic static dynamic
Main and
auxiliary
machinery
15 22,5 5 7,5
Ship's safety
equipment,
e.g.
emergency
power
installations,
emergency
fire pumps
and their
drives
22,5
3
) 22,5
3
) 10 10
Switchgear,
electrical and
electronic
appliances
1
)
and remote-
control
systems
1
) Up to an angle of inclination of 45
o
no undesired
switching operations or functional changes may occur.
2
) Athwartships and fore-and-aft inclinations may occur
simultaneously.
3
) On ships for the carriage of liquefied gases and chemicals
the emergency power supply must also remain operational
with the ship flooded to a final arthwarthships inclination
up to a maximum of 30
o
Table 1.2 Water temperature
Coolant Temperature [
o
C]
Seawater + 32
1
)
Charge air coolant
inlet to charge air
cooler
see Section 2, A.2
1
) The Society may approve lower water temperatures for
ships operating only in special geographical areas.
Table 1.3 Air temperature
at atmosphere pressure = 1000 mbar
and relative humidity = 60 %
Installa-
tion,
component
Location,
arrangement
Temperature
range
[
o
C]
Machinery
and
electrical
installations
1
)
in enclosed
spaces
0 to 45
2
)
on
in
machinery
components,
boilers
spaces,sub-
ject to higher
or lower
temperatures
According to
specific local
conditions
on the open
deck
-25 to + 45
1
) Electronic appliances shall be designed and tested to ensure
trouble-free operation even at a constant air temperature of
+ 55 C.
2
) The Society may approve lower air temperatures for ships
designed only for service in particular geographical areas.
Table 1.4 Other ambient conditions
Location Conditions
In all spaces
Ability to withstand oil
vapour and salt-laden air
Trouble-free operation within
the temperature ranges stated
in Table 1.3, and humidity up
to 100 % at a reference
temperature of 45 C
Tolerance to condensation is
assumed
In specially
protected
control rooms
80 % relative humidity at a
reference temperature of
45 C.
On the open
deck
Abi l i t y t o wi t hs t and
temporary flooding with
seawater and salt-laden spray
2. Vibrations
1-3
2.1 General
2.1.1 Machinery, equipment and hull structures are
normally subjected to vibration stresses. Design,
construction and installation must in every case take
account of these stresses.
The faultless long-term service of individual
components shall not be endangered by vibration
stresses.
2.1.2 Where a machine or a piece of equipment
generates vibrations when in operation, the intensity of
the vibration shall not exceed defined limits. The
purpose is to protect the vibration generators, the
connected assemblies, peripheral equipment and hull
components form additional, excessive vibration
stresses liable to cause premature failures or mal-
functions.
2.1.3 The following provisions relate the vibrations
in the frequency range from 2 to 300 Hz. The
underlying assumption is that vibrations with oscilla-
tion frequencies below 2 Hz can be regarded as
rigid-body vibrations while vibrations with oscillation
frequencies above 300 Hz normally occur only locally
and may be interpreted as structure-borne noise.
Where, in special cases, these assumptions are not
valid (e.g. where the vibration is generated by a gear
pump with a tooth meshing frequency in the range
above 300 Hz) the following provisions are to be
applied in analogous manner.
2.1.4 Attention has to be paid to vibration stresses
over the whole relevant operating range of the
vibration generator.
Where the vibration is generated by an engine, con-
sideration must be extended to the whole available
working speed range and, where appropriate, to the
whole power range.
2.1.5 The procedure described below is largely
standardized. Basically, a substitution quantity is
formed for the vibration stress or the intensity of the
exciter spectrum (cf. 2.2.1). This quantity is then
compared with permissible or guaranteed values to
check that it is admissible.
2.1.6 The procedure mentioned in 2.1.5 takes only
incomplete account of the physical facts. The aim is to
evaluate the true alternating stresses or alternating
forces. No simple relationship exists between the
actual loading and the substitution quantities: vibration
amplitude vibration velocity and vibration acceleration
at external parts of the frame. Nevertheless this
procedure is adopted since it at present appears to be
the only one which can be implemented in a
reasonable way. For these reasons it is expressly
pointed out that the magnitude of the substitution
quantities applied in relation to the relevant limits
enables no conclusion to be drawn concerning the
reliability or loading of components so long as these
limits are not exceeded. It is, in particular,
inadmissible to compare the loading of components of
different reciprocating machines by comparing the
substitution quantities measured at the engine frame.
2.1.7 For reciprocating machinery, the following
statements are only applicable for outputs over
100 kW and speeds below 3000 Rpm.
2.2 Assessment
2.2.1 In assessing the vibration stresses imposed
on machinery, equipment and hull structures, the vi-
bration velocity v is generally used as a criterion for
the prevailing vibration stress. The same criterion is
used to evaluate the intensity of the vibration spec-
trum produced by a vibration exciter (cf. 2.1.2).
In the case of a purely sinusoidal oscillation, the ef-
fective value of the vibration velocity v
eff
can be
calculated by the formula :
(1) v
eff

1
2
s
1
2
v
1
2
in which
s vibration displacement amplitude
v vibration velocity amplitude
v
eff
effective value of vibration velocity
a vibration acceleration amplitude
angular velocity of vibration.
For any periodic oscillation with individual harmonic
components 1,2,...n, the effective value of the vibra-
tion velocity can be calculated by the formula:
(2) v
eff
i
v
2
eff
1
v
2
eff
2
.... v
2
eff
n
in which v
effi
is the effective value of the vibration
velocity of the i-th harmonic component. Using
formula (1), the individual values of v
effl
are to be
calculated for each harmonic.
Depending on the prevailing conditions, the effective
value of the vibration velocity is given by formula (1)
for purely sinusoidal oscillations or by formula (2) for
any periodic oscillation.
1-5
proving that the vibration loads are within the
permissible limits in accordance with 2.3.
2.2.4.2 Where the vibration loads of reciprocating
machines lie within the A' area, separate
consideration or proofs relating to the directly
connected peripheral equipment (cf. 2.2.4) are not
required. The same applies to machines and plant
located in close proximity to the generator (2.2.4).
In these circumstances directly connected peripheral
appliances shall in every case be designed for at least
the limit loads of area B', and machines located
nearby for the limit loads of area B.
If the permissible vibration loads of individual
directly connected peripheral appliances in
accordance with 2.2.4.1 lie below the boundary curve
of area B, admissibility must be proved by
measurement of the vibration load which actually
occurs.
2.2.4.3 If the vibration loads of reciprocating
machines lie outside area A' but are still within area
B', it must be proved by measurement that directly
connected peripheral appliances are not loaded above
the limits for area C.
In these circumstances directly connected peripheral
appliances shall in every case be designed for at least
the limit loads of area C, and machines located
nearby for the limit loads of area B.
Proof is required that machines and appliances
located in close proximity to the main exciter are not
subjected to higher loads than those defined by the
boundary curve of area B.
If the permissible vibration loads of individual
directly connected peripheral appliances or machines
in accordance with 2.2.4.1 lie below the stated values,
admissibility must be proved by measurement of
vibration load which actually occurs.
2.2.4.4 If the vibration loads of reciprocating
machines lie outside area B' but are still within area
C, it is necessary to ensure that the vibration loads on
the directly connected peripheral appliances still
remain within area C. if this condition cannot be met,
the important peripheral appliances must in
accordance with 2.3 be demonstrably designed for the
higher loads.
Suitable measures (vibration damping etc.) are to be
taken to ensure reliable prevention of excessive vi-
bration loads on adjacent machines and appliances.
The permissible loads stated in 2.2.4.3 (area B or a
lower value specified by the manufacturer) continue
to apply to these units.
2.2.4.5 For directly connected peripheral appliances,
BKI may approve higher values than those specified
in 2.2.4.2, 2.2.4.3 and 2.2.4.4 where these are
guaranteed by the manufacturer of the reciprocating
machine in accordance with 2.2.4.1 and are proved in
accordance with 2.3.
Analogously, the same applies to adjacent machines
and appliances where the relevant manufacturer
guarantees higher values and provides proof of these
in accordance with 2.3.
2.2.5 For appliances, equipment and components
which, because of their installation in steering gear
compartments or bow thruster compartments, are
exposed to higher vibration stresses, the admissibility
of the vibration load may, not withstanding 2.2.3, be
assessed according to the limits of area B. The design
of such equipment shall allow for the above men-
tioned increased loads.
2.3 Proofs
2.3.1 Where in accordance with 2.2.4.1, 2.2.4.4,
and 2.2.4.5 BKI is asked to approve higher vibration
load values, all that is normally required for this is
the binding guarantee of the admissible values by the
manufacturer or the supplier.
2.3.2 BKI reserves the right to call for detailed
proofs (calculations, design documents,
measurements, etc.) in case where this is warranted.
2.3.3 Type testing in accordance with BKI's
"Regulations for the Performance of Type Test on
Electrical Appliances and Components" is regarded
as proof of admissibility of the tested vibration load.
2.3.4 BKI may recognize long-term trouble free
operation as sufficient proof of the required reability
and operational dependability.
2.3.5 The manufacturer of the reciprocating
machine is in every case responsible to BKI for any
proof which may be required concerning the level of
the vibration spectrum generated by reciprocating
machinery.
2.4 Measurement
2.4.1 Proof based on measurements is normally
required only for reciprocating machines with an
output of more than 100 kW, where the other
conditions set outin 2.2.4.2 - 2.2.4.4 are met. Where
circumstances warrant this, BKI may also require
proofs based on measurements for smaller outputs .
2.4.2 Measurements are to be performed in every
case under realistic service conditions at the point of
installation. During verification, the output supplied
by the reciprocating machine shall be not less than
80 % of the rated value. The measurement shall cover
1-6
the entire available speed range in order to facilitate
the detection of any resonance phenomena.
2.4.3 BKI may accept proofs based on
measurements which have not been performed at the
point of installation (e.g. test bed runs) or at the point
of installation but under different mounting
conditions provided that the transferability of the
results can be proved.
The results are normally regarded as transferable in
the case of flexibly mounted reciprocating machines
of customary design.
If the reciprocating machine is not flexibly mounted,
the transferability of the results may still be
acknowledged if the essential conditions for this
(similar bed construction, similar installation and pipe
routing etc.) are satisfied.
2.4.4 The assessment of the vibration stresses
affecting or generated by reciprocating machines nor-
mally relates to the location in which the vibration
loads are greatest. Fig. 1.2 indicates the points of
measurement which are normally required for an in
line piston engine. The measurement has to be
performed in all three directions. In justified cases
exceptions can be made to the inclusion of all the
measuring points.
2.4.5 The measurements may be performed with
mechanical manually-operated instruments provided
that the instrument setting is appropriate to the
measured values bearing in mind the measuring
accuracy.
Directionally selective, linear sensors with a
frequency range of at least 2 to 300 Hz should
normally be used. Non-linear sensors can also be
used provided that the measurements take account of
the response characteristic.
With extremely slow-running reciprocating machines,
measurements in the 0,5 to 2 Hz range may also be
required. The results of such measurements within the
stated range cannot be evaluated in accordance with
2.2.
2.4.6 The records of the measurements for the
points at which the maximum loads occur are to be
submitted to BKI together with a tabular evaluation.
D. Design and Construction of the Ma-
chinery Installation
1. Dimensions of components
1.1 All parts must be capable of withstanding the
stresses and loads peculiar to shipboard service, e.g.
those due to movements of the ship, vibrations,
intensified corrosive attack, temperature changes and
wave impact, and must be dimensioned in accordance
with the requirements set out in the present Volume.
In the absence of Rules governing the dimensions of
parts, the recognized Rules of engineering practice
are to be applied.
1.2 Where connections exist between systems or
plant items which are designed for different forces,
pressures and temperatures (stresses), safety devices
are to be fitted which prevent the over stressing of the
system or plant item designed for the lower design
parameters. To preclude damage, such systems are to
be fitted with devices affording protection against
excessive pressures and temperatures and/or against
overflow.
2. Materials
All components subject to the Rules for Machinery
Installations, Volume III, must comply with the Rules
for Materials, Volume V.
3. Welding
The fabrication of welded components, the approval
of companies and the testing of welders are subject to
the Rules for Welding, Volume VI.
4. Tests
4.1 Machinery and its component parts are
subject to constructional and material tests, pressure
and leakage tests, and trials. All the tests prescribed
in the following Sections are to be conducted under
the supervision of the Society.
In the case of parts produced in series, other methods
of testing may be agreed with the Society instead of
the tests prescribed, provided that the former are
recognized as equivalent by the Society.
4.2 The Society reserves the right, where
necessary, to increase the scope of the tests and also
to subject to testing those parts which are not
expressly required to be tested according to the Rules.
4.3 Components subject to mandatory testing are
to be replaced with tested parts.
1-7
Sides for L left side looking
measurement towards coupling flange
R right side looking towards
coupling flange
Measuring 0 bed
height 1 base
2 crankshaft height
3 frame top
Measuring I coupling side (CS)
point over II engine center
engine length III opposite side to coupling
(OCS)
Fig. 1.2 Schematic representation of in-line piston engine
4.4 After installation on board of the main and
auxiliary machinery, the operational functioning of
the machinery including the associated ancillary
equipment is to be verified. All safety equipment is to
be tested, unless adequate testing has already been
performed at the manufacturer's works in the
presence of the Society's Representative.
In addition, the entire machinery installation is to be
tested during sea trials, as far as possible under the
intended service conditions.
5. Corrosion protection
Parts which are exposed to corrosion are to be
safeguarded by being manufactured of
corrosion-resistant materials or provided with
effective corrosion protection.
6. Availability of machinery
Ship's machinery is to be so arranged and equipped
that it can be brought into operation from the "dead
ship" condition with the means available on board.
The "dead ship" condition
1
) means that the entire
machinery installation including the electrical power
supply is out of operation and auxiliary sources of
energy such as starting air, battery-supplied starting
current etc. are not available for restoring the ship's
electrical system, restarting auxiliary operation and
bringing the propulsion installation back into
operation.
To overcome the "dead ship" condition use may be
1
)
,

1-8
made of an emergency generator set provided that it
is ensured that the electrical power for emergency
services is available at all times. It is assumed that
means are available to start the emergency generator
at all times.
7. Control and regulating
7.1 Machinery must be so equipped that it can
be controlled in accordance with operating
requirements in such a way that the service conditions
prescribed by the manufacturer can be met.
7.2 In the event of failure or fluctuations of the
supply of electrical, pneumatic or hydraulic power to
regulating and control systems, or in case of a break
in a regulating or control circuit, steps must be taken
to ensure that:
- The appliances remain at their present
operational setting or, if necessary, are changed
to a setting which will have the minimum adverse
effect on operation (fail-safe conditions),
- The power output or engine speed of the
machinery being controlled or governed is not
increased, and
- No unintentional start-up sequences are initiated.
7.3 Manual operation
Every functionally important, automatically or remote
controlled system must also be capable of manual
operation.
8. Propulsion plant
8.1 Manoeuvering equipment
Every engine control platform is to be equipped in
such a way that
- the propulsion plant can be adjusted to any
setting,
- the direction of propulsion can be reversed, and
- the propulsion unit or the propeller shaft can be
stopped.
8.2 Propulsion units are to be fitted with
equipment enabling the direction of propulsion to be
reversed.
8.3 Remote controls
The remote control of the propulsion plant from the
bridge is subject of Rules for Automation,
Volume VII.
8.4 Multiple-shaft and multi-engine systems
Steps are to be taken to ensure that in the event of the
failure of a propulsion engine, operation can be
maintained with the other engines, where appropriate
by a simple change-over system.
For multiple-shaft systems, each shaft is to be
provided with a locking device by means of which
dragging of the shaft can be prevented.
8.5 Gear transmissions, disengageable couplings
Where the propulsion plant is manoeuvred with the
aid of change-over gears or disengageable couplings,
the control system is to be designed in such a way as
to ensure that operator error does not cause the
propulsion plant to be overloaded or damaged or to
stall and the propulsion engine to run up to excessive
speed.
9. Turning appliances
9.1 Machinery is to be equipped with the
necessary turning appliances.
9.2 The turning appliances are to be of the self
locking type. Electric motors are to be fitted with
suitable retaining brakes.
9.3 An automatic interlocking device is to be
provided to ensure that the propulsion installation
cannot start up while the turning gear is engaged.
10. Operating and maintenance instructions
10.1 Manufacturers of machinery, boilers and
auxiliary equipment must supply a sufficient number
of operating and maintenance notices and manuals
together with the equipment. In addition, an easily
legible board is to be mounted on boiler operating
platforms giving the most important operating
instructions for boilers and oil-firing equipment.
11. Markings, identification
In order to avoid unnecessary operating and switch-
ing errors, all parts of the machinery whose function
is not immediately apparent are to be adequately
marked and labeled.
12. Fuels
12.1 The flash point
1
) of liquid fuels for the
operation of boilers and diesel engines may not be
lower than 60 C.
For emergency generating sets, however, use may be
made of fuels with a flash point of 43 C.
12.2 In exceptional cases, for ships intended for
1
) , ,

1-9
operation in limited geographical areas or where
special precautions subject to the Society's approval
are taken, fuels with flash points between 43 C
and 60 C may also be used. This is conditional upon
the requirement that the temperatures of the spaces in
which fuels are stored or used must invariably be
10 C below the flash point.
12.3 The use of gaseous fuels taken from the
cargo is subject to Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied
Gases in Bulk, Volume IX.
13. Refrigerating installations
Refrigerating installations for which no Refrigerating
Installations Certificate is to be issued are subject to
the Rules for Refrigerating Installations,
Volume VIII, C, D, F, J.1 and M.2.3.
E. Engine and Boiler Room Equipment
1. Operating and monitoring equipment
1.1 Instruments, warning and indicating systems
and operating appliances are to be clearly displayed
and conveniently sided. Absence of dazzle,
particularly on the bridge, is to be ensured.
Operating and monitoring equipment is to be grouped
in such a way as to facilitate easy supervision and
control of all important parts of the installation.
The following requirements are to be observed when
installing equipment and appliances:
Protection against humidity and the accumulation
of dirt,
Avoidance of excessive temperature variations,
Adequate ventilation.
In consoles and cabinets containing electrical or
hydraulic equipment or lines carrying steam or water
the electrical gear is to be protected from the damage
due to leakage. Redundant ventilation systems are to
be provided for air-conditioned machinery and
control rooms.
1.2 Pressure gauges
The scales of pressure gauges are to be dimensioned
up to the specified test pressure. The maximum
working of boilers, pressure vessels, and other
systems with pressure limitation by safety valves is to
be marked on the pressure gauges. Pressure gauges
must be installed in such a way that they can be
isolated.
Lines leading to pressure gauges must be installed in
such a way that the readings cannot be affected by
liquid heads an hydraulic hammer.
2. Accessibility of machinery and boilers
2.1 Machinery and boiler installations and
apparatus must be accessible for operation and
maintenance.
2.2 In the layout of machinery spaces (design of
foundation structures, laying of pipelines and cable
conduits etc.) and the design of machinery and
equipment (mountings for filters, coolers etc.), 2.1 is
to be complied with.
3. Engine control rooms
Engine control rooms are to be provided with at least
two exits, one of which can also be used as an escape
route.
4. Lighting
All operating spaces must be adequately lit to ensure
that control and monitoring instruments can be easily
read. In this connection see the Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV, Section 9.
5. Bilge wells/bilges
Bilge wells and bilges must be readily accessible and
easy to clean and either visible or adequately lit.
Bilges beneath electrical machines must be so
designed as to prevent bilge water from penetrating
into the machinery at all angles of inclination and
movements of the ship in service.
6. Ventilation
The design and construction of ventilation systems
are subject to Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia "Regulation
for Ventilation Systems on Board Seagoing Ships".
7. Noise abatement
In compliance with the relevant national regulations,
care is to be taken to ensure that operation of the ship
is not unacceptably impaired by engine noise.
F. Safety Equipment and Protective
Measures
Machinery is to be installed and safeguarded in such
a way that the risk of accidents is largely ruled out.
Besides national regulations particular attention is to
be paid to the following:
1. Moving parts, flywheels, chain and belt
drives, linkages and other components which could
constitute an accident hazard for the operating
personnel are to be fitted with guards to prevent
contact. The same applies to hot machine parts, pipes
and plating which are not protected by insulation, e.g.
1-10
the delivery lines of air compressors.
2. When using hand cranks for starting internal
combustion engines, steps are to be taken to ensure
that the crank disengages automatically when the
engines start.
Dead-Mans cicuits are to be provided for rotating
equipment.
3. Blow down and drainage facilities are to be
designed in such a way that the discharged medium
can be safely drained off.
4. In operating spaces, anti-skid floorplates and
floor-coverings must be used.
5. Service gangways, operating platforms,
stairways and other areas open to access during
operation are to be safeguarded by guard rails. The
outside edges of platforms and floor areas are to be
fitted with comings unless some other means is
adopted to prevent persons and objects from sliding
off.
6. Devices for blowing through water level
gauges must be capable of safe operation and
observation.
7. Safety valves and shutoffs must be capable
of safe operation. Fixed steps, stairs or platforms are
to be fitted where necessary.
8. Safety valves are to be installed to prevent
the occurrence of excessive operating pressures.
9. Steam and feed water lines, exhaust gas
ducts, boilers and other equipment and pipelines
carrying steam or hot water are to be effectively
insulated. Insulating materials must be incombustible.
Points at which combustible liquids or moisture can
penetrate into the insulation are to be suitably
protected, e.g. by means of shielding.
G. Communi cat i on and Si gnal l i ng
Equipment
1. Oral communication
Means of oral communication are to be provided
between the ship's manoeuvering station, the engine
room and the steering gear compartment, and these
means shal l al l ow f ul l y sat i sf act or y
intercommunication independent of the shipboard
power supply under all operating conditions (see also
the Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV,
Section 9)
2. Engineer alarm
From the engine room or the engine control room it
must be possible to activate an alarm in the engineers
living quarters (see also the Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV, Section 9).
3. Engine telegraph
Machinery operated from the engine must be
equipped with a telegraph.
In the case of multiple-shaft installations, a telegraph
must be provided for each unit.
Local control stations are to be equipped with an
emergency telegraph. Design details are given in the
Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV,
Section 9, C.2.
4. Shaft revolution indicator
The speed and direction of rotation of the propeller
shafts are to be indicated on the bridge and in the
engine room. In the case of small propulsion units,
the indicator may be dispensed with.
Barred speed ranges are to be marked on the shaft
revolution indicators, see Section 16.
5. Design of communication and signaling
equipment
Reversing, command transmission and operating
controls etc. are to be grouped together at a
convenient point on the control platform.
The current status, "Ahead" or "Astern", of the
reversing control is to be clearly indicated on the
propulsion plant control platform.
Signalling devices must be clearly perceptible from
all parts of the engine room when the machinery is in
full operation.
For details of the design of electrically operated
command transmission, signalling and alarm systems,
see Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV,
Section 9 and Rules for Automation, Volume VII .
H. Instructions for the Application of the
Construction Rules
Operationally important auxiliary machinery
Operationally important auxiliary machinery
comprises all auxiliary machinery which:
- is necessary for the operation of the ship,
- is required for the operation of the propulsion
installation,
- is essential for maintaining the ship's safety.
1-4
Fig. 1.1 Areas for the assessment of vibration loads
Table 1.5 Numerical definition of the area boundaries shown in Fig. 1.1
Areas A B C A' B'
s
v
v
eff

a
[mm]
[mm/s]
[mm/s]
[9,81 m/s
2
]
< 1
< 20
< 14
< 0,7
< 1
< 35
< 25
< 1,6
< 1
< 63
< 45
< 4
< 1
< 20
< 14
< 1,3
< 1
< 40
< 28
< 2,6
2.2.2 The assessment of vibration loads is
generally based on areas A, B and C, which are
enclosed by the boundary curves shown in Fig. 1.1.
The boundary curves of areas A, B, and C are
indicated in Table 1.5. If the vibration to be assessed
comprises several harmonic components, the
effective value according to 2.2.1 must be applied.
The assessment of this value is to take account of all
important harmonic components in the range from 2
to 300 Hz.
2.2.3 Area A can be used for the assessment of all
machines, equipment and appliances. Machines,
equipment and appliances for use on board ship shall
as a minimum requirement be designed to withstand
a vibration load corresponding to the boundary curve
of area A. Otherwise, with BKI's consent, steps must
be taken (vibration damping etc.) to reduce the actual
vibration load to the permissible level.
2.2.4 Because they act as vibration exciters,
reciprocating machines must be separately
considered. Both the vibration generated by
reciprocating machines and the stresses consequently
imparted to directly connected peripheral equipment
(e.g. governors, exhaust gas turbocharger and
lubricating oil pumps) and adjacent machines or plant
(e.g. generators, transmission systems and pipes)
may, for the purpose of these Rules and with due
regard to the limitations stated in 2.1.6, be assessed
using the substitution qualities presented in 2.2.
2.2.4.1 In every case the manufacturer of
reciprocating machines has to guarantee permissible
vibration loads for the important directly connected
peripheral equipment. The manufacturer of the
reciprocating machine is responsible to BKI for
1-11
The following equipment is to be classed and treated
as operationally important auxiliary machinery:
- Diesel and turbine generators
- Cooling water pumps / coolant pumps
- Lubricating oil pumps
- Fuel booster and fuel transfer pumps
- Fuel and lubricating oil separators
- Starting air and control air compressors
- Auxiliary and exhaust gas boilers
- Condensate, boiler feed and boiler water
circulating pumps
- Thermal oil pumps
- Boiler fans
- Boiler firing systems
- Auxiliary blowers for main engines
- Exhaust-gas turbochargers
- Exhaust-gas power turbines
- Bilge and ballast pumps
- Fire pumps
- Foam pumps
- Starting devices for auxiliary and main engines
- Engine room ventilators
- Control and regulating equipment for propulsion
installations
- Turning gears for main engines
- Steering gears
- Hydraulic pumps for controllable pitch propeller
plants
- Bow thruster units
- Windlasses
- Driving and control equipment for bulkhead
closing systems, hull closure systems, stern and
bow ramps
- Heeling compensation systems
Operationally important auxiliary machinery for
cargo refrigeration equipment covered by a
Refrigerating Installations Certificate (SMP)
comprises:
- Refrigerant compressors
- Cooling water pumps
- Brine pumps
- Refrigerated space circulating fans
- Refrigerant circulating pumps
Section 2 - Internal Combustion Engines and Air Compressors 2-1
S e c t i o n 2
Internal Combustion Engines and Air Compressors
A. General
1. Scope
The Rules contained in this section apply to internal
combustion engines used as main propulsion units and
auxiliary units and to air compressors.
For the purpose of these Rules, internal combustion
engines are diesel engines.
Diesel/gas engine are additionally subject to the Rules
for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk,
Volume IX, Section 16.
2. Ambient conditions
In determining the power of all engines used on board
ships with an unlimited range of service, the following
ambient conditions are to be used:
Barometric pressure 1000 mbar
Suction air temperature 45 C
Relative humidity of air 60 %
Seawater temperature 32 C
(Charge air coolant - inlet
temperature of charge air coolers
subject to seawater)
3. Rated power
3.1 Diesel engines are to be designed such that
their rated power when running at rated speed can be
delivered as continuous power. Diesel engines are to
be capable of continuous operation within power
range in Fig. 2.1 and of short period operation in
power range . The extent of the power ranges are to
be stated by the engine manufacturer.
3.2 Continuous power is understood to mean the
service standard power which an engine is capable of
delivering continuously, provided that the maintenance
prescribed by the engine manufacturer is carried out,
between the maintenance intervals stated by the engine
manufacturer.
3.3 To verify that an engine is rated at its con-
tinuous power, it is to be demonstrated that the engine
can run at an overload power corresponding to 110 %
of its rated power at corresponding speed for an
uninterrupted period of 1 hour. Deviations from the
overload power value require the agreement of the
Society.
3.4 After running on the test bed, the fuel de-
livery system of main engines is normally to be so
adjusted that overload power cannot be given in ser-
vice.
3.5 Subject to the prescribed conditions, diesel
engines driving electric generators must be capable of
overload operation even after installation on board.
3.6 Subject to the approval of the Society, diesel
engines for special vessels and special applications
may be designed for a continuous power (fuel stop
power) which cannot be exceeded.
3.7 For main engines, a power diagram (Fig. 2.1)
is to be prepared showing the power ranges within
which the engine is able to operate continuously and
for short periods under service conditions.
Fig. 2.1 Example of a power diagram
4. Fuels
4.1 The use of liquid fuels is subject to the Rules
contained in Section 1, D.12.
4.2 For fuel treatment and supply, see Section 11, G.
2 - 2 Section 2 - Internal Combustion Engines and Air Compressors
4.3 For engines fueled by gases evaporating from
the ship's cargo, see Rules for Seagoing Ships, Volume
IX, Section 16. The use of other gas fuels requires the
special approval of the Society.
5. Accessibility of engines
Engines are to be so arranged in the engine room that
all the assembly holes and inspection ports provided by
the engine manufacturer for inspections and
maintenance are accessible.
B. Documents for Approval
1. For each engine type the drawings and
documents listed in Table 2.1 shall, wherever
applicable, be submitted by the engine manufacturer to
the Society for approval (A) or information (I).
2. For each engine type manufactured under
license, the licensee shall submit to the Society, as a
minimum requirement, the following documents:
- Comparison of all the drawings and
documents as per Table 2.1 - where
applicable - indicating the relevant drawings
used by the licensee and the licensor.
- All drawings of modified components, if
available, as per Table 2.1 together with the
licensor's declaration of consent to the
modifications,
- A complete set drawings shall be put at the
disposal of the local inspection office of Biro
Klasifikasi Indonesia as a basis for the tests
and inspections.
3. The type specification of an internal
combustion engine is defined by the following data:
- Manufacturer's type designation
- Cylinder bore
- Stroke
- Injection system
- Fuels which can be used
- Working cycle (4-stroke, 2-stroke)
- Scavenging system (naturally aspirated or
supercharged)
- Rated power per cylinder at rated speed and
maximum mean effective working pressure
- Supercharging system (pulsating pressure
system or constant-pressure system)
- Charge air cooling system
- Cylinder arrangement (in-line, Vee)
4. Following initial approval of an engine type
by the Society, only those documents listed in Table
2.1 require to be resubmitted for examination which
embody important design modifications.
5. Where considered necessary, the Society may
request further documents to be submitted.
6. The approval of exhaust gas turbochargers,
heat exchangers of any kind, engine-driven pumps,
etc. is to be requested from the Society by the
respective manufacturer.
C. Crankshaft Design
1. Design methods
1.1 Crankshafts are to be designed to withstand
the stresses occurring when the engine runs at rated
power. Calculations are to be based on the Sociaetys
"Regulations for the Calculation of Diesel Engine
Crankshafts". Other methods of calculation may be
used provided that they do not result in crankshaft
dimensions smaller than those obtained by applying
the aforementioned regulations.
1.2 Outside the end bearings, crankshafts
designed according to the regulations specified in 1.1
may be adapted to the diameter of the adjoining shaft
by a generous fillet (r 0,06 d) or a taper.
1.3 Design methods for application to crank-
shafts of special construction and to the crankshafts of
engines of special type are to be agreed with the
Society.
2. Shrink joints of built-up crankshafts
The shrink joints of built-up crankshafts are to be
designed in accordance with Societys "Regulation for
the Calculation of Diesel Engine Crankshaft ".
3. Screw joints
3.1 Split crankshafts
Only fitted bolts may be used for assembling split
crankshafts.
3.2 Power-end flange couplings
The bolts used to connect power-end flange couplings
are normally to be designed as fitted bolts in
accordance with Section 4, D.
If the use of fitted bolts is not feasible, the Society
may agree to the use of an equivalent frictional
resistance transmission.
Table 2.1 Documents for approval
Serial
No.
I/A Description Quantity Remarks
(see
below)
1 I Details required on BKI forms when applying for approval of an
internal combustion engine
3
2 I Engine transverse cross-section 3
3 I Engine longitudinal section 3
4 - Bedplate or crankcase
I - cast 1
A - welded, with welding details and instructions 3
5 A Thrust bearing assembly 3
3
)
6 - Thrust bearing baseplate
I - cast 1
3
)
3
)
7 - Frame/column
I - cast 1
1
)
1
)
8 I Tie rod 1
9 I Cylinder cover assembly 1
10 I Cylinder jacket or engine block 1
1
)
2
)
11 I Cylinder liner 1
2
)
12 A Crankshaft for each number of cylinders, with data sheets for
calculation of crankshafts
3
13 A Crankshaft assembly, for each number of cylinders 3
14 A Thrust shaft or intermediate shaft (if integral with engine) 3
15 A Coupling bolts 3
16 A Counterweights including fastening bolts 3
17 I Connecting rod, details 3
18 I Connecting rod assembly 3
2
)
19 I Crosshead assembly 3
2
)
20 I Piston rod assembly 3
2
)
21 I Piston assembly 1
22 I Camshaft drive assembly 1
23 A Material specifications of main parts with information on non-
destructive material tests and pressure tests
3
24 A Arrangement of foundation bolts (for main engines only) 3
25 A Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of starting air system 3
6
)
26 A Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of fuel oil system
6
)
27 A Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of lubricating oil system 3
6
)
28 A Schematic layout or other equivalent documents of cooling water system 3
6
)
29 A Schematic diagram of engine control and safety system 3
6
)
30 I Shielding and insulation of exhaust pipes - assembly 1
31 A Shielding of high-pressure fuel pipes - assembly 3
4
)
32 A Arrangement of crankcase explosion relief valves 3
5
)
33 I Operation and service manuals 1
1
) Only for one cylinder
2
) Only necessary if sufficient details are not shown on the transverse cross section and longitudinal section.
3
) If integral with engine and not integrated in the bedplate
4
) Only for engines with a bore > 200 mm, or a crankcase volume > 0,6 m3
5
) And the entire system, if this is part of the goods to be supplied by the engine manufacturer
A for approval
I for information
4. Torsional vibration, critical speeds Section 16 applies.
D. Materials
1. Approved materials
1.1 The mechanical characteristics of materials
used for the components of diesel engines must
conform to the Society's Rules Materials, Volume V.
The materials approved for the various components
are shown in Table 2.3 together with their minimum
required characteristics.
1.2 Materials with properties deviating from
those specified may be used only with the Society's
special approval. The Society requires proof of the
suitability of such materials.
2. Testing of materials
2.1 In the case of individually produced engines,
the following parts are to be subjected to material tests
in the presence of the Societys representative
1. Crankshaft
2. Crankshaft coupling flange (non-integral) for
main power transmission
3. Crankshaft coupling bolts
4. Pistons or piston crowns made of steel, cast
steel or nodular cast iron
5. Piston rods
6. Connecting rods including the associated
bearing covers
7. Crossheads
8. Cylinder liners made of steel or cast steel
9. Cylinder covers made of steel or cast steel
10. Welded bedplates:
plates and bearing transverse girders made of
forged or cast steel
11. Welded frames and crankcases
12. Welded entablatures
13. Tie rods
14. Exhaust gas turbocharger:
shaft and rotor
15. Bolts and studs for:
- cylinder covers
- crossheads
- main bearings
- connecting rod bearings
16. Camshaft drive gear wheels and chain wheels
made of steel or cast steel.
2.1.1 Material tests are to be performed in
accordance with Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Material tests
Cylinder bore
Parts to be tested
(numbered according
to the list under D.2.1
above)
300 mm 1-6-10- 11-12- 13
> 300 400 mm 1-6-8-9-10-11-12-13-
14-15
> 400 mm all parts
2.1.2 In addition, material tests are to be carried out
on pipes and parts of the starting air system and other
pressure systems forming part of the engine (see
Section 11).
2.2 In the case of individually manufactured
engines, non-destructive material tests are to be per-
formed on the parts listed below in accordance with
Tables 2.4 and 2.5:
1. Steel castings for bedplates, e.g. bearing
transverse girders, including their welded
joints
2. Solid forged crankshafts
3. Cast, rolled or forged parts of fully built
crankshafts
4. Cast or forged parts of semi-built crankshafts
5. Connecting rods
6. Piston rods
Table 2.3 Approved materials
Approved materials Society's Rules *) Components
Forged steel R
m
360 N/mm
2
Section 5, C Crankshafts
Connecting rods
Pistons rods
Crossheads
Pistons and piston crowns
Cylinder covers/heads
Camshaft drive wheels
Rolled or forged steel rounds
R
m
360 N/mm
2
Section 5, C Tie rods
Bolts and studs
Special grade cast steel
R
m
440 N/mm
2
and
Special grade forged steel
R
m
440 N/mm
2
Section 6, C
Section 5, C
Throws and webs of built-up
crankshafts
Cast steel Section 6, C Bearing transverse girders
(weldable)
Camshaft drive wheels
Nodular cast iron, preferably ferritic
grades
R
m
370 N/mm
2
Section 7, B Engine blocks
Bedplates
Cylinder blocks
Flywheels
Valve bodies
Lamellar cast iron
R
m
200 N/mm
2
Section 7, C Engine blocks
Bedplates
Cylinder blocks
Cylinder liners
Flywheels
Shipbuilding steel, all BKI grades
for plates 35 mm thick
Section 3, B Welded bedplates
Welded frames
Welded housings
Shipbuilding steel, BKI grade D for
plates > 35 mm thick
Structural steel, unalloyed, for
welded assemblies
Section 3, F
*) All details refer to the Society's Rules, Volume V, Rules for Materials
7. Piston crowns of steel or cast steel
8. Tie rods (at each thread over a distance
corresponding to twice the threaded length)
9. Bolts which are subjected to alternating
loads, e.g.:
- main bearing bolts
- connecting rod bolts
- crosshead bearing bolts
- cylinder cover bolts
10. Cylinder covers made of steel or cast steel
11. Camshaft drive gear wheels made of steel or
cast steel.
2.2.1 Magnetic particle or dye penetrant tests are to
be performed in accordance with Table 2.4 at those
points, to be agreed between the Society's Surveyor
and the manufacturer, where experience shows that
defects are liable to occurs.
Table 2.4 Magnetic particle tests
Cylinder bore
Parts to be tested
(numbered according
to the list under
D.2.2 above)
400 mm 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
> 400 mm all parts
2.2.2 Ultrasonic tests are to be carried out by the
manufacturer in accordance with Table 2.5, and the
corresponding signed manufacturer's certificates are to
be submitted.
Table 2.5 Ultrasonic tests
Cylinder bore
Parts to be tested
(numbered according
to the list under D.2.2
above)
400 mm 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 7 - 10
> 400 mm 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 10
2.2.3 Welded seams of important engine compo-
nents may be required to bc subjected to approved
methods of testing.
2.2.4 Where there is reason to doubt the soundness
of any engine component, non-destructive testing by
approved methods may be required in addition to the
tests mentioned above.
2.3 Crankshafts welded together from forged or
cast parts are subject to the Society's special approval.
Both the manufacturers and the welding process must
have been accepted. The materials and the welds are to
be tested.
E. Tests and Trials
1. Manufacturing inspections
1.1 The manufacture of all engines with BKI
classification is subject to supervision by the Society.
1.2 Where engine manufacturers have been
approved by the Society as "Suppliers of Mass
Produced Engines", these engines are to be tested in
accordance with BKI's "Regulations for the Testing of
Mass Produced Engines".
2. Pressure tests
The individual components of internal combustion
engines are to be subjected to pressure tests at the
pressures specified in Table 2.6.
3. Type approval testing (TAT)
3.1 General
Engines for installation on board ship must have been
type tested by BKI. For this purpose a type approval
test in accordance with 3.1.2 is to be performed.
3.1.1 Preconditions for type approval testing
Preconditions for type approval testing are that:
- the engine to be tested conforms to the
specific requirements for the series and has
been suitably optimized,
- the inspections and measurements necessary
for reliable continuous operation have been
performed during works tests carried out by
the engine manufacturer and BKI has been
informed of the results of the major
inspections,
- BKI has issued the necessary approval of
drawings on the basis of the documents to be
submitted in accordance with Section 2. B.
Table 2.6 Pressure test
1
)
Component Test Pressure, p
p
[bar]
2
)
Cylinder cover, cooling water space
3
) 7
Cylinder liner, over whole length of cooling water
space
5)
7
Cylinder jacket, cooling water space 4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Exhaust valve, cooling water space 4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Piston, cooling water space
(after assembly with piston rod, if applicable)
7
Fuel injection system
Pump body,
pressure side
1,5 p
e,mp
or p
e,mp
+ 300 (whichever is less)
Valves 1,5 p
e,mp
or p
e,mp
Pipes 1,5 p
e,mp
or p
e,mp
Hydraulic system High pressure
piping for
hydraulic drive
of exhaust gas
valves
1,5 p
e,mp
Scavenge pump cylinder 4
Exhaust gas turbocharger, cooling water space 4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Exhaust gas line, cooling water space 4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Coolers, both sides
4
) 4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Engine-driven pumps
(oil, water, fuel and bilge pumps)
4 , at least 1,5 p
e,mp
Starting and control air system 1,5 p
e,mp
before installation
1
) In general, items are to be tested by hydraulic pressure as indicated in the Table. Where design or testing features may require
modification of these test requirement, special consideration will be given.
2
) p
e,mp
[bar] = maximum working pressure in the part concerned.
3
) For forged steel cylinder covers test methods other than pressure testing may be accepted, e.g. suitable non-destructive
examination and dimensional control properly recorded.
4
) Charge air cooleras need only be tested on the water side.
5
) For centrifugally cast cylinder liners, the pressure test can be replaced by a crack test.
3.1.2 Scope of type approval testing
The type approval test is subdivided into three stages,
namely:
- Stage A - Internal tests
Functional tests and collection of operating
values including test hours during the
internal tests, which are to be presented to
the Society during the type test.
- Stage B - Type test
This test is to be performed in the presence
of the Society's representative.
- Stage C - Component inspection
The operating hours of the engine
components to be presented for inspection
after type testing in accordance with 3.4 are
to be stated.
3.2 Stage A - Internal tests
Functional tests and the collection of operating data;
are to be performed during the internal tests. The
engine is to be operated at the load points important
for the engine manufacturer and the pertaining
operating values are to be recorded. The load points
are to be selected according to the range of application
of the engine.
For engines to be operated on heavy fuel oil suitability
for this shall be proved in an appropriate form.
3.2.1 Normal case
The normal case includes the load points 25 %,
50 %, 75 %, 100 % and 110 % of the maximum rated
power
a) along the nominal (theoretical) propeller
curve and at constant speed for propulsion
engines
b) at rated speed with constant governor setting
for generator drive, and
c) proving of the limit points of the permissible
operating range defined by the engine
manufacturer.
3.2.2 Emergency operation situations
For turbocharged engines the achievable output in
case of turbocharger damage is to be determined as
follows:
- Engines with one turbocharger, when rotor is
blocked or removed
- Engines with two or more turbochargers,
when the damaged turbocharger is shut off.
Note :
The engine manufacturer is to state whether the
achievable output is continuous. If there is a time
limit. the permissible operating time is to be indicated.
3.3 Stage B - Type test
During the type test all the tests listed below under
3.3.1 to 3.3.3 are to be carried out in the presence of
the Society's representative. The results achieved are
to be recorded and signed by the Society's represen-
tative. Deviations from this program, if any, require
the Society's agreement.
3.3.1 Load points
Load points at which the engine is to be operated are
to conform to the power/speed diagram in Fig. 2.2.
The data to be measured and recorded when testing the
engine at various load points must include all the
parameters necessary for an assessment.
The operating time per load point depends on the
engine size and on the time for collection of the
operating values. The measurements shall in every
case only be performed after achievement of
steady-state condition.
Range of continuous operation
Range of intermitted operation
Range of short-time overload operation
in special applications.
Fig. 2.2 Power/speed diagram
At 100 % output (rated power) in accordance with
3.3.1.1 an operating time of 2 hours is required. At
least two sets of readings are to be taken at an interval
of 1 hour in each case.
If an engine can continue to operate without its
operational safety being affected in the event of a
failure of its independent cylinder lubrication, proof of
this shall be included in the type test.
3.3.1.1 Rated power (continuous power)
It means 100 % output at 100 % torque and 100 %
speed (rated speed) corresponding to load point 1.
3.3.1.2 100 % power
At maximum permissible speed corresponding to load
point 2.
3.3.1.3 Maximum permissible torque
It means normally 110 % output at 100 % speed
corresponding to load point 3, or maximum
permissible power (normally 110 %) and speed accor-
ding to nominal propeller curve corresponding to load
point 3 a.
3.3.1.4 Minimum permissible speed for
intermittent operation
- At 100 % torque corresponding to load
point 4
- At 90 % torque corresponding to load
point 5
3.3.1.5 Part-load operation
It means 75 %, 50 % and 25 % of rated power and
speed according to nominal propeller curve corres-
ponding to points 6, 7 and 8 and at rated speed with
constant governor setting corresponding to points 9,
10 and 11.
3.3.2 Emergency operation
Maximum achievable power when operating in
accordance with 3.2.2
- at speed conforming to nominal propeller
curve
- with constant governor setting for rated
speed.
3.3.3 Functional tests
- Lowest engine speed according to nominal
propeller curve
- Starting tests for non-reversible engines
and/or starting and reversing tests for
reversible engines
- Governor test
- Test of the safety system particularly for
overspeed and low lubricating oil pressure.
3.4 Stage C - Component inspection
Immediately after the test run the components of one
cylinder for in-line engines and two cylinders for V-
engines are to be presented for inspection as follows:
- Piston, removed and dismantled
- Crosshead bearing, dismantled
- Crank bearing and main bearing, dismantled
- Cylinder liner in the installed condition
- Cylinder head, valves disassembled
- Control gear, camshaft and crankcase with
opened covers
Note:
If deemed necessary by the Society's representative ,
further dismantling of the engine may be required.
3.5 The results of the type test are to be incor-
porated in a report which is to be handed to the
Society.
3.6. Type test of mass produced engines
3.6.1 For engines with cylinder bores 300 mm
which are to be manufactured in series the type test
shall be carried out in accordance with the Society's
"Regulations for Mass Produced Engines".
3.6.2 For the performance of the type test, the
engine is to be fitted with all the prescribed items of
equipment. If the engine, when on the test bed, cannot
be fully equipped in accordance with the requirements,
the equipment may then be demonstrated on another
engine of the same series.
3.7 Renewal of type test
If the rated power (continuous power) of a type tested
and operationally proven engine is increased by more
than 10 %, a new type test is required. Approval of the
power increase includes examination of the relevant
drawings.
4. Works trials
4.1 In general, engines are to be subjected to
trials on the test bed at the manufacturer's works and
under the Society's supervision. The scope of these
trials shall be as specified below. Exceptions to this
require the agreement of the Society.
4.2 Scope of works trials
During the trials the operating values corresponding to
each load point are to be measured and recorded by
the engine manufacturer. All the results are to be
compiled in an acceptance protocol to be issued by the
engine manufacturer.
In each case all measurements conducted at the
various load points shall be carried out under steady
operating conditions. The readings for 100 % power
(rated power at rated speed) are to be taken twice at an
interval of at least 30 minutes.
4.2.1 Main engines for direct propeller drive
a) 100 % power (rated power)
at 100 % engine speed (rated engine speed)
n
o
:
at least 60 minutes after reaching the
steady-state conditions
b) 110 % power at n = 1,032 n
o
:
45 minutes after reaching the
steady-state conditions
Note:
After the test bed trials the output shall normally be
limited to the rated power (100 % power) so that the
engine cannot be overloaded in service.
c) 90 %, 75 %, 50 % and 25 % power in
accordance with the nominal propeller curve.
d) Starting and reversing manoeuvres
e) Test of governor and independent over-speed
protection device
f) Test of engine shutdown devices.
4.2.2 Main engines for electrical propeller drive
The test is to be performed at rated speed with a
constant governor setting under conditions of:
a) 100 % power (rated power) :
at least 60 minutes after reaching the
steady-state condition
b) 110 % power:
45 minutes after reaching the
steady-state condition
Note:
After the test bed trials the output of engines driving
generators is to be so adjusted that overload (110 %)
power can be supplied in service after installation on
board in such a way that the governing characteristics
and the requirements of the generator protection
devices can be fulfilled at all times
c) 75 %, 50 % and 25 % power and idle run
d) Start-up tests
e) Test of governor and independent overspeed
protection device
f) Test of engine shutdown devices
4.2.3 Auxiliary driving engines and engines
driving electric generators
Tests to be performed in accordance with 4.2.2.
For testing of diesel generator sets, see also Rules for
Seagoing Ships, Volume IV, Section 17.
4.3 Depending on the type of plant concerned,
the Society reserves the right to call for a special test
schedule.
4.4 In the case of main propulsion engines and
engines driving electric generators the rated power is
to be verified as minimum power.
4.5 Component inspection
After the test run randomly selected components shall
be presented for inspection.
The crankshaft web deflection is to be checked.
5. Shipboard trials (dock and sea trials)
After the conclusion of the running-in programme
prescribed by the engine manufacturer engines are to
undergo the trials specified below.
5.1 Scope of sea trials
5.1.1 Main propulsion engines driving fixed
propellers
a) At rated engine speed n
o
:
at least 4 hours
and
at engine speed corresponding to normal
cruise power:
at least 2 hours
b) At engine speed n = 1,032 n
o
: 30 minutes
where the engine adjustment permits (see
A.3.4)
c) At minimum on-load speed
d) Starting and reversing manoeuvres
e) In reverse direction of propeller rotation
during the dock or sea trials at a minimum
speed of n = 0,7 n
o
:
10 minutes
f) Testing of the monitoring and safety systems
5.1.2 Main propulsion engines driving con-
trollable pitch propellers or reversing
gears
5.1.1 applies as appropriate.
Controllable pitch propellers are to be tested with
various propeller pitches. Where provision is made for
combined operation, the combine curves are to be
plotted and verified by measurements.
5.1.3 Main engines driving generators for
propulsion
The tests are to be performed at rated speed with a
constant governor setting under conditions of
a) 100 % power (rated power):
at least 4 hours
and
at normal continuous cruise power:
at least 2 hours
b) 110 % power:
30 minutes
c) In reverse direction of propeller rotation
during the dock or sea trials at a minimum
speed of 70 % of the nominal propeller
speed :
10 minutes
d) Starting manoeuvres
e) Testing of the monitoring and safety systems
Note:
Tests are to be based on the rated electrical powers of
the driven generators.
5.1.4 Engines driving auxiliaries and electrical
generators
These engines are to be subjected to an operational
test for at least four hours. During the test the set
concerned is required to operate at its rated power for
an extended period.
It is to be demonstrated that the engine is capable of
supplying 110 % of its rated power, and in the case of
shipboard generating sets account shall be taken of the
times needed to actuate the generator's overload
protection system.
5.2 The suitability of main and auxiliary engines
to burn residual oils or other special fuels is to be
demonstrated if the machinery installation is designed
to burn such fuels.
5.3 The scope of the shipboard trials may be
extended in consideration of special operating
conditions such as towing, trawling, etc.
5.4 It is necessary to ensure that the limits
specified for main engines by the engine
manufacturers for the difference in electrical potential
(Voltage) between the crankshaft/shafting and the hull
are not exceeded in service. Appropriate earthing
devices including limit value monitoring of the
permitted voltage potential are to be provided.
F. Safety Devices
1. Speed control and engine protection
against overspeed
1.1 Main and auxiliary engines
1.1.1 Each diesel engine not used to drive an
electric generator must be equipped with a speed
governor or regulator so adjusted that the engine
speed cannot exceed the rated speed by more than
15 %.
1.1.2 In addition to the normal governor, each
main engine with a rated power of 220 kW or over
which can be declutched in service or which drives a
variable-pitch propeller must be fitted with an
independent overspeed protection device so
adjusted that the engine speed cannot exceed the rated
speed by more than 20 %.
Equivalent equipment may be approved by the
Society.
1.2 Engines driving electric generators
1.2.1 Each diesel engine used to drive an electric
generator must be fitted with a governor which, in the
event of the sudden complete removal of the load,
prevents any transient speed variation (
rs
) in excess
of 10 % of the rated speed. The permanent speed
variation (
r
) may not exceed 5 %.
1.2.2 In addition to the normal governor, each
diesel engine with a rated power of 220 kW or over
must be equipped with an overspeed protection
device independent of the normal governor which
prevents the engine speed from exceeding the rated
speed by more than 15 %.
1.2.3 The diesel engine must be suitable and designed
for the special requirements of the ship's electrical
system.
Where connection of loads is envisaged in two stages,
the following procedure is to be applied: Sudden
loading from no-load to 50 %, followed by the
remaining 50 % of the rated generator power, duly
observing the requirements of 1.2.1 and 1.2.4.
Connection of the load in more than two steps (see
Fig. 2.3) is acceptable on condition that
- the design of the ship's electrical system
enables the use of such generator sets
- adequate scope for connection of the load in
more than two steps is provided in the design
of the ship's electrical system and is
approved when the drawings are inspected.
- undisputed proof of proper operation is
furnished during testing of the on-board
systems. The loading of the ship's electrical
system in the case of stepped connection of
operationally important consumers following
failure and restoration of the system is to be
taken into account.
- furthermore, the safety of the ship's electrical
system in the event of parallel generator
operation and failure of a generator is to be
demonstrated.
1.2.4 Speed must be stabilized and in steady-state
condition within five seconds, inside the permissible
range for the permanent speed variation
r
.
The steady-state condition is considered to have been
reached when the residual speed variation does not
exceed 1% of the speed associated with the set
power.
1.2.5 The characteristic curves of the governors of
diesel engines of generator sets operating in parallel
must not exhibit deviations larger than those specified
in the Rules for of Seagoing Ships, Volume IV,
Section 3, B.
1.2.6 Generator sets which are installed to serve
stand-by circuits must satisfy these requirements even
when the engine is cold. The start-up and loading
sequence is to be concluded in about 30 seconds.
1.2.7 Emergency generator sets must satisfy the
above governor conditions also unlimited with the
start-up and loading sequence having to be concluded
in about 45 seconds.
1.2.8 The governors of the engines mentioned in
1.2 must enable the rated speed to be adjusted over the
entire power range with a maximum deviation of 5 %.
1.2.9 The rate of speed variation of the adjusting
mechanisms must permit satisfactory synchronization
in a sufficiently short time. The speed characteristic
should be as linear as possible over the whole power
range. The permanent deviation from the theoretical
linearity of the speed characteristic may, in the case of
generating sets intended for parallel operation, in no
range exceed 1 % of the rated speed.
Notes relating to 1.1 and 1.2:
a) The rated power and the corresponding
rated speed relate to the conditions under
which the engines are operated in the system
concerned.
b) An independent overspend protection device
means a system all of whose component
parts, including the drive, function
independently of the normal governor.
1.3 Use of electrical/electronic governors
1.3.1 The governor and the associated actuator
must, for controlling the respective engine, be suitable
for the operating conditions laid down in the
Construction Rules and for the requirements specified
by the engine manufacturer.
The regulating conditions required for each individual
application as described in 1.1 and 1.2 are to be
satisfied by the governor system.
Electronic governors and the associated actuators
are subject to type testing.
For the power supply, see Rules for Electrical
Installatons, Volume IV, Section 9, B.8 and Volume
VII, Section 4, G.2.
Fig 2.3 Limiting curves for loading 4-stroke diesel engines step by step from
no load to rated power as function of the brake mean effective pressure
1.3.2 Requirements applying to main engines
For propulsion installations, to ensure continuous
speed control or immediate resumption of control after
a fault at least one of the following requirements is to
be satisfied:
a) the governor system has an independent
back-up system
or
b) there is a redundant governor assembly for
manual change-over with a separately protected
power supply
or
c) a complete preset governor assembly is
available as a spare
or
d) the engine has a manually operated fuel
admission control system suitable for
manoeuvering.
In the event of a fault in the governor system, the
operating condition of the engine must not become
dangerous, that is, the engine speed and power must
not increase.
Alarms to indicate faults in the governor system are to
be fitted.
1.3.3 Requirements applying to auxiliary engines
for driving generators
Each auxiliary engine must be equipped with its own
governor system.
In the event of a fault in the governor system, the fuel
admission in the injection pumps must be set to "0".
Alarms to indicate faults in the governor system are to
be fitted.
1.3.4 The special conditions necessary to start
operation from the dead ship condition are to be
observed (see Rules for Seagoing Ships, Volume
IV, Section 3, B.1.7 )
2. Cylinder overpressure warning device
2.1 All the cylinders of engines with a cylinder
bore of > 230 mm are to be fitted with cylinder
overpressure control valves. The response threshold of
these valves shall be set at not more than 40 % above
the combustion pressure at the rated power.
2.2 The cylinder overpressure control valves may
be replaced by effective combined visual/acoustic
cylinder overpressure warning devices. These must
have been type-tested by the Society.
3. Crankcase airing and venting
3.1 Crankcase airing
The airing of crankcases is not allowed (gas
engines, see Rules for Seagoing Ships,Volume IX,
Section 16).
3.2 Crankcase venting
3.2.1 Where crankcase venting systems are provided
their clear opening is to be dimensioned such as small
as possible.
3.2.2 Where provision has been made for extracting
the lubricating oil vapors, e.g. for monitoring the oil
vapor concentration, the negative pressure in the
crankcase may not exceed 2,5 mbar.
3.2.3 The vent pipes of two or more engines must not
be combined.
3.2.4 In the case of two-stroke engines the lubricating
oil vapours from the crankcase must not be admitted
into the scavenge manifolds of the engine.
4. Crankcase safety devices
4.1 Safety valves to safeguard against overpressure
in the crankcase are to be fitted to all engine with a
cylinder bore of > 200 mm or a crankcase volume of
0,6 m
3
.
All other spaces communicating with the crankcase
e.g. gear or chain casings for camshafts or similar
drives, are to be equipped with additional safety
devices if the volume of these spaces exceeds 0,6 m
3
.
4.2 Engines with a cylinder bore of > 200 mm
250 mm must be equipped with at least one safety
valve at each end of the crankcase. If the crankshaft
has more than 8 throws, an additional safety valve is
to be fitted near the middle of the crankcase.
Engines with a cylinder bore of > 250 mm 300 mm
must have at least one safety valve close to every
second crank throw, subject to a minimum number of
two.
Engines with a cylinder bore of > 300 mm must have
at least one safety valve close to each crank throw.
4.3 Each safety valve must have a free
cross-sectional area of at least 45 cm.
The total free cross-sectional area of the safety valves
fitted to an engine to safeguard against over pressure
in the crankcase may not be less than 115 cm
2
/m
3
of
crankcase volume.
Notes relating to 4.1 and 4.3:
a) In estimating the gross volume of the
crankcase, the volume of the fixed parts which
it contains may be deducted.
b) A space communicating with the crankcase via
a total free cross-sectional area of > 115
cm
2
/m
3
of volume need not be considered as a
separate space. In calculating the total free
cross-sectional area individual sections of
< 45 cm
2
are to be disregarded.
c) Each safety valve required may be replaced by
not more than two safety valves of smaller
cross-sectional area provided that the free
cross-sectional area or each safety valve is not
less than 45 cm
2
.
4.4 The safety devices must take the form of flaps
or valves of proven design. In service they must be
oiltight when closed and must prevent air from
flowing into the crankcase. The gas flow caused by the
response of the safety device must be deflected, e. g.
by means of a baffle plate, in such a way as not to
endanger persons standing nearby.
Safety devices shall respond to as low an overpressure
in the crankcase as possible (maximum 0,2 bar).
4.5 Crankcase doors and their fittings must be so
dimensioned as not to suffer permanent deformation
due to the overpressure occurring during the response
of the safety equipment.
4.6 A warning sign is to be mounted on the local
engine control platform or, if appropriate, on both
sides of the engine drawing attention to the fact that
the crankcase doors and/or sight holes may not be
opened immediately following stoppage of the engine,
but only after a sufficient cooling period has elapsed.
5. Safety devices in the starting air system
The following equipment is to be fitted to safeguard
the starting air system against explosions due to failure
of starting valves:
5.1 An isolation non-return valve is to be fitted to
the starting air line serving each engine.
5.2 Engines with cylinder bores of > 230 mm are
to be equipped with flame arrestors as follows:
a) On directly reversible engines immediately in
front of the start-up valve of each cylinder
b) On non-reversible engines, immediately in
front of the intake of the main starting air line
to each engine.
5.3 Equivalent safety devices may be approved by
the Society.
6. Safety devices in the lubricating oil system
Each engine with a rated power of 220 kW or over is
to be fitted with devices which automatically shut
down the engine in the event of failure of the lubri-
cating oil supply. Exceptions to this Rule are engines
driving emergency generator sets and emergency fire
pumps.
7. Safety devices in scavenge manifolds
The scavenge manifolds of two-stroke engines are to
be equipped with overpressure safety devices.
G. Auxiliary Systems
1. General
Peripheral piping systems and filter arrangements see
Section 11.
2. Fuel lines
2.1 General
2.1.1 Only pipe connections with metal scaling
surfaces or equivalent pipe connections of approved
design may be used for fuel injection lines.
2.1.2 Feed and return lines are to be designed in such
a way that no unacceptable pressure surges occur in
the fuel supply system. Where necessary, the engines,
are to be fitted with surge dampers approved by the
Society.
2.2 Shielding
2.2.1 Regardless of the intended use and location of
internal combustion engines, all external fuel
injection lines (high pressure lines between injection
pumps and injection valves) are to be shielded by
jacket pipes in such a way that any leaking fuel is
safely collected
drained away unpressurized, and
efficiently monitored
2.2.2 If pressure variations of 20 bar occur in fuel
feed and return lines, these lines are also to be
shielded.
2.2.3 Where, pipe sheaths in the form of hoses are
provided as shielding, the hoses must be demonstrably
suitable for this purpose and approved by BKI.
2.3 Fuel leak drainage
Appropriate design measures are to be introduced to
ensure generally that leaking fuel is drained efficiently
and cannot enter into the engine lube oil system.
2.4 Heat tracing, thermal insulation, re-
circulation
Fuel lines, including fuel injection lines, to engines
which are operated with preheated fuel are to be
insulated against heat losses and, as far as necessary,
provided with heat tracing.
Means of fuel circulation are also to be provided.
3. Filters Arrangements
3.1 Fuel and lubricating oil filters which are to be
mounted directly on the engine are not to be located
above rotating parts or in the immediate proximity of
hot components.
3.2 Where the arrangement stated in 3.1 is not
feasible, the rotating parts and the hot components are
to be sufficiently shielded.
3.3 Drip pans of suitable size are to be mounted
under fuel filters. The same applies to lubricating oil
filters if oil can escape when the filter is opened.
3.4 Switch-over filters with two or more filter
chambers are to be fitted with devices which safely
ensure a relief of pressure before opening and venting
when a chamber is placed in service. Shutoff valves
shall normally be used for this purpose. It must be
clearly discernible which filter chambers are in service
and which are out of operation at any time.
4. Lubricating oil system
4.1 General requirements relating to lubricating oil
systems and to the cleaning, cooling etc. of the lu-
bricating oil are contained in Section 11, H., for filters,
see G.3.
4.1.1 Engines whose sumps serve as oil reservoirs
must be so equipped that the oil level can be estab-
lished and, if necessary, topped up during operation.
Means must be provided for completely draining the
oil sump.
4.1.2 The combination of the oil drainage lines from
the crankcases of two or more engines is not allowed
4.2 The equipment of engines fitted with
lubricating oil pumps is subject to Section 11, H.3.
4.2.1 Main lubricating oil pumps driven by the
engine are to be designed to maintain the supply of
lubricating oil over the entire operating range.
4.2.2 Main engines which drive main lubricating oil
pumps are to be equipped with independently driven
stand-by pumps.
4.2.3 In installations comprising more than one main
engine and with separate lubricating oil systems
approval may be given for the carriage on board of
reserve pumps ready for mounting provided that the
arrangement of the main lubricating oil pumps enables
the change to be made with the means available on
board.
5. Cooling system
5.1 For the equipment of engines with cooling water
pumps and for the design of cooling water systems,
see Section 11, J. and K.
5.1.1 Main cooling water pumps driven by the engine
are to be designed to maintain the supply of cooling
water over the entire operating range.
5.1.2 Main engines which drive main cooling water
pumps are to be equipped with independently driven
stand-by pumps or with means for connecting the
cooling water system to independently driven stand-by
pumps.
5.1.3 In installations comprising more than one main
engine and with separate fresh cooling water systems
approval may be given for the carriage on board of
reserve pumps ready for mounting provided that the
arrangement of the main fresh cooling water pumps
enables the change to be made with the means
available on board. Shutoff valves must be provided
enabling the main pumps to be isolated from the fresh
cooling water system.
5.2 If cooling air is drawn from the engine room,
the design of the cooling system is to be based on a
room temperature of at least 45 C.
The exhaust air of air-cooled engines may not cause
any unacceptable heating of the spaces in which the
plant is installed. The exhaust air is normally to be led
to the open air through special ducts.
5.3 Where engines are installed in spaces in which
oil-firing equipment is operated, Section 9, A.5 is also
to be complied with.
6. Charge air system
6.1 Exhaust gas turbocharger
6.1.1 The construction and testing of exhaust gas
turbocharger are subject to Section 3/II (Gas Tur-
bines).
6.1.2 Exhaust gas turbochargers may exhibit no
critical speed ranges over the entire operating range of
the engine.
6.1.3 The lubricating oil supply must also be ensured
during start-up and run-down of the exhaust gas
turbochargers.
6.1.4 Even at low engine speeds, main engines must
be supplied with charge air in a manner to ensure
reliable operation.
Where necessary, two-stroke engines are to be
equipped with directly or independently driven
scavenging air blowers.
6.1.5 If, in the lower speed range or when used for
manoeuvring, an engine can be operated only with a
charge air blower driven independently of the engine,
a stand-by charge air blower is to be installed or an
equivalent device of approved design.
6.1.6 With main engines emergency operation must
be possible in the event of a turbocharger failure.
6.2 Charge air cooling
6.2.1 The construction and testing of charge air
coolers are subject to Section 8.
6.2.2 Means are to be provided for regulating the
temperature of the charge air within the temperature
range specified by the engine manufacturer.
6.2.3 The charge air lines of engines with charge air
coolers are to be provided with sufficient means of
drainage.
6.3 Fire extinguishing equipment
The charge air receivers of crosshead engines which
have open connection to the cylinders are to be con-
nected to an approved fire extinguishing system which
is independent of the engine room fire extinguishing
system.
7. Exhaust gas lines
7.1 Exhaust gas lines are to be insulated and/or
cooled in such a way that the surface temperature
cannot exceed 220 C at any point.
Insulating materials must be non-combustible.
7.2 General rules relating to exhaust gas lines are
contained in Section 11, M.
H. Starting equipment
1. General
Engine starting equipment must enable engines to be
started up from the shutdown condition using only the
means available on board.
2. Starting with compressed air
2.1 Main engines which are started with
compressed air are to be equipped with at least two
starting air compressors. At least one of the air
compressors must be driven independently of the main
engine and must supply at least 50 % of the total ca-
pacity required.
2.2 The total capacity of the starting air
compressors is to be such that the starting air receivers
designed in accordance with 2.4 or 2.5, as applicable,
can be charged from atmospheric pressure to their
final pressure within one hour.
Normally, compressors of equal capacity are to be
installed.
This does not apply to an emergency air compressor
which may be provided to meet the requirement stated
in H.1.
2.3 If the main engine is started with compressed
air, the available starting air is to be divided between
at least two starting air receivers of approximately
equal size which can bc used independently of each
other.
2.4 The total capacity of air receivers is to be
sufficient to provide, without their being replenished,
not less than 12 consecutive starts alternating between
Ahead and Astern of each main engine of the
reversible type, and not less than six starts of each
main non-reversible type engine connected to a
controllable pitch propeller or other device enabling
the start without opposite torque. The number of starts
refers to an engine in cold and ready-to-start condition.
2.5 With multi-engine installations the number of
start-up operations per engine may, with the Society's
agreement, be reduced according to the concept of the
propulsion plant.
2.6 If starting air systems for auxiliaries or for
supplying pneumatically operated regulating and
manoeuvering equipment or tyfon units are to be fed
from the main starting air receivers, due attention is to
be paid to the air comsumption of this equipment
when calculating the capacity of the main starting air
receivers.
2.7 Other consumers with a high air consumption
apart from those mentioned in 2.6 may not be
connected to the main starting air system. Separate air
supplies are to be provided for these units. Deviations
to this require the agreement of the Society.
2.8 For the approximate calculation of the starting
air storage capacity, use may be made of the formulae
given in Part C of the appendix to this section.
3. Electrical starting equipment
3.1 Where main engines are started electrically, two
mutually independent starter batteries are to be
installed. The batteries are to be so arranged that they
cannot be connected in parallel with each other. Each
battery must enable the main engine to be started from
cold.
The total capacity of the starter batteries must be
sufficient for the execution within 30 minutes, without
recharging the batteries, of the same number of
start-up operations as is prescribed in 2.4. or 2.5, as
appropriate, for starting with compressed air.
3.2 If two or more auxiliary engines are started
electrically, at least two mutually independent batteries
are to be provided. Where starter batteries for the main
engine are fitted, the use of these batteries is
acceptable.
The capacity of the batteries must be sufficient for at
least three start-up operations per engine.
If only one of the auxiliary engines is started
electrically, one battery is sufficient.
3.3 The starter batteries may only be used for
starting (and preheating where applicable) and for
monitoring equipment belonging to the engine.
3.4 Steps are to be taken to ensure that the batteries
are kept charged and the charge level is monitored.
4. Start-up of emergency generating sets
4.1 Emergency generating sets are to be so
designed that they can be started up readily even at a
temperature of 0 C.
If the set can be started only at higher temperatures, or
where there is a possibility that lower ambient
temperatures may occur, heating equipment is to be
fitted to ensure ready reliable starting.
The operational readiness of the set must be
guaranteed under all weather and seaway conditions.
Fire flaps required in air inlet and outlet openings
must only be closed in case of fire and are to be kept
open at all other times. Warning signs to this effect are
to be applied. If the flaps close, an alarm must bc
activated. No alarm is required in the case of
automatic fire flap actuation dependent on the
operation of the set. Air inlet and outlet openings must
not be fitted with weatherproof covers.
4.2 Each emergency generating set required to be
capable of automatic starting is to be equipped with an
automatic starting system approved by the Society, the
capacity of which is sufficient for at least three
successive starts (see Volume IV, Rules for Electrical
Installation, Section 3, C).
In addition, a second energy source is to be installed
which will allow three further starts to be effected
within 30 minutes. This requirement may be dispensed
with if the set can also be started by hand.
4.3 In order to guarantee the availability of the
starting equipment, steps are to be taken to ensure that
a) Electrical and hydraulic starting systems are
supplied with energy from the emergency
switchboard;
b) Compressed air starting systems are supplied
via a non-return valve from the main and
auxiliary compressed air receivers or by an
emergency air compressor, the energy for which
is provided via the emergency switchboard; and
c) The starting, charging and energy storage
equipment is located in the emergency generator
room.
4.4 Where automatic starting is not specified,
reliable manual starting systems may be used, e.g. by
means of hand cranks, spring-loaded starters, hand-
operated hydraulic starters or starters using ignition
cartridges.
4.5 Where direct manual starting is not possible,
starting systems in accordance with 4.2 and 4.3 are to
be provided, in which case the starting operation may
be initiated by hand.
4.6 The starters of emergency generator sets may be
used only for this purpose.
5. Start-up of emergency fire extinguisher sets
5.1 Diesel engines driving emergency fire pumps
are to be so designed that they can still be reliably
started by hand at a temperature of 0 C.
If the engine can be started only at higher
temperatures, or where there is a possibility that lower
temperatures may occur, heating equipment is to be
fitted to ensure reliable starting.
5.2 If manual start-up using a hand crank is not
possible, the emergency fire-extinguisher set is to be
fitted with a starting device approved by the Society
which enables at least 6 starts to be performed within
30 minutes, two of these being carried out within the
first 10 minutes.
I. Control Equipment
1. Main engines
1.1 Local control station
To provide emergency operation of the propulsion
plant a local control station is to be installed from
which the plant can be operated and monitored.
1.1.1 Indicators for the following parameters are to
be clearly sited on the local main engine control
station :
- Speed/direction of rotation
- Lube oil pressure
- Fuel pressure
- Cylinder cooling water pressure
- Piston coolant pressure
- Charge air pressure
- Starting air pressure
- Control air pressure
1.1.2 The following temperature indicators are to
be provided on the local control station or directly on
the engine :
Lube oil inlet
Cylinder cooling water outlet
Piston coolant outlet
Charge air inlet, charge air cooler
Charge air outlet, charge air cooler
- Fuel at engine inlet (for engines running on
heavy fuel oil)
- Exhaust gas temperature
Wherever the dimensions permit, at each
cylinder outlet and at the turbocharger
inlet/outlet
1.1.3 In the case of gear and controllable pitch
propeller systems, the local control indicators and
control equipment required for emergency operation
are to be installed.
1.1.4 Critical speed ranges are to be marked in red
on the tachometers.
1.2 Machinery control room/control centre
If the installation named has a control station for the
propulsion system with remote operation or control,
the control indicators listed in paragraph 1.1.1, 1.1.2
and 1.1.3 are to be installed.
1.3 Bridge/navigations centre.
1.3.1 The essential operating parameters for the
propulsion system are to be provided in the control
station area.
1.3.2 The following stand-alone control equipment
is to be installed :
Speed/direction of rotation of main engine
Speed/direction of rotation of shafting
Propeller pitch (controllable pitch propeller)
Starting air pressure
Control air pressure
1.3.3 In the case of engines installations up to a total
output of 600 kW, simplification can be agreed with
BKI.
2. Auxiliary engines
As a minimum requirement the following controls are
to be clearly located on the engine:
Lube oil pressure
Fuel pressure
Cylinder cooling water pressure
Cylinder cooling water temperature (outlet)
Fuel temperature at engine inlet (for engines
running on heavy fuel oil only)
J. Alarms
1. General
1.1 The following Rules apply to machinery
installations which have been designed for
conventional operation without any degree of
automation.
1.2 Within the context of these Rules, the word
alarms is understood to mean the visual and audible
warning of abnormal operating parameters.
2. Scope of alarms.
Alarms are to be fitted to signal that the following
limiting values are being exceeded :
2.1 Main engines
2.1.1 Lower limiting value
Lube oil pressure
Cylinder cooling water pressure
Piston coolant pressure
Starting air pressure
Control air pressure
2.1.2 Upper temperature limit
Lube oil inlet
Cylinder cooling water outlet
Piston coolant outlet
Charge air outlet, charge air cooler
Exhaust gas (exhaust-gas turbocharger outlet).
2.2 Auxiliary engines
Lower limit
Lube oil pressure
Cylinder cooling water pressure or flow.
K. Engine Alignment
1. Engines are to be mounted and secured to their
shipboard foundations is conformity with the
"Regulation for the Seating of Propulsion Plants",
1995 edition.
2. The crankshaft alignment is to be checked
every time an engine has been aligned on its founda-
tion by measurement of the crank web deflection.
Note is to be taken of:
a) The draught/load condition of the vessel,
b) The condition of the engine-cold/
preheated/hot.
3. Where the engine manufacturer has not
specified values for the permissible crank web
deflection, assessment is to be based on the Societys
reference values.
Fig. 2.4 Reference values for crack web deflection
4. Reference values for crank web deflection
4.1. Irrespective of the crank web deflection figures
quoted by the manufacturers of the various engine
types, reference values for assessing the crank web
deflection in relation to the deflection length r
O
can
be taken from Fig. 2.4.
Provided that these values are not exceeded, it may be
assumed that neither the crankshaft nor the crankshaft
bearings are subjected to any unacceptable additional
stresses.
4.2. Notes on the measurement of crank web
deflections
Crank web deflections are to be measured at
distance (see Fig. 2.5). R
d
w
2
Fig. 2.5
Crank web deflection
a
is only meaningful as
measured between opposite crank positions (see Fig.
2.5), i. e. between 0 - 3 for evaluating vertical
alignment and bearing location, and between 2 - 4 for
evaluating lateral bearing displacement when aligning
the crankshaft and assessing the bearing wear. For
measuring point 0, which is obstructed by the
connecting rod, the mean value of the measurements
made at 1' and 1" is to be applied.
4.3. Determining the crank web deflection
length r
o
Explanatory notes on :
- solid-forged and drop-forged crankshafts in
Fig. 2.6, parts A, B and C;
- semi-built crankshafts, part D.
Symbols :
R [mm] crank radius
H [mm] stroke (2 R)
d
k
[mm] crank pin diameter
d
w
[mm] journal diameter
d
N
[mm] shrink annulus diameter
W [mm] axial web thickness
B [mm] web width at distance R/2
Ti [mm] depth of web undercut (on crank pin
side)
Ta [mm] depth of web undercut (on journal
side)
s [mm] pin/journal overlap

Where there is a negative pin/journal overlap (s < 0),
the deflection length r
O
in accordance with part A is
determined by applying the formulae :
r
o
0,5 (Hd
k
d
w
) W
2 d
k
W
1
2 d
w
W
1
(7)
In case of web undercut, W in formulae (7) is to be
replaced by:
W* = 0,5 (2 W - T
i
- T
a
) (8)
In the case of semi-built crankshafts in accordance
with part D, the value d
w
under the root sign only in
formulae (7) is to be replaced by:
d
w
* = (d
N
- d
w
) + d
w
(9)
In case of web undercut, W* is also to be substituted
for W in accordance with formulae (8).
Where there is a positive pin/journal overlap (s 0)
according to part C, the value W in formulae (7) is to
be replaced by:
(10) W
(WT
i
T
a
)
2
[0,5.(d
k
d
w
H)]
2
For the conventional designs, where
B/d
W
= 1,37 to 1,51 in the case of solid forged
crankshafts, and
B/d
W
= 1,51 to 1,63 i n t he case of semi -bui l t
crankshafts,
the influence of B in the normal calculation of r
o
is
already taken into account in the values of
a
in Fig.
2.11.
Where the values of B/d
W
depart from the above (e.g.
in the case of discs oval webs etc.) the altered
stiffening effect of B is to be allowed for by a
fictitious web thickness W** which is to be calculated
by applying the following equations and is to be
substituted for W in formulae (7):
for solid-forged W
3
B
d
w
0,44
crank-shafts (11)
f or s emi bui l t W
3
B
d
w
0,57
crank-shafts (12)
L Approximate Calculation of the Starting

,

, , D D
,
Air Supply
1. Starting air for installations with
reversible engines
Assuming an initial pressure of 30 bar and a final
pressure of 9 bar in the starting air receivers, the
preliminary calculation of the starting air supply for a
reversible main engine may be performed as follows:
D

D D
,
D
, D
(13)
where
J [dm
3
] total capacity of the starting air
receivers
D [mm] cylinder bore
H [mm] stroke
V
h
[dm
3
] swept volume of one cylinder (in
the case of double-acting engines,
the swept volume of the upper
portion of the cylinder)
P
e,perm
[bar] maximum permissible working
pressure of the starting air receiver
z [-] number of cylinders
P
ee
[bar] mean effective working pressure in
cylinder at rated power
The following values of "a" are to be used:
- for two-stroke engines: a = 0,4714
- for four-stroke engines: a = 0,4190
The following values of "b" are to be used:
- for two-stroke engines: b = 0,059
- for four-stroke engines: b = 0,056
The following values of "c" are to be used:
c = 1, where P
e,perm
= 30 bar
where p
e,perm
30 bar, if no pressure-reducing valve is
fitted.
e [-] Euler's number (2,718....)
If a pressure-reducing valve is fitted, which reduces
the pressure p
e,perm
to the starting pressure P
A
, then the
value of "c" shown in Fig. 2.14 is to be used.
The following values of n
A
are to be applied:
n
A
= 0,06 n
o
+ 14 where n
o
1000
n
A
= 0,25 n
o
- 176 where n
o
> 1000
n
o
[Rpm] = rated speed
2. Starting air for installations with non
reversible engines
For each non-reversible main engine driving a con-
trollable pitch propeller or where starting without
torque resistance is possible the calculated starting air
supply may be reduced to 0,5 . J though not less than
that needed for six start-up operations.
M. Air Compressors
1. General
1.1 Scope
These Rules apply to reciprocating compressors of the
normal marine types. Where it is intended to install
compressors to which the following Rules and
calculation formulae cannot be applied, the Society
requires proof of their suitability for shipboard use.
1.2 Documents for approval
Drawings showing longitudinal and transverse cross-
sections, the crankshaft and the connecting rod are to
be submitted to the Society in triplicate for each
compressor type.
2. Materials
2.1 Approved materials
In general, the crankshafts and connecting rods of re-
ciprocating compressors shall be made of steel, cast
steel or nodular cast iron. The use of special cast iron
alloys is to be agreed with the Society.
2.2 Material testing
Material tests are to be performed on crankshafts with
a calculated crank pin diameter of > 50 mm. For crank
pin diameters of 50 mm works certificates are
sufficient.
3. Crankshaft dimensions
3.1 The diameters of journals and crank pins are
to be determined as follows:
Pe, mp [bar]
d
k
0,126
3
D
2
p
c
C
1
C
w
(2 H f L)
(14)
Fig. 2.7 The Value of "c" where a pressure-reducing valve is fitted
Where
d
k
[mm] minimum pin/journal diameter
D [mml cylinder bore for single-stage
compressors
= D
HD
= cylinder bore of the second
stage in two-stage compressors with
separate pistons
= 1,4 D
Hd
for two stage
compressors with a stepped piston
as in Fig. 2.4
= for two-stage
compressors with a differential

piston as in Fig. 2.9
p
c
[bar] design pressure PR, applicable up
to 40 bar
H [mm] piston stroke
L [mm] distance between main bearing
centers where one crank is located
between two bearings. L is to be
substituted by L
1
= 0,85 L where
two cranks at different angles are
located between two main bearings,
or by L
2
= 0,95 L where 2 or 3
connecting rods are mounted on one
crank.
f = 1,0, where the cylinders are in line
= 1,2, where the cylinders are at 90
for V or W type
= 1,5, where the cylinders area at 60
for V or W type
= 1,8, where the cylinders are at 45
for V or W type
C
1
[-] coefficient according to Table 2.7
z [-] number of cylinders
C
w
[-] material factor according to Table
2.8 or 2.9.
R
m
[N/mm] minimum tensile strength
Fig. 2.8 Fig. 2.9
3.2 Where increased strength is achieved by a
favorable configuration of the crankshaft, smaller
values of d
k
may be approved.
Table 2.7 Values of C
1
z 1 2 4 6 8
C
1
1,0 1,1 1,2 1,3 1,4
w
for steel shafts
R
m
C
w
400
440
480
520
560
600
640
680
720
1
)
760
1
)
1,03
0,94
0,91
0,85
0,79
0,77
0,74
0,70
0,66
0,64
1
) Only for drop-forged crankshafts
4. Construction and fittings
4.1 General
4.1.1 Cooler dimensions are to be based on a
seawater temperature of at least 32 C in case of water
cooling, and on an air temperature of at least 45 C in
case of air cooling, unless higher temperatures are
dictated by the temperature conditions attaching to the
ship's trade or by the location of the compressors or
cooling air intakes.
Where fresh water cooling is used, the cooling water
inlet temperature shall not exceed 40 C.
w
for nodular cast
iron shafts
R
m
C
w
370
400
500
600
700
800
1,20
1,10
1,08
0,98
0,94
0,90
4.1.2 Unless they are provided with open
discharges, the cooling water spaces of compressors
and coolers must be fitted with safety valves or rupture
discs of sufficient cross-sectional area.
4.1.3 High-pressure stage air coolers shall not be
located in the compressor cooling water space.
4.2 Safety valves and pressure gauges
4.2.1 Every compressor stage must be equipped
with a suitable safety valve which cannot be blocked
and which prevents the maximum permissible working
pressure from being exceeded by more than 10 % even
when the delivery line has been shut off. The setting
of the safety valve must be secured to prevent
unauthorized alteration.
4.2.2 Each compressor stage must be fitted with a
suitable pressure gauge, the scale of which must in-
dicate the relevant maximum permissible working
pressure.
4.2.3 Where one compressor stage comprises
several cylinders which can be shut off individually,
each cylinder must be equipped with a safety valve
and a pressure gauge.
4.3 Air compressors with oil-lubricated
pressure spaces
4.3.1 The compressed air temperature, measured
directly at the discharge from the individual stages,
may not exceed 160 C for multi-stage compressors or
200 C for single-stage compressors. For discharge
pressures of up to 10 bar, temperatures may be higher
by 20 C.
4.3.2 Compressors with a power consumption of
more than 20 kW should be fitted with thermometers
at the individual discharge connections, wherever this
is possible. If this is not practicable, they are to be
mounted at the inlet end of the pressure line. The
thermometers are to be marked with the maximum
permissible temperatures.
4.3.3 After the final stage, all compressors are to
be equipped with a water trap and an aftercooler.
4.3.4 Water traps, aftercoolers and the compressed
air spaces between the stages must be provided with
discharge devices at their lowest points.
4.4 Name plate
Every compressor is to carry a name plate with the
following information:
- Manufacturer
- Year of construction
- Effective suction rate [m
3
/h]
- Discharge pressure [bar]
- Speed [Rpm]
- Power consumption [kW].
5. Tests
5.1 Pressure tests
5.1.1 Cylinders and cylinder liners are to be
subjected to hydraulic pressure tests at 1,5 times the fi-
nal pressure of the stage concerned.
5.1.2 The compressed air chambers of the inter-
coolers and aftercoolers of air compressors are to be
subjected to hydraulic pressure tests at 1,5 times the
final pressure of the stage concerned.
5.2 Final inspections and testing
Compressors are to be subjected to a performance test
at the manufacturer's works under supervision of the
Society and are to be presented for final inspection.
Section 3 - Thermal Turbomachinery 3-1
S e c t i o n 3
Thermal Turbomachinery
I. Steam Turbines
A. General
1. Scope
The following Rules apply to main and auxiliary
steam turbines.
The Society reserves the right to authorize deviations
from the Rules in the case of low-power turbines.
2. Documents for approval
For every steam turbine installation, the documents
listed below under a) to f) are to be submitted to the
Society in triplicate
1
) for approval:
a) Assembly and sectional drawings of the
turbines,
b) Detail drawings of rotors, casings,
diaphragms, blades, valves, bed frames and
main condenser (for gearing, see Section 5),
c) Details of operating characteristics and
critical speeds,
d) Proof of a sufficient safety margin in the
components subject to the severest loads.
For temperatures up to approximately 400
o
C, the relevant strength characteristic is the
yield point at elevated temperatures; for
higher temperatures it is the long-term creep
strength or the 1 % time yield limit for
100.000 hours at service temperature,
e) Details of the welding conditions applicable
to welded components and
f) On request, calculations relating to blade
vibration.
For small auxiliary turbines with a steam inlet
temperature of up to 250 C it is generally sufficient
to submit sectional drawings of the turbines. Heat
flow diagrams for each turbine installation and a set
of operating instructions for at least each turbine type
are to be submitted.
B. Materials
1.1 Rotating components
Turbine rotors, discs and shafts are to be manufac-
tured from forged steel.
The rotors of small turbines may also be cast in spe-
cial-grade steel. Turbine blades, shrouds, binding and
damping wires are to be made of corrosion-resistant
materials.
1.2 Stationary components
The casings of high-pressure turbines and the bodies
of manoeuvering, quick-closing and throttle valves are
to be made of high-temperature steel or cast steel.
Depending upon pressure and temperature, the casings
of intermediate and low-pressure turbines may also be
made of nodular or grey cast iron.
Diaphragms are to be manufactured from steel, cast
steel, nodular or grey cast iron depending on the
temperature and load. Welded construction may also
bc approved for steel or cast steel components.
Grey and nodular cast iron may be used up to a steam
temperature of 300
o
C.
2.1 The following parts are subject to testing in
accordance with the Society's Rules for Materials:
a) Rotating parts such as rotors, discs, shafts,
shrink rings, blades, toothed couplings and
other dynamically loaded components as
well as valve spindles and cones.
b) Stationary parts such as casings, diaphragms,
nozzles and nozzle chests, guide vanes,
turbine casing bolts, bed frames and bearing
pedestals.
c) Condenser tubes and tube plates.
In the case of small auxiliary turbines with a steam
inlet temperature of up to 250 C, the extent of the
tests may be limited to the disc and shaft materials.
C. Design and Construction Principles
1. Foundations
1
) ,

3-2 Section 3 - Thermal Turbomachinery
The foundations of geared turbine installations are to
be so designed and constructed that only minor rela-
tive movements can occur between the turbine and the
gearing which can be compensated by suitable
couplings.
2. Jointing of mating surfaces
The mating flanges of casings must form a tight joint
without the use of any interposed material.
3. Bearing lubrication
The lubrication of bearings must not be impaired by
adjacent hot parts or by steam.
For the lubricating oil system, see Section 11, H.
4. Connections
Pipes are to be connected to the turbine in such a way
that no unacceptably high forces or moments can be
transmitted to the turbine.
5. Drains
Turbines and the associated piping systems are to be
equipped with adequate means of drainage.
6. Turning gear
Main propulsion turbines are to be equipped with
turning gear for both directions of rotation. The rotors
of auxiliary turbines must at least be capable of being
turned by hand.
7. Measurement of rotor clearances
After assembly of each turbine in the manufacturer's
works, the rotor position and the clearances are to be
determined. The clearances are to be specified in the
operating instructions.
8. Vibrations
The range of service speeds of turbine plant must not
give rise to unacceptable bending vibrations or to vi-
brations affecting the entire installation
1
) .
D. Astern Running, Emergency Operation
1. Astern power for main propulsion
1.1 The main propulsion machinery must possess
sufficient power for running astern. The astern power
is considered to be sufficient if, given free running
astern, it is able to attain astern revolutions equivalent
to at least 70 % of the rated ahead revolutions for a
period of at least 30 minutes.
1.2 For main propulsion machinery with reverse
gearing, controllable pitch propellers or an electrical
transmission system, astern running must not cause
any overloading of the propulsion machinery.
2. Arrangements for emergency operation
In single screw ships fitted with multi-cylinder steam
turbines, the arrangement is to be such as to ensure
safe operation when the steam led to any one of the
cylinders is cut off. For this purpose, means are to be
provided either for supplying steam directly to the
low-pressure turbine or for conveying the exhaust
steam from the high or intermediate pressure turbine
directly to the condenser.
With a view to such emergency operation, suitable
equipment is to be provided to prevent the permissible
steam pressures and temperatures for the turbines and
condenser from being exceeded.
E. Manoeuvering and Safety Equipment
1. Manoeuvering and control equipment
1.1 The simultaneous admission of steam to the
ahead and astern turbines is to be prevented by
interlocks. Brief overlapping of the ahead and astern
valves during manoeuvering can be allowed.
1.2 Fluids for operating hydraulic manoeuvering
equipment, quick-closing and control systems must be
suitable for all service temperatures and of low
flammability.
1.3 Turbines for main propulsion machinery
equipped with controllable pitch propellers, disen-
gaging couplings or an electrical transmission system
are to be filled with a speed governor which, in the
event of a sudden loss of load, prevents the revolu-
tions from increasing to the trip speed.
1.4 The speed increase of turbines driving
electric generators - except those for electrical pro-
peller drive - resulting from a change from full load to
no-load may not exceed 5 % on the resumption of
steady running conditions. The transient speed
increase resulting from a sudden change from full
load to no-load conditions may not exceed 10 % and
must be separated by a sufficient margin from the trip
speed.
2. Safety devices
2.1 Main propulsion turbines must be equipped
1
)

with quick-closing devices which automatically shut
off the steam supply in case of:
a) Overspeed. Excess speeds of more than 15
% above the rated value are to be prevented,
b) unacceptable axial displacement of the rotor,
c) an unacceptable increase in the condenser
pressure,
d) an unacceptable increase in the condenser
water level and
e) an unacceptable drop in the lubricating oil
pressure.
2.2 In cases a) and b), the quick-closing devices
must be actuated by the turbine shafts.
2.3 It must also be possible to trip the quick-
closing device manually at the turbine and from the
control platform.
2.4 Re-setting of the quick-closing device may
be effected only at the turbine or from the control
platform with the control valve in the closed position.
2.5 It is recommended that an alarm system
should be fitted which responds to excessive vibration
velocities
1
) .
2.6 An interlock is to be provided to ensure that
the main turbine cannot be started up when the turning
gear is engaged.
2.7 Steam bleeder and pass-in lines are to be
fitted with automatic devices which prevent steam
from flowing into the turbine when the main steam
admission valve is closed.
2.8 Turbines driving auxiliary machines must at
least be equipped with quick-closing devices for
contingencies 2.1 a and 2.1 d. An excessive rise in the
exhaust steam pressure must actuate the quickclosing
device.
2.9 It shall be possible to start up any turbine
only when the quick-closing device is ready for
operation.
3. Other Rules
Depending on the degree of automation involved, the
extent and design of the equipment is also subject to
Volume VII, Rules for Automation.
F. Control and Monitoring Equipment
1. Arrangement
The control and monitoring equipment for each main
propulsion unit is to be located on the control
platform.
2. Scope and design of equipment
Depending on the degree of automation involved,
scope and design of the equipment is also subject to
Volume VII, Rules for Automation.
3. Control and indicating instruments
When the turning gear is engaged, this fact must be
indicated visually at the control platform.
Turbine and pipeline drainage valves are either to
operate automatically or are to be combined into
groups which can be operated from the control
platform.
4. Equipment for auxiliary turbines
Turbines driving auxiliary machines are to be
provided with the necessary equipment on the basis of
paragraphs 2 and 3.
G. Condensers
1. Design
The condenser is to be so designed that the inlet steam
speed not to prohibitive stressing of the condenser
tubes result. Excessive sagging of the tubes and
vibration are to be avoided, e.g. by the incorporation
of tube supporting plates.
The water chambers and steam space must be
provided with openings for inspection and cleaning.
Anti-corrosion protection is to be provided on the
water side.
ln the case of single-plane turbine installations,
suitable measures must be taken to prevent condensate
from flowing back into the LP turbine.
2. Cooling water supply
The supply of cooling water to the condenser is
subject to the Rules contained in Section 11, J.
H. Tests
1. Testing of turbine rotors
1.1 Thermal stability test
Rotors forged in one piece and welded rotors are to be
tested for axial stability by submitting them to a
1
)

thermal stability test.
1.2 Balancing
1
)
Finished rotors, complete with blades and associated
rotating parts and ready for assembly, are to be
dynamically balanced in the presence of the Surveyor.
1.3 Cold overspeed test
Turbine rotors are to be tested at a speed at least 15 %
above the rated speed for not less than three minutes.
The Society may accept mathematical proof of the
stresses in the rotating parts at overspeed as a
substitute for the overspeed test itself provided that
the design is such that reliable calculations are
possible and the rotor has been non-destructively
tested to ascertain its freedom from defects.
2. Pressure and tightness tests
2.1 All finished casing components are to be
subjected to hydrostatic testing in the presence of the
Surveyor.
The test pressure p
p
is calculated as follows:
p
P
= 1,5 p
e,perm
where p
e,perm
80 bar
p
P
= p
e,perm
+ 40 bar
where p
e,perm
> 80 bar
p
e,perm
[bar]= maximum allowable working
pressure
For the bodies of quick-closing, manoeuvering and
control valves, the test pressure is 1,5 times the
maximum allowable working pressure of the boiler
(approval pressure). The sealing efficiency of these
valves when closed is lo be tested at 1,1 p
e,perm
2.2 Casing parts on the exhaust side of LP
turbines subjected during operation to the condenser
pressure are to be tested at p
p
= 1,0 bar.
2.3 Condensers are to be subjected to separate
hydrostatic testing on both the steam and the water
side. The test pressure shall be:
p
p
= 1,0 bar on the steam side
p
p
= 1,5 p
e,perm
on the water side
I. Trials
1. Factory Trials
Where steam turbines are subjected to a trial run at the
factory, the satisfactory functioning of the
manoeuvering, safety and control equipment is to be
verified during the trial run, and such verification
shall in any case take place not later than the
commissioning of the plant aboard ship.
2. Shipboard trials
2.1 Main turbines are to be subjected to a dock
trial and thereafter, during a trial voyage, to the
following tests:
a) Operation at rated rpm for at least 6 hours,
b) Reversing manoeuvres, and
c) During the dock or sea trials, astern
revolutions equal to at least 70 % of the
rated ahead rpm for about 20 minutes.
During astern and subsequent forward operation, the
steam pressures and temperatures and the relative
expansion must not assume magnitudes liable to
endanger the operational safety of the plant.
2.2 Turbines driving electric generators or
auxiliary machines are to be run for at least 4 hours at
their rated power and for 30 minutes at 110 % rated
power.
1
)

II. Gas Turbines and Exhaust Gas Turbochargers
A. General
1. Scope
The following Rules apply to main and auxiliary gas
turbines and, where appropriate, to exhaust gas
turbocharger.
The Society reserves the right to authorize deviations
from the Rules in the case of low-power turbines and
exhaust gas turbocharger.
For every gas turbine installation, the documents
listed below under a) to f) are to be submitted to the
Society in triplicate
1
) for approval :
a) Assembly and sectional drawings
b) Detail drawings of rotors, casings, blades,
combustion chambers and heat exchangers
c) Diagrammatic layout of the fuel system,
including control and safety devices, and of
the lubricating oil system
d) Start-up equipment with system description
e) Details of operating conditions, including
the pressure and temperature curves in the
turbine and compressor at the rated power
and corresponding rotational speeds, and
details of permissible temporary operation
beyond the values for the rated power.
f) Proof, by calculation or some other method,
e.g. in the form of the results of burst tests
performed on turbine and compressor
wheels, that a sufficient safety margin has
been provided for in the components subject
to the severest loads. In the case of turbine
guide vanes and blades as well as turbine
discs, the service life on which the
calculations were based is to be specified
together with the temperatures occurring in
the materials at the rated power.
g) Details of the welding conditions for welded
components.
h) Testing procedure
The Society is to be furnished with a set of operating
instructions for each turbine type.
In individual cases, according to the design and
purpose of the equipment, the Society reserves the
right to call for additional documentation.
B. Materials
Gas turbine materials must fulfil the requirements
imposed by the operating conditions on the individual
engine components. In the choice of materials,
account is to be taken of such effects as, for example,
creep, thermal fatigue, oxidation and corrosion to
which parts are subject when in service. Evidence of
the suitability of the materials used is to be supplied
to the Society in the form of details of their chemical
and mechanical properties and of the heat treatment
applied. Where composite materials are used, their
method of manufacture is to be described.
The materials of shafts, turbine and compressor
wheels, guide vanes and blades, turbine and
compressor casings, combustion chambers and heat
exchanger are to be tested in accordance with the
Society's Rules or with test specifications laid down
by the gas turbine manufacturer and recognized by
the Society as part of the approval procedure.
In the case of low-power gas turbines and exhaust gas
turbocharger (see also Section 2, D.2.1) material tests
are to be applied to the materials used for shafts as
well as for turbine and compressor wheels.
C. Design and Construction Principles
1. Foundation
The foundations of geared turbine installations are to
be so designed and constructed that only minor
relative movements can occur between the turbine
and the gearing which can be compensated by
suitable couplings.
2. Air supply
The air intake ducting is to be equipped to prevent
extraneous substances from entering the compressor
and turbine. In particular, measures are to be taken to
reduce sufficiently the salinity of the combustion air.
Cleaning equipment is to be provided to remove
deposits from compressors and turbines.
1
) ,

3. Combustion chambers
Access to the combustion chambers must be ensured.
It shall be possible to inspect the burner cans without
having to remove the gas generator.
4. Bearing lubrication
Bearing lubrication may not be impaired by hot gases
or by adjacent hot components.
Leakage oil and oil vapours are to be evacuated in
such a way that they do not come into contact with
hot parts. For the lubricating oil system, see Section
11, H.
5. Start-up equipment
Gas turbines are to be fitted with start-up equipment
enabling them to be started up from the "shut down"
condition.
6. Turning gear
Main propulsion turbines are to be equipped with
turning gear.
The rotors of auxiliary turbines must at least be
capable of being turned by hand.
7. Connections
Pipes are to be connected in such a way that no
unacceptably high forces or moments are transmitted
to the gas turbine.
8. Fuel
The Society is to be informed of the fuel grade
authorized by the turbine manufacturer and of the
equipment needed for treating the fuel.
For fuel, see also Section 1, D.12.
9. Vibrations
The range of service speeds may not give rise to
unacceptable bending vibrations or to vibrations
affecting the entire installation
1
).
10. Inspection openings
It is recommended that inspection openings be
provided which allow the inside of the gas turbine
and compressor to be inspected with special
equipment, e.g. a borescope or similar, without the
need for dismantling.
D. Astern Running, Emergency Operation
1. Emergency operation
In multi-shaft installations, the failure of one shaft
must not hinder the continued, independent operation
of the remaining units.
In single-shaft installations with two or more main
gas turbines, care is to be taken to ensure that, in the
event of one of the gas turbines failing, the others are
able to continue operation independently.
In the case of single-shaft installations with only one
main gas turbine, special agreement is to be reached
with the Society concerning the emergency operating
equipment.
E. Control and Safety Equipment
1. Control equipment
1.1 Gas turbines for main propulsion machinery
equipped with controllable pitch propellers,
disengaging couplings or an electrical transmission
system are to be fitted with a speed governor which,
in the event of a sudden loss of load, prevents the
revolutions from increasing to the trip speed.
1.2 The speed increase of gas turbines driving
electric generators - except those for electrical pro-
peller drive - resulting from a change from full load
to no load may not exceed 5 % on the resumption of
steady running conditions. The transient speed in-
crease resulting from a sudden change from full load
to no-load conditions may not exceed 10 % and must
be separated by a sufficient margin from the trip
speed.
2. Safety devices
2.1 Gas turbines are to be equipped with a
quick-closing device which automatically shuts off
the fuel supply to the turbine in case of :
a) Overspeed of the power turbine. Speeds
exceeding the rated value by more than 15
% are to be prevented,
b) An unacceptable drop in the lubricating oil
pressure,
c) Loss of flame during operation.
2.2 The quick-closing device must also be ca-
pable being operated manually from the control plat-
forms in the engine room.
2.3 Start-up must take place automatically in the
prescribed sequence. Interlocks must be provided to
ensure that this sequence (attainment of ignition
speed, ignition, flame monitoring) is followed.
1
)

2.4 Equipment is to be provided which will
actuate an alarm if:
a) The maximum permissible gas temperature
at the gas generator outlet is exceeded,
b) The lubricating oil temperature in the
turbine bearings rises excessively.
In case a), the alarm shall actuate a "Reduce output"
signal, unless such a reduction is effected automati-
cally.
The provision of an alarm system which responds to
excessive vibration velocities is recommended.
2.5 Subject to the agreement of the Society, the
extent of the quick-closing and alarm equipment of
low-power gas turbines may be reduced.
F. Control and Monitoring Equipment
1. Arrangement
The necessary control and monitoring equipment for
each main propulsion unit is to be located on the
control platform.
2. Scope of the monitoring equipment
Monitoring equipment is to be provided for those
data the reading and/or recording of which is neces-
sary for the reliable control of operations. The fol-
lowing monitoring equipment is to be provided as a
minimum:
Air pressure and temperature at compressor
inlet,
Gas pressure and temperature at gas gener-
ator outlet,
Lubricating oil pressure and temperature,
Gas generator and power turbine rotor
speeds.
Equipment is to be provided for periodically record-
ing the temperature at the gas generator outlet.
3. Equipment for auxiliary turbines
Gas turbines for driving auxiliary machines re subject
to the appropriate requirements in 1. and 2.
G. Maintenance
1. Maintenance schedule
A schedule is to be submitted to the Society specify-
ing the maintenance operations to be carried out on
gas turbines together with the intervals between such
operations.
H. Tests
1. Scope of tests
1.1 Testing of materials
The scope of the tests to be performed on materials is
specified in B.2.
1.2 Non-destructive testing
The scope of the non-destructive tests to be per-
formed on rotating parts and casings is to be agreed
with the Society.
1.3 Balancing
Gas turbine and compressor rotors are to be balanced
when in the condition ready for assembly.
1.4 Cold overspeed test
Turbine and compressor wheels are to be tested at a
speed at least 15 % above the rated speed for not less
than three minutes.
Turbine and compressor wheels of exhaust gas
turbocharger are to be tested at a speed 20 % above
the maximum working speed for at least three min-
utes.
The Society may accept mathematical proof of the
stresses in the rotating parts at overspeed as a
substitute for the overspeed test itself provided that
the design is such that reliable calculations are
possible and the rotating parts have been subjected to
thorough non-destructive testing to ascertain their
freedom from defects.
1.5 Pressure and tightness tests
Finished casing parts and heat exchanger are to be
subjected to hydrostatic testing at 1,5 times the
maximum permissible working pressure. If it is
demonstrated by other means that the strength of
casing parts is sufficient, a tightness test at 1,1 times
the maximum permissible working pressure will
suffice.
Exhaust gas turbocharger spaces containing cooling
water are to be tested at a pressure p
p
of 4 bar, subject
to a minimum of 1,5 P
e,perm
2. Testing of mass produced exhaust gas
turbocharger
As regards mass produced exhaust gas turbochargers,
manufacturers may, on application, be approved as
suppliers of mass produced exhaust gas turbocharger
in accordance with the relevant regulations of the
Society.
I. Trials
1. Factory Trials
1.1 Gas turbines are to be subjected at the
factory to a trial run carried out, wherever possible, at
the service temperature.
The satisfactory operation of the safety and control
equipment is to be demonstrated during the trial run.
1.2 Exhaust gas turbocharger are to be tested for
20 minutes at the maximum working speed and at
working temperature.
2. Shipboard trials
2.1 Main turbines are to be subjected to a dock
trial and thereafter a trial voyage on the basis of test
program agreed by Head Office containing following
tests :
a) Endurance test at nominal speed
b) Start-up manoeuvres
The Society reserves the right to call for additional
tests in individual cases.
2.2 Turbines driving electric generators or auxiliary
machines are to be run for at least 1 hours at their
rated power and for 30 minutes at 110 % rated
power.
Section 5 - Gears and Couplings 5-1

, , , ,
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 These Rules apply to spur, planetary and
bevel gears and to all types of couplings for
incorporation in the main propulsion plan or important
auxiliary as specified in Section 1, H.
The design requirements laid down here may also be
applied to the gears and couplings of auxiliary
machinery other than that mentioned in Section 1, H,
if equivalent evidence of mechanical strength is not
available.
1.2 Application of these Rules to the auxiliary
machinery couplings mentioned in 1.1 may generally
be restricted to basic approval by the Society of the
particular coupling type. Regarding the design of
elastic couplings for use in generator sets, reference is
made to G.2.6.
1.3 For the dimensional design of gears and
couplings for ships with ice class, see Section 13.
Assembly and sectional drawings together with the
necessary detail drawings and parts lists are to be
submitted to the Society in triplicate for approval.
They must contain all the data necessary to enable the
load calculations to be checked.
B. Materials
1.1 Shafts, pinions, wheels and wheel rims of
gears in the main propulsion plant should preferably
be made of forged steel. Rolled steel bar may also be
used for plain, flangeless shafts. Gear wheel bodies
may be made of grey cast iron
1
) or nodular cast iron or
may be fabricated from welded steel plate with steel or
cast steel hubs.
1.2 Couplings in the main propulsion plant must
be made of steel, cast steel or nodular cast iron with a
mostly ferritic matrix. Grey cast iron or suitable cast
aluminium alloys may also be permitted for lightly
stressed external components of couplings and the
rotors and casings of hydraulic slip couplings.
1.3 The gears of important auxiliary machinery
according to Section 1, H, are subject to the same
requirements as those specified in 1.1 as regards the
materials used. For gears intended for auxiliary
machinery other than that mentioned in Section 1, H,
other materials may also be permitted.
1.4 Flexible coupling bodies for important
auxiliary machinery according to Section 1, H, may
generally be made of grey cast iron, and for the outer
coupling bodies a suitable aluminum alloy may also be
used. However, for generator sets use should only be
made of coupling bodies preferably made of nodular
cast iron with a mostly ferritic matrix, of steel or of
cast steel, to ensure that the couplings are well able to
withstand the shock torques occasioned by short
circuits. The Society reserves the right to impose
similar requirements on the couplings of particular
auxiliary drive units.
2.1 All gear and coupling components which are
involved in the transmission of torque and which are
intended for the main propulsion plant must be tested
in accordance with the Society's Rules for Materials,
Volume V. The same applies to the materials used for
gear components with major torque transmission
function and couplings in generator drives. Suitable
documentation is to be submitted for the materials
used for the major components of the couplings and
gears of all other functionally important auxiliary
machines in accordance with Section 1, H. This
documentation may take the form of a BKI Material
Test Certificate or an acceptance test certificate issued
by the steelmaker.
2.2 On special application the material tests in
the presence of BKI may be suspended for couplings
and gears in the main propulsion plant. In this case the
requested material properties have to be proved on the
basis of the respective guidelines edited by the
Society.
1
)

,

5-2 Section 5 - Gears and Couplings

C. Calculation of the Load-Bearing Capacity
of Gear Teeth
1. General
1.1 The sufficient load-bearing capacity of the
gear-tooth system is to be demonstrated by carrying
out load capacity calculations for main and auxiliary
gears in ship propulsion systems, while maintaining
the requisite margins of safety given in Tables 5.4 and
5.5.
1.2 The calculations include the flank and root
loads of spur gears and bevel gears with spur and
helical involute toothing and are to be carried out to
international standard ISO 6336, relating to spur gear
tooth systems or ISO 10300 or DIN 3991.
1.3 For gears in the main propulsion plant proof
of the sufficient mechanical strength of the roots and
flanks of gear teeth in accordance with the formulae
contained in this Section is linked to the requirement
that the accuracy of the teeth should ensure
sufficiently smooth gear operation combined with
satisfactory exploitation of the dynamic loading
capacity of the teeth. For this purpose, the magnitude
of the individual pitch error f
p
and of the total profile
error F
f
should generally conform to at least quality 5
as defined in DIN 3962 or 4 to ISO 1328, and in the
case of higher peripheral speeds generally to at least
quality 4 as defined in DIN 3962 or 3 to ISO 1328.
The total error of the tooth trace fH should conform
at least to quality 5 to DIN 3962, while the parallelism
of axis should at least meet the requirements of quality
5 or 4 to DIN 3964 or ISO 1328 respectively. Prior to
running-in, the surface roughness R
z
of the tooth
flanks of gears made by hobbing or by the generating
method, should generally not exceed 10 m. In the
case of gears where the tooth form is achieved by a
post-grinding or a posts having procedure, the surface
roughness should generally not exceed 4 m. The
tooth root radius
ao
on the tool reference profile
should be at least 0,25 m
n
.
The Society reserves the right to call for proof of the
accuracy of the gear-cutting machines used and for
testing of the method used to harden the gear teeth.
1.4 The input data required to carry out load-
bearing capacity evaluations are summarised in
Table 5.1.
2. Symbols, terms and summary of input
data
2.1 Symbols, term and summary of input data
Indices 1 pinion
2 wheel
n normal plane
o tool
a [mm] centre distance
b [mm] face width
b
eff
[mm] tip diameter
d
f
[mm] root diameter
F
t
[N] nominal transverse force at refe-
rence cylinder
F
x
[m] initial equivalent misaligment
f'
pe
[mm] normal pitch error
h
a0
[mm] tool addendum
h
f0
[mm] tool addendum
K
A
[-] application factor
K
F
[-] transverse load factor (root stress)
K
F
[-] face load factor (root stress)
K
H
[-] transverse load factor (contact
stress)
K
H
[-] face load factor (contact stress)
K
v
[-] dynamic load factor
K
[-] load distribution factor

m
n
[mm] normal modul
m
nm
[mm] mean normal modul (bevel gears)
n [Rpm] number of revolutions
N
L
[Rpm] number of load cycles
P [kW] transmitted power
pr [-] protuberance at tool
Q [-] quality
R
a
[m] arithmetic mean roughness
R
z
[m] mean peak-to valley roughness
T [Nm] torque
u [-] gear ratio
x [-] addendum modification coefficient
Y
F
[-] tooth form factor (root)
Y
NT
[-] life factor (root)
Y
R rel T
[-] relative surface condition factor
Y
ST
[-] stress concentration factor for
reference test gears
Y
X
[-] size factor for tooth root stress
Y
[-] helix angle factor for tooth root

stress
Y
rel T
[-] relative notch sensitivy factor
z [-] number of teeth
Z
E
[-] elasticity factor
Z
H
[-] zone factor (contact stress)
Z
L
[-] lubricant factor
Z
NT
[-] live factor (contact stress)
Z
V
[-] speed factor
Z
R
[-] roughness factor
Z
W
[-] work-hardening factor
Z
V
[-] size factor (contact stress)
Z
[-] helix angle factor (contact stress)

Z
[-] contact ratio factor (contact stress)
n
[] normal pressure angle
[] helix angle
m
[] mean helix angle ( bevel wheels)
[] transverse overlap ratio
F
[N/mm] calculated bending stress in the
critical section at the tooth root
FE
[N/mm] allowable bending stress at tooth
root
FG
[N/mm] tooth root stress limit
FO
[N/mm] nominal tooth root stress
F lim
[N/mm] endurance limit for bending stress
FP
[N/mm] permissible tooth root stress
H
[N/mm] calculated contact stress
HG
[N/mm] modified contact stress number
H lim
[N/mm] endurance limit for contact stress
HP
[N/mm] permissible contact stress
HO
[N/mm] nominal contact stress
40
[mm
2
/s] kinematic viscosity of the oil at 40
C
a0
[mm] tip radius of the tool
For internal toothing the number of teeth of the
internal gear, the centre distance are to be put into the
calculation with negative sign.
3. Influence factors for load calculations
3.1 Nominal tangential load F t
The nominal tangential load acting in the gear-tooth
system is calculated from rated torque or from rated
power and speed.
F
t

2000 . T
d
19,1 . 10
6
.
P
n . d
(1)
3.2 Application factor K A
The application factor K
A
takes into account the
increase in rated torque caused by external increases
in dynamic and transient load. K
A
is determined for
main and auxiliary systems in accordance with Table
5.2.
3.3 Load distribution factor K
The load distribution factor K takes into account
deviations in load distribution e.g. in gears with dual
or multiple load distribution or planetary gearing with
more than three planet whieels.
The following values apply in respect of planetary
gearing:
Gear with :
up to 3 planet wheels K = 1,0
4 planet wheels K = 1,2
In gears which have no load distribution K = 1,0 is
applied.
For all other cases K is to be agreed with BKI.
3.4 Face load factors K
H
and K
F
The face load factors take into account the effects of
uneven load distribution over the tooth flank on the
contact stress (K
h
) and on the tooth root stress (K
F
).
In the case of flank corrections which have been de-
termined by recognized calculation methods, the K
H
and K
F
values can be preset. Hereby the special
influence of ship operation on the load distribution has
to be taken into account.
Table 5.1 List of input data for evaluating load-bearing capacity
Table 5.2 Application factors
System type K
A
factor
Turbine and electric drive systems
Diesel engine drive system with
fluid clutch between engine and
gears
highly flexible coupling between
engine and gears
no flexible coupling between
engine and gears
Auxiliary machinery under static
load
1,0
1,1
1,3
1,5
0,6 - 1,0
Note
For other type of system the K
A
factor is to be stipulated
separately
3.5 Transverse load factors K
H
and K
The transervers load factors K
H
and K
F
take into
account the effects of an uneven distribution of force
of several tooth pairs engaging at the same time.
In the case of gears in main propulsion systems with
a gear tooth system of a quality described in 1.3
K
h
= K
F
= 1,0
can be applied. For other gears the face factors are to
be calculated in accordance with DIN/ISO.
4. Contact stress
4.1 The existing contact stress
sH
shall not
exceed the permitted flank stress
HP
(Hertzian flank
stress).
H

Ho
. K
A
.K
.K
.K
H
.K
H

HP
(2)
with
Ho
Z
H
. Z
E
. Z
. Z
.
F
t
d
1
.b
.
u1
u
4.2 The permissible contact stress
HP
shall
include a safety margin S
H
as given in Table 5.4
against the modified contact stress
HG
which is
determined from the material-dependent fatigue
strength
HLIM
as shown in Table 5.3 allowing for the
stress correction factors Z
NT
, Z
L
, Z
V
, Z
R
, Z
W
, Z
X
.
HP

HG
S
H
(3)
with
HP
=
HLIM
. Z
NT
. Z
L
. Z
V
. Z
R
. Z
W
. Z
X
Table 5.3 Endurance limits for contact
stress
HLIM
Material
HLIM
[N/mm
2
]
Case-hardening steel, case-
hardened
Nitriding steels, gas nitrided
Alloyed heat treatable steels,
bath or gas nitrided
Alloyed heat treatable steels,
induction hardened
Alloyed heat treatable steels
Unalloyed heat treatable steels
Structural steel
Cast steel, cast iron and
nodular cast graphite
1500
1250
850 - 1000
0,7 HV10+ 800
1,3 HV10+350
0,9 HV+370
1,0 HB + 200
1,0 HB + 150
5. Tooth root bending stress
5.1 The existing maximum root bending stress
F
of the teeth should not exceed the permissible
tooth root stress
FP
of the teeth.
Tooth root stress is to be calculated separately for
pinion and wheel.
F
=
FO
. K
A
. K
V
. K
. K
F
. K
F
<
FP
(4)
with
FO

F
t
b m
n
Y
F
Y
S
Y
5.2 The permissible root bending stress

FP
shall
have a safety margin
F
as indicated in Table 6
against the tooth root stress
FG
which is determined
from the material-dependent fatique strength
FE
or
FLIM
in accordance with Table 5, allowing for the
stress corecction factors Y
ST
, Y
NT
, Y
rel T
, Y
rel T
, Y
X
.

(5)
FP

FG
S
F
with
FG
=
FLIM
. Y
ST
. Y
NT
. Y
rel T
. Y
R rel T
. Y
X
D. Gear Shafts
1. Minimum diamctcr
The dimensions of shafts of reversing and reduction
gears are to be calculated by applying the following
formula :
Table 5.4 Minimum safety margins for contact stress
F
Ref. Application Boundary conditions S
H
1.1 Gearing in ship propulsion systems
and generator drive system
Modulus m
n
< 16 1,45
1.2 Modulus m
n
> 16 0,024 m
n
+ 1,066
1.3 Where gear tooth systems made of
non-hardened steels operate with
the hardened tooth system of
mating gear, the safety margin
according to 1.1 for the unhardened
gears may be reduced by 25 %
1,1
1.4 In the case of two mutually
independent main propulsion
systems up to an input torque of up
to 5000 Nm the operating safety
margin S
H
according to 1.1 may be
reduced by 15 %
1,23
2.1 Gears in auxiliary drive systems
which are subjected to dynamic load
1,23
which are subjected to static load
N
L
< 10
4
1,0
Table 5.5 Endurance limit for tooth root
bending stress

FE
=
FLIM
. Y
ST
with Y
ST
= 2
Material
FE
=
FLIM
. Y
ST
[N/mm
2
]
Case-hardened steels, case-
hardened
Nitriding steels, gas nitrided
Alloyed heat treatable steel,
bath or gas nitrided
Alloyed heat treatable steel,
induction nitrided
Alloyed heat treatable
steels, heat treated
Unalloyed heat treatable
steels
Structural steel
Cast Steel, cast iron with
nodular graphite
900
850
740
700
0,4 HV10+200
0,3 HV10+160
0,4 HB + 90
0,4 HB +70
D D

D
(6)
for
,
d [mm] minimum shaft diameter
d
i
[mm] diameter of shaft bore, if
applicable
d
a
[mm] actual shaft diameter
P
w
[kW] driving power of shaft
n [Rpm] shaft speed
Table 5.6 Minimum safety margins for tooth root stresses
Ref. Application Boundary conditions S
F
1.1 Gearing in ship propulsion systems
and generator drive system
Modulus m
n
< 16 2,0
1.2 Modulus m
n
> 16 0,02 m
n
+ 1,68
1.3 for gear tooth systems, which are
stressed on alternate sides with
m
n
< 16
2,6
1.4 in the case of two mutually
independent main propulsion
systems up to an input torque of up
to 5000 Nm the operating safety
margin S
F
according to 1.1 may be
reduced by 35 %
1,3
which are subjected to dynamic load
1,45
which are subjected to static load
N
L
< 10
4
1,0
Remarks :
If the fatigue bending stress of the tooth roots is increased by technique approved by the Society, e.g. by shot peening, for case-hardened
toothing with m
n
< 10 minimum safety margin may be reduced up to 15 % with the consent of the Society.
F [-] factor for the type of drive
= 95 for turbine plants,
electrical drives and engines
with slip couplings
= 100 for all other types of
drive. The Society reserves
the right to specify higher F
values if this appears
necessary in view of the
loading of the plant.
C
w
[-] material factor in accordance
with Section 4, formula (2).
However, for wheel shafts
the value substituted for Rm
in the formula shall not be
higher than 800 N/mm
2
. For
pinion shafts the actual
tensile strength value may
generally be substituted for
R
m
.
k [-] = 1,10 for gear shafts
= 1,15 for gear shafts
in the area of the pinion or
wheel body if this is keyed to
t h e s h a f t a n d f o r
multiple-spline shafts.
Higher values of k may be
specified by the Society
where increased bending
stresses in the shaft are liable
to occur because of the
bearing arrangement, the
casing design, the tooth
pressure, etc.
E. Equipment
1. Oil level indicator
For monitoring the lubricating oil level in main and
auxiliary gears, equipment must be fitted to enable
the oil level to be determined without interruption of
service.
2. Pressure and temperature control
Temperature and pressure gauges are to be fitted to
monitor the lubricating oil pressure and the
lubricating oil temperature at the oil-cooler outlet
before it enters the gears.
Plain journal bearings arc also to be fitted with tem-
perature indicators.
Where gears are fitted with anti-friction bearings, a
temperature indicator is to be mounted at a suitable
point. For gears rated up to 2000 kW, spccial ar-
rangements may be agreed with the Society.
Where ships are equipped with automated machinery,
the requirements of Rules for Automation, Volume
VII, are to be complied with.
3. Lubricating oil pumps
Lubricating oil pumps driven by the gearing must be
mounted in such a way that they are accessible and
can be replaced.
For the pumps to be fitted, see Section 11, H.3.3.
4. Gear casings
The casings of gears belonging to the main propul-
sion plant and to important auxiliaries must be fitted
with removable inspection covers to enable the gears
to be inspected and the thrust bearing clearance to be
measured and oil sump to be cleaned.
5. Seating of gears
The sealing of gears on steel or cast resin adapters is
to conform to the Society's Rules for the mechanical
sealing of engine plants.
In the case of cast resin seatings,the thrust must be
absorbed by means of stoppers. The same applies to
cast resin seatings of separate thrust bearings.
F. Balancing and Testing
1. Balancing
1.1 Gear wheels, pinions, shafts, gear couplings
and, where applicable, high-speed flexible couplings
must be assembled in a properly balanced condition.
1.2 The generally permissible residual imbal-
ance U per balancing plane of gears for which static
or dynamic balancing is rendered necessary by the
method of manufacture and by the operating and
loading conditions can be determined by applying the
formula

, D D
D

(7)
where :
G [kg] mass of body to be balanced
n [Rpm] operating speed in rev/min
of body to be balanced.
z [-] number of balancing planes
Q [-] degree of balance
= 6,3 for gear shafts, pinions
and coupling members for
engine gears
= 2,5 for torsion shafts and
gear couplings, pinions and
gear wheels belonging to
turbine transmissions
2. Testing of gears
2.1 Testing in the manufacturcr's works
When the testing of materials and component tests
have been carried out, gearing systems for the main
propulsion plant and for important auxiliaries in
accordance with Section 1, H, are to be presented to
the Society for final inspection and operational
testing in the manufacturer's works. The final
inspection is to be combined with a trial run lasting
several hours under part or full-load conditions, on
which occasion the tooth clearance and contact
pattern are to be checked. In the case of a trial at
full-load, any necessary running-in of the gears must
have been completed beforehand. Where no test
facilities are available for the operational and on-load
testing of large gear trains, these tests may also be
performed on board ship on the occasion of the dock
trials.
Tightness tests are to be performed on those
components to which such testing is appropriate.
Reductions in the scope of the tests require the
consent of the Society.
2.2 Tests during sea trials
2.2.1 Prior to the start of sea trials, the teeth of the
gears belonging to the main propulsion plant are to be
coloured with suitable dye to enable the contact
pattern to be established. During the sea trials, the
gears are to be checked at all forward and reverse
speeds to establish their operational efficiency and
smooth running as well as the bearing temperatures
and the freedom from contamination of the lu-
bricating oil. On conclusion of the sea trials, the
gearing is to be examined via the inspection openings
and the contact pattern checked. Assessment of the
contact pattern is to be based on the guide values for
the proportional area of contact in the axial and radial
directions of the teeth given in Table 5.5 and shall
take account of the running time and loading of the
gears during the sea trial.
2.2.2 In the case of reversing, reduction gears
mounted in anti-friction bearings and of multistage
gear trains manufactured to a proven high degree of
accuracy and with an input torque up to about
20000 Nm, checking of the contact pattern may, with
the consent of the Society, be reduced in scope.
2.2.3 Checking of the contact pattern following

, D
D D
D D D D

(8)
D
,
(9)
the sea trials can be reduced in scope in the case of
planetary gears where such a test performed after a
trial run in the manufacturer's works lasting several
hours on load has produced a satisfactory result, or
where during the type-testing under full-load of the
gear system in question all the tooth engagements
have been proved to produce a faultless contact
pattern.
2.2.4 For checking the gears of rudder propellers
as main propulsion, see Section 14.B.
Table 5.7 Percentage area of contact
Material,
shaping of
teeth
Working
depth
(without tip
relief)
Width of
tooth
(without end
relief)
heat-treated,
hobbed,
formed by
generating
method
33 %
Average
values
70 %
surface-
hardened,
ground,
shaped
40 %
Average
values
80 %
G. Design and Construction of Couplings
1. Tooth couplings
1.1 Adequate loading capacity of the tooth
flanks of straight-flanked tooth couplings requires
that the following conditions be satisfied:
(Values close to 4,5 only with high manufacturing
accuracy and little residual imbalance)
Where methods of calculation recognized by the
Society are used for determining the Hertzian stress
on the flanks of tooth couplings with convex tooth
flanks, the permissible Hertzian stresses are equal to
75 % of the values of
HP
shown in C.4.2 with stress
corection factors set to 1.0.
P [kW] driving power at coupling
d [mm] pitch circle diameter
K
A
[-] application factor in
accordance with C.1
z [-] number of teeth
n [Rpm] rated shaft speed
h [mm] working depth of toothing
b [mm] minimum load-bearing tooth
width
d
m
[mm] diameter of gyration
G [kg] mass of coupling sleeve
HP
[N/mm
2
] permissible Hertzian stress
according to C.1, Table 5.2
p [N/mm
2
] loading capacity of the tooth
flanks
P
perm
= 400 - 600 N/mm
2
for tooth systems of
quenched and tempered
steel;
(the upper values apply to
higher- strength steels,
higher quality toothing and
superior surface finishes).
= 800 -1000 N/mm
2
for hardened and possibly
ground tooth systems (the
upper values apply primarily
to nitrided tooth systems of
superior surface finish
manufactured to close
tolerances).
1.2 The coupling teeth are to be effectively
lubricated. For this purpose a constant oil level
maintained in the coupling may generally be regarded
as adequate where
d n
2
< 6 109 [mm/min
2
] (10)
For higher values of d n
2
, couplings in main
propulsion plants are to be provided with a
circulating lubrication oil system.
1.3 For the dimensional design of the sleeves,
flanges and bolts of gear couplings the formulae
given in Section 4 are to be applied.
2. Flexible couplings
2.1 Flexible couplings must be approved for the
loads specified by the manufacturer and for use in
main propulsion plants and essential auxiliary
machinery.
2.2 Flexible couplings in the main propulsion
plant and in power-generating plants must be so
dimensioned that they are able to withstand for a
reasonable time operation with one engine cylinder
out of service. Additional dynamic loads for ships
with ice class are to be taken into account. In this
connection reference is made to Section 16.
2.3 With regard to the routine supervision of
coupling types already approved by the Society and
in order to prove adequate dynamic fatigue strength
prior to the issue of a general type approval for
flexible couplings to be introduced into shipbuilding
for the first time, the Society reserves the right to call
for the execution of special dynamic loading tests
appropriate to the design of the coupling in question.
2.4 With regard to the casings, flanges and bolts
of flexible couplings, the requirements specified in
Section 4, D are to be complied with.
2.5 If, when subjected to load during operation,
a flexible coupling is so designed that it exerts an
axial thrust on the coupled members of the driving
mechanism, provision must be made for the
absorption of this thrust.
2.6 Flexible couplings for diesel generator sets
must be capable of absorbing impact moments due to
electrical short circuits up to a value of 6 times the
nominal torque of the coupling.
3. Flange and clamp-type couplings
In the dimensional design of the coupling bodies,
flanges and bolts of flange and clamp-type couplings,
the Rules specified in Section 4 are to be complied
with.
4. Testing of couplings
Couplings for ship's propulsion plants and couplings
for generator sets and transverse thrusters are to be
presented to the Society for final inspection and,
where appropriate, for the performance of functional
and tightness tests.
Section 6 - Propeller 6-1
S e c t i o n 6
P r o p e l l e r
A General
1. Scope
These Rules apply to screw-propellers and vane
wheels. See Section 13 for information on propellers
sizes and materials for vessels with ice class.
2.1 Design drawings of propellers in main
propulsion systems having and engine output of in
excess of 300 kW and in transverse thrust systems of
over 500 kW, vane wheels and also the position of the
vane wheel on the ship are to be submitted to the BKI
in triplicate for examination The drawings are required
to contain all the details necessary to verify compli-
ance with the following Rules
2.2 In the case of controllable pitch propeller
systems, general drawing and sectional drawings are
to be submitted in triplicate in addition to the design
drawings for blade, boss and pitch control
mechanisms. Control and hydraulic diagrams are to be
attached to a description of the functional
characteristics. In the case of new designs or
controllable pitch propeller system which are being
installed for the first time on a vessel with the BKI
classification, a description of the controllable pitch
propeller system is also to be provided.
B. Materials
1. Propeller and propeller hubs
Propellers and vane wheels are to be made of
seawater-resistant cast copper alloys or cast steel
alloys with a minimum tensile strength of 440 N/mm,
cf. Rules for Materials. For the purpose of the
following design Rules governing the thickness of the
propeller blades, the requisite resistance to seawater of
a cast copper alloy or cast steel alloy is considered to
be achieved if the alloy used can be proved to
withstand a fatigue test under alternating bending
stresses comprising 10
8
load cycles amounting to
about 20 % of the minimum tensile strength and
carried out in a 3 % NaCl solution, and if it can be
proved that the fatigue strength under alternating
bending stresses in natural seawater is not less than
about 65 % of the values established in 3 % NaCl
solution. Sufficient fatique strength under alternating
bending stresses must be proved by a method
recognized by the Society.
2. Component for controllable pitch
propellers and built-up propellers
The materials of the major components of the pitch
control mechanism and also the blade and boss
retaining bolts must comply with the regulations
pertaining to metal materials.
The blade retaining bolts of assembled propellers or
controllable pitch propellers are to be manufactured
from seawater-resistant materials if they are not
protected againts contact with seawater.
3. Novel materials
Where it is proposed to use propeller materials whose
serviceability is not attested by a sufficient period of
practical experience the Society must be provided with
special proof of the suitability of such materials.
4. Material testing
The material of propellers, vane wheels, propeller
bosses and all other major components involved in the
transmission of torque is to be tested in accordance
with BKI material rules and regulations. This is also
applies to components which are used to control the
blades and also to propellers in main propulsion
systems smaller than 300 kW and transverse thrust
systems of less than 500 kW.
C. Dimensions and design of propellers
1. Symbols and terms
A [mm] Effective area of a shrink fit
B [mm] Developed blade width of cylin
drical sections at radii 0,25 R,
0,35 R and 0,6 R
c [-] Coefficient for shrunk joints
= 1,0
for engine and turbine gear
transmissions
= 1,2
for direct drives
C
G
[-] Size factor in accordance with
formula (2)
6-2 Section 6 - Propeller
C
Dyn
[-] Dynamic factor in accordance
with formula (3)
C
w
[-] Characteristic value for
propeller material as shown in
Table 6.1 (corresponds to the
minimum tensile strength R
m
of
the propeller material where
this has been shown to possess
sufficient fatigue strength
under alternating bending
stresses in accordance with
paragraph B.1.)

,

C [-] Conicity of shaft ends
= difference in taper diameter
length of taper
d [mm] Bolt-hole circle diameter of
blade or propeller-fastening
bolts
d
k
[mm] Root diameter of blade or pro
peller-fastening bolts
D [mm] Diameter of propeller
= 2 R
d
m
[mm] Mean taper diameter
e [mm] Blade rake to aft acc. Fig. 6.1
= R tan
E
T
[-] Thrust stimulating factor in
accordance with formula (5)
f,f
1
,f
2
,f
3
[-] Factors in formulae (2) (3) (4)
and (11)
F
M
[N] Bolt load
H [mm] Propeller blade face pitch at
radii 0,25 R, 0,35 R and
0,6 R
H
m
[mm] Mean effective propeller pitch
on blade face for pitch varying
with the radius

(R B H)
(R B)
in which R, B and H are to be
subs t i t ut ed by val ues
corresponding to the pitch at
the various radii.

, , , ,

, , , ,

, , , ,

,


,

, ,
,

L [mm] Pull-up length when mounting
propeller on taper
L
mech
[mm] Pull-up length at t = 35 C
L
temp
[mm] Temperature-related portion of
pull-up length at t <35 C
M [Nm] Torque
n [Rpm] Propeller speed in rev/min.
P
w
[kWl Shaft power
p [N/mm] Specific pressure in shrunk
joint between propeller and
shaft
Q [N] Peripheral force at mean taper
diameter
S [-] Margin of safety against
propeller slipping on taper =
2,8
t [mm] Maximum blade thickness of
developed cylindrical section at
radii 0,25 R, 0,35 R and 0,6 R
T [N] Propeller thrust
T
M
[Nm] Impact moment
V
s
[kn] Speed of ship
w [-] Wake factor
W
0,35R
[mm
3
] Section modulus of cylindical
W
0,6R
section at radii 0,35R and 0,6R.
Z [-] Total number of bolts used to
retain one blade or propeller
z [-] Number of blades
[-] Pitch angle of profile at radii
0,25 R, 0,35 R and 0,6 R
D
,

, D
D
,

, D
D
,

, D
A
[-] Tightening factor for retaining
bolts and studs
= 1,2 - 1,6
depending on the method of
tightening used.
x
[-] Factor for the section modulus
of developed cylindrical
section about blade pitch line
f or bl ade prof i l es i n
accordance with Table 6.2
'
x
[-] Factor for the section modulus
of developed cylindrical
section about blade pitch line
for blade profiles other than
those in Table 6.2
[-] Angle included by face
generatix and normal
[-] Half-conicity of shaft ends
= C / 2
o
[-] Cocfficient of static friction
= 0,13
for hydraulic oil shrunk joints
= 0,18
for dry shrunk joints
R
p 0,2
[N/mm] 0,2 % proof stress of propeller
material
R
eH
[N/mm] Yield strengths and
max
/
m
[-] Ratio of maximum to mean stress at
blade face
2. Calculation of blade thickness
2.1 At radii 0,25 R and 0,6 R the blade
thicknesses of solid propellers must as a minimum
requirement comply with formula (1).
t = K
o
k K
l
C
G
C
Dyn
(1)
K
o
= 1 + +
e cos
H
k as in Table 6.2
K
1

P
w
10
5
2
D
H
m
cos sin
n B z C
w
cos
2
Fig 6.1 Blade Sections

C
G
[-] Size factor
1,1 0,85 (2)

,
D to be inserted in [m]
f
1
= 7,2 for solid propellers
= 6,2 for separately cast
b l a d e s o f
variable-pitch or
built-up propellers
C
Dyn
[-] Dynamic factor
= 1,0
D
(3)
for > 1,5
D
max
/
m
can be roughly calculated from the thrust-
stimulating factor E
T
according to formula (5). For
more accurate calculation proceed according to 2.5
= f
2
E
T
+ 1 (4)
D
E
T

KT
J
K
T
4,3 10
-9
(5)
V
s
n (1 w) D
3
T
f
2
= 0,4 - 0,6 for single-screw ships, the
lower value applying to stern
shapes with a wide propeller tip
clearance and no rudder heel and
the larger value to sterns with little
clearance and with rudder heel.
Intermediate values are to be
selected accordingly.
= 0,2 for twin-screw ships
f
3
= 0,2 for propeller materials which
satisfy the requirements of B.1.
2.2 The blade thicknesses of controllable pitch
propellers are to be determined at radii 0,35 R and
0,6 R by applying formula (1).
For the controllable pitch propellers of tugs, trawlers
and special-duty ships with similar operating
conditions the diameter/pitch ratio D/H
m
for the maxi-
mum static bollard pull is to be used in formula (1).
For other ships the diameter/pitch ratio D/H
m
applicable to open-water navigation can be used in
formula (1).
2.3 The blade thicknesses calculated by applying
formula (1) are minima for the finish-machined
propellers.
2.4 The fillet radii at the transition from the face
and the back of the blades to the propeller boss should
correspond in the case of three and four bladed
propellers, to about 3,5 % of the propeller diameter.
For propellers with a larger number of blades the
maximum fillet radii allowed by the propeller design
should be aimed at, and the radii shall not in any case
be made smaller than 0,4 t
0,25
2.5 For special designs such as propeller with
skew angle 25
o
, end plate propellers, tip fin
propellers, special profiles etc., special mechanical
strength calculation are to be submitted to BKI.
D. Controllable Pitch Propellers
Where the pitch-control mechanism is operated
hydraulically, two mutually independent, power-
driven pump sets are to be fitted. For propulsion
plants up to 200 kW, one power-driven pump set is
sufficient provided that, in addition, a hand-operated
pump is fitted for controlling the blade pitch and this
enables the blades to be moved from ahead to the
astern position in a short enough time.
Section 11, A to D is to be applied in an analogous
manner to hydraulic pipes and pumps.
2. Pitch control mechanism
In the case of the pitch-control mechanism proof is to
be furnished that when subjected to impact moments
T
M
as defined by formula (6), the individual
components still have a safely factor of 1,5 relative to
the yield strength of the materials used.

(6)
W
06R
can be calculated by applying formula 7
W
06R
= 0,11 (Bt
2
)
06R
(7)
3. Blade retaining bolts
3.1 The blade retaining bolts shall be designed
in such a way as to withstand the forces induced in
the even of plastic deformation caused by a force
acting on the blade at 0,9R. The bolt material shall
have a safety margin of 1,5 against its yield stress.
The thread core diameter shall not be less than

,

,
D
(8)
with M
0,35R
= W
,
R
,
3.2 The blade retaining bolts are to be tightened
in a controlled manner in such a way that the tension
on the bolts is about 60 - 70 % of their yield strength.
The shank of blade retaining bolts may be designed
with a minimum diameter equal to 0,9 times the root
diameter of the thread.
3.3 Blade retaining bolts must be secured
against unintentionaI loosening.
4. Indicators
Controllable pitch propeller system are to be provided
with an engine room indicator showing the actual
setting of the blades. Further blade position indicators
are to be mounted on the bridge and in the engine
room (see also Volume VII and Volume IV
Section 9).
5. Failure of control system
Suitable devices are to be fitted to ensure that an
alleration of the blade setting cannot overload the
propulsion plant or cause it to stall.
Steps must be taken to ensure that, in the event of
failure of the control system the setting of the blades
- does not change or
- assumes a final position slowly enough to
allow the emergency control system to be
put into operation.
6. Emergency control
Controllable pitch propeller systems must be equipped
with means of emergency control enabling the
controllable pitch propeller to remain in operation
should the remote control syslem fail. It is
recommended that a device be fitted which locks the
propeller blades in the "ahead" setting.
E. Propeller Mounting
1. Tapered Mountings
1.1 Where the tapered joint between the shaft
and the propeller is fitted with a key the propeller is to
be mounted on the tapered shaft in such a way that
approximately the mean torque can be transmitted
from the shaft to the propeller by the frictional bond.
The propeller nut is to be secured in a suitable
manner.
1.2 Where the tapered fit is effected by the hy-
draulic oil technique without the use of a key the
necessary pull-up distance on the tapered shaft is
given by the expression
L
1
) = L
mech
+ L
temp
(9)
where L
mech
is determined according to the formulae
of elasticity theory applied to shrunk joints for a
specific pressure p [N/mm] at the mean taper
diameter found by applying formula (11) and for a
water temperature of 35 C.
p

2
T
2
f (c
2
Q
2
T
2
) T
A f
(10)
with f =
o
S
2

2
L
temp
= 6 10
-6
(35 - t) (11)
t [C] The temperature at which the

propeller is mounted.
L
temp
applies only to propellers made of bronze and
austenitic steel.
1.3 The von Mises equivalent stress based on
the maximum specific pressure p and the tangential
stress in the bore of the propeller hub may not exceed
75 % of the 0,2 % proof stress of yield strength of the
propeller material.
1.4 The tapers of propellers which are mounted
on the propeller shaft with the aid of the hydraulic oil
technique should not be more than 1 : 15 or less than
1 : 20.
1.5 The propeller nut must be strongly secured
to the propeller shaft.
2. Flange connections
2.1 Flanged propellers and the bosses of
controllable pitch propellers are to be attached using
fitted pins and bolts (necked down bolts for
preference).
2.2 The diameter of the fitted pins is to be
calculated by applying formula (4) given in Section 4,
D.4.2.
2.3 The propeller retaining bolts are to be of
similar design to those described in D.3.
The thread core diameter shall not be less than
,

,
D

F. Vane wheels
1. Dimensioning of vane wheel
1.1 The vane wheel blades are to be
dimensioned in such a way that the average material
strain in the blade does not exceed 25 N/mm.
Mathematical proof thereof is to be submitted to the
Society.
1.2 The fitting of a vane wheel must not cause
the bending stress in the shafting to exceed 40 N/mm
and the surface pressure in the aft stern tube bearing
to exceed 8 bar.
2. Vane wheel bearings
2.1 Design of bearings
The bearing loads used as a basis for dimensioning
the antifriction bearings are to be notified to the
Society. With regard to these loads the irregular flow
against the vane wheel is to be taken into account.
As vane wheels bearings two self-aligning roller
bearings are to be used. The anti-friction bearings are
to be designed such that under the maximale bearing
loads occurring in service the theoretical bearing life
is at least 40 000 hours.
For the dimensioning of the bearing journal, a
calculation of mechanical strength under service
conditions is to be submitted.
1) Where appropriate, allowance is also to be made for
surface smooting when calculating L.
The vane wheel bearings are to be protected against
ingress of seawater by means of suitable seals.
An effective rope guard is to be provided to protect
the sealing.
2.2 Bolted connections
All bolted connections in the guide wheel and for
fixing the vane wheel to the ship are to be tightened in
such a way that the utilization of the yield strength of
the bolt material does not exceed 70 % and a
minimum elongation of 0,15 mm is attained.
2.3 Bearing lubrication
Only those lubricants may be used which ensure
adequate lubrication of the anti-friction bearings even
with a low water content without reducing the service
life of the anti-friction bearings in the period between
2 regular docking intervals of the ship.
The lubricants used must be approved by the Society
for lubrication of vane wheel bearings.
3. Position on the ship
3.1 The position of the vane wheel in the
shafting and the dimensioning of the clearance
between the rudder and the vane wheel must be such
that if the vane wheel bearings fail neither the
propulsion nor the manoeuvrability of the ship are
impaired.
3.2 It must be possible to dismount the vane
wheel while the ship is afloat.
G. Balancing and testing
1. Balancing
The finished propeller and the blades of controllable
pitch propellers and vane wheels are required to
undergo static balancing.
2. Testing
Fixed pitch propellers controllable pitch propellers
controllable pitch propeller systems and vane wheels
are to be presented to the Society for final inspection
and verification of the dimensions.
In addition controllable pitch propeller systems are
required to undergo pressure tightness and operational
tests.
The Society reserves the right to require non-
destructive tests to be conducted to detect surface
cracks or casting defects.
With regard to the assessment and the repair of
defects in propellers and vane wheels see the
Societys Regulations for the Assessment and Repair
of Defects in Propellers.
Section 7 - Boilers and Thermal Oil Systems 7-1
H [ m
2
]
N 860
18000
S e c t i o n 7
Boilers and Thermal Oil Systems
I. Boilers
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 For the purpose of these Rules, the term
"boiler" includes all closed vessels and piping systems
used for:
a) generating steam at pressure above
atmospheric (steam generators) or
b) raising the temperature of water above the
boiling point corresponding to atmospheric
pressure (hot water generators).
The term "steam generator" also includes any
equipment directly connected to the aforementioned
vessels or piping systems in which the steam is super-
heated or cooled, the circulating line and the casings
of circulating pumps serving forced-circulation
boilers.
1.2 Steam and hot water generators as defined in
1.1 are subject to the Rules set out in B. to F., or, if
appropriate, in G.
Exhaust gas economizers are subject to the special
requirements set out in H. In respect of materials,
manufacture and design, the requirements specified in
B., C. and D. apply as appropriate.
1.3 Hot water generators with a permissible
discharge temperature of not more than 120 C and all
systems incorporating steam or hot water generators
which are heated solely by steam or hot liquids are not
subject to these Rules, but come under Section 8.
2. Other Rules
2.1 As regards their construction and installation,
steam boiler plants are also required to comply with
the applicable statutory requirements and regulations
of the ship's country of registration.
Drawings of all boiler parts subject to pressure, such
as drums, headers, tubes, manholes and inspection
covers etc., are to be submitted to the Society in
triplicate.
These drawings must contain all the data necessary for
strength calculations and design assessment, such as
working pressures, superheated steam temperatures,
materials to be used and full details of welds including
filler materials.
Details and drawings are also to be submitted
covering the valves and fittings and their arrangement
together with a description of the boiler plant
specifying the arrangement of the boiler with
reference to the ship's longitudinal axis, the essential
boiler data and equipment items, e.g. steam
conditions, heating surfaces, allowable steam output,
feed, firing system, safety valves, controllers and
limiters.
4. Definitions
4.1 Steam boiler walls are the walls of the steam
and water spaces located between the boiler isolating
devices. The bodies of these isolating devices form
part of the boiler walls.
4.2 The maximum allowable working pressure
(PB, design pressure) is the approved steam pressure
in bar (gauge pressure) in the saturated steam space
prior to entry into the superheater. In continuous flow
boilers, the maximum allowable working pressure is
the pressure at the superheater outlet or, in the case of
continuous flow boilers without a superheater, the
steam pressure at the steam generator outlet.
4.3 The heating surface is that part of the boiler
walls through which heat is supplied to the system,
a) the area in m
2
measured on the side exposed
to fire or exhaust gas, or
b) in the case of electrical heating, the
equivalent heating surface:
Where N is the electric power in kW.
4.4 The allowable steam output is the maximum
quantity of steam (in metric tons/hour or kg/hour)
which can be produced continuously by the steam
generator operating under the design steam
conditions.
5 Lowest water level - highest flue -
dropping time
7-2 Section 7 - Boilers and Thermal Oil System
5.1 The highest flue is the highest point on the
side of the heating surface which is in contact with the
water and which is exposed to flame radiation or
heated by gases which temperature exceeds 400
0
C at
maximum continuous power. The highest flue on
water tube boilers with an upper steam drum is the top
edge of the highest gravity tubes.
5.2 The requirements relating the highest flue do
not apply to
Water tube boiler risers up to 102 mm outer
diameter
Once-through forced flow boilers
Superheaters
Flues and exhaust gas heated parts in which
the temperature of the heating gases does not
exceed 400
0
C at maximum continuous power
5.3 The lowest water level must lie at least 150
mm above the highest flue also when the ship heels 4
0
to either side. Heated surfaces with a set highest flue
must remain wetted even when the ship is at the static
heeling angles laid down in Section 1, Table 1.1. The
height of the water level is critical to the response of
the water level limiters.
5.4 The heat accumulated in furnaces and other
heated boiler parts may not lead to any undue
lowering of the water level due to subsequent
evaporation when the firing system is swiched off.
The lowest water level is to be set so that the dropping
time does not exceed 5 minutes.
5.5 The "dropping time" is the time taken by the
water level, under conditions of interrupted feed and
allowable steam output, to drop from the lowest
working level to the level of the highest point of the
gas or flame path, i.e.:
t
V
D v
t [min] dropping time
V [m
3
] volume of water in steam generator
between the lowest working level
and the highest point of the gas or
flame path.
D [kg/min] allowable steam output
v' [m
3
/kg] specific volume of the water at
saturation temperature
5.6 The lowest specified water level is to be
indicated permanently on the boiler shell by means of
a water level pointer. Reference plates are to be
attached additionally beside or behind the water level
gauges pointing at the lowest water level.
6. Manual operation
6.1 The facility is to be provided for manual
operation. At least the water level limiters must
remain active even in manual operation.
6.2 Manual operation demands constant and
direct supervision of the system.
6.3 For detailed requirements in respect of
manual operation of the firing system see Section 9.
7. Power of steam propulsion plants
On ships propelled by steam, the plant is to be
designed that, should one main boiler fail, sufficient
propulsive capacity will remain to maintain adequate
manoeuvrability and to supply the auxiliary
machinery.
B. Materials
1. General requirements
With respect to their workability during manufacture
and their characteristics in subsequent operation,
materials used for the manufacture of steam boilers
must satisfy the technical requirements, particularly
those relating to high-temperature strength and, where
appropriate, weldability.
The requirements specified in 1. are recognized as
having been complied with if the materials shown in
Table 7.1 are used.
Materials not specified in the Society's Rules for
Materials may be used provided that proof is supplied
of their suitability and mechanical properties.
3. Material testing
3.1 The materials of boiler parts subject to
pressure, including exhaust gas economizer tubes,
must be tested by the Society in accordance with the
Rules for Materials (cf. Table 7.1). Material testing by
the Society may be waived in the case of:
a) Small boiler parts made of unalloyed steels,
such as stay bolts, stays of 100 mm
diameter, reinforcing plates, handhole and
manhole covers, forged flanges and branch
pipes up to DN 150 or recognized standard
and
b) Smoke tubes (tubes subject to external
pressure).
Material and product form Limits of application
Material grades in accordance
with the Rules for Classification
and Construction, Volume V,
Rules for Material
Steel plates and steel strip - Plates and strip of high-temperature
steel, Section 3, H
Steel pipes - Seamless and welded pipes of
ferritic steels, Section 4, B and C
Forging and formed parts :
a) drum, headers and similar hollow
components with out longitudinal
seam
b) covers, flanges, branch pipes,
end plates
-
Forging for boilers,
vessels and pipeline
Section 5, E
Nuts and bolts
- Fasteners, Section 6,C
High-temperature bolts to
DIN 17 240
300 C
40 bar
M30
DIN 267
Parts 3 and 4
or other equivalent standards
Steel castings
Cast steel for boilers, pressure
vessels and pipelines.
300 C
Also GS 38 and GS 45 to DIN 1681
and GS 16 Mn5 and GS 20 Mn5
to DIN 17 182
Nodular cast iron
300 C
40 bar
DN 175 for valves
and fittings
Nodular cast iron
Section 7, B
Lamellar (grey) cast iron :
a) Boiler parts
(only for unheated surfaces
and not for heaters in ther-
mal oil systems)
b) Valves and fittings
(except valves subject to
dynamic stresses)
c) exhaust gas economiser
200 C
10 bar
200 mm diameter
200 C
10 bar
DN 175
52 bar
smoke gas temperature
600 C
water outlet temperature
245 C
Grey cast iron
Section 7, C
100 bar
smoke gas temperature
700 C
water outlet temperature
260 C
Grey cast iron of at least GG-25
grade to Section 7, C
Valves and fittings of cast
copper alloy
225 C
25 bar
Cast copper alloys
Section 10, B
For the parts mentioned in a) and b), the properties of the
materials are to be attested by Type B works test
certificates in accordance with EN 10204.1B or
other equivalent standards.
3.2 Special agreements may be made regarding the
testing of unalloyed steels to recognized standards.
3.3 The materials of valves and fittings must be
tested by the Society in accordance with the datas
specified in Table 7.2.
3.4 Parts not subject to material testing, such as
external supports, lifting brackets, pedestals etc. must be
made of materials suitable for the intended purpose and
in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
C. Principles Applicable to Manufacture
1. Manufacturing processes applied to boiler
materials
Materials are to be checked for defects during the
manufacturing process. Care is to be taken to ensure that
different materials cannot be confused. During the course
of manufacture care is likewise required to ensure that
marks and inspection stamps on the materials remain
intact or are transferred in the prescribed manner.
Boiler parts whose structure has been adversely affected
by hot or cold forming are to be subjected to heat
treatment in accordance with the Rules for Materials,
Volume V, Section 8, A.
Table 7.2 Testing of materials for valves and
fittings
Type of
materials
1
)
Service
temperature
[ C]
Testing required
for: PB in [bar]
DN in [mm]
Steel, cast steel > 300 DN > 32
Steel, cast steel,
nodular cast iron
300
PB x DN > 2500
2
)
or
DN > 250
Copper alloys 225 PB x DN > 1500
2
)
1
) No test is required for grey cast iron.
2
) Testing may be required with if DN is 32 mm.
2. Welding
The execution of welds, the approval of welding shops
and the qualification testing of welders are to be in
accordance with Rules for Welding, Volume VI,
Section 3.
3. Riveting
Where, in special cases, boiler parts have to be riveted to
be observed
4. Tube expansion
Tube holes must be carefully drilled and deburred. Sharp
edges are to be chamfered. Tube holes should be as close
as possible to the radial direction, particularly in the case
of small wall thicknesses.
Tube ends to be expanded are to be cleaned and
checked for size and possible defects. Where
necessary, tube ends are to be annealed before
being expanded.
5. Stays, stay tubes and stay bolts
5.1 Stays, stay tubes and stay bolts are to be
arranged that they are not subjected to undue bend-
ing or shear forces.
Stress concentrations at changes in cross-section,
in screw threads and at welds are to be minimized
by suitable component geometry.
5.2 Stays and stay bolts are to be welded by
full penetration preferably. Any vibrational stresses
are to be considered for long stays.
5.3 Stays are to be drilled at both ends in such
a way that the holes extend at least 25 mm into the
water or steam space. Where the ends have been
upset, the continuous shank must be drilled to a
distance of at least 25 mm.
5.4 Wherever possible, the angle made by gus-
set stays and the longitudinal axis of the boiler
shall not exceed 30. Stress concentrations at the
welds of gusset stays are to be minimized by
suitable component geometry. Welds are to be
executed as full-strength welds. In firetube boilers,
gusset stays are to be located at least 200 mm from
the firetube.
5.5 Where flat surfaces exposed to flames are
stiffened by stay bolts, the distance between
centers of the stay bolts shall not generally exceed
200 mm.
6. Stiffeners, straps and lifting eyes
6.1 Where flat end surfaces are stiffened by
profile sections or ribs, the latter shall transmit
their load directly (i.e. without welded-on straps) to
the boiler shell.
6.2 Doubling plates may not be fitted at
pressure parts subject to flame radiation.
Where necessary to protect the walls of the boiler,
strengthening plates are to be fitted below supports
and lifting brackets.
7. Welding of flat unrimmed ends to boiler
shells
Flat unrimmed ends (disc ends) on large
waterspace boilers are only permitted as
socket-welded ends with a shell projection of
15 mm. The end/shell wall thickness ratio s
B
/s
M
shall not be greater than 1,8. The end is to be
welded to the shell with a full-strength weld.
8. Stand pipes and flanges
Stand pipes and flanges are to be of rugged design and
properly welded to the shell. The wall thickness of
branch pipes must be sufficiently large safely to
withstand additional external loads. The wall thickness of
welded-in pipe connections shall be appropriate to the
wall thickness of the part into which they are welded.
Welding-neck flanges must be made of forged material
with favourable grain orientation.
9. Cleaning and inspection openings, cutouts and
covers
9.1 Steam boilers are to be provided with openings
through which the space inside can be cleaned and
inspected. Boiler vessels with an inside diameter of more
than 1200 mm and those measuring over 800 mm in
diameter and 2000 mm in length are to be provided with
means of access. Parts inside drums must not obstruct
inner inspection or must be capable of being removed.
9.2 Inspection and access openings are required to
have the following minimum dimensions:
Manholes 300 x 400 mm or 400 mm diameter,
where the annular height is > 150 mm
the opening measure shall be 320 x
420 mm.
Headholes 220 x 320 mm or 320 mm diameter
Handholes 87 x 103 mm
Sight holes are required to have a diameter of at
least 50 mm; they should, however, be
provided only when the design of the
equipment makes a handhole
impracticable.
9.3 The edges of manholes and other openings, e.g.
for domes, are to be effectively strengthened if the plate
has been unacceptably weakened by the cutouts. The
edges of openings closed with covers are to be reinforced
by flanging or by welding on edge-stiffeners if it is likely
that the tightening of the crossbars etc. would otherwise
cause undue distortion of the edge of the opening.
9.4 Cover plates, manhole stiffeners and crossbars
must be made of ductile material (not grey or malleable
cast iron). Grey cast iron (at least GG-20) may be used
for handhole cover crossbars of headers and sectional
headers, provided that the crossbars arc not located in the
heating gas flow. Unless metal packings are used, cover
plates must be provided on the external side with a rim or
spigot to prevent the packing from being forced out. The
gap between this rim or spigot and the edge of the
opening is to be uniform round the periphery and may not
exceed 2 mm for boilers with a working pressure of less
than 32 bar, or 1 mm where the pressure is 32 bar or
over. The height of the rim or spigot must be at least 5
mm greater than the thickness of the packing.
9.5 Only continuous rings may be used as packing.
The materials used must be suitable for the given
operating conditions.
10. Boiler drums, shell sections, headers and
firetubes, See the Rules for Welding Volume VI,B.
D. Design Calculation
1. Design principles
1.1 Range of applicability of design
formulae
1.1.1 The following strength calculations repre-
sent the minimum requirements for normal
operating conditions with mainly static loading.
Separate allowance must be made for additional
forces and moments of significant magnitude.
Proper treatment and adequate monitoring of the
feedwater are assumed to be carried out.
1.1.2 The wall thicknesses arrived at by applying
the formulae are the minima required. The
undersize tolerances permitted by the Rules for
Materials are to be added to the calculated values.
The greater local undersize tolerances for tubes
need not be considered.
1.2 Design pressure p
c
1.2.1 In general, the design pressure is equal to
the maximum allowable working pressure. Addi-
tional allowance is to be made for static pressures
of more than 0,5 bar.
1.2.2 In designing continuous-flow boilers, the
pressure to be applied is the maximum working
pressure anticipated in each of the individual main
boiler sections at maximum continuous load and at
the response threshold of the safety equipment.
1.2.3 The design pressure applicable to the
superheated steam lines from the boiler is the
maximum working pressure which adequate safety
devices prevent from being exceeded.

,
,

,

,


1.3 Design temperature t
Strength calculations are based on the temperature at the
center of the wall thickness of the component in question.
The design temperature is made up of the reference
temperature and a temperature allowance in accordance
with Table 7.3. The minimum value is to be taken as
250 C.
Table 7.3 Design temperatures
Reference
temperature
Allowance to be added
Unheated
parts
Heated parts, heated
mainly by
contact radiation
Saturation
temperature
at m.a.w.p
0 C 25 C 50 C
Superheated
steam
temperature
15 C
1
) 35 C
50 C
1) The temperature allowance may be reduced to 7 C
provided that special measures are taken to ensure that
the design temperature cannot be exceeded
1.4 Allowable stress
The design of structural components is to be based on the
allowable stress
perm
[N/mm
2
]. In each case, the minimum
value produced by the following relations is applicable :
1.4.1 Rolled and forged steels
For design temperatures up to 350 C
where R
m, 20
= guaranteed minimum tensile
R
m,20
2,7
strength [N/mm
2
] at room
temperature
where R
eH,t
= guar ant eed yi el d poi nt or
,
,
minimum 0,2 % proof stress at
design temperature t.
For design temperature over 350 C
where R
m100000,t
= mean 100000 hour creep
R
m,100000,t
1,5
strength at design
temperature t
1.4.2 Cast materials
a) Cast steel : ; ;
R
m,20
3,2
R
eH,t
2,0
R
m,100000,t
2,0
b) Nodular cast ;
R
m,20
4,8
R
eH,t
3,0
iron :
c) Grey cast
R
m,20
11
iron :
1.4.3 Special arrangements may be agreed for
high-ductility austenitic steels.
1.4.4 In the case of cylinder shells with cutouts
and in contact with water, a nominal stress of 170
N/mm shall not be exceeded in view of the pro-
tective magnetite layer.
1.4.5 Mechanical characteristics are to be taken
from the Rules for Materials or from the standards
specified therein.
1.5 Allowance for corrosion and wear
The allowance for corrosion and wear is to be
c = 1 mm. For plate thicknesses of 30 mm and over
and for stainless materials, this allowance may be
dispensed with.
1.6 Special cases
Where boiler parts cannot be designed in
accordance with the following Rules or on general
engineering principles, the dimensions in each
individual case must be determined by tests, e.g. by
strain measurements
2. Cylindrical shells under internal
pressure
2.1 Scope
The following design Rules apply to drums,
shell rings and headers up to a diameter ratio D
a
/D
i
of 1,7. Diameter ratios of up to D
a
/D
i
2 may be
permitted provided that the wall thickness is
80 mm.
2.2 Symbols
p
c
[bar] design pressure
s [mm] wall thickness
D
i
[mm] inside diameter
D
a
[mm] outside diameter
c [mm] allowance for corrosion and wear
d [mm] diameter of opening or cutout
hole diameter for expanded
tubes and for expanded and seal-
welded tubes (see Fig. 7.1 a and
7.1 b)
inside tube diameter for
welded-in pipe nipples and
sockets (Fig. 7.1 c)
t,t
l
,t
u
[mm] pitch of tube holes (measured at
center of wall thickness for cir-
Fig. 7.1
Fig. 7.2
cumferential seams)
v [ - ] weakening factor
for welds :
the qualitative ratio of the welded
joints to the plate (weld quality rating)
for holes drilled in the plate :
the ratio of the weakened to the
unweakened plate section
perm
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress (see 1.4)
s
A
[mm] necessary wall thickness at edge of
opening or cutout
s
S
[mm] wall thickness of branch pipe
b [mm] supporting length of parent component
l
s
[mm] supporting length of branch pipe
l [mm] width of ligament between two branch
pipes
l'
s
[mm] internal projection of branch pipe
A
p
[mm
2
] area under pressure
A
[mm] supporting cross-sectional area

2.3 Design calculations
2.3.1 The necessary wall thickness s is given by the
expression :
(1) s
D
a
p
c
20
perm
v p
c
c
2.3.2 In the case of heated drums and headers with a
max. allowable working pressure of more than 25 bar,
special attention is to be given to thermal stresses.
For heated drums not located in the first pass (gas
temperature up to 1000 C max.), special certification in
respect of thermal stresses may be waived subject to the
following provision:
Wall thickness up to 30 mm and adequate cooling of the
walls by virtue of close tube arrangement. The
description "close tube arrangement" is applicable if the
ligament perpendicular to the direction of gas flow and
parallel to the direction of gas flow does not exceed 50
mm and 100 mm respectively.
2.3.3 Weakening factor v
The weakening factor v is shown in Table 7.4.
Table 7.4 Weakening factor v
Construction Weakening factor v
Seamless shell
rings and drums
1,0
Shell rings and
drums with
longitudinal
weld
weld quality rating see Rules
for Welding
Rows of holes
1
)
1
) The value of v for rows of holes may not be made
greater than 1,0 in the calculation. For staggered
pitches, see Appendix, Fig. 7.27.
Refer also to Figures 7.1a-7.1c under paragraph 2.2
2.3.4 Weakening effects due to cutouts or indi-
vidual branch pipes are to be taken into account by
area compensation in accordance with the
expression:
(2)
P
c
10
A
p
A

1
2

perm
The area under pressure A
p
and the supporting
cross-sectional area A
are defined in Fig. 7.2.

The values of the supporting lengths may not
exceed:
for the parent
component b ( D
i
s
A
c) ( s
A
c)
for the
branch pipe l
s
1,25 ( d s
S
c) ( s
S
c)
Fig. 7.3
Where a branch projects into the interior, the value
introduced into the calculation as having a supporting
function may not exceed l'
s
0,5 l
s
Cutouts exert a mutual effect if the ligament
l 2 ( D
i
s
A
c) ( s
A
c)
The area compensation is then as shown in Fig. 7.3.
Where materials with different mechanical strengths are
used for the parent component and the branch or
reinforcing plate, this fact is to be taken into account in
the calculation. However, the allowable stress in the
reinforcement may not be greater than that for the parent
material in the calculation.
Disc-shaped reinforcements should not be thicker than
the actual parent component thickness, and this thickness
is the maximum which may be allowed for in the
calculation.
Disc-shaped reinforcements are to be fitted on the
outside.
The wall thickness of the branch pipe should not be more
than twice the required wall thickness at the edge of the
cutout.
In the case of tubular reinforcements, the following wall
thickness ratio is applicable :
s
S
c
s
A
c
2
2.4 Minimum allowable wall thickness
For welded and seamless shell rings the minimum
allowable wall thickness is 5 mm. For non-ferrous metals,
stainless steels and cylinder diameters up to 200 mm,
smaller wall thicknesses may be permitted. The wall
thickness of drums into which tubes are expanded is to be
such as to provide a cylindrical expansion length of at
least 16 mm.
3. Cylindrical shells and tubes with an outside
diameter of more than 200 mm subject to
external pressure
3.1 Scope
The following Rules apply to the design of smooth
and corrugated cylindrical shells and tubes with an
outside diameter of more than 200 mm which are
subjected to external pressure. Firetubes are tubes
exposed to fire.
3.2 Symbols
p
c
d [mm] mean diameter of smooth tube
d
a
[mm] outside diameter of smooth tube
d
i
[mm] minimum inside diameter of
corrugated firetube
l [mm] length of tube or distance
between two effective stiffeners
h [mm] height of stiffening ring
b [mm] thickness of stiffening ring
u [%] percentage out-of-roundness of
tube
a [mm] greatest deviation from
cylindrical shape (see Fig. 7.5)
perm
[N/mm] allowable stress
E
t
[N/mm] modulus of elasticity at design
temperature
S
K
[-] safety factor against elastic
buckling
v [-] transverse elongation factor (0,3
for steel)
c allowance for corrosion and
wear
3.3 Design calculations
3.3.1 Cylindrical shells and smooth firetubes
Calculation of resistance to plastic deformation:
(3) P
c
10
perm
2(sc)
d
1 0,1
d
l
1 0,03
d
sc
u
15
d
l
Calculation of resistance to elastic buckling:
p
c
20
E
t
S
k
sc
d
a
(n
2
1) 1
n
Z
2
2

sc
d
a
3
3 (1
2
)

Fig. 7.4
(4) n
2
1
2 n
2
1
1
n
Z
2
where : Z
d
a
2 l
and n 2
n > Z
n (integer) is to be chosen as to reduce p
c
to its minimum
value. n represents the number of buckled folds occurring
round the periphery in the event of failure. n can be
estimated by applying the following approximation
formula:
n 1,63
4
d
a
l
2
d
a
s c
3.3.2 In the case of corrugated tubes of Fox and
Morrison types, the necessary wall thickness s is given by
the expression:
(5) s
p
c
20
d
i
perm
1 mm
Contrary to 1.4, the values for the allowable stress of
firetubes used in the calculations are to be as follows:
- Plain firetubes, horizontal
R
e,H,t
2,5
Plain firetubes, vertical
R
e,H,t
2,0
Corrugated tubes
R
e,H,t
2,8
Tubes heated by
R
e,H,t
2,0
exhaust gases
3.5 Design temperature
Contrary to 1.3, the design temperature to be used for
firetubes is shown in Table 7.5.
3.6 Stiffening
Apart from the firetube and firebox end-plates, the types
of structure shown in Figure 7.4 can also be regarded as
providing effective stiffening.
3.7 Safety factor S
k
A safety factor S
k
of 3,0 is to be used in the calculation of
resistance to elastic buckling. This value is applicable
where the out-of-roundness is 1,5 % or less. Where the
out-of-roundness is more than 1,5 % and up to 2 %, the
safety factor S
k
to be applied is 4,0.
3.8 Modulus of elasticity
Table 7.6 shows the modulus of elasticity for steel
in relation to the design temperature.
Table 7.5 Design temperatures for shells
and tubes under external
pressure
For tubes exposed to fire
(firetubes) :
but at least
250
o
C
plain tubes
t = saturation
temperature
+ 4 . s + 30
o
C
corrugated
tubes
t = saturation
temperature
+ 3 . s + 30
o
C
For tubes heated by exhaust gases
t = saturation tem-
perature + 2 . s
+ 15
o
C
Table 7.6 Values for the modulus of elasticity
Design
temperature
[
o
C]
E
t

1
)
[N/mm
2
]
20
250
300
400
500
600
206000
186400
181500
171700
161900
152100
1
) Intermediate values should be interpolated
An allowance of 1 mm for corrosion and wear is to
be added to the wall thickness s. In the case of
corrugated tubes, s is the wall thickness of the
finished tube.
and maximum wall thickness
The wall thickness of smooth firetubes shall be at
least 7 mm, that of corrugated firetubes at least 10
mm. For small boilers, non-ferrous metals and
stainless steels, smaller wall thicknesses are
u
4 a
d
100

allowable. The maximum wall thickness may not exceed
20 mm. Tubes which are heated by flue gases < 1000
o
C
may have a maximum wall thickness of up to 30 mm.
3.11 Maximum unstiffened length
For firetubes, the length l between two stiffeners may not
exceed 6 d. The greatest unsupported length shall not
exceed 6 m or, in the first pass from the front end-plate,
5 m. Stiffenings of the type shown in Figure 4 are to be
avoided in the name zone, i. e. up to approximately 2 d
behind the lining.
The plain portion of corrugated firetubes need not be
separately calculated provided that its stressed length,
measured from the middle of the end-plate attachment to
the beginning of the first corrugation, does not exceed
250 mm.
3.12 Out-of-roundness
The out-of-roundness [%]
u
2 (d
max
d
min
)
d
max
d
min
100
of new smooth tubes is to be given the value u = 1,5 % in
the design formula.
In the case of used firetubes, the out-of-roundness is to
be determined by measurements of the diameters
according to Fig. 7.5.
3.13 Firetube spacing
The clear distance between the firetube and boiler shell
at the closest point shall be at least 100 mm. The distance
between any two firetubes shall be at least 120 mm.
4. Dished end-plates under internal and
external pressure
4.1 Scope
4.1.1 The following Rules apply to the design of
unstayed dished end-plates under internal or external
pressure (see Fig. 7.6). The following requirements
are to be complied with:
The radius R of the dished end may not exceed the
outside end-plate diameter D
a
, and the knuckle
radius r may not be less than 0,1 D
a
.
The height H may not be less than 0,18 D
a
.
The height of the cylindrical portion, with the
exception of hemispherical end-plates, shall be
3,5 s, s being taken as the thickness of the
unpierced plate even if the end-plate is provided
with a manhole. The height of the cylindrical
portion need not, however, exceed the following
values in Table 7.7.
Table 7.7 Height h of cylindrical portion
Wall thickness s
[mm]
h
[mm]
up to 50
over 50 up to 80
over 80 up to 100
over 100 up to 120
over 120
150
120
100
75
50
4.1.2 These Rules also apply to welded
end-plates. Due account is to be taken of the
quality rating of the weld (cf. 4.5 ).
4.2 Symbols
p
c
s [mm] wall thickness of end-plate
D
a
[mm] outside diameter of end-plate
H [mm] height of end-plate curvature
R [mm] inside radius of dished end
h [mm] height of cylindrical portion
d [mm] diameter of opening measured
along a line passing through the
centers of the end-plate and the
opening. In the case of openings
concentric with the end-plate, the
maximum opening diameter.
perm
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress (cf. 1.4)
[-] coefficient of stress in flange
Fig. 7.6
o
[-] coefficient of stress in spherical
section
v [-] weakening factor
c [mm] allowance for corrosion and wear
E
t
[N/mm
2
] modulus of elasticity at design
temperature
s
A
[mm] necessary wall thickness at edge of
opening
Ss
[mm] wall thickness of branch pipe
b [mm] supporting length of parent
component
l [mm] width of ligament between two branch
pipes
l
s
[mm] supporting length of branch pipe
l'
s
[mm] internal projection of branch pipe
A
p
[mm] area subject to pressure
A
[mm] supporting cross-sectional area

S
k
[-] safety factor against elastic buckling
S'
k
[-] safety factor against elastic buckling
at test pressure
4.3 Design calculation for internal pressure
4.3.1 The necessary wall thickness is given by the
expression:
(6) s
D
a
p
c

40
perm
v
c
The finished wall thickness of the cylindrical portion
must be at least equal to the required wall thickness of
a cylindrical shell without weakening.
4.3.2 Design coefficients and
o
The design coefficients are shown in Fig. 7.7 in
relation to the ratio H / D
a
and parameters
and s / D
a
.
D
For dished ends of the usual shapes, the height H can
be determined as follows :
Shallow dished end (R = D
a
)
H 0,1935 D
a
+ 0,55 s
Deep dished end, ellipsoidal shape (R = 0,8 D
a
)
H 0,255 D
a
+ 0,36 s
The values of for unpierced end-plates also apply to
dished ends with openings whose edges are located
inside the spherical section and whose maximum
opening diameter is d 4 s, or whose edges are
adequately reinforced. The width of the ligament
between two adjacent, non-reinforced openings must
be al least equal to the sum of the opening radii
measured along the line connecting the centers of the
openings. Where the width of the ligament is less than
that defined above, the wall thickness is to be
dimensioned as though no ligament were present, or
the edges of the openings are to be adequately rein-
forced.
Fig. 7.7 Values of coefficient for the design of dihed ends
Fig. 7.8
Fig. 7.9
4.3.3 Reinforcement of openings in the spherical
section
Openings in the spherical section are deemed to be
adequately reinforced if the following expression
relating to the relevant areas is satisfied.
(7)
p
c
10
A
p
A

1
2

perm
The area under pressure A
p
and the supporting
cross-sectional area A
are shown in Fig. 7.8.

For calculation of reinforcements and supporting
lengths the formulae and prerequsites in 2.3.4 are
applicable.
The relationship between respective areas of cutouts
exerting a mutual effect is shown in Fig. 7.9.
The edge of disk-shaped reinforcements may not
extend beyond 0,8 D a .
In the case of tubular reinforcements, the following
wall thickness ratio is applicable:
s
S
c
s
A
c
2
4.4 Design calculation for external pressure
4.4.1 The same formulae are to be applied to
end-plates under external pressure as to those subject
to internal pressure. However, the safety factor used
to determine the allowable stress in accordance with
1.4.1 is to be increased by 20 %.
4.4.2 A check is also required to determine whether
the spherical section of the end-plate is safe against
elastic buckling.
The following relationship is to be applied:
(8)
p
c
3,66
E
t
S
k
s c
R
2
The modulus of elasticity E
t
for steel can be taken
from Table 7.6.
The safety coefficient S
k
against elastic buckling and
the required safety coefficient S
k
' at the test pressure
are shown in Table 7.8.
Table 7.8 Safety coefficient against elastic
buckling
s - c
R
S
k
1
) S
k
'
1
)
0,001 5,5 4,0
0,003 4,0 2,9
0,005 3,7 2,7
0,01 3,5 2,6
0,1 3,0 2,2
1
) Intermediate values should be interpolated
Fig. 7.10
Fig. 7.11
4.5 Weakening factor
The weakening factor can be taken from Table 7.4 in
2.3.3. Apart from this, with welded dished ends-
except for hemispherical ends - a value of v = 1 may
be applied irrespective of the scope of the test
provided that the welded seam impinges on the area
within the apex defined by 0,6 D
a
(cf. Fig. 7.10).
The minimum allowable wall thickness for welding
neck end-plates is 5 mm. Smaller minimum wall
thicknesses are allowed for non-ferrous metals and
stainless steels.
5. Flat surfaces
5.1 Scope
The following Rules apply to stayed and unstayed flat,
flanged end-plates and to flat surfaces which are
simply supported, bolted, or welded at their periphery
and which are subjected to internal or external
pressure.
5.2 Symbols
p
c
s
1
[mm] wall thickness in a stress
relieving groove
s
2
[mm] wall thickness of a cylindrical or
square header at the connection
to a flat end-plate with a stress
relieving groove
D
b
[mm] inside diameter of a flat, flanged
end-plate or design diameter of
an opening to be provided with
means of closure
D
1
, D
2
[mm] diameter of circular plates
D
l
[mm] bolt-hole circle diameter of a
plate subject additionally to a
bending moment
d
e
[mm] diameter of the largest circle
which can be described on a flat
plate inside at least three
anchorage points
d
a
[mm] outside diameter of expanded
tubes
a, b [mml clear supporting or design
widths of rectangular or elliptical
plates, b always designating the
shorter side or axis
t
l
, t
2
[mm] pitch of uniformly spaced stays
or stay bolts
e
1
, e
2
[mm] distances between centers of
non-uniformly spaced stays and
stay bolts
f [mm
2
] cross-sectional area of ligament
r
K
[mm] inner corner radius of a flange,
or radius of a stress relieving
groove
h [mm] inner depth of a flat,
welding-neck end-plate
C [-] design coefficient
y [-] ratio
perm
[N/mm
2
c [mm] allowance for corrosion and
wear
5.3 Design calculation of unstayed surfaces
5.3.1 Flat, circular, flanged, unpierced end-plates
(cf.Fig.7.11).
The necessary wall thickness s is given by the
expression:
(9) s C ( D
b
r
K
)
p
c
10
perm
c
5.3.2 Circular plates
Fig. 7.12a - 7.12d
Fig. 7.13
Fig. 7.14
Fig. 7.15
Fig. 7.16 Fig. 7.17
The required wall thickness s is given by the
expression :
(10) s C D
b
p
c
10
perm
c
5.3.3 Rectangular and elliptical plates.
expression:
(11) s C b y
p
c
10
perm
c
5.3.4 Welding-neck end-plates.
The thickness of the plate s is determined by applying
formula 10 or 11 as appropriate.
In the case of end-plates with a stress relieving
groove, provision must be made for the effective
relieving of the welded seams. The wall thickness s
1
in the stress relieving groove must therefore satisfy
the following conditions, cf. Fig. 7.17:
For round end-plates : s
1
0,77 s
2
For rectangular end-plates : s
1
0,55 s
2
Here s
2
represents the wall thickness of the cylindrical
or rectangular header in [mm]. In addition, provision
must be made to ensure that shear forces occurring in
the cross-section of the groove can be safely
absorbed.
It is therefore necessary that for round end-plates:
(12) s
1
p
c
10
D
b
2
r
K
1,3
perm
and for rectangular end-plates:
(13)
s
1
p
c
10
a b
a b
1,3
perm
Fig. 7.18 Fig. 7.19
Fig. 7.20
Fig. 7.21
Radius r
K
shall be at least 0,2 s and not less than
5 mm. Wall thickness s
l
must be at least 5 mm.
Where welding-neck end-plates in accordance with
Fig. 7.16 or Fig. 7.17 are manufactured from plates,
the area of the connection to the shell is to be tested
for lamination, e. g. ultrasonically.
5.4 Design calculation of stayed surfaces
5.4.1 For flat surfaces which are uniformly braced
by stay bolts, circular stays or stay tubes, cf. Fig. 7.18.
The required wall thickness s inside the stayed areas
is given by the expression:
(14)
s C
p
c
( t
2
1
t
2
2
)
10
perm
c
5.4.2 For flat plates which are nonuniformly
braced by stay bolts, circular stays and stay tubes, cf.
Fig. 7.19.
The necessary wall thickness s inside the stayed areas
is given by the expression:
(15) s C
e
1
e
2
2
p
c
10
perm
c
5.4.3 For flat plates which are braced by gusset
stays, supports or other means and flat plates between
arrays of stays and tubes, cf. Fig. 7.20.
The design calculalion is to be based on the diameter
d
e
or a circle, or on the length of the shorter side b of
a rectangle which can be inscribed in the free un-
stiffened area, the least favourable position from the
point of view of stress being decisive in each case.
expression:
(16) s C d
e
p
c
10
perm
c
or
(17) s C b y
p
c
10
perm
c
The higher of the values determined by the formulae
is applicable.
5.4.4 Flat annular plates with central longitudinal
staying, see Fig. 7.21.
The required wall Thickness s is given by the
expression:
(18) s 0,25 ( D
1
D
2
r
K1
r
K2
)
p
c
10
perm
c
5.5 Requirements for flanges
5.5.1 Application of the above formulae to flanged
end-plates and to flanges as a means of staying is
subject to the provision that the corner radii of the
flanges should have the following minimum values in
relation to the outside diameter of the endplate (cf.
Table 7.9).
In addition, the flange radii r
K
(Figs. 7.11, 7.20 and
7.21) must be equal to at least 1,3 times the wall
thickness.
5.5.2 In the case of welding-neck end-plates
without a stress relieving groove for headers, the
flange radius must be r
K
1/3 s, subject to a
minimum of 8 mm, and the inside depth of the
end-plate must be h s, s for end-plates with
openings being the thickness of an unpierced
end-plate of the same dimensions, cf. Fig. 7.16.
Table 7.9 Minimum corner radius of flanges
Outside diameter of end
plate
[mm]
Corner radius of
flanges
[mm]
over 500
over1400
over 1600
over 1900
up to 500
up to 1400
up to 1600
up to 1900
30
35
40
45
50
5.6 Ratio y
The ratio y takes account of the increase in stress, as
compared with round plates, as a function of the ratio
of the sides b/a of unstayed, rectangular and elliptical
plates and of the rectangles inscribed in the free,
unstayed areas of stayed, flat surfaces, cf. Table 7.10.
Table 7.10 Values of ratio y
Shape Ratio b/a
1
)
1,0 0,75 0,5 0,25 0,1
Rectangle
1,10 1,26 1,40 1,52 1,56
Ellipse
1,00 1,15 1,30 --- ---
1
) Intermediate values are to be interpolated linearly.
5.7 Coefficient C
Coefficient C takes account of the type of support, the
edge connection and the type of stiffening. The value
of C to be used in the calculation is shown in Tables
7.11 and 7.12.
Where different values of C are applicable to parts of
a plate due to different kinds of stiffening according
to Table 7.12 coefficient C is to be determined by the
arithmetical value :
C = (C
1
+ C
2
......Cn) / n
5.8 Minimum ligament with expanded tubes
The minimum ligament width depends on the
expansion technique used. The cross-section f of the
ligament between two tube holes for expanded tubes
should be for :
steel f [mm
2
] = 15 + 3,4 d
a
copper f [mm
2
] = 25 + 9,5 d
a
Table 7.11 Values of coefficient C for unstayed
surfaces
Type of end-plate or cover C
1
)
Flat, forged and-plates or end-plates with
machined recesses for headers and flat,
flanged end-plates
0,35
Encased plates tightly supported and bolted
at their circference
Inserted, flat plates welded on both sided
Welding-neck end plates with stress re-
lieving groove
0.40
Loosely supported plates, such as man-hole
covers; in the case of closing appliances, in
addition to the working pres-sure, allowance
is also to be made for the additional force
which can be excerted when the bolts are
tightened (the permitted loading of the bolt or
bolts) distributed over the cover area).
0,45
Inserted, flat plates welded on one side
Plates which are bolted at their circum-
ference and are thereby subjected to an
additional bending moment according to the
ratio :
D
l
/D
b
= 1,0
= 1,1
= 1,2
= 1,3
Intermediate values are to be interpolated
linearly
0,45
0,50
0,55
0,60
Table 7.12 Values of coefficient C for stayed
surfaces
Type of stiffening and/or end-plate C
Boiler shell, header or cumbustion chamber
wall, stay plate or tube area
0,35
Stay bolts in arrays with maximum stay bolt
centre distance of 200 mm
0,40
Round stays and tubes outside tube arrays
irrespective of whether they are welded-in,
bolted or expanded
0,45
5.9 Minimum and maximum wall thickness
5.9.1 With expanded tubes, the minimum plate
thickness is 12 mm. Concerning safeguards against
the dislodging of expanded tubes, see 6.3.2.
5.9.2 The wall thickness of flat end-plates should
not exceed 30 mm in the heated portion.
5.10 Reinforcement of openings
Fig. 7.22 - 7.24
Where the edges of the openings are not reinforced,
special allowance is to be made when calculating
thickness for cutouts, branches etc. in flat surfaces
which lead to undue weakening of the plate.
6. Stays, stay tubes and stay bolts
6.1 Scope
The following Rules apply to longitudinal stays, gus-
set stays, stay tubes, stay bolts and stiffening girders
of steel or copper and are subject to the requirements
set out in C.5.
6.2 Symbols
p
c
F [N] load on a stay, stay tube or stay
bolt
A
1
[mm
2
] c a l c u l a t e d r e q u i r e d
cross-section area of stays, stay
bolts and stay tubes
A
2
[mm
2
] supported area of expanded
tubes
A
p
[mm
2
] plate area supported by one
stay, stay bolt or stay tube
d
a
[mml outside diameter of stay, stay
bolt or stay tube
d
i
[mm] inside diameter of stay tube
l
o
[mm] length of expanded section of
tube
a
1
[mm] weld height in direction of load
perm
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress
6.3 Design calculation
The supporting action of other boiler parts may be
taken into consideration when calculating the size of
stays, stay tubes and stay bolts. Where the boundary
areas of flanged end-plates are concerned, calculation
of the plate area A
p
is to be based on the flat surface
extending to the beginning of the end-plate flange.
In the case of flat end-plates, up to half the load may
be assumed to be supported by the directly adjacent
boiler wall.
6.3.1 For stays, stay bolts or stay tubes, the
necessary cross-sectional area is given by:
(19) A
1

F
perm
6.3.2 Where expanded tubes are used, a sufficient
safety margin must additionally be applied to prevent
the tubes from being pulled out of the tube plate. Such
a safety margin is deemed to be achieved if the
permissible load on the supporting area does not
exceed the values specified in Table 7.13.
For the purpose of the
calculation, the suppor-
ting area is given by
the expression : A
2
= (d
a
- d
i
) l
o
subject to a maximum
of : A
2
= 0,1 d
a
l
o
Table 7.13 Loading of expanded tube
Type of
expanded
connection
Permissible load on
supporting area
[N/mm
2
]
Plain F / A
2
150
With groove F / A
2
300
With flange F / A
2
400
For calculating the supporting area, the length of the
expanded section of tube (l
o
) may not be taken as
exceeding 40 mm.
6.3.3 Where longitudinal stays, stay tubes or stay
bolts are welded in, the cross-section of the fillet weld
subject to shear shall be at least 1,25 times the
required bolt or stay tube cross-section:
d
a
a
1
1,25 A
1
(20)
The allowable stress is to be determined in accordance
with 1.4.1. In departure from this, however, a value of
is to be expected in the area of the weld in the
R
e,H,t
1,8
case of stays, stay tubes and stay bolts made of rolled
and forged steels.
7. Boiler and superheated tubes
7.1 Scope
The design calculation applies to tubes under internal
pressure and, up to an outside tube diameter of 200
mm, also to tubes subject to external pressure.
7.2 Symbols
p
c
d
a
[mm] outside diameter of tube
perm
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress
v [-] weld quality rating of
longitudinally welded tubes
7.3 Calculation of wall thickness
The necessary wall thickness s is given by the
expression :
(21) s
d
a
p
c
20
perm
v p
c
The design temperature applied is to be as specified in
Table 7.3.
In the case of once through forced flow boilers, the
calculation of the tube wall thicknesses is to be based
on the maximum temperature expected in the
individual main sections of the boiler under operating
conditions plus the necessary added temperature
allowances.
The allowable stress is to be determined in accordance
with 1.4.1.
For tubes subject to external pressure, a value of
is to be applied.
R
eH,t
2,0
7.6 Quality rating of weld, v
For longitudinally welded tubes, the value of v to be
applied shall correspond to the approval test.
7.7 Wall thickness allowances
In the case of tubes subject to relatively severe
mechanical or chemical attack an appropriate wall
thickness allowance shall be agreed which shall be
added to the wall thickness calculated by applying
formula (21). The permissible minus tolerance on the
wall thickness (see 1.1.2) need only be taken into
consideration for tubes whose outside diameter
exceeds 76,1 mm.
7.8 Maximum wall thickness of boiler tubes
The wall thickness of intensely heated boiler tubes
(e.g. where the temperature of the heating gas exceeds
800 C) shall not be greater than 6,3 mm. This
requirement may be dispensed with in special cases,
e. g. for superheater support tubes.
8. Plain rectangular tubes and sectional
headers
8.1 Symbols
p
c
2 m [mm] clear width of the rectangular
tube parallel to the wall in
question
2 n [mm] c l e a r w i d t h o f t h e
rectangular-tube perpendicular
to the wall in question
Z [mm] coefficient according to
formula (23)
a [mm] distance of relevant line of
holes from center line of side
t [mm] pitch of holes
d [mm] hole diameter
v [-] weakening factor for rows of
holes under tensile stress
v' [-] weakening factor for rows of
holes under bending stress
r [mm] inner radius at corners
perm
[N/mm] allowable stress (see 1.4)
8.2.1 The wall thickness is to be calculated for the
center of the side and for the ligaments between the
holes. The maximum calculated wall thickness shall
govern the wall thickness of the entire rectangular
tube.
The following method of calculation is based on the
assumption that the tube connection stubs have been
properly mounted, so that the wall is adequately
stiffened.
8.2.2 The required wall thickness is given by the
expression :
If there are several different rows of holes, the
necessary wall thickness is to be determined for each
row.
(22)
s
p
c
n
20
perm
v

4,5 Z p
c
10
perm
v
,
8.2.3 Z is calculated by applying the formula:
(23) Z
1
3
m
3
n
3
m n
1
2
( m
2
a
2
)
Fig. 7.25
Fig. 7.26
Where Z has a negative value, the sign is to be disre-
garded when incorporating the term into formula (22).
8.3 Weakening factor v
8.3.1 If there is only one row of holes, or if there
are several parallel rows not staggered in relation to
each other, the weakening factors v and v' are to be
determined as follows :
v
t d
t
for wholes where d < 0,6 m
v v
t d
t
for wholes where d > 0,6 m
v
t 0,6 m
t
8.3.2 In determining the values of v and v' for
elliptical holes, d is to be taken as the clear width of
the holes in the longitudinal direction of the
rectangular tube. However, for the purpose of
deciding which formula is to be used for determining
v', the value of d in the expressions d > 0,6 m and
d < 0,6 m is to be the clear width of the hole
perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
8.3.3 In calculating the weakening factor for
staggered rows of holes, t is to be substituted in the
formula by t for the oblique ligaments (Fig. 7.25).
8.3.4 For oblique ligaments, the value of Z to be
used in formula (22) is that determined by applying
formula (23), with a = 0, and multiplying by cos .
8.4 Stress at corners
In order to avoid undue stresses at corners, the
following conditions are to be satisfied :
r 1/2 s, subject to a minimum of:
3 mm for rectangular tubes with a clear width of up to
50 mm.
8 mm for rectangular tubes with a clear width of
80 mm or over.
Intermediate values are to be interpolated linearly.
The radius shall be governed by the arithmetical mean
value of the nominal wall thicknesses on both sides of
the corner. The wall thickness at corners may not be
less than the wall thickness determined by applying
formula (22).
8.5 Minimum wall thickness and ligament
width
8.5.1 The minimum wall thickness for expanded
tubes shall be 14 mm.
8.5.2 The width of a ligament between two
openings or tube holes may not be less than 1/4 of the
distance between the tube centers.
9. Straps and girders
9.1 Scope
The following Rules apply to steel girders welded to
the combustion chamber crown.
9.2 General
The supporting girders are to be properly welded to
the combustion chamber crown at all points. They are
to be arranged in such a way that the welds can be
competently executed and the circulation of water is
not obstructed.
9.3 Symbols
p
c
F [N] load carried by one girder
e [mm] distance between center lines of
girders
l [mm] free length between girder
supports
b [mm] thickness of girder
h [mm] height of girder
W [mm
3
] section modulus of one girder
M [Nmm] bending moment acting on
girder at given load
z [-] coefficient for section modulus
perm
[N/mm
2
9.4.1 The simply supported combustion chamber
girder shown in Fig. 7.26 is to be treated as a simply
supported beam of length l. The support afforded by
the plate material crown may also be taken into
consideration.
9.4.2 The required section modulus of a combus-
tion chamber crown is given by:
(24)
W
M
max
1,3
perm
z

b h
2
6
The coefficient z for the section modulus takes
account of the increase in the section modulus due to
the combustion chamber crown plate forming part of
the girder. It may in general be taken as z = 5/3.
For the height h, a value not exceeding 8 b is to be
inserted in the formula.
9.4.3 The maximum bending moment is given by
the expression :
(25)
M
max
F l
8
where
(26) F
p
c
10
l e
10. Bolts
10.1 Scope
The following Rules relate to bolts which, as force
transmitting connecting elements, are subjected to
tensile stresses due to the internal pressure. Normal
operating conditions are assumed.
10.2 General
Necked-down bolts should be used for elastic bolted
connections, particularly where the bolts are highly
stressed, or are exposed to service temperatures of
over 300 C, or have to withstand internal pressures
of 80 bar or over. All bolts > M 30 (30 mm diameter
metric thread) must be necked-down bolts.
Necked-down bolts are bolts to DIN 2510 with a
shank diameter d
S
= 0,9 d
k
(d
k
being the root dia-
meter). In the calculation special allowance is to be
made for shank diameters < 0,9 d
k
.
Bolts with a shank diameter of less than 10 mm are
not allowed.
Bolts may not be located in the path of heating gases.
At least 4 bolts must be used to form a connection.
To achieve small sealing forces, the jointing material
should be made as narrow as possible and preference
should be given to the tongue and groove system.
Where standard pipe flanges are used, the strength
requirements for the bolts are considered to be
satisfied if the bolts used comply with DIN 2500 and
conform to the specifications contained therein in
respect of the materials used, the maximum allowable
working pressure and the service temperature.
10.3 Symbols
p
c
p' [bar] test pressure
F
S
[N] total load on bolted connection
in service
F'
S
at test pressure
F
So
in assembled condition with no
pressure exerted
F
B
[N] load imposed on bolted
connection by the working
pressure
F
D
[N] force to close joint under
service conditions
F
Do
[N] force to close joint in
assembled condition
F
Z
[N] additional force due to stresses
in connected piping
D
b
[mm] mean jointing or bolt pitch
circle diameter
d
i
[mm] inside diameter of connected
pipe
d
s
[mm] shank diamet er of a
necked-down bolt
d
k
[mm] root diameter of thread
n [-] number of bolts forming
connection
perm
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress
[-] surface finish coefficient
c [mm] additional allowance
k
1
[mm] jointing factor for service
condition
k
o
[mm] jointing factor for assembled
condition
K
D
[N/mm
2
] jointing material deformation
factor
10.4.1 Bolted joints are to be designed for the
following load conditions:
a) Service conditions
(design pressure p
c
and design temperature
t),
b) Load at test pressure
(lest pressure p', t = 20 C) and
c) Assembled condition at zero pressure
(p = 0 bar, t = 20 C).
10.4.2 The necessary root diameter of a bolt in a
bolted joint comprising n bolts is given by :
(27) d
k
4 F
s

perm
n
c
10.4.3 The total load on a bolted joint is to be
calculated as follows :
a) For service conditions
F
S
= F
B
+ F
D
+ F
Z
(28)
(29) F
B
D
2
b

4
p
c
10
(30) F
D
D
b
k
1
p
c
10
1,2
(Where the arrangement of the bolts deviates
widely from the circular, due allowance is to
be made for the special stresses occurring)
The additional force F
z
due to connected
piping must be calculated from the stresses
present in these pipes. F
z
is 0 in the case of
bolted joints with no connected pipes. Where
connecting pipes are installed in a normal
manner and the service temperatures are
< 400 C, F
z
may be determined, as an
approximation, by applying the expression :
F
Z

d
2
i

4
p
c
10
b) For the test pressure:
(31) F
s
p
p
c
F
B
F
D
1,2
F
Z
For calculating the root diameter of the
thread, F
s
is to be substituted by F'
s
in
formula (27).
c) For the zero-pressure, assembled condition:
F
SO
= F
DO
+ F
Z
(32)
F
DO
= D
b
k
o
K
D
(33)
For calculating the root diameter of the
thread, F
s
is to be substituted by F
So
in
formula (27).
In the zero-pressure, assembled condition,
the force F
DO
is to be exerted on the bolts
during assembly to effect an intimate union
with the jointing material and to close the
gap at the flange bearing surfaces.
If the force exerted on assembly F
DO
> F
S
,
this value may be replaced by the following
where malleable jointing materials with or
without metal elements are used :
(34) F
DO
0,2 F
DO
0.8 F
S
F
DO
Factors k
o
, k and K
D
depend on the type and design of
the joint and the material used. The relevant values are
shown in the Tables 7.16 and 7.17.
10.4.4 The bolt design is to be based on the greatest
root diameter of the thread determined in accordance
with the three load conditions specified in paragraphs
10.4.1 a) to 10.4.1 c).
The design temperatures of the bolts depend on the
type of joint and the insulation. In the absence of
special proof as to temperature, the following design
temperatures are to be applied:
Loose flange steam temperature - 30 C
+ loose flange
Fixed flange steam temperature - 25 C
+ loose flange
Fixed flange steam temperature -15 C
+ fixed flange
The temperature reductions allow for the drop in
temperature at insulated, bolted connections. For
non-insulated bolted joints, a further temperature re-
duction is not permitted because of the higher thermal
stresses imposed on the entire bolted joint.
The values of the allowable stress
perm
are shown in
Table 7.14.
Table 7.14 Allowable stress
perm
Condition for necked-
down bolts
for full-
shank bolts
Service
condition
R
e,H,t
1,5
R
e,H,t
1,6
Test pressure
and zero-
pressure
assembled
condition
R
e,H,20
1,1
R
e,H,20
1,2
10.7 Surface finish coefficient
10.7.1 Full-shank bolts are required to have a
surface finish of at least grade mg to DIN 267.
Necked-down bolts must be machined all over.
10.7.2 In the case of unmachined, plane-parallel
bearing surfaces, = 0,75. Where the bearing sur-
faces of the mating parts are machined, a value of =
1,0 may be used. Bearing surfaces which are not
plane-parallel (e. g. on angle sections) are not
permitted.
10.8 Additional allowance c
The additional allowance c mm shall be as shown in
Table 7.15.
Table 7.15 Additional allowances c
Condition c [mm]
For service conditions :
up to M 24
M 27 up to M 45
M 48 and over
3
5 - 0,1 . d
k
1
for test pressure 0
for assembled conditions 0
E. Equipment and Installation
1. General
1.1 The following requirements apply to steam
boilers which are not constantly and directly
monitored during operation. Note is also to be taken
of the official regulations of the flag country of the
vessel, where appropriate.
1.2 In the case of steam boilers which are monitored
constantly and directly during operation, some easing
of the following requirements may be permit ted,
while maintaining the operational safety of the vessel.
1.3 In the case of steam boilers which have a
maximum water volume of 150 litres, a maximum
allowable working pressure of 10 bar and where the
product of water volume and maximum allowable
water pressure is less than 500, an easing of the
following requirements may be permitted.
1.4 With regard to the electrical installation and
equipment also the Rules for Electrical Installations,
Volume IV and Rules for Automation,Volume VII are
to be observed.
2. Safety valves
2.1 Any steam boiler which has its own steam space
is to be equipped with at least two reliable, spring-
loaded safety valves. At least one safety valve is to be
set to respond if the maximum allowable working
pressure is exceeded.
In combination, the safety valves must be capable of
discharging the maximum quantity of steam which can
be produced by the steam boiler during continuous
operation without the maximum allowable working
pressure being exceeded by more than 10 %.
2.2 Any steam boiler which has a shut-off but which
does not have its own steam space is to have at least
one reliable, spring-loaded safety valve fitted at its
outlet. At least one safety valve is to be set to respond
if the maximum allowable working pressure is
exceeded. The safety valve or safety valves are to be
designed so that the maximum quantity of steam
which can be produced by the steam boiler during
continuous operation can be discharged without the
maximum allowable working pressure being exceeded
by more than 10 %.
2.3 External steam drums are to be fitted with at
least two reliable, spring-loaded safety valves. At least
one safety valve is to be set to respond if the
allowable working pressure is exceeded. In
combination, the safety valves must be capable of
discharging the maximum quantity of steam which can
be produced in continuous operation by all connected
steam generators without the maximum allowable
working pressure of the steam drum being exceeded
by more than 10 %.
2.4 The closing pressure of the safety valves shall
be no more than 10 % below the response pressure.
2.5 The minimum flow diameter of the safety valves
must be 15 mm.
2.6 Servo-controlled safety valves are permitted
wherever they are reliably operated without any
external energy source.
2.7 The safety valves are to be fitted to the saturated
steam part or, in the case of steam boilers which do
not have their own steam space, to the steam-water
outlet of the boiler.
2.8 In the case of steam boilers which are fitted with
superheaters with no shut-off capability, at least two
safety valves must be located at the discharge from the
superheater. Superheaters with shut-off capability are
to be fitted with at least one safety valve.
Safety valves which are located at the discharge from
the superheater must be designed for at least 25 % of
the required blow-off capacity. When designing safety
valves, allowance is to be made for the increase in the
volume of steam caused by superheating.
2.9 Steam may not be supplied to the safety valves
through pipes in which water may collect.
2.10 Safety valves must be easily accessible and
capable of being released safely during operation.
2.11 Safety valves are to be designed so that no
binding or jamming of moving parts is possible even
when heated to different temperatures. Seals which
may prevent the operation of the safety valve due to
frictional forces are not permitted.
2.12 Safety valves are to be set in such a way as to
prevent unauthorized alteration.
2.13 Pipes or valve housings must have a drain facility
which has no shut-off capability fitted at the lowest
point on the blow-off side.
2.14 Combined blow-off lines from several safety
valves may not unduly impair the blow-off capability.
The discharging mediums are to be drained away
safely.
3. Water level indicators
3.1 Steam boilers which have their own steam
chamber are to be fitted with two devices giving a
direct reading of the water level.
3.2 Steam boilers which have their own steam space
heated by exhaust gases whose temperature does not
exceed 400 C, are to be fitted with at least one device
giving a direct reading of the water level.
3.3 External steam drums of boilers which do not
have their own steam space are to be fitted with two
devices giving a direct reading of the water level.
3.4 Cylindrical glass water level gauges are not
permitted.
3.5 The water level indicators are to be fitted so that
a reading of the water level is possible when the ship
is heeling and during the motion of the ship when it is
at sea. The limit for the lower visual range must be at
least 30 mm above the highest flue, but at least 30 mm
below the lowest water level. The lowest water level
may not be above the centre of the visual range.
The water level indicators must be well illuminated
and visible from the boiler control station.
3.6 The connection pipes between steam generator
and water level indicators must have a inner diameter
of at least 20 mm. They must be run in such a way that
there are no sharp bends in order to avoid water and
steam traps, and must be protected from the effects of
the heated gases and against cooling.
Where water level indicators are linked by means of
common connection lines or where the connection
pipes on the water side are longer than 750 mm, the
connection pipes on the water side must have an inner
diameter of at least 40 mm.
3.7 Water level indicators are to be connected to the
water and steam chamber of the boiler by means of
easily accessible, simple to control and quick-acting
shut-off devices.
3.8 The devices used for blowing through the water
level indicators must be designed so that they are safe
to operate and so that blow-through can be monitored.
The discharging mediums are to be drained away
safely.
3.9 Remote water level indicators and display
equipment of a suitable type to give an indirect
reading may be approved as additional display
devices.
3.10 In place of water level indicators, once-through
forced flow boilers must be fitted with two mutually
independent devices which trip an alarm as soon as
water flow shortage is detected. An automatic device
to shut down the heating system may be provided in
place of the second warning device.
3.11 The cocks and valves of the water level
indicators which cannot be directly reached by hand
from floor plates or a control platform must be have a
control facility using pull rods or chain pulls.
4. Pressure gauges
4.1 Each steam boiler is to be fitted with two
pressure gauges which are linked to the steam space.
The allowable maximum working pressure is to be
marked on the dial by means of a permanent and
easily visible red mark. The display range of the
pressure gauge must include the test pressure. One
pressure gauge must be located on the boiler and
another at the machinery control station or at some
other appropriate site.
Where several steam boilers are incorporated on one
ship, the steam chambers of which are linked together,
one pressure gauge is sufficient at the machinery
control station or at some other suitable location, in
addition to the pressure gauges on each boiler.
4.2 The pipe to the pressure gauge must have a
water trap and must be of a blow-off type. A
connection for a test gauge must be installed close to
the pressure gauge. In the case of pressure gauges
which are set off at a lower position the test
connection must be provided close to the pressure
gauge and also close to the connection piece of the
pressure gauge pipe.
4.3 Pressure gauges are to be protected against
radiant heat and must be well illuminated.
5. Temperature gauges
5.1 A temperature gauge is to be fitted to the flue
gas outlets of fired steam boilers.
5.2 Temperature gauges are to be fitted to the
exhaust gas inlet and outlet of steam boilers heated by
exhaust gas.
5.3 Temperature gauges must be fitted at the
outlets from superheaters or superheater sections, at
the inlet and outlet of attemporators, and also at the
outlet of once-through forced flow boilers, where this
is necessary to assess the behaviour of the materials
used.
6. Regulating devices (Controllers)
6.1 With the exception of boilers which are
heated by exhaust gas, steam boilers are to be
operated with rapid-control, automatic firing systems.
In main boilers, the control facility must be capable of
safely controlling all rates of speed and manoeuvres
so that the steam pressure and the temperature of the
super-heated steam stay within safe limits and the
supply of feed water is guaranteed. Auxiliary boilers
are subject to the same requirements within the scope
of potential load changes.
6.2 Steam pressure must be automatically regu-
lated by controlling the supply of heat. The steam
pressure of boilers heated by exhaust gas may also be
regulated by condensing the excess steam.
6.3 In the case of boilers which have a specified
minimum water level, the water level must be regu-
lated automatically by controlling the supply of feed
water.
6.4 In the case of forced-circulation boilers
whose heating surface consists of a steam coil and
once-through forced flow boilers, the supply of feed
water may be regulated as a function of fuel supply.
6.5 In the case of steam boilers which are fitted
with superheaters, the temperature of the superheated
steam must be automatically regulated unless the
calculated temperature is higher than the maximum
attainable temperature of the superheater walls.
7. Monitoring devices (Alarms)
7.1 A warning device is to be fitted which is
tripped when the specified maximum water level is
exceeded.
7.2 In exhaust-gas heated boilers, a warning
device is to be fitted which is tripped when the
maximum allowable working pressure is exceeded.
7.3 In exhaust-gas heated boilers with a specified
minimum water level, a warning device is to be fitted
which is tripped when the water falls below this level.
7.4 Exhaust gas boilers with finned tubes are to
have a temperature monitor fitted in the exhaust gas
pipe which trips an alarm in the event of fire. Cf.
Rules for Automation, Volume VII.
7.5 Where there is a possibility of oil or grease
getting into the steam or condensate system, a suitable
automatic and continuously operating unit is to be
installed which trips an alarm and cuts off the feed
water supply if the concentration at which boiler
operation is put at risk is exceeded.
7.6 Where there is a possibility of acid, lye or
seawater getting into the steam or condensate system,
a suitable automatic and continuously operating unit
is to be installed which trips an alarm and cuts off the
feed water supply if the concentration at which boiler
operation is put at risk is exceeded.
7.7 It must be possible to carry out function test-
ing of the monitoring devices, even during operation,
if an equivalent degree of safety is not attained by
self-monitoring of the equipment.
7.8 The monitoring devices must trip visual and
audible fault warnings in the boiler room or in the
machinery control room or any other suitable site. Cf
8. Safety devices (Limiters)
8.1 The suitability of safety devices for marine
use is to be proven by type testing.
8.2 Fired boilers are to be equipped with a reli-
able pressure limiter which cuts out and interlocks the
firing system when the maximum allowable working
pressure is exceeded.
8.3 In steam boilers on whose heating surfaces a
highest flue is specified, two reliable, mutually
independent water level limiters must respond to cut
out and interlock the firing system when the water
falls below the specified minimum water level. The
water level limiter must also be independent of the
water level control devices.
8.4 The receptacles for water level limiters
located outside the boiler must be connected to the
boiler by means of lines which have a minimum inner
diameter of 20 mm. Shut-off devices in these lines
must have a nominal diameter of at least 20 mm and
must indicate their open or closed position. Where
water level limiters are connected by means of
common connection lines, the connection pipes on the
water side must have an inner diameter of at least
40 mm.
Operation of the firing system may only be possible
when the shut-off devices are open or else, after
closure, the shut-off devices must reopen
automatically and in a reliable manner.
Water level limiter receptacles which are located
outside the boiler are to be designed in such a way
that a compulsory and periodic blow-through of the
receptacles and lines can be carried out.
8.5 In the case of forced-circulation boilers with
a specified lowest water level, two reliable, mutually
independent safety devices must be fitted in addition
to the requisite water level limiters, which will cut out
and interlock the heating system in the event of any
unacceptable reduction in water circulation.
8.6 In the case of forced-circulation boilers
whose heating surface consists of a single coil and
once-through forced flow boilers, two reliable,
mutually independent safety devices must be fitted in
place of the water level limiters in order to provide a
sure means of preventing any excessive heating of the
heating surfaces by cutting out and interlocking the
firing system.
8.7 In steam boilers with superheaters, a
temperature limiter is to be fitted which cuts out and
interlocks the heating system if the allowable
superheated steam temperature is exceeded. In the
case of boiler parts which carry superheated steam
and which have been designed to long-term resistance
values, one temperature recording device is adequate.
8.8 The safety devices must trip visual and
audible alarms in the boiler room or in the machinery
control room or any other appropriate site. Cf. Rules
for Automation, Volume VII.
8.9 The electrical devices associated with the
limiters are to be designed in accordance with the
closed-circuit principle so that, even in the event of a
power failure, the limiters will cut out and interlock
the systems unless an equivalent degree of safety is
achieved by other means.
8.10 To reduce the effects due to swell, water
level limiters can be fitted with a delay function
provided that this does not cause a dangerous drop in
the water level.
8.11 The electrical interlocking of the firing
system following tripping by the safety devices may
only be cancelled out at the firing system control
panel itself.
8.12 If an equivalent degree of safety cannot be
achieved by the self-monitoring of the equipment, the
safety devices must be subjected to operational testing
even during operation. In this case, the operational
testing of water level limiters must be carried out
without the surface of the water dropping below the
lowest water level.
8.13 For details of additional requirements
relating to once-through forced flow boilers, see 3.10.
9. Feed and circulation devices
9.1 For details of boiler feed and circulation de-
vices, see Section 11, F. The following requirements
are also to be noted:
9.2 The feed devices are to be fitted to the steam
boiler in such a way that it cannot be drained lower
than 50 mm above the highest flue when the non-re-
turn valve is not tight.
9.3 The feed water is to be introduced into the
boiler in such a way as to prevent damage occurring to
the boiler walls and to heated surfaces.
10. Shut-off devices
10.1 Each steam boiler must be capable of being shut
off from all connected pipes. The shut-off devices are
to be installed as close as possible to the boiler walls
and must operate without risk.
10.2 Where several boilers which have different
maximum allowable working pressures give off their
steam into common lines, it is necessary to ensure that
the maximum working pressure allowable for each
boiler cannot be exceeded in any of the boilers.
10.3 Where there are several boilers which are
connected by common pipes and the shut-off devices
for the steam, feed and drain lines are welded to the
boiler, for safety reasons while the boilers are
running, two tandem shut-off devices which are to be
protected against unauthorised operation are each to
be fitted with an interposed release device.
11. Scum removal, sludge removal, drain and
sampling devices
11.1 Boilers and external steam drums are to be fitted
with devices to allow them to be drained and the
sludge removed. Where necessary, boilers are to be
fitted with a scum removal device.
11.2 Drain devices and their connections must be
protected from the effects of the heating gases and
capable of being operated without risk. Self-closing
sludge removal valves must be lockable when closed
or alternatively an additional shut-off device is to be
fitted in the pipe
.
11.3 Where the scum removal, sludge removal or
drain lines from several boilers are combined, a non-
return valve is to be fitted in the individual boiler
lines.
11.4 The scum removal, sludge removal or drain
lines, plus valves and fittings, are to be designed to
allow for the maximum allowable working pressure of
the boiler.
11.5 With the exception of once-through forced flow
boilers, devices for taking samples from the water
contained in the boiler are to be fitted to steam boilers.
11.6 Scum removal, sludge removal, drain and
sampling devices must be capable of safe operation.
The mediums being discharged are to be drained away
safely.
12. Name plate
12.1 A name plate is to be permanently affixed to
each steam boiler, displaying the following
information:
Manufacturer,
Build number and year of construction,
Maximum allowable working pressure in bar,
Steam production in kg/h or t/h,
Permitted temperature of super-heated steam in
C provided that the boiler is fitted with a
super-heater with no shut-off capability.
12.2 The name plate must be permanently attached to
the largest part of the boiler or to the boiler frame so
that it is visible.
13. Valves and fittings
13.1 Materials
Valves and fittings for boilers must be made of ductile
materials as specified in Table 7.1 and all their
components must be able to withstand the loads
imposed in operation, in particular thermal loads and
possible stresses due to vibration. Grey cast iron may
be used within the limits specified in Table 7.1, but
may not be employed for valves and fittings which are
subjected to dynamic loads, e.g. safety valves and
blow-off valves.
Testing of materials for valves and fittings is to be
carried out as specified in Table 7.2.
13.2 Design
Care is to be taken to ensure that the bodies of shut-
off gate valves cannot be subjected to unduly high
pressure due to heating of the enclosed water. Valves
with screw-on bonnets must be safeguarded to prevent
unintentional loosening of the bonnet.
13.3.1 All valves and fittings are to be subjected to
a hydrostatic pressure test at 1,5 times the nominal
pressure before they are fitted. Valves and fittings for
which no nominal pressure has been specified are to
be tested at twice the working pressure. In this case,
the safety factor in respect of the 20 C yield strength
value may not fall below 1,1.
13.3.2 The sealing efficiency of the closed valve is
to be tested at the nominal pressure or at 1,1 times the
working pressure, as applicable. Valves and fittings
made of castings and subject to operating
temperatures over 300 C are required to undergo one
of the following tightness tests:
a) Tightness test with air (test pressure approxi-
mately 0,1 x working pressure; maximum 2 bar);
b) Tightness test with saturated or superheated
steam (test pressure may not exceed the
maximum allowable working pressure);
c) A separate tightness test may be dispensed with
if the pressure test is performed with petroleum
or other liquid displaying similar properties.
14. Installation of boilers
14.1 Mounting
Boilers must be installed in the ship with care and
must be secured to ensure that they cannot be
displaced by any of the circumstances arising when
the ship is at sea. Means are to be provided to
accommodate the thermal expansion of the boiler in
service. Boilers and their seatings must be easily
accessible from all sides or must be easily rendered
so.
14.2 Fire precautions
See Section 12.
F. Testing of Boilers
1. Constructional test
After completion, boilers are to undergo a
constructional test.
The constructional test includes verification that the
boiler agrees with the approved drawing and is of
satisfactory construction. For this purpose, all parts of
the boiler must be accessible to allow adequate
inspection. If necessary, the constructional test is to be
performed at separate stages of manufacture. The
following documents are to be presented: material test
certificates covering the materials used, reports on the
non-destructive testing of welds and, where
applicable, the results of tests of workmanship and
proof of the heat treatment applied.
2. Hydrostatic pressure tests
2.1 A hydrostatic pressure test is to be carried out on
the boiler before the insulation is fitted. Where only
some of the component parts are sufficiently
accessible to allow proper visual inspection, the
hydrostatic pressure test may be performed in stages.
Boiler surfaces must withstand the test pressure
without leaking or suffering permanent deformation.
2.2 The test pressure is generally required to be 1,5
times the maximum allowable working pressure,
subject to a minimum of PB + 1 bar.
2.3 In the case of continuous-flow boilers, the test
pressure must be at least 1,1 times the water inlet
pressure when operating at the maximum allowable
working pressure and maximum steam output. In the
event of danger that parts of the boiler might be
subjected to stresses exceeding 0,9 of the yield
strength, the hydrostatic test may be performed in
separate sections. The maximum allowable working
pressure is then deemed to be the pressure for which
the particular part of the boiler has been designed.
2.4 For boiler parts subject to internal and external
pressures which invariably occur simultaneously in
service, the test pressure depends on the differential
pressure. In these circumstances, however, the test
pressure should at least be equal to 1,5 times the
design pressure specified in D.1.2.4.
G. Hot Water Generators
1. Design
Hot water generators with a permissible discharge
temperature of > 120 C, which are heated by solid,
liquid or gaseous fuels or by exhaust gases or electri-
cally are to be treated in a manner analogous to that
applied to boilers. The materials and strength
calculations for hot water generators which are heated
by steam or hot liquids are subject to the requirements
in Section 8 (Pressure Vessels).
2. Equipment
The safety equipment of hot water generators is
subject to the requirements contained in DIN 4752
with due regard for the special conditions attaching to
shipboard operation.
3. Testing
Each hot water generator is to be subjected to a
manufacturing test and to a hydrostatic pressure test at
1,5 times the maximum allowable working pressure
subject to a minimum of 4 bar.
H. Exhaust Gas Economizers
1. Definition
Exhaust gas economizers are preheaters connected to
the exhaust gas side of boiler heating surfaces which
are used, without steam being produced in them in
service, to preheat the feedwater and which can be
isolated from the water side of the boiler.
The surfaces of the preheater comprise the water
space walls located between the shut-off devices plus
the casings of the latter. Water may be taken from the
economizer only if the boiler feed system is specially
designed for this purpose.
2. Materials
See under B.
3. Design calculation
The formulae given under D are to be applied in the
calculation. The design pressure is to be at least tha
maximum allowable working pressure of the
economizer.
The design temperature is the maximum feedwater
temperature plus 25 C for plain tube economizers
and plus 35 C for finned tube economizers.
The feedwater temperature at the economizer outlet
should be 20 C below the saturation temperature
corresponding to the working pressure of the boiler.
4. Equipment
4.1 Pressure gauges
The inlet side of each economizer is to be provided
with a reliable pressure gauge as well as with a
connection for a test pressure gauge. The maximum
allowable working pressure of the economizer is to be
marked by a red line on the scale of the pressure
gauge.
4.2 Safety valve
Each economizer is to be equipped with a
spring-loaded safety valve with an inside diameter of
at least 15 mm which is to be set in such a way that it
begins to blow at the latest when the maximum
allowable working pressure of the economizer P
v
is
reached.
The safety valve is to be designed that, even if shutoff
devices between the economizer and lhe boiler are
closed, the maximum allowable working pressure of
the economizer is not exceeded by more than 10 %.
4.3 Temperature measuring device
Each economizer is to be equipped with at least one
temperature measuring device giving a reliable
reading of the maximum feedwater temperature in the
economizer. The permissible outlet temperature of the
feedwater is to be marked in red on the temperature
meter.
4.4 Shut-off devices
Each economizer is to be equipped with a shut-off
device at the feedwater inlet and outlet. The boiler
feed valve may be regarded as one of these shut-off
devices.
4.5 Discharge and venting equipment
Each economizer is to be provided with means of
drainage and with vents for all points where air may
gather enabling it to be satisfactorily vented even
when in operation.
4.6 Means for preventing the formation of steam
in Economizers
Suitable equipment is to be fitted to prevent steam
from being generated in the economizer, e.g. when the
main engine is suddenly stopped. This may take the
form of a circulating line from the economizer to a
feedwater tank to enable the economizer to be cooled,
or of a by-pass enabling the economizer to be
completely isolated from the flow of exhaust gas.
5. Name plate
A name plate giving the following details is to be
fitted to every economizer:
Manufacturer's name and address
- Serial number and year of manufacture
- Maximum allowable working pressure of
economizer in bar
6. Tests
Before they are installed, finished economizers are to
be subjected at the maker's works to a manufacturing
test and a hydrostatic pressure test at 1,5 times the
max. allowable working pressure.
Table 7.16 Jointing factors

Shape Description Material
Jointing Factor
1
)
for liquids for gases and vapours
assembly
2
) service assembly
2
) service
k
o
k
o
. K
D
k
1
k
o
k
o
. K
D
k
1
[mm] [N/mm] [mm] [mm] [N/mm] [mm]
flat seals to
DIN 2690
up to
DIN 2692
impregnated
sealing
material
- 20 b
D
b
D
- - -
rubber - b
D
0,5 b
D
- 2 b
D
0,5 b
D
Teflon - 20 b
D
1,1 b
D
- 25 b
D
1,1 b
D
It - 15 b
D
b
D
-
3
)
200
b
D
h
D
1,3 b
D
spirally
wound
gasket
unalloyed
steel - 15 b
D
b
D
- 50 b
D
1,3 b
D
corrugated
gasket
Al - 8 b
D
0,6 b
D
- 30 b
D
0,6 b
D
Cu, Brass - 9 b
D
0,6 b
D
- 35 b
D
0,7 b
D
mild steel - 10 b
D
0,6 b
D
- 45 b
D
1,0 b
D
metal-
sheated
gasket
Al - 10 b
D
b
D
- 50 b
D
1,4 b
D
Cu, Brass - 20 b
D
b
D
- 60 b
D
1,6 b
D
mild steel - 40 b
D
b
D
- 70 b
D
1,8 b
D
flat gasket
to
DIN 2694
- 0,8 b
D
- b
D
+5 b
D
- b
D
+5
diamont
gasket
- 0,8 - 5 1 - 5
1
) Applicable to flat, machined, sound, sealing surface
2
) Where k
o
cannot be specified, the product of k
o
K
D
is given here
3
) Must be a gastight grade
Table 7.16 Jointing factors (cont'd)

Shape Description Material
Jointing Factor
1
)
for liquid for gases and vapours
assembly
2
) service assembly
2
) service
k
o
k
o
. K
D
k
1
k
o
k
o
. K
D
k
1
[mm] [N/mm] [mm] [mm] [N/mm] [mm]
oval
gasket
- 1,6 - 6 2 - 6
round
gasket
- 1,2 - 6 1,5 - 6
ring
gasket
- 1,6 - 6 2 - 6
U-shaped
gasket to
DIN 2696
- 1,6 - 6 2 - 6
corrugated
gasket to
DIN 2697
-
0,4 Z
- 9+0,2.Z
0,5 Z
- 9+0,2.Z
membrane
welded
gasket to
DIN 2695
- 0 - 0 0 - -
1
) Applicable to flat, machined, sound, sealing surfaces.
2
) Where K
D
cannot be specified, the product of k
o
x K
D
is given here
Table 7.17 Deformation factors
Material Deformation factor K
D
[N/mm]
aluminium, soft
copper, soft
soft iron
steel, St 35
alloy steel, 13 Cr Mo 44
austenitic steel
492
185
343
392
441
491
NOTE :
At room temperature K
D
is to be substituted by the deformation factor at 10
% compression
10
or alternatively by the tensile strength R
m
Fig.7.27 Weakening factor v for cylindrical shells with symmetrically staggered rows of holes
II. Thermal Oil Systems
A. General
1. Scope
The following Rules apply to thermal oil systems in
which organic liquids (thermal oils) are heated by
firing, exhaust gases or electricity to temperatures
below their initial boiling point at atmospheric
pressure.
2. Other applicable Rules
In addition, the Rules listed below are to be applied
analogously :
Rules for Machinery For materials,
Installations Volume III fabrication and design
Section 7 I, B, C, D of the heaters
Rules for Machinery For materials fabrica-
Installations Volume III tion and design of the
Section 8, B, C, D. expansion vessel and
the tanks
Rules for Machinery For oil firing systems
Installations, Volume III (additional shutdown
Section 9, A and B. criteria see Section 7
II, B.4, C.4
Rules for Machinery For thermal oil tanks
Installations, Volume III,
Section 10, A, B and D.
Rules for Machinery For pipes, valves and
Installations, Volume III pumps
Section 11, A. to D, Q
and R.
Rules for Machinery For fire protection and
Installations Volume III fire fighting equipment
Section 12
Rules for Electrical For electrical equip-
Installations. Volume IV ment items
Rules for Automation , For automated
Volume VII machinery systems
3. Definitions
3.1 The "maximum allowable working pressure"
is the maximum pressure which may occur in the in-
dividual parts of the equipment under service condi-
tions.
3.2 The "thermal oil temperature" is the
temperature of the thermal oil at the center of the flow
cross-section.
3.3 The "discharge temperature" is the
temperature of the thermal oil immediately at the
heater outlet.
3.4 The "return temperature" is the temperature
of the thermal oil immediately at the heater inlet.
3.5 The "film temperature" is the wall
temperature on the thermal oil side. In the case of
heated surfaces, this may differ considerably from the
temperature of the thermal oil.
The following documents are to be submitted for
approval :
- a description of the system stating the
discharge and return temperatures, the
maximum film temperatures, the total
volume of the system and the physical and
chemical characteristics of the thermal oil,
- drawings of the heaters, the expansion vessel
and the drainage and storage tanks,
- a flow-chart with details of the proposed
safety devices and valves,
- circuit diagrams of the electrical control
system, where required, in order to evaluate
their operation.
If specially requested, mathematical proof of the
maximum film temperature in accordance with DIN
4754 is to be submitted.
5. Thermal oils
5.1 The thermal oil must remain serviceable for at
least 1 year at the specified thermal oil temperature.
Its suitability for further use is to be verified at
appropriate intervals, but at least once a year.
5.2 Thermal oils may only be used within the limits
set by the manufacturer. A safety margin of about
50 C is to be maintained between the discharge
temperature and the maximum allowable film
temperature specified by the manufacturer.
5.3 The thermal oil is to be protected from oxidation.
Where necessary, special precautions are to be taken
for this purpose. In systems operating with an inert
gas blanket, provision must be made for a constant gas
supply. The pressure in the expansion tank must be
indicated and safeguarded against overpressure.
5.4 Precautions are to be taken to protect the thermal
oil from oxidation
5.5 Copper and copper alloys are to be avoided due
to their catalytic effect on the thermal oil
6. Manual operation
operation. At least the temperature limiters on the oil
side and flow monitoring must remain operative even
in manual operation.
6.2 Manual operation demands constant and direct
supervision of the system.
6.3 For details of requirements in respect of the
manual operation of the oil firing system, see
Section 9.
B. Heaters
1. Acceptable materials
Heaters of thermal oil systems are to be fabricated
from the same materials as boilers as per Section 7
Part I, B.2.
The materials of the parts of the heaters which are in
contact with the thermal oil are to be tested in
accordance with Section 7 Part I, B.3.
3. Design
3.1 Heaters are to be designed thermodynamically
that neither the surfaces nor the thermal oil become
excessively heated at any point. The flow of the
thermal oil must be ensured by forced circulation.
3.2 The surfaces which come into contact with the
thermal oil are to be designed for the maximum
allowable working pressure subject to a minimum
gauge pressure of 10 bar.
3.3 Heaters heated by exhaust gas must be designed
that resonance with oscillation of the exhaust gas
column cannot occur.
3.4 The exhaust gas feed must be arranged that the
thermal oil cannot penetrate the engine or the
turbocharger in case of a leakage in the heater
respectively the cleaning medium heater cleaning.
3.5 Heaters heated by exhaust gas are to be provided
with inspection apertures at the exhaust gas intake and
outlet.
3.6 Oil fired heaters are to be provided with
inspection apertures for examination of the
combustion chamber.
3.7 Sensors for the temperature measuring and
monitoring devices are to be introduced into the
system through welded-in immersion pipes
3.8 Heaters are to be fitted with means enabling
them to be completely drained.
3.9 For electrically heated heaters the Rules are to
be applied analogously to oil fired heaters.
4. Equipment
The suitability of safety and monitoring devices (e.g.
valves, limiters/alarms for temperature, flow and
leakage monitoring) for marine use is to be proven by
type testing.
4.1 Safety valves
Each heater is to be equipped with at least one safety
valve having a blow-off capacity at least equal to the
increase in volume of the thermal oil at the maximum
heating power. During blow-off the pressure may not
increase above 10 % over the maximum allowable
working pressure.
4.2 Temperature and flow indicating devices
4.2.1 Temperature measuring devices are to be
fitted at the discharge and return line of both oil fired
heaters and heaters heated by exhaust gas.
4.2.2 Temperature measuring devices are also to be
fitted in the flue gas or exhaust gas stream at the
heaters outlet.
4.2.3 The flow of the thermal oil must be
indicated.
4.3 Temperature control
4.3.1 For automatic control of the discharge
temperature, oil fired heaters are to be equipped with
an automatic rapidly adjustable heat supply in
accordance with Section 9, A. and B.
4.3.2 The discharge temperature of heaters heated
by exhaust gas must be controlled by automatic
regulation of the heat input or by recooling the
thermal oil in a dumping cooler, but independently
from the control of the engine output.
4.4 Temperature monitoring
4.4.1 If the allowable discharge temperature is
exceeded, for oil fired heaters the heat supply must be
switched off and interlocked by a temperature limiter.
4.4.2 If the allowable discharge temperature is
exceeded for heaters heated by exhaust gas an alarm
must be tripped.
4.4.3 The discharge temperature of parallel-
connected heating surfaces in the heater must be
monitored individually at the outlet of each heating
surface.
With heaters heated by exhaust gas, individual
monitoring of heating surfaces connected in parallel
may be dispensed with if the maximum exhaust gas
temperature is lower than the maximum allowable
film temperature of the thermal oil.
4.4.4 If the specified flue gas temperature of the
oil fired heaters is exceeded, the firing system must be
switched off and be interlocked.
4.4.5 Heaters heated by exhaust gases are to be
equipped with a temperature switch which, when the
maximum design exhaust gas temperature is
exceeded, signals by means of an alarm that the
heating surfaces are badly fouled.
4.5 Flow monitoring
4.5.1 Precautions must be taken to ensure that the
maximum allowable film temperature of the thermal
4.6 Leakage monitoring
4.6.1 Oil fired heaters are to be equipped with a
leakage detector which, when actuated, shuts down
and interlocks the firing system. If the oil fired heater
is in "stand-by" the starting of the burner must be
blocked if the leakage detector is actuated.
4.6.2 Heaters heated by exhaust gas are to be
equipped with a leakage detector which, when
actuated, trips an alarm, and a reference shall be
provided to reduce the power of engine, which
delivers exhaust gas to the heater.
4.7 Shut-off devices
4.7.1 Both oil fired heaters and heaters heated by
exhaust gas are to be fitted with shut-off devices and,
if necessary with by-pass valves, which can also be
operated from a position outside the immediate area in
which the heater is installed.
4.7.2 It is advisable for the heater to be capable of
being drained and ventilated from the same position.
4.8 Fire detection and fire distinguishing
system
4.8.1 The temperature switch for fire detection,
required according to Section 12, C.4.3 must be
provided additionally to the temperature switch
according to 4.4.5 and shall be set to a temperature 50
to 80 C higher. If actuated alarm shall be given by
group alarm.
4.8.2 Thermal oil heaters heated by exhaust gas are
to be fitted with a permanent system for extinguishing
and cooling in the event of fire, e.g. a pressure water
spraying system. For details see Section 12, Table
12.1 and paragraph L.2.2.
C. Vessels
Vessels are to be constructed of materials conforming
to Section 8, B.3., in the pressure vessel class
appropriate to the thermal oil system.
The vessel materials are to be tested in accordance
with Section 8, B.4.
3. Design
3.1 All vessels, including those open to the
atmosphere, are to be designed for a pressure of at
least 2 bar, unless provision has to be made for a
higher working pressure. Excepted from this Rules are
tanks designed and dimensioned according to the
Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 12.
3.2 An expansion vessel is to be placed at the
highest point in the system. The space provided for
expansion must be such that the increase in the vol-
ume of the thermal fluid at the maximum thermal fluid
temperature can be safely accommodated. The
following are to be regarded as minimum
requirements: 1,5 times the increase in volume for
volumes up to 1000 liters, and 1,3 times the increase
for volumes over 1000 liters. The volume is the total
quantity of thermal oil contained in the equipment up
to the lowest liquid level in the expansion vessel.
3.3 At the lowest point of the system a drainage tank
is to be located, the capacity of which is sufficient to
hold the volume of the largest isolatable system
section.
3.4 A separate storage tank is to be provided to
make good any losses. The stock of thermal oil is to
be at least 40 % of the capacity of the system.
Depending on the system design or the ships
geographical area of service, a smaller stock may be
acceptable.
3.5 In exceptional cases, approval may be given for
the drainage tank and the storage tank to be combined.
Combined storage/drainage tanks are to be
dimensioned that in addition to the stock of thermal
oil, there is room for the contents of the largest
isolatable system section.
4. Equipment of the expansion vessel
The suitability of level indication device, safety and
monitoring devices (e.g. low level limiter) for marine
use is to be proven by type testing.
4.1 Level indication
4.1.1 The expansion vessel must be equipped with
a liquid level gauge with a mark indicating the lowest
allowable liquid level.
4.1.2 Level gauges made of glass or plastic are not
allowed.
4.2 Low level limiter and pre-alarm
4.2.1 A limit switch is to be fitted which shuts
down and interlocks the firing system and switches
off the circulating pumps if the liquid level falls below
the allowable minimum.
4.2.2 Additionally a pre-alarm for low liquid level
is to be installed, e.g. by means of an adjustable level
switch on the liquid level gauge which gives an early
warning of a falling liquid level (e.g. in the event of a
leakage).
4.2.3 An alarm is also to be provided for the
maximum liquid level.
4.3 Quick drainage valve and emergency
shut-off valve
4.3.1 For rapid drainage in case of danger, a quick
drainage valve is to be fitted directly to the vessel with
remote control from outside the space in which the
equipment is installed.
4.3.2 Automatic means must be provided to ensure
a sufficient air supply to the expansion vessel when
the quick drainage valve is operated.
4.3.3 Where the expansion vessel is installed out-
side the engine room, the quick drainage valve may be
replaced by an emergency shut-off device.
4.3.4 The opening of the quick drainage valve or
the operation of the emergency shut-off device, as
applicable, must cause the automatic shutdown of the
firing system and the circulating pumps.
4.4 Connection lines
4.4.1 A safety expansion line must connect the
system to the expansion vessel. This must be installed
with a continuous positive gradient and must be di-
mensioned that a pressure rise of more than 10 %
above the maximum allowable working pressure in
the system is avoided.
4.4.2 The expansion vessel is to be provided with
an overflow line leading to the drainage tank.
4.4.3 The quick drainage line may be routed jointly
with the overflow line to the drainage tank.
4.4.4 All parts of the system in which thermal oil
can expand due to the absorption of heat from outside
must be safeguarded against excessive pressure. Any
thermal oil emitted is to be safely drained off.
4.5 Closed system
4.5.1 In systems operating with an inert gas
blanket, provision must be made for a constant gas
supply.
4.5.2 The pressure in the expansion vessel must be
indicated and safeguarded against overpressure.
5. Equipment of the drainage and storage
tank
5.1 Both tanks are to be equipped with an air
duct and a drain.
5.2 Air ducts are to be installed above the free
deck and are to be fitted with automatic air duct
closing devices, see Section 11, R.1..
5.3 Drains must be self-closing if the vessels are
located above the double bottom.
5.4 For sounding pipes, see Section 11, R.2
5.5 The storage of thermal oils is governed by
Section 10.
D. Equipment Items
1. Acceptable materials
1.1 Materials for pipes, valves and pumps see
Section 11, B.
1.2 Grey cast iron is unacceptable for equipment
items in the hot thermal oil circuit and for safety
valves.
Pipe, valve and pump materials are tested in
accordance with Section 11, B.3.
3. Equipment
3.1 Pipes, valves and pumps are governed, in
addition to the following specifications, by the
provisions of Section 11, Q.
3.2 The outlets of the circulating pumps are to be
equipped with pressure gauges.
3.3 It must be possible to shut down the
circulating pumps by an emergency switch which can
also be operated from a position outside the room in
which they are installed.
3.4 Devices for safe sampling are to be provided
at a suitable location in the thermal oil circuit.
3.5 Means of venting are to be provided at the
highest points of the isolatable section of the thermal
oil system and drains or drainage devices at the lowest
points.
Venting and drainage via open funnels are to be
avoided.
3.6 Fitting and draining pumps see Section 11,
Q.1.2.
3.7 Electric equipment items are governed by the
Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV.
E. Marking
1. Heaters
The following information shall be stated on a durable
manufacturer's nameplate permanently attached to the
heater:
- Manufacturer's name and address
- Serial number
- Year of manufacture
- Maximum allowable heating power
- Maximum allowable operating pressure
- Maximum allowable discharge temperature
- Minimum flow rate
- Liquid capacity
2. Vessels
2.1 Vessels are to be fitted with nameplate
bearing the following information:
- Manufacturer's name and address
- Serial number
- Maximum allowable operating pressure
- Maximum allowable operating temperature
- Capacity
2.2 For vessels with an open connection to the
atmosphere, the maximum allowable operating
pressure is to be shown on the nameplate as "0" or
"Atm.", even though a gauge pressure of 2 bar is
taken as the design basis in accordance with C.
F. Fire Precautions
The fire precautions are governed by the provisions of
Section 12.
G. Testing
1. Heaters
The thermal oil heaters are to be subjected to a
structural inspection and a pressure test, at 1,5 times
the maximum allowable operating pressure, at the
manufacturer's works.
2. Thermal oil system
After completion of installation on board, the system
including the associated monitoring equipment is to be
subjected to pressure, tightness and operational tests
in the presence of the Society's surveyor.
Section 8 - Pressure Vessels 8-1
S e c t i o n 8
Pressure Vessels
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 The following Rules apply to pressure vessels
(gauge or vacuum pressure) for the operation of the
main propulsion plant and its auxiliary machinery.
They also apply to vessels and equipment necessary
for the operation of the ship and to independent cargo
containers if these are subjected to internal or external
pressure in service.
Gas cylinders are subject to the requirements in G.
1.2 The Rules apply to a limited extent only (see
1.4) to pressure vessels and equipment with a
maximum allowable working pressure of up to 1 bar
gauge and with a total capacity, without deducting the
volume of internal fittings, of not more than 1000 l
and likewise to pressure vessels with a capacity
of 0,5 l.
1.3 Ship's service pressure vessels manufactured
to recognized standards, e.g. pressure vessels for the
water supply system and calorifiers and charge air
coolers, are not subject to these Rules with respect to
their wall thicknesses or the materials used. In the case
of charge air coolers an examination of the drawing
can be dispensed with.
1.4 The pressure vessels and equipment
mentioned in 1.2 and 1.3 are demonstrated to the
Society's Surveyor for final inspection (constructional
test) and to be subjected to a hydrostatic pressure test
in accordance with F.1. in his presence.
1.5 Hot water generators with outlet temperatures
above 120 C which are heated by solid, liquid or
gaseous fuels, by exhaust gases or by electrical means,
as well as to economizers heated by flue gas are
subject to Section 7 Part I - Boilers.
Surface condensers are additionally subject to
Section 3.
Cargo containers and process pressure vessels for the
transport of liquified gases in bulk are additionally
subject to Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in
Bulk, Volume IX
For reservoirs in hydraulic systems, see also Section
14, F. - Hydraulic System.
Drawing of pressure vessels and equipment containing
all the data necessary for their safety assessment are to
be submitted to the Society in triplicate.
The following details, in particular, are to be specified:
- Intended use, substance to be contained in
the vessel
- Working pressures and temperatures, if
necessary, secondary loads, volume of the
indivuidual spaces
- Design details of the pressurized parts
- Materials to be used, welding details, heat
treatment.
B. Materials
1.1 The materials of parts subject to pressure
must be suitable for the intended use and comply with
the Rules for Material, Volume V.
1.2 Parts such as ribs or girths, holders, supports,
brackets etc. welded directly to pressure vessel walls
are to be made of material compatible with that of the
wall and of guaranteed weldability.
1.3 Welded structures are also subject to the
Rules for Welding, Volume VI B, Section 14.
1.4 For corrosion protection, see C.7.
2. Classes
2.1 According to operating conditions, vessels
are to be classed in accordance with Table 8.1.
2.2 Pressure vessels filled partly with liquids and
partly with air or gases or which are blown out by air
or gases, such as pressure tanks in drinking water or
sanitary systems and reservoirs, are to be classified as
pressure vessels containing air or gas. For reservoirs
in hydraulic systems, see also Section 14, F.
The materials specified in Table 8.2 are to be used for
the classes stated in 2.
8-2 Section 8 - Pressure Vessels
Table 8.1 Pressure vessel classes
Operating medium Design pressure p
c
[bar]
Design temperature t[ C]
Liquefied gases (propane, butane, etc),
toxic gas cargo.
all --- ---
Refrigerants Group 2 Group 1
Steam,
Compressed air,
Gases
Thermal oils
p
c
> 16
or
t > 300
p
c
16
t 300
p
c
7
t 170
Liquid fuels
p
c
> 16
or
t > 150
p
c
16
t 150
p
c
7
t 60
Water and oils p
c
> 40
or
t > 300
p
c
40
t 300
p
c
16
t 200
Pressure vessel class I II III
4. Testing of Materials
4.1 Tests in accordance with the Society's Rules
for Materials are prescribed for materials belonging to
pressure vessel class I used for:
a) all parts subject to pressure with the
exception of small parts such as welded pads,
reinforcing discs, branch pieces and flanges
of nominal diameter DN 32 mm,together
with forged or rolled steel valve heads for
compressed air receivers.
b) forged flanges for service temperatures
> 300 C and for service temperatures
300 C if the product of PB [bar] and DN
[mm] is > 2500 or the nominal diameter is
> DN 250.
c) bolts of size M 30 (30 mm diameter metric
thread) and above made of steels with a
tensile strength of more than 500 N/mm
2
and
alloyed or heat-treated steel bolts larger than
size M 16.
d) nuts of size M 30 and above made of steels
with a tensile strength of more than
600 N/mm
2
d) bodies of valves and fittings, see Section 11,
B.
4.2 For pressure vessel class II parts subject to
mandatory testing, proof of material quality may take
the form of work test certificates (DIN 50 049 - 3.1 B)
provided that the test results certified therein comply
with the Society's Rules for Materials.
Work test certificates may also be recognized for
series-manufactured class I vessel components made
of unalloyed steels, e.g. hand-and manhole covers, and
for forged flanges and branch pipes where the product
of PB DN 2500 and the nominal diameter DN
250 mm for service temperatures 300 C.
4.3 For all parts not subject to testing of materials
by the Society, alternative proof of the characteristics
of the material is to be provided, e.g. a work certificate
as to the properties of the materials used.
C. Manufacturing Principles
1. Manufacturing processes applied to
materials
Manufacturing processes must be compatible with the
materials concerned. Materials whose grain structure
has been adversely affected by hot or cold working are
to undergo heat treatment in accordance with the
Rules for Materials, Volume V, Section 6, A.
2. Welding
The execution of welding work, the approval of
welding shops and the qualification testing of welders
are to be in accordance with Rules for Welding,
Volume VI, Section 14 .
3. End plates
3.1 The flanges of dished ends may not be
unduly hindered in their movement by any kind of fix-
tures, e.g. fastening plates or stiffeners. Supporting
legs may only be attached to dished ends which have
been adequately dimensioned for this purpose.
3.2. Where covers or ends are secured by hinged
bolts, the latter are to be safeguarded against slipping
off.
Table 8.2 Approved materials (Part 1)
Materials
and
product form
Grades of materials in accordance with
the Rules for Materials, Volume V.
Pressure vessel class
I II III

Steel plate,
shapes and bars
Plate for boilers and pressure vessels, Section 3, E
Low-temperature steels, Section 3, I
Austenic stainless steels, Section 3, G
Specially killed steels (with
testing of each rolled plate),
Section 3, C.
General structural steels, Section 3, C
----
Shipbuilding
steels, Section 3,
B.
Pipes
Seamless and welded ferritic steel pipes, Section 4, C
Low temperature steel pipes for design temperatures below -10C, Section
4, D.
Austenitic stainless steel pipes, Section 4, E.
Forgings
Forgings for boilers, pressure vessels and pipelines, Section 5, E.
Low temperature steel forgings for design temperatures below - 10C,
Section 5, F.
----
Forgings for general plant engineering,
Section 5, B.
Bolts
and
nuts
Bolts for general plant engineering to recognized standards, e.g. DIN 267 or
ISO 898
High temperature steels for design temperatures > 300 C
Low-temperature steels for design temperatures below -10C
Table 8.2 Approved materials (Part 2)
Materials
and
product form
Grades of materials in accordance with
Rules for Materials, Volume V.
Pressure vessel class
I II III

Cast steel
Steel casting for boilers, pressure vessels and pipelines, Section 6, D.
High-temperature steel casting for design temperature > 300
Low temperature steel castings for design temperature below - 10C,
Section 6, E
Steel casting for plant
engineering, Section 4, B.
Nodular cast iron
Nodular cast iron, Section 7, B.
Ferritic grades only
Standard grades up to 300 C
Special grades up to 350 C
Grey cast iron
not permitted
At least grade GG 20,
Section 7, G.
Not permitted for vessels
in thermal oil systems

Copper and copper alloys
pipes and castings
Copper alloys, Section 10, A and B, within the following limits :
working pressure up to 25 bar
copper-nickel alloys up to 300 C
high-temperature bronzes up to 260 C
others up to 200 C
Alluminium alloys plate,
pipes and castings
Aluminium alloys, Section 9, within th following limits :
working pressure up to 25 bar
design temperature up to 200 C
only with the special agreement of the Society
4. Branch pipes
The wall thickness of branch pipes must be
dimensioned as to enable additional external stresses
to be safely absorbed. The wall thickness of welded-in
branch pipes should be appropriate to the wall
thickness of the part into which they are welded. The
walls must be effectively welded together.
Pipe connections in accordance with Section 11 are to
be provided for the attachment of piping.
5. Tube plates
Tube holes must be carefully drilled and deburred.
Bearing in mind the tube-expansion procedure and the
combination of materials involved, the ligament width
must be such as to ensure the proper execution of the
expansion process and the sufficient anchorage of the
tubes. The expanded length should not be less than
12 mm.
6. Compensation for expansion
The design of vessels and equipment has to take
account of possible thermal expansion, e.g. between
the shell and bundle of heating tubes.
7. Corrosion protection
Vessels and equipment exposed to accelerated
corrosion owing to the medium which they contain
(e.g. warm seawater) must be protected in a suitable
manner.
8. Cleaning and inspection openings
8.1 Vessels and equipment are to be provided
with inspection and access openings which should be
as large as possible and conveniently located. For the
minimum dimensions of these, see Section 7, C.9.
In order to provide access with auxiliary or protective
devices, a manhole diameter of at least 600 mm is
generally required. The diameter may be reduced to
500 mm where the pipe socket height to be traversed
does not exceed 250 mm.
Vessels over 2,0 m long must have inspection
openings at each end at least. Where the vessel can be
entered, one access opening is sufficient.
Pressure vessels with an inside diameter of more than
800 mm must be capable of being entered.
8.2 Manhole openings must be designed and
sited in such a way that the vessels are accessible
without undue difficulty. The edges of inspection and
access openings are to be stiffened where they could
be deformed by tightening the cover-retaining bolts or
crossbars.
Special inspection and access openings are not
necessary where internal inspection can be carried out
by removing or dismantling parts.
8.3 Inspection openings may be dispensed with
where experience has proved the unlikelihood of
corrosion or deposits, e.g. in steam jackets.
Where vessels and equipment contain dangerous
substances (e.g. liquefied or toxic gases), the covers of
inspection and access openings shall be secured not by
crossbars but by bolted flanges.
9. Identification and marking
Each pressure vessel is to be provided with a plate or
permanent inscription indicating the manufacturer, the
serial number, the year of manufacture, the capacity,
the maximum allowable working pressure and in case
of service temperatures of more than 50
o
C or less than
-10
o
C the service temperature of the pressurized parts.
On smaller items of equipment, an indication of the
working pressures is sufficient.
D. Design Calculations
1. Principles
1.1 The parts subject to pressure of pressure
vessels and equipment are to be designed, as far as
they are applicable, by applying the formulae for
steam boilers (Section 7) and otherwise in accordance
with the general rules of engineering practice. The
calculations are to be based on the details specified in
1.2 to 1.7.
1.2 Design pressure p
c
1.2.1 The design pressure is generally the maxi-
mum allowable working pressure (gauge). In
determining the maximum allowable working
pressure, due attention is to be given to hydrostatic
pressures if these cause the loads on the walls to be
increased by 5 % or more.
1.2.2 In the case of feedwater heaters located on
the delivery side of the boiler feed pump, the maxi-
mum allowable working pressure is the maximum
delivery pressure of the pump.
1.2.3 For external pressures, the calculation is to be
based on a vacuum of 1 bar or on the external pressure
at which the vacuum safety valves are actuated. In the
event of simultaneous positive pressure externally and
vacuum internally, or vice versa, the calculation is to
assume an external or, respectively, internal pressure
increased by 1 bar.
1.2.4 In the case of cargo tanks for liquified gases,
the design pressure is to be determined in accordance
with Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in
Bulk, Volume IX. Vessels and equipment in re-
frigerating installations are governed by Rules for
Refrigerating Installations, Volume VIII.
The dimensions of components are governed by the
allowable stress
perm
[N/mm
2
]. With the exception of
cargo containers and process pressure vessels as
described in Volume IX, the smallest value determined
the following expressions is to be applied in this case
:
1.3.1 Rolled and forged steels
For design temperatures up to 350 C
where R
m,20
guaranteed minimum tensile
R
m,20
o
2,7
strength [N/mm
2
] at room
temperature (may be dispensed
with in the case of recognized
fine-grained steels with R
eH

360 N/mm
2
)
where R
eH,20
guaranteed yield strength or
R
eH,20
o
1,7
minimum value of the 0,2 %
proof stress
1
) at room
temperature
where R
eH,t
guaranteed yield strength or
R
eH,t
1,6
minimum value of the 0,2 %
proof stress
1
) at design
1
) 1% proof stress in case of austenitic steel
temperatures above 50 C
For design temperature above 350 C
where R
m,l00000,t
= mean value of the
R
m,100000,t
1,5
100000 h fatigue
strength at design
temperature t
Cargo containers and process pressure vessels for
liquefied gases are governed by the values specified in
Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk,
Volume IX.
1.3.2 Cast materials
a ) C a s t s t e e l
:
,
,

,,
,
,

,,
,
b) Nodular cast iron :
,
,

,,
,
c) Grey cast iron :
1.3.3 Non-ferrous metals

a) Copper and copper alloys :
,
,
b) Aluminium :
,
,
With non-ferrous metals supplied in varying degrees
of hardness it should be noted that heating, e.g. at
soldering or welding, can cause a reduction in
mechanical strength. In these cases, calculations are to
be based on the mechanical strength in the
soft-annealed condition.
1.4.1 The design temperature to be applied is
generally the maximum temperature of the medium to
be contained.
1.4.2 Where heating is by firing, exhaust gas or
electrical means, Section 7, Table 7.3 is to be applied
as appropriate. Where electrical heating is used, Table
7.3 applies only to directly heated surfaces.
1.4.3 With service temperatures below 20 C, a
design temperature of at least 20 C is to be used in
calculations.
1.5 Weakening factor
For the weakening factors v, see Section 7, D.2.
The allowance for corrosion and wear is generally
c = 1 mm. It may be dispensed with in the case of plate
thicknesses of 30 mm or more, stainless steels and
other corrosion-resistant materials.
1.7 Minimum wall thicknesses
1.7.1 The wall thickness of the shells and end
plates should generally not be less than 3 mm.
1.7.2 Where the walls of vessels are made from
pipes of corrosion-resistant materials or for vessels
and equipment in class III a minimum wall thickness
of 2 mm can be allowed, provided that the walls are
not subjected to external forces.
1.8 Other Rules applicable to dimensional
design
Where walls, or parts of walls, cannot be calculated by
applying the formulae given in Section 7 or in
accordance with the general rules of engineering
practice, other methods are to be used to demonstrate
that the allowable stresses are not exceeded.
E. Equipment and Installation
1. Shut-off devices
Shut-off devices must be fitted in pressure lines as
close as possible to the pressure vessel. Where several
pressure vessels are grouped together, it is not
necessary that each vessel should be capable of being
shut-off individually and means need only be provided
for shutting off the group. In general, not more than
three vessels should be grouped together. Starting air
receivers and other pressure vessels which are opened
in service must be capable of being shut-off
individually. Devices incorporated in piping, (e.g.
water and oil separators) do not require shut-off
devices.
2. Pressure gauges
2.1 Each pressure vessel which can be shut-off
and every group of vessels with a shut-off device must
be equipped with a pressure gauge, also capable of
being shut-off. The measuring range and calibration
must extend to the test pressure with a red mark to
indicate the maximum allowable working pressure.
2.2 Equipment need only be fitted with pressure
gauges when this is necessary for its operation.
3. Safety equipment
3.1 Each pressure vessel which can be shut-off or
every group of vessels with a shut-off device must be
equipped with a spring-loaded safety valve which
cannot be shut-off and which closes again reliably
after blow-off.
Appliances for controlling pressure and temperature
are no substitute for relief valves.
3.2 Safety valves must be designed and set in
such a way that the max. allowable working pressure
cannot be exceeded by more than 10 %. Means must
be provided to prevent the unauthorized alteration of
the safety valve setting. Valve cones must be capable
of being lifted at all times.
3.3 Means of drainage which cannot be shut-off
are to be provided at the lowest point on the discharge
side of safety valves for gases, steam and vapours.
Facilities must be provided for the safe disposal of
hazardous gases, vapours or liquids discharging from
safety valves. Heavy oil flowing out must be drained
off via an open funnel.
3.4 Steam-filled spaces are to be fitted with a
safety valve if the steam pressure inside them is liable
to exceed the maximum allowable working pressure.
3.5 Heated spaces which can be shut-off on both
the inlet and the outlet side are to be fitted with a
safety valve which will prevent an inadmissible
pressure increase should the contents of the space
undergo dangerous thermal expansion or the heating
elements fail.
Besides a temperature controller, electrically heated
appliances are also to be equipped with a safety
thermal limiter.
3.6 Pressure water tanks are to be fitted with a
safety valve on the water side. A safety valve on the
air side may be dispensed with if the air pressure
supplied to the tank cannot exceed its maximum
allowable working pressure.
3.7 Calorifiers are to be fitted with a diaphragm
safety valve at the cold water inlet.
3.8 Rupture discs are permitted only with the
consent of the Society in applications where their use
is specially justified. They must be designed that the
maximum allowable working pressure cannot be
exceeded by more than 10 %.
Rupture discs must be provided with a guard to catch
the fragments of the rupture element and must be
protected against damage from outside. The fragments
of the rupture element shall not be capable of reducing
the necessary section of the discharge aperture.
3.9 Pressure relief devices can be dispensed with
in the case of accumulators in pneumatic and hydraulic
control and regulating systems provided that the
pressure which can be supplied to these accumulators
cannot exceed the maximum allowable working
pressure and that the pressure-volume product is PB
I 200.
4. Liquid level indicators and feed
equipment for heated pressure vessels
4.1 Heated pressure vessels in which a fall of the
liquid level can result in unacceptably high
temperatures in the vessel walls must be fitted with a
device for indicating the level of the liquid.
4.2 Pressure vessels with a fixed minimum liquid
level must be fitted with feed equipment of adequate
size.
5. Sight glasses
Sight glasses in surfaces subject to pressure are
allowed only if they are necessary for the operation of
the plant and other means of observation cannot be
provided. They should not be larger than necessary
and should preferably be round. Sight glasses must be
protected against mechanical damage, e.g. by wire
mesh. With combustible, explosive or poisonous
media, sight glasses must be fitted with closable
covers.
6. Draining and venting
6.1 Pressure vessels and equipment must be
capable of being depressurized and completely
emptied or drained. Particular attention is to be given
to the adequate drainage facilities of compressed air
vessels.
6.2 Suitable connections for the execution of
hydraulic pressure tests and a vent at the uppermost
point must be provided.
7. Installation
7.1 When installing and fastening pressure
vessels onboard ship care is to be taken to ensure that
the loads due to the contents and the structural weight
of the vessel and to movements of the ship and
vibrations cannot rise to any excessive stress increases
in the vessel's surfaces. Where necessary, surfaces in
the region of supports and brackets are to be fitted
with reinforcing plates.
7.2 Pressure vessels and equipment are to be
installed in such a way as to provide for practicable
all-round visual inspection and to facilitate the exe-
cution of periodic tests. Where necessary, ladders or
steps are to be fitted inside vessels.
7.3 Wherever possible, horizontal laying
compressed air receivers should be installed at an
angle and parallel to the fore-and-aft line of the ship.
The angle should be at least 10 (with the valve head
at the top.) Where vessels are installed athwartships,
the angle should be greater.
7.4 Where necessary, compressed air receivers
are to be marked on the outside that they can be
installed onboard ship in the position necessary for
complete venting and drainage.
8. Cargo tanks for liquefied gases
For the equipment and installation of cargo tanks for
liquified gases, see Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied
Gases in Bulk, Volume IX.
F. Tests
1. Pressure tests
1.1 After completion, pressure vessels and
equipment has to undergo constructional and
hydrostatic tests. No permanent deformation of the
walls may result from these tests.
During the hydrostatic test, the loads specified below
may not be exceeded:
for materials with a for materials without a
definite yield point definite yield point
,

,
,
1.2 The test pressure PP for pressure vessels and
equipment is generally 1,5 times the maximum
allowable working pressure PB, subject to a minimum
of PB + 1 bar. Where the working pressure exceeds
200 bar, the test pressure to be applied is PB + 100
bar. For working pressures below atmospheric
pressure, the test pressure is 2 bar gauge. For the test
pressures to be applied to steam condensers, see
Section 3, Part I.
1.3 All pressure vessels and equipment located in
the fuel oil pressure lines of boiler firing equipment
are to be tested on the oil side with a test pressure of
1,5 times the working pressure, subject to a minimum
of 5 bar. On the steam side, the test is to be performed
as specified in 1.2.
1.4 Pressure vessels in water supply systems
which correspond to Standard DIN 4810 are to be
tested at pressures of 5,2 bar, 7,8 bar or 13,0 bar as
specified in the Standard.
1.5 Air coolers (e.g. supercharge air coolers) are
to be tested on the water side at 1,5 times the
maximum allowable working pressure, subject to a
minimum of 4 bar.
1.6 Pressure tests with media other than water
may be agreed to in special cases.
2. Tightness tests
For vessels and equipment containing dangerous sub-
stances (e.g. liquefied gases), the Society reserves the
right to call for a special test of gastightness.
3. Testing after installation on board
Following installation onboard ship, a check is carried
out on the fittings of vessels and equipment and on the
arrangement and setting of safety appliances, and
operating tests are performed wherever necessary.
G. Gas Cylinders
1. General
For the purposes of these Rules, gas cylinders are
bottles with a capacity of not more than 150 l with an
outside diameter of 420 mm and a length of 2000
mm which are charged with gases in special filling
stations and are thereafter brought on board ship
where the pressurized gases are used (see also
Section 12).
2. Manufacture
2.1 Gas cylinders must be manufactured by
established methods using suitable materials and must
be designed that they are well able to withstand the
expected loads.
2.2 The manufacturing process is subject to
approval. For this purpose, the following documents
are to be submitted:
2.2.1 A description of the manufacturing process
with indicating the production controls normally
carried out in the manufacturer's works.
2.2.2 Details of the materials to be used (guide
analysis, yield point, tensile strength, impact strength,
heat treatment).
2.2.3 Drawings in triplicate with details of the
stamped marking to be applied.
3. Design calculation
3.1 Terms used
p
c
[bar] design pressure (specified test
pressure)
D
a
[mm] outside diameter of gas cylinder
R
eH
[N/mm
2
] guaranteed upper yield point
[N/mm
2
] guaranteed lower yield point
[N/mm
2
] guaranteed 0,2 % proof stress
,
[N/mm
2
] guaranteed minimum tensile
strength
[N/mm
2
] yield point needed as compara-
tive value for the determination

of R
either R
e
= R
eH

or R
e
= R
p0,2
[N/mm
2
] in each case the smaller of the
following two values:
1) Re
2) - 0,75 Rm for normalized or
normalized and tempered
cylinders
- 0,90 Rm for quenched and
tempered cylinders
[N/mm
2
] allowable stress = D
[-] design coefficient for dished

ends (see Section 7, D.4.)
v [-] weakening factor (see Section
7,D.2)
3.2 Cylindrical surfaces

3.3 Dished ends

D
D
3.4 Spherical ends

The conditions applicable to dished ends are shown in

the Figure 8.1:
4. Test pressure
The specified test pressure for CO
2
bottles with a
filling factor of 0,66 kg/l is 250 bar gauge. For other
gases, the test pressure may be agreed with the
Society.
5. Testing of gas cylinders
5.1 Sampling
5.1.1 Normalized cylinders
Two sample cylinders from each 400 originating from
one melt and one heat treatment.
Fig. 8.1
5.1.2 Quenched and tempered cylinders
Two sample cylinder from each 100 originating from
one melt and one heat treatment.
5.2 Tests
5.2.1 One longitudinal tensile test specimen, three
transverse bending test specimens and a set of ISO
V-type notched bar impact test specimens are to be
taken from the sample cylinders according to 5.1.1 and
5.1.2. The notched bar impact test specimens are to be
tested at -20C.
5.2.2 The second test bottle is to be subject to a
bursting test according to 5.2.9.
5.2.3 In the case of lots of less than 400 pieces of
normalized and/or 200 pieces of quenched and
tempered bottles, only every other lot is to be
subjected to a bursting test.
5.2.4 The cylindrical wall thickness of all sample
cylinders is to be measured in transverse planes at
three levels (neck, middle and base). The end plate is
also to be sawn through and the thickness measured.
5.2.5 Examination of the inner surface of the neck
and bottom portions of the sample cylinders to detect
possible manufacturing defects.
5.2.6 Hydrostatic testing of all cylinders submitted
for testing.
5.2.7 Final visual inspection of cylinders, including
a check on the weight and volumetric capacity of
about 10 % of the cylinders submitted for testing.
Check of the stamped marking.
5.2.8 The manufacturer must establish the volu-
metric capacity and weight of each cylinder. Cylinders
which have been quenched and tempered are to be
submitted by the manufacturer to 100 % hardness
testing.
5.2.9 Test bottles intended to be subjected to a
bursting test must be clearly identified as to the lot
from which they have been taken.
5.2.9.1 The hydrostatic bursting test is to be carried
out in two subsequent stages, by means of a testing
device enabling the pressure to be continuously
increased up to bursting of the bottle and the pressure
curve to be recorded as s function of time. The test
must be carried out at room temperature.
5.2.9.2 During the first stage, the pressure has to
continuously increase, up to the value at which plastic
deformation starts; the pressure increase must not
exceed 5 bar/sec.
Once the point of plastic deformation has been
reached (second stage), the pump capacity must not
exceed double the capacity of the first stage; it has
then to be kept constant until bursting of the bottle.
6. Marking and identification
Each gas cylinder is to be marked with the following:
- Name or trade name of the manufacturer
- Serial number
- Type of gas
- Design strength value [N/mm
2
]
- Capacity [l]
- Test pressure [bar]
- Empty weight [kg]
- Date of test
- Test stamp
7. Recognition of equivalent tests
Tests verified by other bodies may be recognized
provided that they are established as being equivalent
to those prescribed above.
Section 9 - Oil Firing Equipment 9-1
S e c t i o n 9
Oil Firing Equipment
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 The oil firing equipment of main and
auxiliary boilers and thermal oil heaters is subject to
the Rules in B.
1.2 The oil burners of hot water boilers, oil fired
heaters and small heating appliances which are located
in the engine room or in spaces containing equipment
important to the operation of the machinery are subject
to the Rules specified under C.
1.3 Where oil burners are to be used additionally
for burning waste oil and oil sludge, the necessary
measures are to be agreed with the Head Office of
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia in each case.
1.4 In addition, the following general
requirements of this section are mandatory for all
installations and appliances.
A sectional drawing of each type of burner together
with a description of its mode operation and also
circuit diagrams and equipment lists of the electrical
control system are to be submitted to the Society in
triplicate for approval. Provided that they meet
recognized standards, equipment covered by C is
generally not subject to verification of drawings.
3. Approved fuels
See Section 1, D.12.
4. Boiler equipment and burner
arrangement
4.1 Oil burners are to be designed, fitted and
adjusted in such a manner as to prevent flames from
causing damage to the boiler surfaces or tubes which
border the combustion space. Boiler parts which might
otherwise suffer damage are to be protected by
refractory lining.
The firing system shall be arranged as to prevent
flames from blowing back into the boiler or engine
room and allow unburnt fuel to be safely drained.
4.2 Observation openings must be provided at
suitable points on the boiler or burner through which
the ignition flame, the main flame and the lining can
be observed.
4.3 Fuel leaking from potential leak points is to
be safely collected in oiltight trays and drained away
(cf. Section 12, B.6.1)
5. Simultaneous operation of oil firing
equipment and internal combustion
machinery
The operation of oil firing equipment in spaces
containing other plants with a high air consumption,
e.g. internal combustion engines or air compressors,
must not be impaired by variations in the air pressure.
B. Oil Firing Equipment for Boilers and
Thermal Oil Heaters
1. General
1.1 Boilers and thermal oil heaters without
constant and direct supervision are to be operated with
automatic firing systems.
operation (emergency operation). Flame monitoring
must remain operative even in manual operation.
1.3 Manual operation demands constant and
direct supervision of the system.
1.4 Safety devices may only be bridged by means
of key-operated switch.
2. Preheating of fuel oil
2.1 Fuel oil preheating equipment must enable
the steam boilers to be started up with the facilities
available on board.
2.2 Any controllable heat source may be used to
preheat the fuel oil. Preheating with open flame is not
permitted.
9-2 Section 9 - Oil Firing Equipment
2.3 Fuel oil circulating lines are to be provided to
enable the preheating of the fuel oil prior to the
start-up of the boilers.
Where only steam-operated preheaters are present,
fuel which does not require preheating must be
available to start up the boilers.
When a change is made from heavy to light oil, the
light oil may not be passed through the heater or be
excessively heated.
2.4 The preheating temperature is to be selected
so as to avoid excessive foaming, the formation of
vapour or gas and also the formation of deposits on
the heating surfaces.
Where fuel oil is preheated in tanks at atmospheric
pressure, the requirements in Section 10, B.5. are to be
complied with.
The design and construction of pressurized fuel oil
heaters are subject to the requirements in Section 8.
2.5 Temperature or viscosity control must be
done automatically. For monitoring purposes, a
thermometer or viscosimeter is to be fitted to the fuel
oil pressure line in front of the burners.
2.6 Should the oil temperature or viscosity
deviate above or below the permitted limits, an alarm
system must signal this fact to the boiler operating
platform.
3. Pumps, pipelines, valves and fittings
3.1 Oil fired main boilers must be equipped with
at least two fuel oil service pumps, two fuel oil heaters
(cf. 1.1) and change-over duplex filters in the pump
suction and discharge lines. The pumps and heaters
are to be rated and arranged in such a way that the oil
firing equipment remains operational even one unit
should fail.
This also applies to oil fired auxiliary boilers and
thermal oil heaters the event of failure of a single unit,
other means are provided for maintaining continuous
operation at sea.
3.2 Fuel oil service pumps may be connected
only to the fuel system.
3.3 The requirements in 3.1 apply in analogous
manner to fuel oil gravity tanks.
3.4 Pipelines must be permanently installed and
joined by oiltight welds, oiltight thread connections of
approved design or with flanged joints. Flexible pipes
may be used only directly in front of the burner to
enable the burner to swivel are to be retracted. They
must be installed with adequate bending radii and must
be protected against inadmissible heating. For non-
metallic flexible tubes and expansion compensators,
see Section 11, U.
3.5 Suitable devices, e.g. relief valves, must be
fitted to prevent any excessive pressure increase in the
fuel oil pump or pressurized fuel lines.
3.6 By means of a hand-operated, quick-closing
device mounted at the fuel oil manifold it must be
possible to isolate the fuel supply to the burners from
the pressurized fuel lines. Depending on design and
method of operation, a quick-closing device may also
be required directly in front of each burner.
4. Safety equipment
4.1 The correct sequence of safety functions
when the burner is started up or shut down is to be
ensured by means of a burner control box.
4.2 Two automatic shut-off devices must be
provided at the fuel oil supply line of the burner.
For the fuel oil supply line to the ignation burner one
automatic shut-off device will be sufficient, if the fuel
oil pump is switched off after iganation of the burner.
4.3 In an emergency it must be possible to close
the automatic shut-off devices from the boiler control
platform and - where applicable - from the control
room.
4.4 The automatic shut-off device must not
release the oil supply to the burner during start up and
must interrupt the oil supply during operation
(automatic restart possible) if one of the following
faults occur :
a) - Failure of the required pressure of the
atomizing medium (steam and
comprssed-air atomizers),
- Failure of the oil pressure needed for
atomization (pressure atomizers),
Insufficient rotary speed of spinning cup
or primary air pressure to low (rotary
atomizer),
b) Failure of combustion air supply
c) Failure of control power supply
d) Failure of induced-draught fan or insufficient
opening of exhaust gas register
e) Burner retracted or pivoted out of position.
4.5 The fuel oil supply must be interrupted by
closing the automatic shut-off devices and interlocked
by means of the burner control box if :
a) a flame does not develop within the safety
period following start-up (cf. 5.8),
b) the flame is extinguished during operation
and an attempt to restart the burner within the
safety period is unsuccessful (cf. 5.8), or
c) limit switches are actuated.
4.6 The return line of burners with return lines
must also be provided with an automatic shut-off de-
vice. The shut-off device in the return line may be
dispensed with if the return line is not under pressure
and no oil is able to flow back when the burner is
shut-down.
4.7 Oil firing equipment with electrically oper-
ated components must also be capable of being shut-
down by an emergency switch located outside the
space in which the equipment is installed. In analo-
gous manner, means must be provided for a remote
shut-down of steam-operated fuel oil service pumps.
4.8 The suitability of safety and monitoring
devices (e.g. burner control box, flame monitoring
device, automatic shut-off device and limiters) for
marine use is to be proven by type testing.
5. Design and construction of burners
1
)
5.1 The type and design of the burner and its
atomizing and air turbulence equipment must ensure
virtually complete combustion.
5.2 Oil burners must be designed and constructed
that personnel cannot be endangered by moving parts.
This applies particularly to blower intake openings.
The latter must also be protected to prevent the entry
of drip water.
5.3 The high-voltage ignition system must be
automatically disconnected when the oil burner is
retracted or pivoted out of the operating position. A
catch is to be provided to hold the burner in the swung
out position.
5.4 Steam atomizers must be fitted with
appliances to prevent fuel oil entering the steam
system.
5.5 Where dampers or similar devices are fitted
in the air supply duct, care must be taken to ensure that
air for purging the combustion chamber is always
available unless the oil supply is necessarily
interrupted.
5.6 Where an installation comprises several
burners supplied with combustion air by a common
fan, each burner must be fitted with a shut-off device
(e.g. a flap). Means must be provided for retaining the
shut-off device in position and its position must be
indicated.
5.7 Every burner must be equipped with an
igniter. The ignition is to be initiated immediately after
purging. In the case of low-capacity burners of
monobloc type (permanently coupled oil pump and
fan) ignition may begin with start-up of the burner
unless the latter is located in the roof of the chamber.
5.8 Every burner is to be equipped with a safety
device for flame monitoring. This appliance must
comply with the following safety periods
2
) on burner
start-up or when the flame is extinguished in
operation:
On start-up 5 seconds
In operation 1 second.
Where this is justified, longer safety periods may be
permitted for burners with an oil throughput of up to
30 kg/h. Measures must be taken to ensure that the
safety period for the main flame is not prolonged by
the action of the igniter (e.g. pilot burners).
5.9 Where burners are blown through after
shut-down, provision must be made for the safe
ignition of the residual oil ejected.
6. Purging of combustion chamber and flues,
exhaust gas ducting
6.1 The combustion chamber and flues are to be
adequately purged with air prior to every burner
start-up. A warning sign is to be mounted to this
effect.
6.2 A threefold renewal of the total air volume of
the combustion chamber and the flue gas ducts up to
the funnel inlet is considered sufficient. Normally
purging shall be performed with the total flow of
combustion air for at least 15 seconds. It shall,
however, in any case be performed with at least 50 %
of the volume of combustion air needed for the
maximum heating power of the firing system.
6.3 Bends and dead corners in the exhaust gas
ducts are to be avoided.
Dampers in uptakes and funnels should be avoided.
1
) ,

,

,

,

2
)

9-4 Section 9 - Oil Firing Equipment

Any damper which may be fitted must be installed that
no oil supply is possible when the cross-section of the
purge line is reduced below a certain minimum value.
The position of the damper must be indicated at the
boiler control platform.
6.4 Where an induced-draught fan is fitted, an
interlocking system . must prevent start-up of the
firing equipment before the fan has started. A cor-
responding interlocking system is also to be provided
for any flaps which may be fitted to the funnel
opening.
7. Electrical equipment
Electrical controls, safety appliance and their types of
enclosure must comply with the Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV and Rules for Automation,
Volume VII.
8. Testing
8.1 The installation on board is to be subjected to
operational tests including, in particular, determination
of the purging time required prior to burner start-up.
Satisfactory combustion at all load settings and the
reliable operation of the safety equipment are to be
checked.
8.2 After installation, the pressurized fuel oil
system is to be subjected to a pressure and tightness
test; cf. Section 11, B.4.
C. Oil Burners for Hot Water Heaters,
Oil-Fired Heaters and Small Heating
Appliances
1. Atomizing burners
1.1 Fully and semi-automatic atomizing burners
must meet the requirements of DIN 4787 or must be
recognized as equivalent. Adequate purging by means
of a fan must be ensured prior to each ignition,
effected by the controls. In general, a purging period
of at least 5 seconds may be deemed sufficient. Where
the flue gas ducting is unfavourable, the purging time
is to be extended accordingly.
1.2 Electrical equipment items and their types of
enclosure must comply with Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV. High-voltage igniters must
be adequately protected against unauthorized
interference.
1.3 Where dampers or similar devices are
mounted in the air supply line, care must be taken to
ensure that air is available in all circumstances for
purging the combustion space.
1.4 Pivoted oil burners may be swivelled out only
after the fuel oil has been cut off. The high-voltage
ignition equipment must likewise be disconnected
when this happens.
1.5 The plant must also be capable of being shut
down by means of an emergency switch located
outside the space in which the plant is installed.
2. Evaporation burners
2.1 The burner design (e.g. dish or pot-type
burner) must ensure that the combustion of the fuel oil
is as complete as possible at all load settings.
At the maximum oil level and with all possible angles
of inclination of the ship (see Section 1, C.1.) no fuel
oil may spill from the combustion vessel or its air
holes. Parts of the equipment important for the
operation, monitoring and cleaning of the plant must
be easily accessible.
2.2 Burners must be fitted with regulators
ensuring a virtually constant flow of fuel oil at the
selected setting. A safety device is required to prevent
the oil in the combustion vessel from rising above the
maximum permitted level. The regulators must
function reliably despite all the movements and
inclinations of the ship at sea.
2.3 Burners are normally to be equipped with a
blower to ensure a sufficient supply of combustion air.
Should the blower fail, the oil supply must be cut off
automatically. Heating equipment with burners not
supplied by a blower may only be installed and
operated in the spaces mentioned in A.1. providing a
supply of air adequate to maintain trouble-free
combustion is guaranteed.
3. Oil fired heaters
3.1 Oil fired heaters having an evaporation
burner without blower may be installed in the spaces
mentioned in A.1. only if their thermal power does not
exceed 42 000 kJ/h. They may only be operated,
however, if items of equipment with a high air
consumption such as internal combustion engines or
air compressors do not take air from the same space.
Compliance is to be ensured by an appropriate
directive in the operating instructions and by a
warning sign fixed to such heaters. Attention is also to
be drawn to the danger of blowbacks when the burner
is re-ignited in the hot heater.
3.2 Oil fired heaters must comply with the
requirements of DIN EN 1 or other recoqnized
standars and be tested and approved accordingly or
must be recoqnized as equivalent. Control and safety
equipment must ensure the safe and reliable operation
of the burner despite all the movements and
inclinations of the ship at sea.
3.3 Smoke tubes and uptakes must have a
cross-section at least equal to that of the flue gas duct
on the heater and must follow as direct a path as
possible. Horizontal flue gas ducts are to be avoided.
Funnel (stack) outlets are to be fitted with safety
appliances (e.g. Meidinger discs) to prevent
downdraughts.
4. Small oil fired heaters for heating air
4.1 Depending on their mode of operation, the
requirements set out in paragraphs C.1 to C.3 apply in
analogous manner to these units.
Equipment which does not entirely meet the
requirements of the standards mentioned can be
allowed provided that its functional safety is assured
by other means, e.g. by an explosion-proof combustion
chamber and flue gas ducts.
4.2 Heating ducts are to be competently installed
in accordance with the manufacturer's installation and
operating instructions, and reductions in cross-section,
throttling points and sharp bends are to be avoided as
not to incur the danger of the equipment overheating.
A thermostatic control must shut the appliance down
in the event of overheating.
Section 10 - Storage of Liquid Fuels, Lubricating, Hydraulic and Thermal Oils
as well as Oil Residues 10-1
S e c t i o n 10
Storage of Liquid Fuels, Lubricating, Hydraulic and Thermal Oils
as well as Oil Residues
A. General
1. Scope
The following requirements apply to the storage of
liquid fuels, lubricating, hydraulic and thermal oils as
well as to oil residues.
2. Definitions
Service tanks are settling tanks and daily service
tanks which supply consumers direct.
Changeable tanks are tanks which may be used
alternatively for liquid fuels or ballast water. Change-
able tanks are to be treated as fuel tanks.
B. Storage of Liquid Fuels
1. General Safety Precautions for Liquid
Fuels
Tanks and fuel pipes are to be so located and equipped
that fuel cannot spread either inside the ship or on
deck and cannot be ignited by hot surfaces or electrical
equipment. The tanks are to be fitted with air and
overflow pipes as safeguards against overpressure (see
Section 11, R.).
2. Distribution, Location and Capacity of
Fuel Tanks
2.1 Distribution of fuel tanks
2.1.1 The fuel supply is to be stored in several
tanks so that, even in the event of damage to the
bottom of one of the tanks, the fuel supply will not be
entirely lost.
On passanger ships and on cargo ships of 400 GRT or
over, no fuel tanks or tanks for the transport of
combustible liquids may be arranged forward of the
collision bulkhead.
2.1.2 Provision is to be made to ensure that internal
combustion engines and boiler plants operating on
heavy oil can operate temporarily on fuel which does
not need to be preheated. Appropriate tanks are to be
provided for this purpose. This requirement does not
apply where the preheating is carried out with the
cooling water of the main or auxiliary engines. Other
arrangement are subject to the approval of BKI.
2.1.3 Fuel tanks are to be separated by cofferdams
from tanks containing lubricating, hydraulic, thermal
or edible oil as well as from tanks containing boiler
feedwater, condensate or drinking water. Tanks for
used oil, which will not be more used on board are
excluded from this requirement
2.1.4 On small ships the arrangement of cofferdam
according to 2.1.3 may, with the approval of Biro
Klasifikasi Indonesia, be dispensed with, provided that
the common boundaries between the tanks are
arranged in accordance with Rules for Hull
Constructions, Volume II, Section 12.A.5.2.
2.1.5 Fuel oil tanks adjacent to lubricating oil
circulating tanks are in addition to the requirements
Rules for Hull Constructions, Volume II, Section 12,
to be provided with suitable means, e.g. level alarms
by which it can be ensured that the maximum level in
the fuel oil tanks will not exceed the lowest operation
level in the lubricating oil circulating tanks.
2.2 Location of fuel tanks
2.2.1 Fuel tanks may be located above engines,
boilers, turbines and other equipment with a high
surface temperature (above 220 C) only if adequate
spill trays are provided below such tanks and they are
protected against heat radiation. Surface temperature
of the elements without insulation and lagging will be
considered.
2.2.2 Fuel tanks are to be designed as an integral
part of the ship's structure. If this is not possible, the
tanks shall be located adjacent to an engine room
bulkhead and the tank top of the double bottom. The
arrangement of free standing fuel tanks inside engine
rooms is to be avoided. Tank locations which do not
conform to the preceding rules require the approval of
BKI.
2.3 Tanks adjacent to refrigerated cargo holds are
subject to the Rules for Refrigerating Installations,
Volume VIII.
10-2 Section 10 - Storage of Liquid Fuels, Lubricating, Hydraulic and Thermal Oils
as well as Oil Residues
2.4 A special fuel supply is to be provided for the
prime movers of the emergency source of electrical
power :
On cargo ships the fuel supply must be suf-
ficient for at least 18 hours. This applies in
analogous manner to the motors driving
emergency fire pumps.
On passenger ships, the fuel supply must be
sufficient for at least 36 hours. A reduction
may be approved for passenger ships
employed in regular, short voyages (in
territorial waters), but such a supply must be
sufficient for at least 12 hours.
On passenger ships, the fuel tank must be located
above the bulkhead deck, and on cargo ships above the
uppermost continuous deck, and in both cases outside
the engine and boiler rooms and aft of the collision
bulkhead.
By the arrangement and/or heating of the fuel tank, the
emergency diesel equipment must be kept in a state of
readiness even when the outside temperature is low.
3. Fuel Tank Fittings and Mountings
3.1 For filling and suction lines see Section 11,
G.; for air, overflow and sounding pipes, see Section
11, R.
3.2 Service tanks are to be so arranged that water
and residues can settle out despite the movement of
the ship at sea.
Fuel tanks located above the double bottom are to be
fitted with water drains with self-closing shutoff
valves.
3.3 Tank Gauges
3.3.1 The following tank gauges are permitted:
- Sounding pipes
- Oil level indicating devices (type-tested)
- Oil gauges with flat glasses and self-closing
shut off valves at the connections to the tank
and protected against external damage
3.3.2 For fuel storage tanks the provision of
sounding pipes is sufficient. The sounding pipes may
be dispensed with, if the tanks are fitted with oil level
indicating devices which have been typetested by BKI.
3.3.3 Fuel oil settling and daily service tanks are to
be fitted with oil level gauges according to 3.3.1.
3.3.4 Sight glasses and oil gauges fitted directly on
the side of the tank and round glass oil gauges are not
permitted.
3.3.5 Sounding pipes of fuel tanks may not ter-
minate in accommodation or passenger spaces, nor
shall they terminate in spaces where the risk of igni-
tion of spillage from the sounding pipes might arise.
3.3.6 On passenger ships, sounding pipes and oil
level indicating devices may be permitted only where
they do not require penetration below the tank top and
where their failure or over-filling of the tanks cannot
result in the release of fuel.
3.3.7 Sounding pipes should terminate outside
machinery spaces. However, where this is not
possible, the following requirements are to be met:
a) Oil-level gauges are to be provided in
addition to the sounding pipes,
b) Sounding pipes are either to terminate in
locations remote from ignition hazards or
they are to be fitted with effective screens to
prevent the oil fuel in the case of spillage
through the termination of sounding pipe
from coming into contact with a source of
ignition,
c) The termination of sounding pipes are to be
fitted with self-closing shut-off devices and
self-closing control devices.
4. Attachment of Mountings and Fittings to
Fuel Tanks
4.1 Appliances, mountings and fittings not
forming part of the fuel tank equipment may be fitted
to tank surfaces only by means of intermediate
supports. Only components forming part of the tank
equipment may be fitted to free-standing tanks.
4.2 Valves and pipe connections are to be at-
tached to strengthening flanges welded to the tank
surfaces. Holes for attachment bolts must not be
drilled in the tank surfaces.
Instead of strengthening flanges, short, thick pipe
flange connections may be welded into the tank sur-
faces.
5. Tank Heating System
5.1 Tanks are to be provided with a system for
warming up viscous fuels. It must be possible to
control the heating of the individual tank.
For ships with ice class the tank heating is to be so
arranged that the fuel oil remain capable of being
pumped under all ambient conditions.
Heating coils are to be appropriately subdivided or
arranged in groups with their own shut off valves.
Where necessary, suction pipes should be provided
with a heating arrangement.
5.2 At the tank outlet, heating coils are to be
Section 10 - Storage of Liquid Fuels, Lubricating, Hydraulic and Thermal Oils
as well as Oil Residues 10-3
fitted with means of closing together with an upstream
device for testing the condensate for oil. Heating coil
connections in tanks should normally be welded. The
provision of detachable connections is permitted only
in exceptional cases.
Inside tanks, heating coils are to be supported in such
a way that they cannot be subjected to impermissible
stresses due to vibration, particularly at their points of
clamping.
5.3 Tanks for fuel which requires preheating are
to be fitted with thermometers and, where necessary,
with thermal insulation.
5.4 For the materials, wall thicknesses and
pressure testing of heating coils, see Section 11.
6. Hydraulic Pressure Tests.
Fuel tanks are to be tested for tightness in accordance
with the Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II.
7. Fuels with a flash point of 60 C
For the storage of liquid fuels with a flash point of
60 C, see Section 1, D.12.
C. Storage of Lubricating and Hydraulic Oils
1. Tank arrangement
For the arrangement of the tanks, B.2.2.1 and Rules
for Hull Constructions, Volume II, Section 8, B.5. 1.
are to be applied analogously.
2. Tank fittings and mountings
2.1 Fill and suction lines from lubricating oil and
hydraulic oil tanks, see Section 11, H.
2.2 For tank sounding devices for oil tanks, see
B.3.3.1, B.3.3.4 and B.3.3.6.
2.3 For the mounting of appliances and fittings
on the tanks, B.4 is to be applied.
3. Capacity and Construction of Tanks
3.1 Lubricating oil drain tanks should be
sufficiently large to ensure that the dwelling time of
the oil is long enough for the expulsion of air bubbles,
the settling out of residues etc. With a maximum
permissible filling level of about 85 %, the tanks must
be large enough to hold at least the lubricating oil
contained in the entire circulation system including the
contents of gravity tanks.
3.2 Measures, such as the provision of baffles or
limber holes consistent with structural strength
requirements, particularly relating to the machinery
bedplate, are to be taken to ensure that the entire
contents of the tank remain in circulation. Limber
holes should be located as near the bottom of the tank
as possible. Suction pipe connections should be placed
as far as is practicable from the oil drain pipe so that
neither air nor sludge can be sucked up irrespective of
the inclining position of the ship.
3.3 Lubricating oil drain tanks are to be equipped
with sufficient vent pipes.
D. Storage of thermal oils.
1. For the arrangement of the tanks B.2.2.1 and
the Rules for Hull Constructions, Volume II, Section
8 are be applied analogously.
2. Tank fittings and mountings
2.1 For tank measuring devices for thermal oil
tanks, see B.3.3 and Section 7 - II. Expansion tanks
are to be fitted with type-tested level indicating
devices.
2.2 For the mounting of appliances and fittings
on the tanks, B.4 is to be applied.
2.3 Fill and suction lines from thermal oil tanks,
see Section 11, H.2.2.
E. Storage of Oil Residues
1. Sludge tanks
1.1 Sludge tanks of adequate capacity are to be
provided.
1.2 Capacity of sludge tanks
The capacity of sludge tanks shall be such that they are
able to hold the residues arising form the operation of
the ship having regard to the maximum duration of a
voyage.
2. Fittings and mountings of sludge tanks
2.1 Sludge tanks are to be fitted with means of
heating in accordance with B.5. The heating system is
to be so designed that the contents of the sludge tanks
remain capable of being pumped. This condition is
considered to be satisfied if the contents of the tanks
can be heated to 60 C.
2.2 For tank sounding devices, B.3.3.2 and
B.3.3.5 are to be applied.
2.3 For air pipes, see Section 11, R
Section 11 - Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Pumps 11-1

, , , , , , , ,
A. General
1. Scope
These Rules apply to piping systems, including valves,
fittings and pumps, which are necessary for the
operation of the main propulsion plant together with
its auxiliaries and equipment. They also apply to
piping systems used in the operation of the ship whose
failure could directly or indirectly impair the safety of
ship or cargo, and to piping systems which are dealt
with in other sections of the Rules.
Cargo and process pipelines on ships for the carriage
of liquefied gases in bulk are additionally subject to
the provisions of the Rules for Ships Carrying
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX., Cargo pipelines
for the carriage of chemicals in bulk are additionally
subject to the provisions of the Rules for Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume X.
Engine exhaust gas lines are additionally subject to
Section 2, G.4.
Gas welding equipment is subject to the "Guidelines
for the Design, Equipment and Testing of Gas
Welding Equipment on Seagoing Ships".
2 Documents for Approval
2.1. The following drawings/documents are to be
submitted for approval in triplicate
1
)
2.1.1 Engine room arrangement plan
2.1.2 Diagrammatic plans of the following piping
systems including all the details necessary for
approval (e.g. Iists of valves, fittings and pipes) :
- Steam lines
- Boiler feed water systems
- Condensate systems
- Thermal oil systems
- Fuel systems (bunkering, transfer and supply
lines)
- Seawater cooling systems
- Fresh water cooling systemss (HT, NT)
- Lubricating oil systems
- Starting air, control air and working air
systems
- Exhaust gas systems
- Bilge systems
- Ballast systems
- Air, overflow and sounding pipes including
details of filling pipe cross sections
- Overflow systems
- Sanitary water piping (fresh water, seawater)
- Sanitary/sewage discharge piping
- Drinking water systems
- Equipment for the treatment and storage of
bilge water and fuel oil residues.
2.1.3 For remotely controlled valves:
- Diagrammatic piping plans and diagrammatic
plans of the location of piping and control
stands in the ship
- Diagrammatic plans and electrical circuit
diagrams of the control stations and power
units, drawings of as well as the remotely
controlled valves, control stands and the
corresponding pressure accumulators.
2.1.4 For steam lines with working temperatures
> 400 C, the corresponding stress calculations to-
gether with isometric data are to be submitted.
3. Pipe classes
For the testing of pipes, selection of joints, welding
and heat treatment, pipes are subdivided into three
classes as indicated in Table 11.1.
B. Materials, Testing
1. General
Materials must be suitable for the proposed applica-
tion and comply with the Society's Rules for Materials,
Volume V.
1
) For ships flying Indonesian flag in quadruplicate, one of
which intended for Indonesian Government.
11-2 , ,
Table 11.1 Classification of pipes into "pipe classes"
Medium/type of pipeline Design pressure PR [bar]
Design temperature t [
o
C]
Toxic and corrosive media
Inflammable media with service temperature above the flash point
Inflammable media with a flash point below 60 C
Liquefied gases (LG)
all
1
) -
Steam, thermal oil PR 16
or
t > 300
PR 16
and
t 300
PR 7
and
t 170
Air, gas
Lubricating oil, hydrolic oil
Boiler feedwater, condensate
Seawater and freshwater for cooling
Brine in refrigerating plant
PR > 40
or
t > 300
PR 40
and
t 300
PR 16
and
t 200
Liquid fuels
PR > 16
or
t > 150
PR 16
and
t 150
PR 7
and
t 60
Cargo pipelines for oil tankers - - all
Cargo and venting lines for gas and chemical tankers all - -
Refrigerants - all -
Open-ended pipelines (without shutoff), e.g. drains, venting pipes,
overflow lines and boiler blowdown lines
- - all
Pipe Class I II III
1
) Classification in Pipe Class II is possible if special safety arrangements are available and structural safety precautions are
arranged
In case of especially corrosive media, the Society may
impose special requirements on the materials used.
For welds, see the Rules for Welding, Volume VI.
For the materials used for pipes and valves for steam
boilers, see Section 7, B.
2. Materials
2.1 Pipes, valves and fittings of steel
Pipes belonging to Classes I and II must be either
seamless drawn or fabricated by a welding procedure
approved by the Society. In general, carbon and car-
bon-manganese steel pipes, valves and fittings are not
to be used for temperatures above 400 C. However,
they may be used for higher temperatures provided
that their metallurgical behavior and their 100000 h
strength (mean value, see C, 2.3) are in accordance
with national or international regulations or standards
and if such values are guaranteed by the steel
manufacturer. Otherwise, alloy steels in accordance
with the Society's Rules for Materials, Volume V are
to be used.
2.2 Pipes, valves and fittings of copper and
copper alloys
Pipes of copper and copper alloys must be of seamless
drawn material or fabricated by a method approved by
the Society. Copper pipes for Classes I and II must be
seamless.
In general, copper and copper alloy pipe lines shall not
be used for media having temperatures above the
following limits:
- Copper and aluminum brass 200 C
- Copper nickel alloys 300 C
- High-temperature bronze 260 C
2.3 Pipes, valves and fittings of nodular fer-
ritic cast iron
Pipes, valves and fittings of nodular ferritic cast iron
according to the Rules for Materials may be accepted
for bilge, ballast and cargo pipes within double-bottom
tanks and cargo tanks and for other purposes approved
by the Society. In special cases (applications
corresponding in principle to classes II and III) and
subject to the Society's special approval, valves and
fittings made of ferritic nodular cast iron may be
accepted for temperatures up to 350 C. Nodular
ferritic cast iron for pipes, valves and fittings fitted on
the ship's side must comply with the Society's Rules
for Materials (see also Rule 22 of the 1966
Convention on Load Lines).
2.4 Pipes, valves and fittings of lamellar
graphite cast iron (grey cast iron)
Pipes, valves and fittings of grey cast iron may be
accepted by the Society for Class III. Pipes of grey
cast iron may be used for cargo pipelines within cargo
tanks of tankers.
Pipes, valves and fittings of grey cast iron may be
used for cargo lines on the weather deck of oil tankers
up to a working pressure of 16 bar.
Ductile materials must be used for cargo hose con-
nections and distributor headers.
This applies also to the hose connections of fuel and
lubricating oil filling lines.
The use of grey cast iron is not allowed:
- in cargo lines on chemical tankers (see the
Rules for Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemical in Bulk, Volume X),
- for pipes, valves and fittings for media
having temperatures above 220 C and for
pipelines subject to water hammer, severe
stresses or vibrations,
- for sea valves and pipes fitted on the ship
sides and for valves fitted on the collision
bulkhead,
- for valves on fuel and oil tanks subject to
static head.
The use of grey cast iron in cases other than those
stated is subject to the Society's approval.
2.5 Plastic pipes
1
)
2.5.1 Plastic pipes may be used after special
approval by the Society.
2.5.2 Pipes, connecting pieces, valves and fittings
made of plastic materials are to be subjected by the
manufacturer to a continuous BKI approved quality
control.
2.5.3 Pipe penetrations through watertight
bulkheads and decks as well as through fire divisions
are to be approved by BKI.
2.5.4 Plastic pipes are to be continuously and
permanently marked with the following particulars:
- Manufacturers marking
- Standard specification number
- Outside diameter and wall thickness of pipe
2.5.4 Valves and connecting pieces made of plastic
must, as a minimum requirement, be marked with the
manufacturer's marking and the outside diameter of
the pipe.
2.6 Aluminum and aluminum alloys
Aluminum and aluminum alloys must comply with the
Society's Rules for Materials and may in individual
cases, with the agreement of the Society, be used for
temperatures up to 200 C. They are not acceptable
for use in fire extinguishing lines.
2.7 Application of materials
For the pipe classes mentioned in A.3 materials must
be applied according to Table 11.2
3.1 For piping systems belonging to class I and
II, tests in accordance with the Society's Rules for
Materials and under the Society's supervision are to be
carried out for :
a) Pipes, bends and fittings
b) Valve bodies and flanges in accordance with
Table 11.3
c) Valve bodies and flanges > DN 32 in cargo
and process pipelines on chemical and gas
tankers
3.2 Welded joints in pipelines of classes I and II
are to be tested in accordance with the Rules for
Materials and Welding, Volume VI, and the Rules for
Ships Carrying Liquefied Gas in Bulk, Volume IX.
4. Hydraulic tests on pipes
4.1 Definitions
4.1.1. Maximum allowable working pressure,
PB [bar], Formula symbol: p
e,perm
This is the maximum allowable internal or external
working pressure for a component or piping system
with regard to the materials used, piping design re-
quirements, the working temperature and undisturbed
operation.
1
) See IMO Resolution A.753 (18) "Guidelines for the
Application of Plastic Pipes on Ships"
11-4 , ,
Material
or
Application
Pipe Class
I II III
S
t
e
e
l
s
Pipes Pipes for general applications,
above 300 C high-temperature
steel pipes, below - 10 C pipes
made of steel with high low
temperature toughness, stainless
steel pipes for chemical
Pipes for
general
applications
Steel not subject to any special
quality specification, weldability in
accordance with Rules for
Welding
Forgings,
plates, flanges
Steels suitable for the corresponding loading and processing conditions, for
temperatures > 300C, high-temperature steels, for temperatures below -10C, steels with
high low-temperature toughness
Bolts, nuts
Bolts for general machine construc-
tion, temperatures > 300 C high
temperature steels, below -10 C
steels with high low-temperature
toughness
Bolts for general machine construction
C
a
s
t
i
n
g
s

(
v
a
l
v
e
s
,

f
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
,

p
i
p
e
s
)
Cast steel
Cast steel for general applications,
above 300 C high temperature cast
steel, below -10 C cast steel with
high low-temperature toughness,
for agressive media stainless
castings
Cast steel for general applications
Nodular cast
iron
Only ferritic grades, elongation AE at least 15 %
Cast iron with
lamellar
graphite
At least GG-20 up to 200 C,
grey cast iron not permitted in
1. Ballast lines through cargo
lines,
2. Valves and fittings on ship's
side, on the collision bulkhead
and on fuel and oil tanks
N
o
n
-
f
e
r
r
o
u
s

m
e
t
a
l
s
(
v
a
l
v
e
s
,

f
i
t
t
i
n
g
s
,

p
i
p
e
s
)
Copper,
copper alloys
In cargo lines on tank ships
carrying chemicals only with
special approval low-temperatures
copper nickel alloys by special
agreement
For seawater and alkaline water only corrosion
resistant copper and copper alloys
Aluminium,
Aluminium.
alloys
In cargo and processing lines on
gas tank ships
Only with the agreement of the Society up to 200
C, not permitted in fire extinguishing systems
N
o
n
-
m
e
t
a
l
l
i
c

m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
Plastics After special approval
(see 2.5)
Table 11.3 Approved materials and types of certificates
Pipe class Type of
component
Approved
material
Design
temperature
Subject to
testing
Material
Rules
Volume V
I + II
Pipes,
pipe elbows,
fittings
Steel,
copper,
copper
alloy
-
DN > 32 Section 4
Section 4
DN 32
Valves,
flanges,
metal
expansion
joints and
hoses, other
components
Steel,
cast steel
> 300 C
DN > 32 Section 5
Section 6
DN 32
Steel
cast steel
nodular
cast iron
300 C
PB x DN > 2500
or
DN > 250
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
PB x DN 2500
or
DN 250
Copper,
copper alloy
> 225 C DN > 32
Section 4
225 C
DN 32
PB x DN > 1500
PB x DN 1500
III
Valves,
2
)
flanges, other
component
Steel,
cast steel,
grey cast
iron
1
),
nodular cast
iron,
copper,
copper alloy
- -
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 4
1
) No material test in the case of grey cast iron
2
) Casings of valves and pipe branches fitted on the ship sides are to be included in pipe class II.
4.1.2 Nominal pressure, PN [bar]
This is the term applied to a selected pressure tem-
perature relation used for the standardization of
structural components. In general, the numerical value
of the nominal pressure for a standardized component
made of the material specified in the standard will
correspond to the maximum allowable working
pressure PB at 20 C.
4.1.3 Test pressure, PP [bar]
Formula symbol: p
p
This is the pressure to which components or piping
systems are subjected for testing purposes.
4.1.4 Design pressure, PR [bar]
Formula symbol: p
c
This is the maximum allowable working pressure PB
for which a component or piping system is designed
with regard to its mechanical characteristics. In gen-
eral, the design pressure is the maximum allowable
working pressure at which the safety equipment will
interfere (e.g. activation of safety valves, opening of
return lines of pumps, operating of overpressure safety
arrangements, opening of relief valves) or at which the
pumps will operate against closed valves.
4.2 Pressure test prior to installation on
board
4.2.1 All Class I and II pipes as well as steam
lines, feedwater pressure pipes, compressed air and
fuel lines having a design pressure PR greater than 3,5
bar together with their integral fittings, connecting
11-6 , ,
pieces, branches and bends, after completion of
manufacture but before insulation and coating, if this
is provided, shall be subjected to a hydraulic pressure
test in the presence of the Surveyor at the following
value of pressure:
p
p
= 1,5 p
c
[bar]
where p
c
is the design pressure.For steel pipes and
their integral fittings intended to be used in systems
with working temperature above 300 C the test
pressure PP is to be as follows:
p
p
= 1,5
perm
(100 )/
perm
(t) p
c
where
perm
(100) permissible stress at 100 C
perm
(t) permissible stress at the design
temperature (C)
However, the test pressure need not exceed:
p
p
= 2 p
c
[bar]
With the approval of the Society, this pressure may be
reduced to 1,5 p
c
where it is necessary to avoid
excessive stress in way of bends, T-pieces and other
shaped components.
In no case may the membrane stress exceed 90 % of
the yield strength or 0,2 % of the maximum
elongation.
4.2.2 Where for technical reasons it is not possible
to carry out complete hydraulic pressure tests on all
sections of piping before assembly on board, pro-
posals are to be submitted for approval to the Society
for testing the closing lengths of piping, particularly in
respect of closing seams.
4.2.3 When the hydraulic pressure test of piping is
carried out on board, these tests may be conducted in
conjunction with the tests required under 4.3.
4.2.4 Pressure testing of pipes with a nominal di-
ameter less than 15 mm may be omitted at the Soci-
ety's discretion depending on the application.
4.3 Test after installation on board
4.3.1 After assembly on board, all pipelines
covered by these Rules are to be subjected to a
tightness test in the presence of a BKI Surveyor.
In general, all pipe systems are to be tested for leakage
under operational conditions. If necessary, special
techniques other than hydraulic pressure tests are to be
applied.
4.3.2 Heating coils in tanks and pipe lines for fuels
are to be tested to not less than 1,5 PR but in no case
less than 4 bar.
4.4 Pressure testing of valves
The following valves are to be subjected in the in the
manufacturer's works to a hydraulic pressure test in
the presence of a BKI Surveyor.
a) Valves of pipe classes I and II to 1,5 PR,
b) Valves and connections on the ship's side to
not less than 5 bar.
Shutt off devices mentioned under a) and b) are to
additionally tested for tightness with the nominal
pressure.
Shut off devices for boilers, see Section 7.
5. Structural tests, heat treatment and
non-destructive testing
Attention should be given to the workmanship in
construction and installation of the piping systems
according to the approved data in order to obtain the
maximum efficiency in service. For details concerning
structural tests and tests following heat treatments, see
Rules for Materials.
C. Calculation of Wall Thickness and
Elasticity
1. Minimum wall thickness
1.1 The pipe thicknesses stated in Tables 11.5 and
11.7 are the assigned minimum thicknesses, unless
due to stress analysis, see 2., greater thicknesses are
necessary.
Provided that the pipes are effectively protected
against corrosion, the wall thicknesses of group M and
D stated in Table 11.5 may with the Society's
agreement be reduced by up to 1 mm, the amount of
the reduction is to be in relation to the wall thickness.
Protective coatings, e.g. hot-dip galvanizing, can be
recognized as an effective corrosion protection
provided that the preservation of the protective coating
during installation is guaranteed.
For steel pipes the wall thickness group corresponding
to the laying position is to be as stated in Table11.4.
1.2 The minimum wall thicknesses for austenitic
stainless steel pipes are given in Table 11.6.
1.3 For the minimum wall thickness of air,
sounding and overflow pipes through weather decks,
see R.
For CO
2
fire extinguishing pipelines, see Section
12, G.4.2.2.
Table 11.4 Choice of minimum wall thickness
Piping system
Location
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
r
y

s
p
a
c
e
s
C
a
r
g
o

h
o
l
d
s
Bilge lines
M
M
M D
D
x
x x
x
x
x
M x M
M
-
Ballast lines
D
M
x
1
)
-
N
Seawater lines M
2
)
x
M
Fuel lines
N
D N
x
-
Lubricating lines - x x N
-
Thermal oil lines
M
M M M M
N
M
N
Steam lines
-
x
N
N
Condensate lines
Feedwater lines
x
x x x
x
x x
x
x
x
Drinking water lines N
x
N
Fresh cooling water
lines
D N D x x - -
1) See Section 15, B.4.3.
2) Seawater discharge lines, see 11.,T.
x Pipelines are not to be installed.
(-) Pipelines may be installed after special agreement with the Society.
11-8 , ,
Table 11.5 Minimum wall thickness for steel pipes
Group N Group M Group D
da s da s da s da s
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [mm]
10,2
from 13,5
from 20,0
from 48,3
from 70,0
from 88,9
from 114,3
from 133,0
from 152,4
from 177,8
from 244,5
from 323,9
1,6
1,8
2,0
2,3
2,6
2,9
3,2
3,6
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,6
from 406,4
from 660,0
from 762,0
864,0
from 914,0
6,3
7,1
8,0
8,8
10,0
from 21,3
from 38,0
from 51,0
from 76,1
from 177,8
from 193,7
from 219,1
from 244,5
from 660,4
from 762,0
863,6
from 914,4
3,2
3,6
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,4
5,9
6,3
7,1
8,0
8,8
10,0
from 38,0
from 88,9
from 114,3
from 152,4
from 457,2
6,3
7,1
8,0
8,8
8,8
Table 11.6 Minimum wall thicknesses for
austenitic stainless steel pipes
Pipe outside
diameter
Minimum wall
thickness
d
a
[mm]
s
[mm]
up to 17,2
up to 48,3
up to 88,9
up to 168,3
up to 219,1
up to 273,0
up to 406,0
over 406,0
1,0
1,6
2,0
2,3
2,6
2,9
3,6
4,0
Table 11.7 Minimum wall thicknesses for
copper and copper alloy pipes
Pipe outside
diameter
d
a
[mm]
Minimum wall thickness
s
[mm]
Copper Copper
alloys
8 - 10
12 - 20
25 - 44,5
50 - 76,1
88,9 - 108
133 - 159
193,7 - 267
273 - 457,2
(470)
508
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,0
4,5
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
3,5
4,0
Table 11.8 Allowable stress,
perm
for copper and copper alloys (annealed)
Pipe material
Minimum
tensile
strength
[N/mm
2
]
Allowable stress
perm
[N/mm
2
]
50
C
75
o
C
100
o
C
125
o
C
150
o
C
175
o
C
200
o
C
225
o
C
250
o
C
275
o
C
300
o
C
Copper 215 41 41 40 40 34 27,5 18,5 - - - -
Aluminium brass
Cu Zn 20 Al
325 78 78 78 78 78 51 24,5 - - - -
C
o
p
p
e
r
n
i
c
k
e
l

a
l
l
o
y
s
Cu Ni 5 Fe
275 68 68 67 65,5 64 62 59 56 52 48 44
Cu Ni 10
Fe
Cu Ni 30
Fe
365 81 79 77 75 73 71 69 67 65,5 64 62
2. Calculation of pipe wall thicknesses
2.1 The following formula is to be used for
calculating the wall thicknesses of cylindrical pipes
and bends subject to internal pressure :
[mm] (1) s s
o
c b
[mm] (1a) s
o

d
a
p
c
20
perm
v p
c
s [mm] minimum thickness (see 2.7)
s
o
[mm] calculated thickness
d
a
[mm] outer diameter of pipe
p
c
[bar] design pressure (see B.4.1.4)
perm
[N/mm
2
] maximum permissible design stress
(see 2.3)
b [mm] allowance for bends (see 2.2)
v [-] weld efficiency factor (see2.5)
c [mm] corrosion allowance (see 2.6)
2.2 For straight cylindrical pipes which are to be
bent, an allowance (b) shall be applied for the bending
of the pipes. The value of (b) shall be such that the
stress due to the bending of the pipes does not exceed
the maximum permissible design stress (
perm
). The
allowance (b) can be determined as follows :
(2) b 0,4
d
a
R
s
o
R [mm] bending radius
2.3 Permissible stress:
perm
2.3.1 Steel pipes
The permissible stress
perm
to be considered in
formula (la) is to be chosen as the lowest of the
following values :
a) Design temperature 350 C
where R
m,20
o
= specified minimum tensile
s t r e n gt h a t r o o m
temperature
where R
eH,t
= specified minimum yield
stress at design tem-

perature
or
where R
p0.2,t
= minimum value of the 0,2
% proof stress at design

temperature
b) Design temperature > 350 C, whereby it is to be
checked whether the calculated values according
to a) give the decisive smaller value
where R
ml00000
= minimum stress
t o p r o d u c e
r u p t u r e i n
100000 hours at
11-10 , ,
t h e d e s i g n
temperature t
R
p
1% 100 000 = average stress to produce 1% creep
in 100000 hours at the design
temperature t
R
m 100000 (t + 15)
= average stress to produce rupture in
100000 hours at the design
temperature t plus 15 C (see 2.4)
In the case of pipes which :
- are covered by a detailed stress analysis
acceptable to the Society and
- are made of material tested by the Society, the
Society may, on special application, agree to a
safety factor B of 1,6 (for A and B see Table
11.9).
2.3.2 Pipes made of metallic materials without
a definite yield point
Materials without a definite yield point are covered by
Table 11.8. For other materials, the maximum
permissible stress is to be stated with BKI agreement,
but must be at least :
perm
R
m,t
/ 5
where R
mt
is the minimum tensile strength at the
design temperature.
2.3.3 The mechanical characteristics of materials
which are not included in the Rules of Materials are to
be agreed with the Society with reference to Table
11.9.
Steel pipes without guaranteed properties may be used
only up to a working temperature of 120 C where the
maximum allowable stress
perm
80 N/mm
2
will be
approved.
2.4.1 The design temperature is the maximum
temperature of the medium inside the pipe. In case of
steam pipes, filling pipes from air compressors and
starting air lines to internal combustion engines, the
design temperature is to be at least 200 C.
2.4.2 Design temperatures for superheated steam
lines are as follows :
a) Pipes behind desuperheaters:
with automatic temperature control :
the working temperature
1
) (design
temperature)
- with manual control:
the working temperature + 15 C
1
)
b) Pipes before desuperheaters:
the working temperature + 15 C
1
)
Table 11.9 Coefficient A,B for determining
the permitted stress
perm
Pipe class
Material
I II, III
A B A B
Unalloyed and
alloyed carbon steel
Rolled and forged
stainless steel
Steel with
s,20
o1
)
> 400 N/mm
2
Grey cast iron
Nodular cast iron
Cast steel
2,7
2,4
3,0
-
-
3,2
1,6
1,6
1,7
-
-
-
2,7
2,4
3,0
11
5,0
4,0
1,8
1,8
1,8
-
3,0
-
1
) Minimum yield strength or minimum 0,2 % proof
stress at 20 C
2.5 Weld efficiency factor v
a) For seamless pipes v = 1,0
b) In the case of welded pipes, the value of v is to
be equal to that assigned at the works acceptance
test.
2.6 Corrosion allowance, c
The corrosion allowance c depends on the application
of the pipe, in accordance with Tables 11.10a and
11.10b. With the agreement of the Society, the
corrosion allowance of steel pipes effectively
protected against corrosion may be reduced by not
more than 50 %.
With the agreement of the Society, no corrosion
allowance need be applied to pipes made of
corrosion-resistant materials (e.g. austenitic steels and
copper alloys) (see Table 11.6 and Table 11.7).
2.7 Tolerance allowance t
The negative manufacturing tolerances on the
thickness according to the standards of the technical
terms of delivery are to be added to the calculated wall
thickness (s
o
) and specified as the tolerance allowance
(t). The value of t may be calculated as follows :
1
) Transient excesses in the working temperature need not
be taken into account when determining the design
temperature.
(3) t
a
100 a
where
a [%] = negative tolerance on the thickness
s
o
[mm] = calculated wall thickness
according to 2.1.
Table 11.10a Corrosion allowance c for carbon
steel pipes
Type of piping system
Corrosion
allowance c
[mm]
Superheated steam lines
Saturated steam lines
Steam heating coils inside
cargo tanks
Feedwater lines :
in closed circuit systems
in open circuit systems
Boiler blowdown lines
Compressed air lines
Hydraulic oil lines,
lubricating oil lines
Fuel lines
Cargo oil lines
Refrigerants lines for Group 1
refrigerants
Refrigerant lines for Group 2
refrigerants
Seawater lines
Freshwater liners
0,3
0,8
2,0
0,5
1,5
1,5
1,0
0,3
1,0
2,0
0,3
0,5
3,0
0.8
Table 11.10b Corrosion allowance c for non-
ferrous metals
Pipe material Corrosion
allowance c
[mm]
Copper, brass and similar
alloys
0,8
Copper-tin alloys except
those containing lead
Copper nickel alloys
(with Ni 10%)
0,5
3. Elasticity analysis
3.1 The forces, moments and stresses caused by
impeded thermal expansion and contraction are to be
calculated for the following piping systems and the
calculations submitted to the Society for approval:
a) Steam pipes with working temperatures above
400 C
b) Pipes with working temperatures below -110 C
3.2 Only approved methods of calculation may be
applied. The change in elasticity of bends and fittings
due to deformation is to be taken into consideration.
Procedure and principles of methods as well as the
technical data are to be submitted for approval. The
Society reserves the right to perform confirmatory
calculations.
For determining the stresses, the hypothesis of the
maximum shear stress is to be considered. The
resulting comparison of stress of primary loads due to
internal pressure and the dead weight of the piping
system itself (gravitational forces) may not exceed the
maximum allowable stress according to C.2.3. The
stress obtained by adding together the above
mentioned primary forces and the secondary forces
due to impeded expansion or contraction may not
exceed the mean value of the fatigue stress or the
average stress to produce rupture in 100 000 hours,
where for fittings such as bends, T-connections,
headers etc. approved factors for increased stress are
to be considered.
4. Fittings
Pipe branches may be dimensioned according to the
equivalent surface areas method where an appropriate
reduction of the maximum allowable stress as
specified in C.2.3 is to be proposed. Generally, the
maximum allowable stress is equal to 70 % of the
value according to C.2.3 for diameters over 300 mm.
Below this figure, a reduction to 80 % is sufficient.
Where detailed stress measuring, calculations or type
approvals are available, higher stresses can be per-
mitted.
5. Calculation of flanges
Flange calculations by a recognized method and using
the permitted stress specified in 2.3 are to be
submitted if flanges do not correspond to a recognized
standard, if the standards do not provide for
conversion to working conditions or where there is a
deviation from the standards.
Flanges in accordance with standards in which the
11-12 , ,
values of the relevant stresses or the material are
specified may be used at higher temperatures up to the
following pressure :
p
perm

perm
perm
(t, material)
p
standard
where
perm
(t,material) =permissible stress according to 2.3
for proposed material at design
temperature t
perm
standard = permissible stress according to 2.3
for the material at the temperature
corresponding to the strength data
specified in the standard
p
standard
= nominal pressure specified in the
standard
D. Principles for the Construction of Pipes,
Valves, Fittings and Pumps
1. General principles
1.1 Piping systems are to be constructed and
manufactured on the basis of standards generally used
in shipbuilding.
1.2 Welded connections rather than detachable
couplings should be used for pipelines carrying toxic
media and inflammable liquefied gases as well as for
superheated steam pipes with temperatures exceeding
400 C.
1.3 Expansion in piping systems due to heating and
shifting of their suspensions caused by deformation of
the ship are to be compensated by bends,
compensators and flexible pipe connections. The ar-
rangement of suitable fixed points is to be taken into
consideration.
2. Pipe connections
2.1 Dimensions and calculation
The dimensions of flanges and bolting are to comply
with recognized standards.
2.2 Pipe connections
2.2.1 The following pipe connections may be used:
- Fully penetrating butt welds with/without
provision to improve the quality of the root
- Socket welds with suitable fillet weld thickness
and possibly in accordance with recognized
standards
- Screw connections of approved type.
For the use of these pipe connections, see Table 11.11
2.2.2 Socket welded connections according to Table
11.11 may be accepted in systems, in which no
excessive stress, errosion or corrosion are expected.
The thicknesses of the sockets are to be in accordance
with C.1.1, yet at least equal to the thicknessws of the
pipes.
The clearence between the pipes and the sockets is to
be as small as possible and is not to exceed 1 mm. The
thickness of the weld must at least be equal to the pipe
thickness.
Table 11.11 Pipe connections
Type of
connections
Pipe class
Nominal
diameter
ND
Welded butt-
joints with
special provi-
sions for root
side
I,II,III
all Welded butt-
joints without
special
provisions for
root side
II,III
Socket weld III
II 50
Screwed socket
for
subordinate
systems
(see 2.2.2)
50
2.2.3 Screwed socket connections and similar
connections are not permitted for pipes of classes I, II
and III. Screwed socket connections are allowed only
for subordinate systems (e.g. sanitary and hot water
heating systems) with DN 50 operating at low
pressures. Screwed pipe connections and pipe
coupling may be used subject to special approval.
2.2.4 Steel flanges may be used as shown in Tables
11.12 and 11.13 in accordance with the permitted
pressures and temperatures specified in the relevant
standards.
2.2.5 Flanges made of non-ferrous metals may be
used in accordance with the relevant standards and
within the limits laid down in the approvals. Flanges
and brazed or welded collars of copper and copper
alloys are subject to the following requirements:
a) Welding neck flanges according to standard up
to 200 C or 300 C according to the maximum
temperatures indicated in Table 11.8; applicable
to all classes of pipe.
b) Loose flanges with welding collar; as for a).
c) Plain brazed flanges: only for pipe class III up to
a nominal pressure of 16 bar and a temperature
of 120 C.
2.2.6 Flange connections for pipes classes I and II
with temperature over 300
o
C are to be provided with
necked-down bolts.
Table 11.12 Use of flange types
Pipe
class
Toxic, corrosive and
combustible media,
liquefied gases (LG)
Steam,
thermal oils
Lubricating oil,
fuel oil
Other media
PR
[bar]
Type of
flange
Temperature
[C]
Type of
flange
Type of flange Temperature
[C]
Type of flange
I > 10
10
A
A,B
1
)
> 400
400
A
A, B
1
)
A,B > 400
400
A
A, B
II - A, B, C > 250
250
A, B, C
A,B,C,D,E
A,B,C,E
2
) > 250
250
A, B, C
A,B,C,D,E,
III - - - A,B,C,D,E A,B,C,E - A, B, C
A,B,C,D,E,F
3
)
1
) Type B only for D
a
< 150 mm
2
) Type E only for t < 150 C and PR < 16 bar
3
) Type F only for water pipes and open-ended lines
2.2.7 Type approved pipe couplings may be used in
the following systems:
- Bilge and ballast lines
- Fuel and oil lines
- Seawater lines
- Fresh and seawater cooling lines
- Fire fighting and deckwash lines
- Cargo oil lines
- Vent, fill and sounding pipes
- Drinking water lines
- Sanitary discharge lines
- Inert gas lines on free deck
- Discharge lines from inert gas washers and deck
water seals.
The use of pipe couplings is not permitted in:
- Bilge lines inside ballast and fuel tanks
- Seawater and ballast lines inside cargo holds and
fuel tanks
- Fuel and oil lines inside machinery spaces, cargo
holds and ballast tanks
Not water filled pressure water spraying
systems.
2.2.8 Pipe couplings in bilge and seawater systems
within machinery spaces and inside spaces
constituting a fire risk, e.g. cargo pump rooms and car
decks, must be flame resistant.
3. Layout, marking and installation
3.1 Piping systems must be adequately identified
according to their purpose. Valves are to be
permanently and clearly marked.
3.2 Pipes leading through bulkheads and tank walls
must be water and oil tight. Bolts through bulkheads
are not permitted. Holes for set screws may not be
drilled in the tank walls.
3.3 Pipe penetrations through watertight bulkheads
and decks as well as through fire divisions which are
not welded are to be approved by BKI (see Rules for
Hull Constructions, Volume II, Section 26, C.8)
3.4 Piping systems close to electrical switchboards
must be so installed or protected that possible leakage
cannot damage the electrical installation.
3.5 Piping systems are to be so arranged that they
can be completely emptied, drained and vented. Piping
systems in which the accumulation of liquids during
operation could cause damage must be equipped with
special drain arrangements.
3.6 Pipes lines layed through ballast tank, which are
coated in accordance with Section 1, N.3., Rules for
Hull Construction, Volume II, are to be either
affectively protected against corrosion or they are to
be of a material of low susceptibility to corrosion.
The protection against corrosion of the tanks as well
11-14 , ,
as that of the pipes must be compatible to each other.
3.8 The wall thickness of discharge pipes up to the
first shutoff device is to be in accordance with Tables
11.16a and 11.16b. Pipes are to be connected by
welding or by flanges.
Table 11.13 Types of flange connections
Type A
Welding neck flange Loose flange with welding
neck
Type B
Slip-on welding flange-fully welded
Type C
Slip-on welding flange
Type D
Socket screwed flange
- conical threads -
Type E
Plain flange
- welded on both sides -
Type F
Lap joint flange
- on flanged pipe -
4. Shutoff devices
4.1 Shutoff devices must comply with a recognized
standard. Valves with screwed-on covers are to be
secured to prevent unintentional loosening of the
cover.
4.2 Hand-operated shut off devices are to be closed
by turning in the clockwise direction.
4.3 Valves must be clearly marked to show whether
they are in the open or closed position.
4.4 Change-over devices in piping systems in which
a possible intermediate position of the device could be
dangerous in service must not be used.
4.5 Valves are to be permanently marked. The
marking must comprise at least the following details:
Material of valve body
Nominal diameter
Nominal pressure.
5. Ship's side valves
5.1 For the mounting of valves on the ship's side, see
Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 6.G.
5.2 Ship's side valves shall be easily accessible.
Seawater inlet and outlet valves must be capable of
being operated from above the floor plates. Cocks on
the ship's side must be so arranged that the handle can
only be removed when the cock is closed.
5.3 Valves with only one flange may be used on the
ship's side and on the sea chests only after special
approval.
5.4 Where discharge pipes without shut off devices
are connected to the ship's hull below the freeboard
deck, the wall thickness of such pipes as far as the first
shut off device is to be in accordance with Tables
11.16a and 11.16b.
6. Remote controll of valves
6.1 Scope
These Rules apply to hydraulically, pneumatically or
electrically operated valves in piping systems and
sanitary discharge pipes.
6.2 Construction
6.2.1 Remote controlled bilge valves and valves
important to the safety of the ship are to be equipped
with an emergency operating arrangement.
6.2.2 For the emergency operation of remote
controlled valves in cargo piping systems, see Section
15.B.2.3.3.
6.3 Arrangement of valves
6.3.1 The accessibility of the valves for maintenance
and repair is to be taken into consideration.
Valves in bilge lines and sanitary pipes must always
be accessible.
6.3.2 Bilge lines
Valves and control lines are to be located as far as
possible from the bottom and sides of the ship.
6.3.3 Ballast pipes
The requirements stated in 6.3.2 also apply here to the
location of valves and control lines.
Where remote controlled valves are arranged inside
the ballast tanks, the valves should always be located
in the tank adjoining that to which they relate.
6.3.4 Fuel pipes
Remote controlled valves mounted on fuel tanks lo-
cated above the double bottom must be capable of
being closed from outside the compartment in which
they are installed. (see also G.2.1 and H.2.2)
6.3.5 Bunker lines
Remote controlled valves mounted on fuel tanks shall
not be automatically closed in case the power supply
fails, unless suitable arrangements are provided, which
prevent excessive pressure raise in the bunker line
during bunkering.
11-16 , ,
6.3.6 Cargo pipes
For remote controlled valves inside cargo tanks, see
Section 15.B.2.3.3.
6.4 Control stands
6.4.1 The control devices of remote controlled valves
are to be arranged together in one control stand.
6.4.2 The control devices are to be clearly and
permanently identified and marked.
6.4.3 It must be recognized at the control stand
weather the valves are open or closed.
In the case of bilge valves and valves for changeable
tanks, the closed position is to be indicated optically
by limit-position indicators approved by the Society.
6.4.4 The control devices of valves for changeable
tanks are to be interlocked to ensure that only the
valve relating to the tank concerned can be operated.
The same also applies to the valves of cargo holds and
tanks in which dry cargo and ballast water are carried
alternately.
6.4.5 On passenger ships, the control stand for
remote controlled bilge valves is to be located outside
the machinery spaces and above the bulkhead deck.
6.5 Power units
6.5.1 Power units are to be equipped with at least
two independent sets for supplying power for remote
controlled valves.
6.5.2 The energy required for the closing of valves
which are not closed by spring power is to be supplied
by a pressure accumulator.
6.5.3 Pneumatically operated valves can be supplied
with air from the general compressed air system.
Where the quick-closing valves of fuel tanks are
closed pneumatically, a separate pressure accumulator
is to be provided. This is to be of adequate capacity
and is to be located outside the engine room. Filling of
this accumulator by a direct connection to the general
compressed air system is allowed. A non-return valve
is to be arranged in the filling connection of the
pressure accumulator.
The accumulator is to be provided either with a pres-
sure control device with a visual and acoustic alarm or
with a hand-compressor as a second filling appliance.
The hand-compressor is to be located outside the en-
gine room.
6.6 After installation on board, the entire system is
to be subjected to an operational test.
7. Pumps
7.1 For materials and construction requirements the
"Regulations for Construction and Testing of Pumps"
of BKI are to be applied.
7.2 For the pumps listed below, a performance test
is to be carried out in the manufacturer's works under
the Society's supervision.
Bilge pumps/bilge ejectors
Ballast pumps
Sea cooling water pumps
Fresh cooling water pumps
Fire pumps
Emergency fire pumps including drive units
Condensate pumps
Boiler water feedwater pumps
Boiler circulating pumps
Lubricating oil pumps
Fuel oil booster and transfer pumps
Circulating pumps for thermal oil installations
Brine pumps
Refrigerant circulating pumps
Cargo pumps
Cooling pumps for fuel injection valves
Hydraulic pumps for controllable pitch
propellers
Other hydraulic pumps/motors, see Section 14.
8. Protection of piping systems against over
pressure
The following piping systems are to be fitted with
safety valves to avoid excessive over pressures:
a) Piping systems and valves in which liquids can
be enclosed and heated;
b) Piping systems which may be exposed in
service to pressures in excess of the design
pressure.
Safety valves must be capable of discharging the
medium at a maximum pressure increase of 10 % of
the allowable working pressure. Safety valves are to
be fitted on the low pressure side of reducing valves.
9. Piping on ships with added classification
mark or
9.1 The following Rules apply additionally to ships
for which proof of buoyancy in the damaged condition
is provided :
9.1.1 Passanger ships according to Volume II,
Section 29, J, as well as N.5 of this Section
9.1.2 Gas tankers accroding to Volume IX.
9.1.3 Chemical tankers according to Volume X.
9.1.4 Other cargo ships according to Volume II,
Section 36, E.
9.2 Volume II, Section 21, D is to be additionally
applied for scuppers and discharge lines, Volume II,
Section 21, E is to be additionally applied for vent,
overflow and sounding pipes.
For closed cargo holds on passanger ships, see N.4.4.
of this Section.
9.3 For pipe penetrations through watertight
bulkheads, see Volume II Section 11, A.3.4.
9.4 Pipelines with open ends in compartments or
tanks are to be so laid out that no additional
compartments or tanks can be flooded in any damaged
condition to be considered.
9.5 Where shut off devices are arranged in cross
flooding lines of ballast tanks, the position of the
valves is to be indicated on the bridge.
9.6 For sanitary systems, see T.2. of this Section.
9.7 Where it is impossible to lay the pipelines
outside the damage zone, tightness of the bulkheads is
to be ensured by applying the provision in 9.7.1 to
9.7.4.
9.7.1 In bilge pipelines, a non-return valve is to be
fitted either on the watertight bulkhead through which
the pipe passes to the bilge suction or at the bilge
suction itself.
9.7.2 In ballast water and fuel pipelines for the filling
and emptying of tanks, a shut off valve is to be fitted
on the watertight bulkhead through which the pipe
leads to the open end in the tank. The shut off valve
must be capable of being operated from a permanently
accessible position located above the bulkhead deck,
and an indicator must show when the valve is in the
"closed" position.
9.7.3 Overflow pipes of tanks in different watertight
compartments which are connected to one common
overflow system are either
to be led, prior to being connected to the
system, within the relevant compartment, on
passenger ships high enough above the
bulkhead deck and on other ships above the
unsuitable damage water line, or
shut off valve is to be fitted to each overflow
pipe, which can be operated from a
permanently accessible position, located above
the bulkhead deck on passenger ships and
above the unsuitable damage water line on
other ships.

These shut off valves are to be situated on the
watertight bulkhead of the relevant compartment and
are to be secured in the open position against
unintended operation.
9.7.4 If the bulkhead penetrations, on ships other
than passenger ships, for these pipes are arranged high
enough and so near to midship that in no damage
condition, including at temporary maximum heeling of
the ship, will be below the waterline, then the shut off
valves may be dispensed with.
E. Steam Lines
1. Operation
1.1 Steam lines are to be so laid out and arranged
that important consumers can be supplied with steam
from every main boiler as well as from a stand-by
boiler or boiler for emergency operation.
1.2 Important consumers are:
a) All consuming units important for the
propulsion, manoeuvrability and safe operation
of the ship as well as the important auxiliary
machines according to Section 1, H.
b) All consuming units necessary to the safety of
the ship.
1.3 Every steam consuming unit must be capable of
being shut off from the system.
2. Calculation of pipelines
2.1 Steam lines and valves are to be constructed for
the design pressure (PR) according to B.4.1.4.
2.2 Calculations of pipe thickness and elasticity
analysis in accordance with C. are to be carried out.
Sufficient compensation for thermal expansion is to be
proven.
3. Laying out of steam lines
3.1 Steam lines are to be so installed and supported
that expected stresses due to thermal expansion,
external loads and shifting of the supporting structure
under both normal and interrupted service conditions
will be safely compensated.
3.2 Steam lines are to be so installed that water
pockets will be avoided.
3.3 Means are to be provided for the reliable
drainage of the piping system.
3.4 Steam lines are to be effectively insulated to
prevent heat losses.
3.4.1 At points where there is a possibility of contact,
the surface temperature of the insulated steam lines
may not exceed 80 C.
3.4.2 Wherever necessary, additional protection
11-18 , ,
arrangements against unintended contact are to be
provided.
3.4.3 The surface temperature of steam lines in the
pump rooms of tankers may nowhere exceed 220
o
C
(see also Section 15).
3.5 Steam heating lines, except for heating pur-
poses, are not to be led through accommodation.
3.6 Sufficiently rigid positions are to be arranged
as fixed points for the steam piping systems.
3.7 It is to be ensured that the steam lines are fitted
with sufficient expansion arrangements.
3.8 Where a system can be entered from a system
with higher pressure, the former is to be provided with
reducing valves and relief valves on the low pressure
side.
3.9 Welded connections in steam lines are subject
to the requirements specified in Rules for Welding,
Volume VI.
4. Steam strainers
Wherever necessary, machines and apparatus in steam
systems are to be protected against foreign matter by
steam strainers.
5. Steam connections to equipment and pipes
carrying oil, e.g. steam atomizers or steamout ar-
rangements, are to be so secured that fuel and oil
cannot penetrate into the steam lines.
6. Inspection of steam lines for expanding
Steam lines for superheated steam at above 500 C are
to be provided with means of inspecting the pipe for
expanding. This can be in the form of measuring
sections on straight lengths of pipe at the superheater
outlet if it is possible. The length of these measuring
sections is to be at least 2 d
a
.
F. Boiler Feedwater and Circulating Ar-
rangement, Condensate Recirculation
1. Feedwater pumps
1.1 At least two feedwater pumps are to be
provided for each boiler installation.
1.2 Feedwater pumps are to be so arranged or
equipped that no backflow of water can occur when
the pumps are at a standstill.
1.3 Feedwater pumps are to be used only for
feeding boilers.
2. Capacity of feedwater pumps
2.1 Where two feedwater pumps are provided, the
capacity of each is to be equivalent to at least 1,25
times the maximum permitted output of all the
connected steam producers.
2.2 Where more than two feedwater pumps are
installed, the capacity of all other feedwater pumps in
the event of the failure of the pump with the largest
capacity is to comply with the requirements of 2.1.
2.3 For continuous flow boilers the capacity of the
feedwater pumps is to be at least 1,0 times the
maximum steam output.
2.4 Special requirements may be approved for the
capacity of the feedwater pumps for plants incor-
porating a combination of oil fired and exhaust gas
boilers.
3. Delivery pressure of feedwater pumps
Feedwater pumps are to be so laid out that the delivery
pressure can satisfy the following requirements:
a) The required capacity according to 2. is to be
achieved against the maximum allowable
working pressure of the steam producer.
b) The safety valves must have a capacity equal
1,0 times the approved steam output at 1,1
times the allowable working pressure.
The resistances to flow in the piping between the
feedwater pump and the boiler are to be taken into
consideration. In the case of continuous flow boilers
the total resistance of the boiler must be taken into
account.
4. Power supply to feedwater pumps
4.1 At least two independent power sources are to
be available for the operation of feedwater pumps.
4.2 For steam-driven feedwater pumps, the supply
of all the pumps from only one steam system is
allowed provided that all the steam producers are
connected to this steam system. Where feedwater
pumps are driven solely by steam, a suitable filling
and starting up pump which is to be independent of
steam is to be provided.
4.3 For electric drives, a separate lead from the
common bus-bar to each pump motor is sufficient.
5. Feedwater lines
Feedwater lines may not pass through tanks which do
not contain feedwater.
5.1 Feedwater lines for main boilers
5.1.1 Each main boiler is to be provided with a main
and an auxiliary feedwater line.
5.1.2 Each feedwater line is to be fitted with a shut
off valve and a check valve at the boiler inlet. Where
the shut off valve and the check valve are not directly
connected in series, the intermediate pipe is to be
fitted with a drain.
5.1.3 Each feedwater pump is to be fitted with a shut
off valve on the suction side and a screw-down
non-return valve on the delivery side. The pipes are to
be so arranged that each pump can supply each
feedwater line.
5.2 Feedwater lines for auxiliary steam
producers (auxiliary and exhaust gas
boilers)
5.2.1 The provision of only one feedwater line for
auxiliary and exhaust gas boilers is sufficient if the
preheaters and automatic regulating devices are fitted
with by-pass lines.
5.2.2 The requirements in 5.1.2 are to apply as
appropriate to the valves required to be fitted to the
boiler inlet.
5.2.3 Continuous flow boilers need not be fitted with
the valves required according to 5.1.2 provided that
the heating of the boiler is automatically switched off
should the feedwater supply fail and that the feedwater
pump supplies only one boiler.
6. Boiler water circulating systems
6.1 Each forced-circulation boiler is to be equipped
with two circulating pumps powered independently of
each other. Failure of the circulating pump in
operation is to be signalled by an alarm. The alarm
may only be switched off if a circulating pump is
started or when the boiler firing is shut down.
6.2 The provision of only one circulating pump for
each boiler is sufficient if:
a) The boilers are heated only by gases whose
temperature does not exceed 400 C or
b) a common stand-by circulating pump is
provided which can be connected to any boiler
or
c) the burners of oil or gas fired auxiliary boilers
are so arranged that they are automatically shut
off should the circulating pump fail and the
heat stored in the boiler does not cause any
unacceptable evaporation of the available water
in the boiler.
7. Feedwater supply, evaporators
7.1 The feedwater supply is to be stored in several
tanks.
7.2 One storage tank may be considered sufficient
for auxiliary boiler units.
7.3 Two evaporators are to be provided for main
steam producer units.
8. Condensate recirculation
8.1 The main condenser is to be equipped with two
condensate pumps, each of which must be able to
transfer the maximum volume of condensate pro-
duced.
8.2 The condensate of all heating systems used to
heat oil (fuel, lubricating, cargo oil etc.) is to be led to
condensate observation tanks. These tanks are to be
fitted with air vents.
G. Oil Fuel Systems
1. Bunker lines
1.1 The bunkering of oil fuels is to be effected by
means of permanently installed lines either from the
open deck or from bunkering stations located below
deck which are to be isolated from other spaces.
Bunker stations are to be so arranged that the
bunkering can be performed from both sides of the
ship without danger. This requirement is considered to
be fulfilled where the bunkering line is extended to
both sides of the ship. The bunkering lines are to be
fitted with blind flanges on deck.
2. Tank filling lines and suction lines
2.1 Filling and suction lines from storage, settling
and daily service tanks situated above the double
bottom and in case of their damage fuel oil may leak,
are to be fitted directly on the tanks with shut off
devices capable of being closed from a safe position
outside the space concerned.
In the case of deep tanks situated in shaft or pipe
tunnel or similar spaces, shut off devices are to be
fitted on the tanks. The control in the event of fire may
be effected by means of an additional shut off device
in the pipe outside the tunnel or similar space. If such
additional shut off device is fitted in the machinery
space it shall be operated from a position outside this
space.
2.2 Shut off devices on fuel oil tanks having a
capacity of less than 500 l need not be provided with
remote control.
2.3 Filling lines are to extend to the bottom of the
tank. Short filling lines directed to the side of the tank
may be admissible.
Storage tank suction lines may also be used as filling
lines.
2.4 Where filling lines are led through the tank top
and end below maximum oil level in the tank, a
non-return valve at the tank top is to be arranged.
2.5 The inlet connections of suction lines are to be
arranged far enough from the drains in the tank so that
water and impurities which have settled out will not
enter the suctions.
3. Pipe layout
11-20 , ,
3.1 Fuel lines may not pass through tanks
containing feedwater, drinking water, lubricating oil or
thermal oil.
3.2 Fuel lines which pass through ballast tanks are
to have an increased wall thickness according to Table
11.4.
3.3 Fuel lines may not be laid in the vicinity of
boilers, turbines or equipment with high surface
temperatures (over 220 C) or in way of electrical
equipment.
3.4 Fuel oil lines shall be screened or otherwise
suitable protected to avoid, as far as practicable, oil
spray or oil leakage onto hot surfaces, into machinery
air intakes, or othe surfaces of ignation.
The number of detachable pipe connections is to be
limited.
3.5 Shut off valves in fuel lines in the machinery
spaces are to be operable from above the floor plates.
3.6 Glass and plastic components are not permitted
in fuel systems.
3.7 Fuel pumps must be capable of being isolated
from the piping system by shut off valves.
4. Fuel transfer, feed and booster pumps
4.1 Fuel transfer, feed and booster pumps shall be
designed for the proposed operating temperature of the
medium pumped.
4.2 A fuel transfer pump is to be provided. Other
service pumps may be used as a stand-by pump
provided they are suitable for this purpose.
4.3 At least two means of oil fuel transfer are to be
provided for filling the day tanks.
4.4 Where a feed or booster pump is required to
supply fuel to main or auxiliary engines, a standby
pump shall be provided. Where pumps are attached to
the engines, a standby pump may be dispensed with.
for auxiliary engines.
Fuel oil supply for oil fired auxiliary boilers, see
Section 9, B.3.1
4.5 For emergency shut-down devices, see Section
12, B.9.
5. The arrangement of shut-off devices in the
overproduction/recirculation lines is to be avoided.
Where such valves must be fitted, they are to be
locked in the operating position.
6. Filters
6.1 Fuel oil filters are to be fitted in the delivery
line of the fuel pumps.
6.2 Mesh size and filter capacity are to be in
accordance with the requirements of the manufacturer
of the engine.
6.3 Uninterrupted supply of filtered fuel has to be
ensured under cleaning and maintanance conditions of
filter equipment.
6.4 Engines for the exclusive operation of
emergency generators and emergency fire pumps may
be fitted with simplex filters.
6.5 Main fuel oil filters are to be fitted with
differential pressure control
Back flushing intervals of automatic back flushing
filters are to be additionaly monitored.
6.6 Fuel transfer units are to be fitted with a
simplex filter on the suction side.
6.7 Filter arrangement, see Section 2, G.3.
7. Purifiers
7.1 Manufacturer of purifiers for cleaning fuel and
lubricating oil must be approved by the Society.
7.2 Where a fuel purifier may exceptionally be
used to purify lubricating oil the purifier supply and
discharge lines are to be fitted with a change-over ar-
rangement which prevents the possibility of fuel and
lubricating oils being mixed. Spectacle flanges are not
considered as sufficient precaution.
Suitable equipment is also to be provided to prevent
such mixing occurring over control and compression
lines.
7.3 The sludge tanks of purifiers are to be fitted
with a level alarm which ensures that the level in the
sludge tank cannot interfere with the operation of the
purifier.
8. Operation using heavy fuel oils
8.1 Heating of heavy fuel oil
8.1.1 Heavy fuel oil tanks are to be fitted with a
heating system.
The laying out of the tank heating system is to be in
accordance with the operating requirements and the
quality of fuel oil intended to be used.
With the Society's consent, storage tanks need not be
fitted with a heating system provided it can be
guaranteed that the proposed quality of fuel oil can be
pumped under all ambient and environmental condi-
tions.
For the tank heating system, see Section 10, B.5.
8.1.2 Heat tracing is to be arranged for pumps, filters
and oil fuel lines as required.
8.1.3 Where it is necessary to preheat injection
valves of engines running with heavy fuel oil, the in-
jection valve cooling system is to be provided with
additional means of heating.
8.2 Treatment of heavy fuel oil
8.2.1 Settling tanks
Heavy fuel settling tanks or equivalent arrangements
with sufficiently dimensioned heating systems are to
be provided
Settling tanks are to be provided with drains, emptying
arrangements and with temperature measuring
instruments.
8.2.2 Heavy fuel oil cleaning for diesel engines
For cleaning of heavy fuels, purifiers or purifiers
combined with automatic filters are to be provided.
8.2.3 Fuel oil blending and emulsifying
equipments
Heavy fuel oil/diesel oil blending and emulsifying
equipments require approval by the Society.
8.3 Daily service tanks
8.3.1 For the arrangement and equipment of daily
service tanks, see Section 10, B.
8.3.2 The capacity of the day tanks shall be such that,
should the treatment plant fail, the supply to all the
connected consumers can be maintained for at least 8
hours.
8.3.3 Where the overflow pipe of the day tank is
terminated in the settling tanks, suitable means shall be
provided to ensure that no untreated heavy fuel oil can
penetrate into the day tank in case of overfilling of a
settling tank.
8.3.4 Daily service tanks are to be provided with
drains and with discharge arrangements.
8.4 Change-over arrangement diesel oil/ heavy
oil
8.4.1 The change-over arrangement of the fuel
supply and return lines is to be interlocked so that
faulty switching is excluded and to ensure reliable
separation of the fuels.
Change-over valves which allow interpositions are not
permitted.
8.4.2 The change-over devices are to be accessible
and permanently marked. Their respective working
position must be clearly indicated.
8.4.3 Remote controlled change-over devices are to
be provided with limit position indicators at the
control platforms.
8.5 Fuel supply through stand pipes
8.5.1 Where the capacity of stand pipes exceeds
500 l, the outlet pipe is to be fitted with a remote
controlled quick-closing valve operated from outside
the engine room. Stand pipes are to be equipped with
air/gas vents and with self-closing connections for
emptying and draining. Stand pipes are to be fitted
with a local temperature indicator.
8.5.2 Atmospheric stand pipes (pressureless)
Having regard to the arrangement and the maximum
fuel level in the service tanks, the stand pipes are to be
so located and arranged that a sufficient free space for
degasification is available inside the stand pipes.
8.5.3 Closed stand-pipes (pressurized systems)
Closed stand-pipes are to be designed as pressure
vessels and are to be fitted with the following
equipment:
a) a non-return valve in the recirculating lines
from the engines,
b) an automatic degaser or a gas blanket monitor
with manual degaser,
c) a local pressure gauge,
d) a local temperature indicator,
e) a drain/emptying device, which is to be locked
in the closed position.
8.6 End preheaters
Two mutually independent end preheaters are to be
provided.
The arrangement of only one preheater may be ap-
proved where it is ensured that the operation with fuel
oil which do not need preheating can be temporary
maintained. The necessary tanks for such fuel oil are
to be arranged.
8.7 Viscosity control
8.7.1 Where main and auxiliary engines are operated
on heavy fuel oil, automatic viscosity control is to be
provided.
8.7.2 Viscosity regulators are to be fitted with a local
temperature indicator.
8.8 Local control devices
The following local control devices are to be fitted
directly before the engine
a) a pressure gauge,
b) a temperature indicator.
8.9 The heavy fuel system is to be effectively
insulated as necessary.
11-22 , ,
H. Lubricating Oil Systems
1.1 Lubricating oil systems are to be constructed to
ensure reliable lubrication over the whole range of
speed and during run-down of the engines and to
ensure adequate heat transfer.
1.2 Priming pumps
Where necessary, priming pumps are to be provided
for supplying lubricating oil to the engines.
1.3 Emergency lubrication
A suitable emergency lubricating oil supply (e.g.
gravity tank) is to be arranged for machinery which
may be damaged in case of interruption of lubricating
oil supply.
1.4 Lubricating oil treatment
1.4.1 Equipment necessary for adequate treatment of
lubricating oil (purifiers, automatic back-flushing
filters, filters and free-jet centrifuges) is to be
provided.
1.4.2 In the case of auxiliary engines running on
heavy oil which are supplied from a common
lubricating oil drain tank, suitable equipment is to be
fitted to ensure that in case of failure of the common
lubricating oil treatment system of ingress of fuel or
cooling water in to the lubricating oil circuit, the
auxiliary engines required to safeguard the power
supply in accordance with the Rules for Electrical
Installation, Volume IV, Section 3.C remain fully
operational.
2. Lubricating oil systems
2.1 Lubricating oil tanks and gravity
circulating tanks
2.1.1 For the capacity and location of these tanks see
Section 10, C.
2.1.2 Where an engine lubricating oil circulation tank
extends to the bottom shell plating on ships for which
a double bottom is required in the engine room, shut-
off valve are to be fitted in the drain pipes between
engine casing and circulating tank. These valves are to
be capable of being closed from a level above the
lower platform.
2.1.3 The suction connections of lubricating oil
pumps are to be located as far as possible from drain
pipes.
2.1.4 The gravity tank is to be fitted with an overflow
pipe which leads to the circulating tank. Arrangements
are to be made for observing the flow of excess oil in
the overflow pipe.
2.2 Filling and suction lines
2.2.1 Filling and suction lines of lubricating oil tanks
with capacity of 500 l and more and located above the
double bottom and which in case of their damaged
lubricating oil may leak, are to be fitted with directly
on the tanks with shut off devices according to G.2.1.
The remote operation of shut off devices according to
G.2.1, which are kept closed during normal operation,
can be dispensed with.
2.2.2 Where lubricating oil lines must be led in the
vicinity of hot machinery, e.g. superheated steam
turbines, steel pipes which should be in one length and
which are protected where necessary are to be used.
2.3 Filters
2.3.1 Lubricating oil filters are to be arranged in the
discharge lines of the pumps.
2.3.2 Mesh size and filter capacity are to be in
accordance with the requirements of the engine
manufacturer..
2.3.3 Uninterrupted supply of filtered oil has to be
ensured under cleaning and maintenance conditions of
filter equipment.
2.3.4 Engines for emergency power supply and for
emergency fire pumps may be provided with simplex
filters.
2.3.5 Main flow filters are to be provided with
differential pressure monitoring.
Additionally, the back-flushing cycles of automatic
filters are to be monitored.
2.3.6 For the arrangement of filters, see Section2,
G.3.
2.3.7 For the protection of the lubricating oil pumps,
simplex filter of a minimum mesh size of 100 may
be arranged on the suction side of the pumps.
2.4 Lubricating oil coolers
It is recommended that turbine and large engine plants
be provided with more than one oil cooler.
2.5 Oil level indicators
Machines with their own oil charge are to be provided
with a means of determining the oil level from outside
during operation. This requirement also applies to
reduction gears, thrust bearings and shaft bearings.
2.6 Purifiers
The requirements in G.7 apply as appropriate.
3. Lubricating oil pumps
3.1 Main engines
3.1.1 Main and independent stand-by pumps are to
be arranged.
Main pumps driven by the main engines are to be so
designed that the lubricating oil supply is ensured over
the whole range of operation.
3.1.2 For plants with more than one main engine, see
Section 2, G.4.2.3.
3.2 Main turbine plant
3.2.1 Main and independent stand-by lubricating oil
pumps are to be provided.
3.2.2 Emergency lubrication
The lubricating oil supply to the main turbine plant for
cooling the bearings during the run-down period is to
be assured in the event of failure of the power supply.
By means of suitable arrangements such as gravity
tanks the supply of oil is also to be assured during
starting of the emergency lubrication system.
3.3 Main reduction gearing (motor vessels)
3.3.1 Lubricating oil is to be supplied by a main
pump and an independent stand-by pump.
3.3.2 Where a reduction gear has been approved by
the Society to have adequate self-lubrication at 75 %
of the torque of the propelling engine, a standby
lubricating oil pump for the reduction gear may be
dispensed with up to a power ratio of
P/n
l
[kW/Rpm] 3,0
n
l
[Rpm] gear input revolution
3.3.3 The regulations under 3.1.2 are to be applied
for multi-propeller plants and plants with more than
one engine.
3.4 Auxiliary machinery
3.4.1 Diesel generators
Where more than one diesel generator is available,
stand-by pumps are not required.
Where only one diesel generator is available (e.g. on
turbine-driven vessels where the diesel generator is
needed for startup etc.) a complete spare pump is to be
carried on board.
3.4.2 Auxiliary turbines
Turbogenerators and turbines used for driving
important auxiliaries such as boiler feedwater pumps
etc. are to be equipped with a main pump and an
independent auxiliary pump. The auxiliary pump is to
be designed to ensure a sufficient supply of lubricating
oil during the startup and run-down operation.
I. Seawater Cooling Systems
1. Sea connections, sea chests
1.1 At least two sea chests are to be provided.
Wherever possible, the sea chests are to be arranged as
low as possible on either side of the ship.
1.2 For service in shallow waters, it is
recommended that an additional high seawater intake
should be provided.
1.3 It is to be ensured that the total seawater supply
for the engines can be taken from only one sea chest.
1.4 Each sea chest is to be provided with an
effective vent. The following venting arrangements
will be approved:
a) An air pipe of at least 32 mm ID which can be
shut off and which extends above the bulkhead
deck
b) Adequately dimensioned ventilation slots in the
shell plating.
1.5 Steam or compressed air connections are to be
provided for clearing the sea chest gratings. The
steam or compressed air lines are to be fitted with
shutoff valves fitted directly to the sea chests. Com-
pressed air for blowing through sea chest gratings may
exceed 2 bar only if the sea chests are constructed for
higher pressures.
1.6 Where a sea chest is exclusively arranged as
chest cooler the steam or compressed airlines for
clearing, may with the Society's agreement, be dis-
pensed with according to 1.5.
2. Special rules for ships with ice class
2.1 For one of the sea chests specified in 1.1 the
sea inlet is to be located on the ship's center line and
as far aft as possible. The seawater discharge line of
the entire engine plant is to be connected to the top of
the sea chest.
2.1.1 For ships with ice class ES 1 to ES 4 the sea
chest is to be arranged as follows:
a) In calculating the volume of the chest the
following value shall be applied as a guide
about 1 m
3
for every 750 kW of the ship's
engine output including the output of auxiliary
engines.
b) The chest shall be of sufficient height to allow
ice to accumulate above the inlet pipe.
c) The free area of the strum holes shall be not
less than four times the sectional area of the
inlet pipe.
2.1.2 As an alternative two smaller chests may be
arranged as stated in 2.1.1.
2.1.3 All discharge valves shall be so arranged that
the discharge of water at any draught will not be
hindered by ice.
2.2 Where necessary, a steam connection or a
11-24 , ,
heating coil is to be arranged for de-icing and thawing
the sea chests.
2.3 Additionally, cooling water supply to the
engine plant may be arranged from ballast tanks with
circulation cooling.
This system does not replace the requirement stated in
2.1.1.
2.4 For the fire pumps, see Section 12, E.1.3.6.
3. Sea valves
3.1 Sea valves are to be so arranged that they can
be operated from above the floor plates.
3.2 Discharge pipes for seawater cooling systems
are to be fitted with a shutoff valve at the shell plating.
4. Strainer
The suction lines of the seawater pumps are to be
fitted with strainers.
The strainers are to be so arranged that they can be
cleaned during operation of the pumps.
Where cooling water is supplied by means of a scoop,
strainers in the main seawater cooling line can be
dispensed with.
5. Seawater cooling pumps
5.1 Diesel engine plants
5.1.1 Main propulsion plants are to be provided with
main and stand-by cooling water pumps.
5.1.2 The main cooling water pump may be attached
to the propulsion plant. It is to be ensured that the
attached pump is of sufficient capacity for the cooling
water required by main engine and auxiliary
equipments over the whole speed range of the
propulsion plant.
The stand-by cooling water pump is to be driven
independently of the main engine.
5.1.3 Main and stand-by cooling water pumps are
each to be of sufficient capacity to meet the maximum
cooling water requirements of the plant.
Alternatively, three cooling water pumps of the same
capacity may be arranged, provided that two of the
pumps are sufficient to supply the required cooling
water for full load operation of the plant at design
temperature.
With this arrangement it is permissible for the second
pump to be automatically put into operation only in the
higher temperature range by means of a thermostat.
5.1.4 Ballast pumps or other suitable seawater pumps
may be used as stand-by cooling water pumps.
5.1.5 Where cooling water is supplied by means of a
scoop, the main and stand-by cooling water pumps are
to be of a capacity which will ensure reliable operation
of the plant under partial load conditions and astern
operation as required in Section 2, E.5.1.1.e). The
main cooling water pump is to be automatically started
as soon as the speed falls below that required for the
operation of the scoop.
5.2 Steam turbine plants
5.2.1 Steam turbine plants are to be provided with a
main and a stand-by cooling water pump.
The main cooling water pump is to be of sufficient
capacity to supply the maximum cooling water
requirements of the turbine plant. The capacity of the
stand-by cooling water pump is to be such as to ensure
reliable operation of the plant also during astern
operation.
5.2.2 Where cooling water is supplied by means of a
scoop, the main cooling water pump is to be of
sufficient capacity for the cooling water requirements
of the turbine plant under conditions of maximum
astern output.
The main cooling water pump is to start automatically
as soon as the speed falls below that required for the
operation of the scoop.
5.3 Multi-propeller plants; plants with more
than one main engine
For plants with more than one engine and with
separate cooling water systems, complete spare pumps
on board may be accepted instead of stand-by pumps
provided that the main seawater cooling pumps are so
arranged that they can be replaced with the means
available on board.
5.4 Cooling water supply for auxiliary engines
Where a common cooling water pump is provided to
serve more than one auxiliary engine, an independent
stand-by cooling water pump with the same capacity
is to be fitted. Independently operated cooling water
pumps of the main engine plant may be used to supply
cooling water to auxiliary engines while at sea,
provided that the capacity of such pumps is sufficient
to meet the additional cooling water requirement.
If each auxiliary engine is fitted with an attached
cooling water pump, no stand-by cooling water pumps
need be provided.
6. Cooling water supply in dock
It is recommended that a supply of cooling water, e.g.
from a water ballast tank, should be available so that
at least one diesel generator and, if necessary, the
domestic refrigerating plant may be run when the ship
is in dock.
Cargo and container cooling systems shall conform to
the requirements stated in Rules for Refrigerating
Installations, Volume VIII, Section l, I.4.
K. Fresh Water Cooling Systems
1. General
1.1 Fresh water cooling systems are to be so
arranged that the engines can be sufficiently cooled
under all operating conditions.
1.2 Depending on the requirements of the engine
plant, the following fresh water cooling systems are
allowed:
a) a single cooling circuit for the entire plant
b) separate cooling circuits for the main and
auxiliary plant
c) several independent cooling circuits for the
main engine components which need cooling
(e.g. cylinders, pistons and fuel valves) and for
the auxiliary engines
d) separate cooling circuits for various
temperature ranges.
1.3 The cooling circuits are to be so arranged that,
should one of the circuits fail, operation can be
maintained by the other cooling circuits.
Where appropriate, the necessary change-over
arrangements are to be provided for this purpose.
1.4 As far as possible, the temperature controls of
main and auxiliary engines as well as of different
circuits are to be independent of each other.
1.5 Where, in automated engine plants, heat
exchanger for fuel or lubricating oil are incorporated
in the cooling water circuit, the entire cooling water
system is to be monitored for fuel and oil leakage.
1.6 Common cooling water systems for main and
auxiliary plants are to be fitted with shut off valves to
enable repairs to be performed without taking the
entire plant out of service.
2. Heat exchanger, coolers
2.1 The construction and equipment of heat
exchanger and coolers are subject to the Rules of
Section 8.
2.2 The coolers of cooling water systems, engines
and equipment are to be constructed to ensure that the
specified cooling water temperatures can be
maintained under all operating conditions. Cooling
water temperatures are to be adjusted to meet the
requirements of engines and equipment.
2.3 Heat exchanger for auxiliary equipment in the
main cooling water circuit are to be provided with
by-passes if by this means it is possible, in the event of
a failure of the heat exchanger, to keep the system in
operation.
2.4 It is to be ensured that auxiliary machinery can
be maintained in operation while repairing the main
coolers. If necessary, means are to be provided for
changing over to other heat exchangers, machinery or
equipment through which a temporary heat transfer
can be achieved.
2.5 Shut off valves are to be provided at the inlet
and outlet of all heat exchanger.
2.6 Every heat exchanger and cooler is to be
provided with a vent and a drain.
2.7 Keel coolers, chest coolers
2.7.1 Arrangement and construction drawings of keel
and chest coolers are to be submitted for approval.
2.7.2 Permanent vents for fresh water are to be
provided at the top of keel coolers and chest coolers.
2.7.3 Keel coolers are to be fitted with pressure
gauge connections at the fresh water inlet and outlet.
3. Expansion tanks
3.1 Expansion tanks are to be arranged at sufficient
height for every cooling water circuit.
Different cooling circuits may only be connected to a
common expansion tank if they do not interfere with
each other. Care must be taken here to ensure that
damage to or faults in one system cannot affect the
other system.
3.2 Expansion tanks are to be fitted with filling
connections, aeration/de-aeration devices, water level
indicators and drains.
4. Fresh water cooling pumps
4.1 Main and stand-by cooling water pumps are to
be provided for each fresh water cooling system.
4.2 Main cooling water pumps may be driven
directly by the main or auxiliary engines which they
are intended to cool provided that a sufficient supply
of cooling water is assured under all operating
conditions.
4.3 Stand-by cooling water pumps are to be driven
independently of main engines.
4.4 Stand-by cooling water pumps are to have he
same capacity as main cooling water pumps.
4.5 Main engines are to be fitted with at least one
main and one stand-by cooling water pump. Where
according to the construction of the engines more than
one water cooling circuit is necessary, a stand-by
pump is to be fitted for each main cooling water pump.
4.6 As an exception to 4.1, the Rules for sea-water
cooling pumps in I.5.4 are to be applied to the fresh
water cooling pumps of important auxiliary engines.
4.7 A stand-by cooling water pump of a cooling
11-26 , ,
water system may be used as a stand-by pump for
another system provided that the necessary pipe
connections are arranged. The shut off valves in these
connections are to be secured against unintended
operation.
4.8 Equipment providing for emergency cooling
from another system can be approved if the plant and
system are suitable for this purpose.
4.9 For plants with more than one main engine, see
Section 2, G.5.1.3.
5. Temperature control
Cooling water circuits are to be provided with
temperature controls in accordance with the
requirements. Control devices whose failure may
impair the functional reliability of the engine are to be
equipped or manual operation.
6. Preheating for cooling water
Means are to be provided for preheating fresh cooling
water. Exeptions are to be approved by BKI.
7. Emergency generating units
Internal combustion engines driving emergency
generating units are to be fitted with independent
cooling systems. Such cooling systems are to be made
proof against freezing.
L. Compressed Air Lines
1. General
1.1 Pressure lines connected to air compressors are
to be fitted with non-return valves at the compressor
outlet.
1.2 Oil and water separators, see Section 2.
1.3 Starting air lines may not be used as filling
lines for air receivers.
1.4 Only type-tested hose assemblies made of
metallic materials may be used in starting air lines of
diesel engines which are permanently kept under
pressure.
1.5 The starting air line to each engine is to be
fitted with a non-return valve and a drain.
1.6 Tyfons are to be connected to at least two
compressed air receivers.
1.7 A safety valve is to be fitted behind each
pressure-reducing valve.
1.8 Pressure water tanks and other tanks connected
to the compressed air system are to be considered as
pressure vessels and must comply with the
requirements in Section 8 relating to the working
pressure of the compressed air system.
1.9 For compressed air connections for blowing
through sea chests refer to I.1.5.
1.10 For the compressed air supply to pneumatically
operated valves refer to D.6.
1.11 Requirements for starting engines with com-
pressed air, see Section 2.H.2.
2. Control air systems
2.1 Control air systems for essential consumers are
to be provided with the necessary means of air
treatment.
2.2 Pressure reducing valves in the control air
system of main engines are to be redundant.
M. Exhaust Gas Lines
1. Pipe layout
1.1 Engine exhaust gas pipes are to be installed
separately from each other, taking the structural fire
protection into account. Other designs are to be
submitted for approval. The same applies to boiler
exhaust gas pipes.
1.2 Account is to be taken of thermal expansion
when laying out and suspending the lines.
1.3 Where exhaust gas lines discharge near water
level, provisions are to be taken to prevent water from
entering the engines.
2. Silencers
2.1 Engine exhaust pipes are to be fitted with
effective silencers.
2.2 Silencers are to be provided with opening or
equivalent arrangements for internal inspection.
3. Water drains
Exhaust lines and silencers are to be provided with
suitable drains of adequate size.
4. Insulation
4.1 Exhaust gas lines, silencers and exhaust gas
boilers are to bc effectively insulated to prevent the
ignition of combustible materials on them.
4.2 Insulating materials must be incombustible.
4.3 Exhaust gas lines inside engine rooms are to be
provided with a metal sheathing or other approved
type of hard sheathing.
5. For special Rules for tankers refer to Section
15, B.9.3.
N. Bilge Systems
1. Bilge lines
1.1 Layout of bilge lines
1.1.1 Bilge lines and bilge suction are to be so
arranged that the bilges can be completely pumped
even under disadvantageous trim conditions.
1.1.2 Bilge suction are normally to be located on
both sides of the ship. For compartments located fore
and aft in the ship, one bilge suction may be consid-
ered sufficient provided that it is capable of com-
pletely draining the relevant compartment.
1.1.3 Spaces located forward of the collision
bulkhead and aft of the stern tube bulkhead and not
connected to the general bilge system are to be drained
by other suitable means of adequate capacity.
1.1.4 The required pipe thicknesses of bilge lines are
to be in accordance with Table 11.4.
1.2 Pipes laid through tanks
1.2.1 Bilge pipes may not be led through tanks for
lubricating oil, thermal oil, drinking water or
feedwater.
1.2.2 Where bilge pipes are led through fuel tanks
located above the double bottom and terminate in
spaces which are not accessible during the voyage, an
additional non-return valve is to be fitted in the bilge
pipe where the pipe from the suction enters the fuel
tank.
1.3 Bilge suction and strums
1.3.1 Bilge suction are to be so arranged as not to
impede the cleaning of bilges and bilge wells. They
are to be fitted with easily detachable, corrosion
resistant strums.
1.3.2 Emergency bilge suction are to be arranged in
such a manner that they are accessible, with free flow
and at a suitable distance from the tank top or the
ship's bottom.
1.3.3 For the size and design of bilge wells see Rules
for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 8. B.6.2.
1.4 Bilge valves
1.4.1 Valves in connecting pipes between the bilge
and the seawater and ballast water system, as well as
between the bilge connections of different
compartments, are to be so arranged that even in the
event of faulty operation or intermediate positions of
the valves, penetration of seawater through the bilge
system will be safely prevented.
1.4.2 Bilge discharge pipes are to be fitted with shut
off valves at the ship's side.
1.4.3 Bilge valves are to be arranged so as to be
always accessible irrespective of the ballast and
loading condition of the ship.
1.5 Reverse-flow protection
1.5.1 A screw-down non-return valve is recognized
as reverse-flow protection.
1.5.2 A combination of a non-return valve without
shut off mechanism and a shut off valve may be
recognized as equivalent with the Society's approval.
1.6 Pipe layout
1.6.1 To prevent the penetration of ballast and
seawater into the ship through the bilge system, two
means of reverse-flow protection are to be fitted in the
bilge connections, one of which is to be a screwdown
non-return valve.
One of such means of protection is to be fitted in each
suction line.
1.6.2 For bilge connections outside machinery
spaces, a combination of a non-return valve without
shut off and a remote-controlled shut off valve may be
recognized as equivalent.
1.6.3 The direct bilge suction and the emergency
injection need only have one means of reverse-flow
protection as specified in 1.5.1.
1.6.4 Where a direct seawater connection is arranged
for attached bilge pumps to protect them against
running dry, the bilge suction are also to be fitted with
two reserve flow protecting devices.
1.6.5 The discharge lines of oily water separators are
to be fitted with a reserve flow protecting valve at the
ship's side.
2. Calculation of pipe diameters
2.1 The calculated values according to formulae (4)
to (6) are to be rounded up to the next higher nominal
diameter.
2.2 Dry cargo and passenger ships
a) main bilge pipes
(4) d
H
1,68 (B H) L 25 [mm]
b) branch bilge pipes
(5) d
z
2,15 (B H) l 25 [mm]
where
d
H
[mm] calculated inside diameter of main
bilge pipe
d
z
[mm] calculated inside diameter of branch
bilge pipe
L [m] lengt h of shi p between
perpendiculars
11-28 , ,
B [m] moulded breadth of ship
H [m] depth of ship to the bulkhead deck
l [m] length of the watertight
compartment
2.3 Tankers
The diameter of the main bilge pipe in the engine
rooms of tankers and bulk cargo/oil carriers is cal-
culated using the formula:
(6) d
H
3,0 (B H) l
1
35 [mm]
where:
l
1
[m] total length of spaces between
cofferdam or pump-room bulkhead
and stern tube bulkhead
Other terms as in formulae (4) and (5).
Branch bilge pipes are to be dimensioned in
accordance with 2.2 b). For bilge installations for
spaces in the cargo area of tankers and bulk cargo/oil
carriers see Section 15.
2.4 Minimum diameter
The inside diameter of main and branch bilge pipes is
not to be less than 50 mm. For ships under 25 m
length, the diameter may be reduced to 40 mm.
2.5 Maximum diameter
The diameter of the main bilge line calculated
according to 2.2 a) need not exceed ND 200.
2.6 Deviations
Where in individual cases formula (5) requires a
greater bilge pipe diameter than that determined by
formula (4), a greater pipe diameter than that
according to formula (4) is not necessary.
3. Bilge pumps
3.1 Capacity of bilge pumps
Each bilge pump must be capable of delivering:
(7) Q 5,75 10
3
d
2
H
[m
3
/h]
where:
Q [m
3
/h] minimum capacity
d
H
[mm] calculated inside diameter of main
bilge pipe
3.2 Where rotor dynamic (centrifugal) pumps are
used for bilge pumping, they must be self-priming or
connected to an air extracting device.
3.3 One bilge pump with a smaller capacity than
that required according to formula (7) is acceptable
provided that the other pump is designed for a
correspondingly larger capacity. However, the
capacity of the smaller bilge pump shall not be less
than 85 % of the calculated capacity.
3.4 Use of other pumps for bilge pumping
3.4.1 Ballast pumps, stand-by seawater cooling
pumps and general service pumps may also be used as
independent bilge pumps provided they are self-
priming and of the required capacity according to
formula (7).
3.4.2 In the event of failure of one of the required
bilge pumps, one pump each must be available for fire
fighting and bilge pumping.
3.4.3 Fuel and oil pumps may not be connected to
the bilge system.
3.4.4 Bilge ejectors are acceptable as bilge
pumping arrangements provided that there is an
independent supply of driving water.
3.5 Number of bilge pumps for cargo ships
Cargo ships are to be provided with two independent,
power bilge pumps. On ships up to 2000 tons gross,
one of these pumps may be attached to the main
engine.
On ships of less than 100 tons gross, one engine
driven bilge pump is sufficient. The second
independent bilge pump may be a permanently
installed manual bilge pump. The engine-driven bilge
pump may be coupled to the main propulsion plant.
3.6 Number of bilge pumps for passenger
ships
At least three bilge pumps are to be provided. One
pump may be coupled to the main propulsion plant.
Where the criterion numeral is 30
1
) or more, a further
bilge pump is to be provided.
4. Bilge pumping for various spaces
4.1 Machinery spaces
4.1.1 On ships of more than 100 tons gross, the
bilges of every main machinery space must be capable
of being pumped as follows:
a) through the bilge suctions connected to the
main bilge system,
b) through one direct suction connected to the
largest independent bilge pump and
c) through an emergency bilge suction
1
) See SOLAS 1974, Chapter II-1, part-A, Regulations 5
and 18
connected to the cooling water pump of the
main propulsion plant or through another
suitable emergency bilge system.
4.1.2 If the ship's propulsion plant is located in
several spaces, a direct suction in accordance with
4.1.1 b) is to be provided in each watertight
compartment in addition to branch bilge suction, in
accordance with 4.1.1 a).
When the direct suctions are in use, it must be possible
to pump simultaneously from the main bilge line by
means of all the other bilge pumps.
The diameter of the direct suction may not be less than
that of the main bilge pipe.
4.1.3 The diameter of the emergency bilge suc-tion
on steam ships in accordance with 4.1.1 c) is to be at
least 2/3 of the diameter and on motor ships equal to
the diameter of the cooling water pump suction line.
Exceptions to this Rule require the approval of the
Society. The emergency bilge suction must be
connected to the cooling water pump suction line by
means of a screw-down non-return valve.
This valve is to be provided with a plate with the
notice :
Emergency bilge valve!
To be opened in an emergency only!
Emergency bilge valves and cooling water inlet valves
must be capable of being operated from above the
floor plates.
4.1.4 Engine control rooms and similar spaces as
well as decks in engine rooms are to be provided with
drains to the engine room bilge. A drain pipe which
passes through a watertight bulkhead is to be fitted
with a self-closing valve.
4.2 Shaft tunnel
A bilge suction is to be arranged at the after end of the
shaft tunnel. Where the shape of the bottom or the
length of the tunnel requires, an additional bilge
suction is to be provided at the forward end. Bilge
valves for the shaft tunnel are to be arranged outside
the tunnel in the engine room.
4.3 Cargo holds
4.3.1 Cargo holds are to be normally fitted with
bilge suctions fore and aft.
4.3.2 Cargo holds having a length under 30 m may
be provided with only one bilge suction on each side.
4.3.3 On ships with only one cargo hold, bilge
wells are to be provided fore and aft.
4.3.4 For cargo holds for the transport of
dangerous goods, see Section 12, P.7.
4.4 Closed cargo, holds above bulkhead decks
and above freeboard decks
4.4.1 Cargo holds above bulkhead decks of
passenger ships or freeboard decks of cargo ships are
to be fitted with drainage arrangement.
4.4.2 Closed cargo holds may be drained directly to
overboard, only when at a heel of the ship of 5, the
edge of the bulkhead deck or freeboard deck shall not
be immersed below the water line.
Drains from scuppers to overboard are to be fitted
with reverse flow protecting devices according to,
4.4.3 Where the edge of the deck touches the water
line or is already immersed when the ship heels 5, the
drainage shall be led to one or more drain tanks of
adequate capacity.
4.4.4 The drainage tanks are to be fitted with a high
water level alarm and provided with suitable
arrangements for discharge overboard.
In addition it shall be ensured that
- the number, size and disposition of the
scuppers are such as to prevent accumulation
of free water,
- the pumping arrangement take account of the
amount of water from any pressure water
spraying system and the required fire hose
nozzles,
- water contaminated with petrol or other
dangerous substances is not drained to
machinery spaces or other spaces where
sources of ignition may be present,
- where the enclosed cargo space is protected
by a carbon dioxide fire extinguishing system
the deck scuppers are fitted with means to
prevent the escape of the smothering gas.
4.5 Spaces which may be used for ballast
water, oil or dry cargo
Where dry-cargo holds are also intended for carrying
ballast water or oils, the branch bilge pipes from these
spaces are to be connected to the ballast or cargo pipe
system only by change-over valves.
The change-over valves must be so arranged that
intermediate positioning does not connect the different
piping systems. Change-over connections are to be
such that the pipe not connected to the cargo hold is
isolated from the blanked off side of the change-over
connection.
4.6 Refrigerated cargo spaces
Refrigerated cargo spaces and thawing trays are to be
provided with drains which cannot be shut off. Each
11-30 , ,
drain pipe is to be fitted at its discharge end with a trap
to prevent the transfer of heat and odours.
4.7 Spaces for transporting livestock
Spaces intended for the transport of livestock are to be
additionally fitted with pumps or ejectors for dis-
charging the waste overboard.
4.8 Fore and after peaks
These spaces shall either be connected to the bilge
system or are to be drained by means of hand pumps.
Spaces located above the afterpeak may be drained to
the shaft tunnel or to the engine room bilge, provided
the drain line is fitted with a self-closing valve which
is to be located at a highly visible and accessible posi-
tion. The drain lines shall have a diameter of at least
40 mm.
4.9 Cofferdams, pipe tunnels and void spaces
Cofferdams, pipe tunnels and void spaces adjoining
the ship's shell are to be connected to the bilge system.
Where the after peak is adjoining the engine room, it
may be drained over a self-closing valve to the engine
room bilge.
4.10 Chain lockers
Chain lockers are to be drained by means of
appropriate arrangements.
5. Additional Rules for passenger vessels
5.1.1 The arrangement of bilge pipes
- within 0,2 B of the ship's side measured at
the level of the subdivision load line,
- in the double bottom lower than 460 mm
above the base line or
- below the horizontal level specified in Rules
for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section
29.F.
is permitted only if a non-return valve is fitted in the
compartment in which the corresponding bilge suction
is located.
5.1.2 Valve boxes and valves of the bilge system
are to be installed in such a way that each
compartment can be emptied by at least one pump in
the event of ingress of water.
Where parts of the bilge arrangement (pump with
suction connections) are situated less than 0,2 B from
the ship's shell, damage to one part of the arrangement
must not result in the rest of the bilge arrangement
being rendered inoperable.
5.1.3 Where only one common piping system is
provided for all pumps, all the shut off and changeover
valves necessary for bilge pumping must be arranged
for operating from above the bulkhead deck. Where an
emergency bilge pumping system is provided in
addition to the main bilge system, this is to be
independent of the latter and must be so arranged as to
permit pumping of any flooded compartment. In this
case, only the shut off and change over valves of the
emergency system need be capable of being operated
from above the bulkhead deck.
5.1.4 Shut off and change-over valves which must
be capable of being operated from above the bulkhead
deck should be clearly marked, accessible and fitted
with a position indicator.
5.2 Bilge suctions
Bilge pumps in the machinery spaces must be pro-
vided with direct bilge suctions in these spaces, but
not more than two direct suctions need be provided in
any one space.
Bilge pumps located in other spaces are to have direct
suctions to the space in which they are installed.
5.3 Arrangement of bilge pumps
5.3.1 Bilge pumps must be installed in separate
watertight compartments which are to be so arranged
that they are unlikely to be simultaneously flooded in
the event of damage to the ship.
Ships with a length of 91,5 m or over or having a
criterion numeral of 30
1
) or more are to have at least
one bilge pump available in emergency cases. This
requirement is satisfied if
a) one of the required pumps is a submersible
emergency bilge pump connected to its own
bilge system and powered from a source
located above the bulkhead deck or
b) the pumps and their sources of power are
distributed over the entire length of the ship
the buoyancy of which in damaged condition
is ascertained by calculation for each
individual compartment or group of
compartments, at least one pump being
available in an undamaged compartment.
5.3.2 The bilge pumps specified in 3.6 and their
energy sources may not be located forward of the
collision bulkhead.
5.4 Passenger vessels for limited range of
service
The range of bilge pumping for passenger vessels with
limited range of service, e.g. navigation on shallow
water service, can be agreed with BKI.
6. Additional Rules for tankers
See Section 15, B.4.
1
) See SOLAS 1974, Chapter II-1, part A, Regulations 5
and 18.
7. Bilge testing
All bilge arrangements are to be tested under the
Society's supervision.
O. Equipment for the Treatment and Stor-
age of Bilge Water and Fuel and Oil -
Residues
1
)
1. Oily water separating equipment
1.1 Ships of 400 tons gross and above shall be
fitted with an oily water separator or a filter plant for
the separation of oil/water mixtures.
1.2 Ships of 10.000 tons gross and above shall be
fitted, in addition to the equipment required in
Paragraph 1.1, with an oil discharge monitoring and
control system or with a 15 ppm alarm system.
1.3 A sampling device is to be arranged in the
discharge line of oily water separating equip-
ment/filtering systems.
1.4 By-pass lines are not permitted for oilywater
separatoring equipment/filtering systems.
2. Discharge of fuel and oil residues
2.1 A sludge tank is to be provided. For the
fittings and mountings of sludge tanks, see Section 10,
E.
2.2 A self-priming pump is to be provided for
sludge discharge to reception facilities. The capacity
of the pump shall be such that the sludge tank can be
emptied in a reasonable time.
2.3 A separate discharge line is to be provided
for discharge of fuel and oil residues to reception
facilities.
2.4 Where incinerating plants are used for fuel
and oil residues, compliance is required with
Section 9 and with the Regulations for the Design and
Testing of Waste Incinerating Plants on Seagoing
Ships.
P. Ballast Systems
1. Ballast lines
1.1 Arrangement of piping - general
1.1.1 Suction in ballast water tanks are to be so
arranged that the tanks can be emptied despite
unfavorable conditions of trim and list.
1.1.2 Ships having very wide double bottom tanks
are also to be provided with suction at the outer sides
of the tanks. Where the length of the ballast water
tanks exceeds 30 m, the Society may require suction to
be provided in the forward part of the tanks.
1.2 Pipes passing through tanks
Ballast water pipes may not pass through drinking
water, feedwater, thermal oil or lubricating oil tanks.
1.3 Piping systems
1.3.1 Where a tank is used alternately for ballast
water and fuel (change-over tank), the suction in this
tank is to be connected to the respective system by
three-way cocks with L-type plugs, cocks with open
bottom or change-over piston valves. These must be
arranged so that there is no connection between the
ballast water and the fuel systems when the valve or
cock is in an intermediate position. Change-over pipe
connections may be used instead of the above
mentioned valves. Each change-over tank is to be
individually connected to its respective system. For
remotely controlled valves see D.6.
1.3.2 Where ballast water tanks may be used
exceptionally as dry cargo holds, such tanks are also
to be connected to the bilge system. The requirements
specified in N.4.5 are applicable.
1.3.3 Where, on cargo ships, pipelines are led
through the collision bulkhead below the freeboard
deck, a shutoff valve is to be fitted directly at the
collision bulkhead inside the fore peak.
The valve has be capable of being remotely operated
from above the freeboard deck.
Where the fore peak is immediately adjacent to a
permanently accessible room (e.g; bow thruster room)
which is separated from the cargo space, this shutoff
valve may be fitted directly at the collision bulkhead
inside this room without provision for remote control.
1.3.4 On passenger ships, only one pipeline may be
led through the collision bulkhead below the freeboard
deck. The pipeline is to be fitted with a remote
controlled shutoff inside the forepeak directly at the
collision bulkhead. The remote control must be oper-
ated from above the freeboard deck. Where the
forepeak is divided into two compartments, two
pipelines may in exceptional cases be passed through
the collision bulkhead below freeboard deck.
1.3.5 If ballast water tanks on ships with ice class
are arranged above the ballast load line, the tanks are
to be fitted with a heating arrangement.
1.4 Anti-heeling arrangements
Anti-heeling arrangements, which may produce
1
) With regard to the installation on ships of oily water
separators, filter plants, oil collecting tanks, oil
discharge lines and a monitoring and control system or
a 15 ppm alarm device in the water outlet of oily water
separators, compliance is required with the provisions of
the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973, (MARPOL) and the
Protocol of 1978.
Form F.136 is to be submitted for approval.
11-32 , ,
heeling angles of more than 10 according to Rules for
Hull, Volume II, Section 1.E.3, are to be performed as
follows :
A shutoff device is to be provided in the
cross channel between the tanks destined for
this purpose before and after the anti-heeling
pump.
These shutoff devices and the pump are to be
remotely operated. The control devices are to
be arranged in one control stand.
At least one of the arranged remote
controlled shutoff devices shall automatically
shut down in the case of power supply
failure.
The position "closed" of the shutoff
devicesshall be indicated on the control
standby type approved end position
indicators.
Additionally, Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV, Section 7, G is to
be observed.
2. Ballast pumps
The number and capacity of the pumps must satisfy
the vessel's operational requirements.
3. Additional Rules for passenger ships
3.1 Cross-flooding arrangements
As far as possible, anti-heeling arrangements for
equalizing unsymmetrical flooding should operate
automatically. Where the arrangement does not
operate automatically, any shutoff valves and other
devices must be capable of being operated from above
the bulkhead deck.
The cross-flooding arrangements must ensure that in
case of flooding, equalization is achieved within 15
minutes. Separation of the tanks is to be ensured
during normal operation.
Anti-heeling arrangements for equalizing
unsymmetrical flooding are to be submitted to the
Society for approval.
4. Additional rules for Tankers
See Section 15, B.4.
5. Operational testing
The ballast arrangement is to be subjected to
operational testing under the Society's supervision.
Q. Thermal Oil Systems
Thermal oil systems shall be installed in accordance
with Section 7, Part II.
The pipelines, pumps and valves belonging to these
systems are also subject to the following requirements.
1. Pumps
1.1 Two circulating pumps which are to be
independent of each other are to be provided.
1.2 A transfer pump is to be installed for filling
the expansion tank and for draining the system.
1.3 The pumps are to be so mounted that any oil
leakage can be safely disposed of.
1.4 For emergency stopping see Section 12, B.9.
2. Valves
2.1 Only valves made of ductile materials may be
used.
2.2 Valves shall be designed for a nominal
pressure of PN 16.
2.3 Valves are to be mounted in accessible po-
sitions.
2.4 Non-return valves are to be fitted in the
pressure lines of the pumps.
2.5 Valves in return pipes are to be secured in the
open position.
2.6 Bellow sealed valves are to be preferably
used.
3. Piping
3.1 Pipes in accordance with Table 11.1 are to be
used.
3.2 The material of the sealing joints is to be
suitable for permanent operation at the design tem-
perature and resistant to the thermal oil.
3.3 Provision is to be made for thermal expansion
by an appropriate pipe layout and the use of suitable
compensators.
3.4 The pipelines are to be preferably connected
by means of welding. The number of detachable pipe
connections is to be minimized.
3.5 The laying of pipes through accommodation,
public or service spaces is not permitted.
3.6 Pipelines passing through cargo holds are to
be installed in such a way that,no damage can be
caused.
3.7 Pipe penetrations through bulkheads and
decks are to be insulated against conduction of heat.
3.8 The venting is to be so arranged that air/oil
mixtures can be carried away without danger.
4. Pressure testing
See B.4.
5. Tightness and operational testing
After installation, the entire arrangement is to be
subjected to tightness and operational testing under the
supervision of the Society.
R. Air, Overflow and Sounding Pipes
General
The laying of air, overflow and sounding pipes is
permitted only in places where the laying of the
corresponding piping system is also permitted (see
Table 11.4).
1. Air and overflow pipes
1.1 Arrangement
1.1.1 All tanks, void spaces etc. are to be fitted at
their highest position with air pipes which must
normally terminate above the open deck.
1.1.2 Air and overflow pipes are to be laid
vertically.
1.1.3 Air and overflow pipes passing through cargo
holds are to be protected against damage.
1.1.4 For the height above deck of air and overflow
pipes see Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II,
Section 21.
1.1.5 Air pipes from unheated leakage oil tanks and
lubricating oil tanks which do not form part of the
ship's hull may terminate at clearly visible positions in
the engine room. Where these tanks from part of the
ships hull, the air pipes are to terminate above the free
board deck, on passenger ships above the bulkhead
decks. It must be ensured that no leaking oil can
spread onto heated surfaces where it may ignite.
1.1.6 Air pipes from lubricating oil storage tanks
which form part of the ship's shell are to terminate in
the engine room are to be provided with funnels and
pipes for safe drainage in the event of possible
overflow.
1.1.7 Air pipes of lubricating oil tanks which
terminate on the open deck are to be so arranged that
seawater may not enter into the tanks.
1.1.8 Air pipes for cofferdams and void spaces
with bilge connections are to be extended above the
open deck.
1.1.9 Air pipes of fuel day tanks which are led
above the open deck must be located at a sufficient
height and protected against breaking seas.
1.1.10 Where fuel day tanks are fitted with
change-over overflow pipes, the change-over devices
are to be so arranged that the overflow is led to one of
the storage tanks.
1.1.11 The overflow pipes of tanks used
alternatively for oil fuel and ballast water must be
capable of being separated from the fuel overflow
system and led separately to atmosphere when the
tanks are to be filled with ballast water.
1.1.12 The overflow pipes of tanks used
alternatively for oil fuel and ballast water must be
capable of being separated from the fuel overflow
system.
1.1.13 Where the air and overflow pipes of several
tanks situated at the ship's shell lead to a common line,
the connections to this line are to be above the
freeboard deck if possible but at least so high above
the deepest load waterline that should a leakage occur
in one tank due to damage to the hull or listing of the
ship, fuel or water cannot flow into another tank.
1.1.14 The air and overflow pipes of lubricating oil
and fuel tanks shall not be led to a common line.
1.1.15 For the connection to a common line of air
and overflow pipes on ships with classification mark
or see D.9.
1.1.16 For the cross-sectional area of air pipes and
air/overflow pipes, see Table 11.14.
1.2 Number of air and overflow pipes
1.2.1 The number and arrangement of the air pipes
is to be so performed that the tanks can be aerated and
deaerated, so that the design pressure of the tanks will
not be exceeded.
1.2.2 Tanks which extend from side to side of the
ship must be fitted with an air/overflow pipe at each
corner. At the narrow ends of double bottom tanks in
the forward and after parts of the ship, only one
air/overflow pipe is sufficient.
1.3 Air pipe closing devices
Air/overflow pipes terminating above the open deck
are to be fitted with type-tested automatic air pipe
heads.
Table 11.14 Cross-Sectional areas of air and
overflow pipes
Tank filling
systems
Cross-sectional areas of air
and overflow pipes
AP AOP
Filling
by
gravity
1/3 f per
tank
-
11-34 , ,
Pump-
ing
- 1,25 f per
tank
1
)
Explanatory note :
AP = air pipe
AOP = air/overflow pipe
f = cross-sectional area of tank filling pipe
1
) as the total cross-sectional area is sufficient if it can be
proved that the resistance to flow of the air and
overflow pipes including the air pipe closing devices
at the proposed flow rate cannot cause unacceptably
high pressure in the tanks in the event of overflow
1.4 Overflow systems
l.4.1 Ballast water tanks
Proof by calculation is to be provided for the system
concerned that under the specified operating
conditions the design pressures of all the tanks
connected to the overflow system cannot be exceeded.
1.4.2 Fuel oil tanks
The requirements to be met by overflow systems of
heavy oil tanks are specified in the Society's
"Regulation for the Construction, Fitting and Testing
of Closed Fuel Overflow Systems".
1.4.3 The overflow collecting manifolds of fuel
tanks are to be led at a sufficient gradient to an over-
flow tank of sufficient capacity.
The overflow tank is to be fitted with a level alarm
which operates when the tank is about 1/3 full.
1.4.4 For the side of the air and overflow pipes, see
Table 11.15.
1.4.5 The use of a fuel storage tank as overflow
tank is permissible but requires the installation of a
high level alarm and an air pipe with 1,25 times the
cross-sectional area of the main bunkering line.
1.5 Determination of the pipe cross-sectional
areas.
1.5.1 For the cross-sectional areas of air and
overflow pipes, see Tables 11.14 and 11.15.
The minimum diameter of air and overflow pipes shall
not be smaller than 50 mm.
1.5.2 The clear cross-sectional area of air pipes on
passenger ships with cross-flooding arrangement must
be so large that the water can pass from one side of the
ship to the other within 15 minutes. See also P.3.
1.6 The minimum wall thicknesses of air and
overflow pipes are to be in accordance with Table
11.16a and 11.16b.
1.7 For pipe material see B.
2. Sounding pipes
2.1 General
2.1.1 Sounding pipes are to be provided for tanks,
cofferdams and void spaces with bilge connections
and for bilges and bilge wells in spaces which are not
accessible at all times.
On application, the provision of sounding pipes for
bilge wells in permanently accessible spaces may be
dispensed with.
2.1.2 Where the tanks are fitted with remote level
indicators which are type-approved by BKI the
arrangement of sounding pipes can be dispensed with.
2.1.3 As far as possible, sounding pipes are to be
laid straight and are to extend as near as possible to
the bottom of the tank.
2.1.4 Sounding pipes which terminate below the
deepest load waterline are to be fitted with selfclosing
shutoff devices. Such sounding pipes are only
permissible in spaces which are accessible at all times.
All other sounding pipes are to be extended to the
open deck. The sounding pipe openings must always
be accessible and fitted with watertight closures.
2.1.5 Sounding pipes of tanks are to be provided
close to the top of the tank with holes for equalizing
the pressure.
2.1.6 In cargo holds, a sounding pipe is to be fitted
to each bilge well.
2.1.7 Where level alarms are arranged in each bilge
well of cargo holds, the sounding pipes may be
dispensed with. The level alarms are to be separate
from each other and are to be type approved by BKI.
2.1.8 Sounding pipes passing through cargo holds
are to be laid in protected spaces or they are to be
protected against damage.
2.2 Sounding pipes for fuel, lubricating oil
and thermal oil tanks
2.2.1 Sounding pipes which terminate below the
open deck are to be provided with self-closing devices
as well as with self-closing test valves, see also
Section 10, B.3.3.7.
2.2.2 Sounding pipes shall not to be located in the
vicinity of firing plants, machine components with
high surface temperatures or electrical equipment.
2.2.3 Sounding pipes must not terminate in
accommodation or service spaces.
2.2.4 Sounding pipes are not to be used as filling
pipes.
2.3 Cross-sections of pipes
2.3.1 Sounding pipes shall have a nominal inside
diameter of at least 32 mm.
2.3.2 The nominal diameters of sounding pipes
which pass through refrigerated holds at temperatures
below 0 C are to be increased.
2.4 The minimum wall thicknesses of sounding
pipes are to be in accordance with Tables 11.16a and
11.16b.
2.5 For pipe materials see B.
S. Drinking Water Systems
1. Drinking water tanks
For the design and arrangement of drinking water
tanks see Volume II, Rules for Hull Construction,
Section 12.
2. Drinking water tank connections
2.1 Filling connections are to be located suffi-
ciently high above deck and are to be fitted with a
closing device.
2.1.1 Filling connections are not to be fitted to air
pipes.
2.2 Air/overflow pipes are to be extended above
the open deck and are to be protected against the entry
of insects by a fine mesh screen.
Air pipe closing devices, see Section 11, R.1.3.
2.2.1 The upper openings of air pipes are to be
fitted with automatic closing devices and are to be
protected against the entry of insects.
2.3 Sounding pipes must terminate sufficiently
high above deck.
3. Drinking water pipe lines
3.1 Drinking water pipe lines are not to be
connected to pipe lines carrying other media.
3.2 Drinking water pipe lines are not to be laid
through tanks which do not contain drinking water.
3.3 Drinking water supply to tanks which do not
contain drinking water (e.g. expansion tanks of the
fresh water cooling system) is to be made by means of
an open funnel or with means of preventing back-
flow.
4. Drinking water pumps
4.1 Separate drinking water pumps are to be
provided for drinking water systems.
4.2 The pressure lines of the pumps of drinking
water pressure tanks are to be fitted with screwdown
non-return valves.
Table 11.15 Cross-sectional areas of air and overflow pipes (closed overflow systems)
Tank filling and overflow
systems
Cross-sectional areas of air and overflow pipes Remarks
AP OP DP
Filling
Stand-pipe
1/3 f - - cross-sectional area of
stand-pipe 1,25 F
Relief valve
1/3 f
1
)
2
)
min. 1,25 F
- nominal diameter of relief
valve 1,25 F
Overflow
system
Overflow chest 1/3 F at chest
2
)
min. 1,25 F
1,25 F -
Manifold 1/3 F
2
)
min. 1,25 F
- -
Overflow tank 1/3 F - - -
Explanatory notes :
AP = air pipe
OP = overflow pipe
DP = drainage pipe
f = cross-sectional area of tank filling pipe
F = cross-sectional area of main filling pipe
1) 1/3 f only for tanks in which an overflow is prevented by structural arrangements
2) Determined in accordance with 1.4.
Table 11.16a Choice of minimum wall thicknesses
Piping system
or position of
open pipe
outlets
Location
Tank with
same
media
Tank with
disparate-
media
Drain lines and scupper pipes
Air, sounding and
overflow pipes
Cargo
holds
Machinery
spaces
11-36 , ,
below freeboard deck on
bulkhead deck
above
free-
board
deck
above
weather
deck
below
weather
deck
without
shuttoff on
ship's side
with
shutoff on
ship's side
Air, Overflow
and sounding
pipe
A
C C A A
A
Scupper pipes
from open deck
B
B
A
A
B
Discharge and
scupper pipes
leading directly
overboard
Discharge pipes
of pumps for
sanitary
systems
A
Table 11.16b Minimum wall thicknesses of air,
overflow, sounding and sanitary
pipes
Pipe O.D.
[mm]
Minimum wall thickness
[mm]
A B C
38 - 82,5
88,9
101,6 - 114,3
127 - 139,7
152,4
159 - 177,8
193,7
219,1
244,5 - 457,2
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
4,5
5
5,4
5,9
6,3
7,1
8
8
8,8
10
10
12,5
12,5
12,5
6,3
6,3
7,1
8
8,8
8,8
8,8
8,8
8,8
5. Drinking water generation
Where the distillate produced by the ship's own
evaporator unit is used for the drinking water supply,
the treatment of the distillate has to comply with
current regulations of national health authorities.
T. Sanitary Systems
1. General arrangement
1.1 For scuppers and overboard discharges see Rules
for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 21.
1.2 The minimum wall thicknesses of sanitary pipes
below free board and bulkhead decks are specified in
Tables 11.16a and 11.16b.
1.3 For discharge lines above freeboard
deck/bulkhead deck the following pipes may be used:
- Steel pipes according to Table 11.5, Group N
- Pipes having smaller thicknesses which are
specially protected against corrosion after special
approval
- Special types of pipes according to recognized
standards, e.g. socketed pipes, after special
approval.
1.4 For sanitary discharge lines below freeboard
deck/bulkhead deck within a watertight compartment,
which terminate in a sewage tank or in a sanitary
treatment plant, pipes according to 1.3 may be used.
1.5 Penetrations of pipes of smaller thickness, pipes
of special types and plastic pipes through bulkheads of
type A are to be approved by BKI.
1.6 If sanitary discharge pipes are led through cargo
holds, they are to be protected against damage by
cargo.
1.7 Sewage tanks and sewage treatment systems
1.7.1 Sewage tanks are to be fitted with air pipes
leading to the open deck. For air pipe closing devices
see Section 11, R.1.3.
1.7.2 Sewage tanks are to be fitted with a filling
connection, a rinsing connection and a level alarm.
1.7.3 The discharge lines or sewage tanks and
sewage treatment tanks are to be fitted at the ship's
side with screw-down non-return valve.
When the valve is not arranged directly at the ships
side, the thickness of the pipe is to be according to
Table 11.16b, coulumn B.
1.7.4 A second means of reverse-flow protection is
to be fitted in the suction or delivery line of the
sewage pump if, in the event of a 5 list to port or
starboard, the lowest internal opening of the discharge
system is less than 200 mm above the summer load
line
1
).
The second means of reverse-flow protection may be
a pipe loop having an overflow height above the
summer load line of at least 200 mm at a 5 heel. The
pipe loop is to be fitted with an automatic ventilation
device located at 45 below the crest of the loop.
1.7.5 Where at a heeling of the ship of 5 at port or
starboard, the lowest inside opening of the sewage
system lies on the summer load line or below, the
discharge line of the sewage collecting tank is to be
fitted in addition to the required reverse-flow
protection device according to 1.7.4 with a gate valve
directly on the ships' side. In this case the reverse flow
protection device need not to be of srew-down type.
1.7.6 Ballast and bilge pumps may not be used for
emptying sewage tanks.
2. Additional rules for ships with classification
mark or
2.2 If this condition cannot be fulfilled, e.g. when:
- water tight compartments are connected with
each other through internal openings of the
sanitary discharge lines, or
sanitary discharge lines from several water tight
compartments are led to a common drain tank, or
parts of the sanitary discharge system are located
within the damage zone (see D.9.) and these are
connected to other compartments over internal
openings
the water tightness is to be ensured by means of
remote controlled shut-off devices at the watertight
bulkheads.
The operation of the shut-off devices must be possible
from an always accessible position above the bulkhead
deck on passenger ships and above the unsuitable leak
water line on other ships. The position of the shut-off
devices must be monitored at the remote control
position.
2.3 Where the lowest inside opening of the sanitary
discharge system is below the bulkhead deck, a screw-
down non-return valve and a second reverse-flow
protection device are to be fitted in the discharge line
of the sanitary water treatment arrangem1ent. In this
case, the discharge line of sanitary collecting tanks are
to be fitted with a gate valve and two reverse-flow
protection devices. Concerning the shutoff devices and
reverse-flow protection devices, 1.7.3, 1.7.4 and 1.7.5
are to be applied.
U. Hose Assemblies and Compensators of
Non-Metallic Materials
Hose assemblies consist of hoses and hose couplings
in the installed and tested condition.
1. Scope
1.1 The following Rules apply to hose assemblies
and compensators of non-metallic materials in fuel,
lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, bilge, ballast, fresh water
cooling, seawater cooling, compressed air and
auxiliary steam systems.
1.2 Hose assemblies and compensators made of
non-metallic materials must not be used in
permanently pressurized starting air lines of diesel
engines.
1.3 Compensators of non-metallic materials are not
allowed in cargo pipe lines on tankers.
1.4 Hose assemblies in CO
2
and halon systems are
subject to the Regulations for the Type-testing of Hose
Assemblies for Use in Carbon Dioxide and Halon Fire
Extinguishing Systems.
2. Definitions
2.1 High-pressure hose assemblies
According to these Rules, a high-pressure hose
assembly is a hose assembly which is used in systems
with dynamic load characteristics.
2.2 Low-pressure hose assemblies
According to these Rules, a low-pressure hose
assembly is a hose assembly which is used in systems
without dynamic load characteristic.
2.3 Maximum allowable working pressure
2.3.1 The maximum allowable working pressure
for high-pressure hose assemblies is the maximum
dynamic internal pressure which may be imposed on
the hose assemblies.
2.3.2 The maximum allowable working pressure
for low-pressure hose assemblies and compensators is
the maximum static internal pressure which may be
imposed on the hose assemblies or compensators.
2.4 Test pressure
2.4.1 For high-pressure hose assemblies the test
pressure is at least 2 times the maximum allowable
working pressure.
2.4.2 For low-pressure hose assemblies and
compensators the test pressure is 1,5 times the
maximum allowable working pressure.
2.5 Burst pressure
The burst pressure is the static pressure at which the
hose assembly or the compensator is destroyed.
1
) Where sanitary treatment arrangements are fitted with
emergency drains to the bilge or with openings for
chemicals, these will be considered as internal openings
in the sense of these Rules..
11-38 , ,
For high-pressure hose assemblies the burst pressure
is 4 times, and for low-pressure hose assemblies and
compensators 3 times the maximum allowable
working pressure.
3. Requirements
3.1 Only approved
1
) hose assemblies and
compensators may be used in the systems mentioned
in.
3.2 Manufacturers of hose assemblies must be
approved by BKI.
3.3 Hose assemblies and compensators including
their couplings must be suitable for the operating
media, pressures and temperatures.
3.4 The selection of hose assemblies and com-
pensators is to be based on the maximum allowable
working pressure of the system concerned. A pressure
of 5 bar is to be considered as the minimum working
pressure.
3.5 Hose assemblies and compensators in fuel,
lubricating oil, hydraulic oil, bilge and seawater sys-
tems are to be flame-resistant
1)
.
3.6 Only high-pressure hose assemblies may be used
in high-pressure systems with dynamic load
characteristics, e.g. hydraulic systems.
4. Installation
4.1 Hose assemblies shall not be longer than is
necessary for the application.
4.2 In installing hose assemblies, the minimum
bending radii shall not be less than those specified by
the manufacturers.
4.3 Hose assemblies and compensators are to be
accessible at all times.
4.4 In fresh water systems with a working pressure of
5 bar and in charging air and scavenging air lines,
hoses may be fastened to the pipe ends with double
clips.
4.5 Where hose assemblies and compensators are
installed directly near hot components they must be
provided with approved heat-resistant sheathing.
5. Tests
5.1 Hose assemblies and compensators are to be
subjected in the manufacturer's works to a pressure
test in accordance with 2.4 under the supervision of
the Society.
6. Cargo hoses
6.1 The selection and testing of cargo hoses is
subject to the Society's "Regulations for the Re-
quirements and Tests applicable to Cargo Hoses of
Non-metallic and Metallic Materials".
6.2 Cargo hoses on gas tankers are additionally
subject to the Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied
Gases in Bulk, Volume IX, Section 5.7.
6.3 Cargo hoses on chemical tankers are additionally
subject to the Rules for Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemical in Bulk, Volume X, Section 5.7.
7. Marking
Hose assemblies and compensators must be perma-
nently marked. The marking must comprise at least the
following details:
Manufacturer's mark of symbol
Date of manufacture
Type reference
Nominal diameter
Maximum allowable working pressure.
1
) See Regulations for the Performance of Type Tests on
Mechanical Components and Appliances, Part D.13 and
D.14.
Section 12 - Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishing Equipment 12-1
S e c t i o n 12
Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishing Equipment
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 The rules in this section apply to fire
protection in the machinery and boiler spaces of
passenger and cargo vessels and to fire extinguishing
equipment throughout the ship.
1.2 Fire fighting ships to which the notation FF
is to be allocated are also subject to the "Regulations
for the Equipment on Fire fighting Ships".
Diagrammatic plans, drawings and documents
covering the following are to be submitted in
triplicate
1
) for approval:
- Water fire extinguishing equipment,
including details of the capacities and
pressure heads of the fire pumps,
- CO
2
fire extinguishing system with
arrangement drawing, operating diagram,
CO
2
room, tripping devices alarm diagram,
- Foam extinguishing system, including
drawings of storage tanks for foam
concentrate, monitors and foam applicators
and the calculations and details relating to
the supply of foam concentrate
- Pressure water spraying system, automatic,
including drawings for pressurized water
tank, spray nozzles and alarms, with
calculation
- Pressure water spraying system, manually
operated, including calculations of water
demand and pressure drop, spray nozzles,
remote control
For pressure water spraying systems in
Ro/Ro decks/special category spaces, also
documentary proof of water drainage system
- Pressure water spraying system for exhaust
gas fired thermal oil heaters, including a
drawing of the heater showing the
arrangement of the spray nozzles and a
diagram and calculation of the water supply
and drainage
- Dry powder fire extinguishing system,
including the powder vessels, propellant
containers and the relevant calculations,
- Fire extinguishing equipment for galley
range exhaust ducts
- Fixed local fire extinguishing arrangement
for fuel oil purifiers for heated fuel oil
- Fire alarm systems,
- Fire control plans showing all items of
equipment required for fire protection and
fire fighting
- Arrangements for the transport of dangerous
goods, as far as these are not covered by the
general system drawings of the ship.
3. Further Rules Applicable
3.1 Structural fire protection Seagoing Ships,
Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II,
Section 22 and 24.
3.2 Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk
Seagoing Ships, Rules for Ships Carrying
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX.
3.3 Ships Carrying dangerous chemicals in bulk
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, Volume X.
3.4 Pressure vessels Section 8
3.5 Oil fired equipment Section 9
3.6 Fuel and oil storage Section 10
3.7 Pipes, valves, fittings and pumps Section 11
3.8 Machinery for ships with ice class Section
11.I.2
3.9 Additional fire protection and fire
extinguishing equipment in automated plant
3.10 Electrical plant Seagoing Ships, Rules for
Electrical Installations, Volume IV.
3.11 Equipment of fire fighting ships
"Regulations for the Equipment on Fire
Fighting Ships".
1
) For Indonesian flag ship in quadruplicate, one for
Government
12-2 Section 12 - Fire Protection and Fire Extinguishing Equipment
B. Fire Protection
1. Machinery space arrangement
1.1 The arrangement of machinery spaces shall
be so that safe storage and handling of flammable
liquids is ensured.
1.2 All spaces in which internal combustion en-
gines, oil burners or fuel settling or service tanks are
located must be easily accessible and sufficiently
ventilated.
1.3 Where leakage of flammable liquids may
occur during operation or routine maintenance work,
special precautions are to be taken to prevent these
liquids from coming into contact with sources of ig-
nition.
1.4 Materials used in machinery spaces shall not
normally have properties increasing the fire potential
of these rooms
1.5 Materials used as flooring, bulkhead lining,
ceiling or deck in control rooms, machinery spaces or
rooms with oil tanks must be non-combustible. Where
there is a danger that oil may penetrate insulating
materials, these must be protected against the
penetration of oil or oil vapors.
2. Fuel oil purifiers
2.1 Fuel oil purifiers for heated fuel oil should
preferably be installed in a separate room. This room
must be enclosed by steel divisions, be fitted with a
self-closing steel door and be provided with the
following:
- Separate mechanical ventilation.
A ventilation system ensuring equivalent
separation from the engine room ventilation
system may be approved.
- Fire detection and alarm system.
- Fixed fire extinguishing system.
This system may form part of the machinery
space fire extinguishing system. Actuation of
the system must be possible from outside the
room and must not impair the operation of
the rest of the machinery installation.
Closure of the ventilation openings is to be
possible from a position close to the release
station for the fire extinguishing system.
In the event of a fire in the machinery space,
the fire extinguishing system must be capable
of being actuated together with the fire
extinguishing system of the machinery space.
2.2 If it is impracticable to place the fuel oil
purifier in a separate room, precautions against fire are
to be taken giving particular consideration to
arrangement, shielding containment of leaks and to
ventilation.
In addition to the fixed fire extinguishing system in the
machinery space, a fixed local fire extinguishing
arrangement is to be provided to protect the area at
risk.
2.3 The fixed local fire extinguishing
arrangemnts must be suitable for effective fire
extinguishing in the areas at risk. Their actuation may
be performed automatically or manually. In case of
automatic actuation means for manual release are to be
provided additionally. The actuating equipment for
manual release is to be installed in the machinery
control room or in another suitable location.
3. Arrangement of boiler plants
3.1 Boilers are to be located at a sufficient dis-
tance from fuel and lubricating oil tanks and from
cargo space bulkheads in order to prevent undue
heating of the tank contents or the cargo.
Alternatively, the tank sides or bulkheads are to be
insulated.
3.2 Oil tight coamings are to be provided
between boiler and engine rooms not separated by
watertight bulkheads. A coaming height of 600 mm is
normally adequate.
4. Insulation of piping and equipment with
high surface temperatures
4.1 All parts with surface temperatures above
220 C, e.g. steam, thermal oil and exhaust gas lines,
exhaust gas boilers and silencers, turbocharger etc.,
are to be effectively insulated with non-combustible
materials. The insulation must be such that oil or fuel
cannot penetrate into the insulating material.
Metal cladding or hard jacketing of the insulation is
considered to afford effective protection against such
penetration.
4.2 Boilers are to be provided with non-com-
bustible insulation which is to be clad with steel sheet
or the equivalent.
4.3 Insulation must be such that it will not crack
or deteriorate when subject to vibration.
5. Fuel and lubricating oil tanks
The Rules in Section 10 are to be observed.
6. Protection against fuel and oil leakages
6.1 Suitable means of collection are to be fitted
below potential leakage points.
Where oil leakages are liable to be frequent, e.g. with
oil burners, separators, drains and valves of service
tanks, the collectors are to be drained to an oil drain
tank.
Leakage oil drains may not be part of an overflow
system.
6.2 The arrangement of piping systems and their
components intended for combustible liquids, shall be
such that leakage of these liquids cannot come into
contact with heated surfaces or other sources of
ignition. Where this cannot be precluded by structural
design, suitable precautionary measures are to be
taken.
6.3 Tanks, pipelines, filters, preheaters etc.
containing combustible liquids may not be placed di-
rectly above heat sources such as boilers, steam lines,
exhaust gas manifolds and silencers or items of
equipment which have to be insulated in accordance
with 4.1 and may also not be placed above electrical
switchgear.
6.4 Fuel injection pipes of diesel engines are to
be shielded or installed that any fuel leaking out can
be safely drained away (see also Section 2, G.2.2 and
Section 11. G.3.3).
6.5. All parts of the fuel oil system containing
heated oil under pressure exceeding 1.8 bar as far as
practicable shall be arranged such that defects and
leakage can readily be observed. The machinery
spaces in way of such parts of the fuel oil system shall
be adequately illuminated.
7. Bulkhead penetrations
Pipe penetrations through class A or B divisions in
accordance with SOLAS 1974 must be able to
withstand the temperature for which the divisions were
designed.
Where steam, exhaust gas and thermal oil lines pass
through bulkheads, the bulkhead must be suitably
insulated to protect it against excessive heating.
8. Means of closure
Means must be provided for the airtight sealing of
boiler rooms and machinery spaces. The air ducts to
these spaces are to be fitted with fire dampers made of
non-combustible material which can be closed from
the deck. Machinery space skylights, equipment
hatches, doors and other openings are to be so
arranged that they can be closed from outside the
rooms.
9. Emergency stops
Electrically powered fuel pumps, purifiers, fan motors,
boiler fans, thermal oil and cargo pumps must be
equipped with emergency stops which, as far as
practicable, are to be grouped together outside the
spaces in which the equipment is installed and which
must remain accessible even in the event of a fire
breaking out.
10. Remotely operated shutoff devices
Steam-driven fuel pumps, boiler fans, cargo pumps,
the fuel supply lines to main engines, auxiliary engines
and boilers and the outlet pipes of fuel tanks located
above the double bottom are to be fitted with remotely
controlled shutoff devices.
The location and grouping of the shut-off devices are
subject to the appropriate requirements specified in 9
above.
10.1 Machinery Space Safety station
It is recommended that the following safety devices to
be grouped togethter in a central, at all times easily
accessible location outside the machinery space :
- Cut-off switches for engine room ventilation
fans, boiler blowers, fuel transfer pumps,
purifiers, thermal oil pumps.
- Means for closing the
- quick-closing fuel valves
- remote-controlled watertight doors and
skylight in the machinery space area
- Actuation of the machinery space fire
extinguishing system.
10.2 Passenger Ship Safety Station
On passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers,
the following safety devices are to be grouped together
in a permanently manned central control station :
- the alarm panels of the pressure water
spraying system required in accordance with
C.2.4 of this Section and the fire detection
and alarm system
- the controls and status indicators for the
remotely operated fire doors
- the emergency cut-offs of the ventilation fans
(except machinery space fans) plus their
starters and running lights
As regards the design of the alarm-and operating
panels see Volume IV, Section 9.
11. Cargo spaces for the carriage of Vehicles
with fuel in their tanks and cargo spaces
of ro-ro ships
11.1 The cargo spaces of passenger ships carrying
more than 36 passengers are to be provided with
forced ventilation capable of effecting at least 10 air
changes per hour.
11.2 The cargo spaces of passenger ships carrying
less than 36 passengers are to be provided with forced
ventilation capable of effecting at least 6 air changes
per hour.
11.3 On passenger ships special category spaces
1
)
are to be equipped with forced ventilation capable of
10 air changes per hour.
1
) For definition see Table 12.1.
11.4 The cargo spaces of cargo ships and ro-ro
ships are to be provided with forced ventilation
capable of at least 6 or 10 air changes per hour
depending on the arrangement of the electrical
equipment (Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume
IV, Section 14).
11.5 Design
11.5.1 Mechanical exhaust ventilation is to be
provided. 2/3 of the quantity of air are to be drawn
from the lower, 1/3 from the upper part of the space.
Supply ventilation may be natural and be introduced
into the cargo spaces at the top of these spaces.
11.5.2 The ventilation system must be capable of
being run during loading and unloading of vehicles as
well as during the voyage.
11.5.3 The design of the mechanical exhaust
ventilator is to conform to Section 15, B.5.3.
For the type of protection of electrical motors and
other electrical equipment located in the exhaust air
stream, see, Volume IV, Section 14.
11.6 Monitoring
The failure of a fan shall actuate a visual/audible
alarm on the bridge.
11.7 Other requirements
11.7.1 Drains from vehicle decks may not be led to
machinery spaces or other spaces containing sources
of ignition.
11.7.2 A fire detection and alarm system according
to part C is to be provided for the cargo spaces and
vehicle decks.
11.7.3 For the fire extinguishing equipment see
F.2.9, F.2.10 and Table 12.1 of this Section.
11.8 Electrical equipment is to comply with the
Section 14.
C. Fire Detection
1. General
Fire detection and alarm systems and sample
extraction smoke detection systems are subject to
approval. For the design of the systems, see Rules for
Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 9.
2. Fire detection in passenger ships
2.1 In passengers ships carrying not more than
36 passengers, a fire detection and alarm system in
accordance with Volume IV Section 9 is to be
provided in all accommodation and service spaces and,
if considered necessary by BKI, in control stations
1
).
Spaces where there is no substantial fire risk are
excluded from this Rule.
2.2 Instead of a fire detection and alarm system
in accordance with 2.1, an approved automatic
pressure water spraying system in accordance with L.1
in this Section or an approved equivalent pressure
water spraying system
2
) may be provided.
In this case, additionally an approved fire detection
and alarm system in accordance with Volume VII,
Section 9 is to be installed in corridors, stairways and
escape routes within the accommodation areas. This
system is to be designed for smoke detection.
2.3 Where in passenger ships a public space
comprises three or more decks (atrium) containing
combustible furnishings, shops, offices or restaurants,
the entire vertical fire zone is to be equipped with fire
protection arrangements in accordance with 2.4.
In this case however, deviating from Volume VII,
Section 9, D.3.1.11 and L.1.7.2 of this Section, all
decks within this public space may be monitored or
protected by a common fire detection - or spraying
section.
L.1.8.2 of this Section does not apply.
2.4 In passenger ships carrying more than 36
passengers, an approved automatic pressure water
spraying system in accordance with L.1 in this Section
or an equivalent approved pressure water spraying
system is to be provided in all accomodation - and
service spaces including corridors and stairways, and
in control stations.
All the above-mentioned spaces except for sanitary
spaces and galleys are additionally to be monitored for
smoke by means of a fire detection and alarm system
in accordance with Volume IV, Section 9.
In spaces a little fire risk, e.g. void spaces, public
toilets, etc., installations of a pressure water spraying
system or a fire detection and alarm system may be
omitted.
In control stations, instead of a pressure water
spraying system some other suitable fixed fire
extinguishing system may be provided if essential
equipment installed in these spaces could be damaged
by water.
2.5 Cargo spaces for the carriage of motor ve-
hicles with fuel in their tanks and inaccessible cargo
spaces are to be equipped with a fire detection and
alarm system or with a sample extraction smoke
detection system.
1
) For definition see SOLAS II-2, Reg. 3.
2
) See IMO-Resolution A 19/Res.800, "Revised Guidelines
for Approval of Sprinkler Systems Equivalent to that
Referred to in Regulation II-2/12 of SOLAS 74."
The conditions of ventilation in the cargo spaces shall
be specially taken into account when designing and
installing these systems.
The fire detection and alarm system prescribed for
inaccessible cargo spaces may be dispensed with if the
ship only makes journeys of short duration.
2.6 Special category spaces (see also Table 12.1)
with an efficient patrol system are to be provided with
a sufficient number of manual fire alarms. One fire
alarm is to be mounted at each exit.
2.7 Special category spaces without a permanent
patrol system are to be equipped with a fire detection
and alarm system.
The conditions of ventilation are to be especially taken
into account in selecting and positioning the detectors.
After installation, the system is to be tested under
normal conditions of ventilation.
3. Fire detection in the accommodation
spaces of cargo ships
Depending on the structural fire protection of the ac-
commodation spaces, cargo ships are to be provided
with the following fire detection systems:
3.1 Structural fire protection method IC
A fire detection and alarm system including manually
operated alarms is to be provided for corridors,
stairways and escape routes within the accommodation
areas. The system is to be designed to detect smoke.
3.2 Structural fire protection method IIC
An automatic pressure water spraying system con-
forming to L.1. of this Section or an approved
equivalent pressure water spraying system
1
) is to be
provided for accommodation and service spaces.
Corridors, stairways and escape routes within the
accommodation spaces are subject to 3.1.
Spaces where there is no fire risk, e.g. void spaces,
sanitary spaces, etc., need not be monitored.
3.3 Structural fire protection method IIIC
A fire detection and alarm system including manually
operated alarms is to be provided for the entire
accommodation spaces, with the exception of spaces
where there is no fire risk.
In corridors, staircases and escape routes, the system
must be designed to detect smoke.
4. Fire detection and alarm systems for
machinery spaces
4.1 Machinery spaces of ships which class
notation OT or OT-h are to be equipped with a fire
detection and alarm system. The system must be
designed to detect smoke.
4.2 All spaces in which oil-fired equipment,
installations for preparation of liquid fuels, oil systems
with a working pressure in excess of 15 bar or other
plant with a high fire risk are installed and which are
not permanently attended while this plant is
operational are to be equipped with a fire detection
and alarm system.
4.3 Exhaust gas fired thermal oil heaters are to be
fitted with a fire alarm on the exhaust gas side.
5. Fire detection and fire alarm systems for
the cargo spaces of cargo ships
5.1.1 Ro/ro cargo spaces are to be equipped with a
fire detection and alarm system.
5.1.2 Cargo spaces for the carriage of motor
vehicles with fuel in their tanks are to be equipped
with a fire detection and alarm system or a sample
extraction smoke detection system.
5.1.3 Cargo spaces for the carriage of dangerous
goods as specified in Part Q. are to be equipped with
a fire detection and alarm system or a sample
extraction smoke detection system. However, ro/ro
cargo spaces are subject to 5.1.1.
5.2 The provision of a fire detection and alarm
system or a sample extraction smoke detection system
in cargo spaces not mentioned in 5.1.1 to 5.1.3 is
recommended.
6. Design of fire detection and fire alarm
systems
6.1 For the design and installation of fire
detection and alarm systems, see Rules for Electrical
Installations, Volume IV, Section 9 and additionally
Part L, automatic pressure water spraying systems.
6.2 Where sample extraction smoke detection
systems are used in conjunction with CO
2
fire
extinguishing systems, separate monitoring is to be
provided for upper and lower cargo hold spaces.
6.3 In the case of cargo spaces intended for
dangerous cargo steps are to be taken to ensure that
the air drawn in by a sample extraction smoke de-
tection system is discharged directly into the open.
D. Scope of Fire Extinguishing Equipment
1. General
1.1 Any ship is to be equipped with a general
water fire extinguishing system in accordance with E.
and with portable and mobile extinguisher as specified
under F.
1.2 In addition, depending on their nature, size
and the propulsion power installed, spaces subject to
a fire hazard are to be provided with fire extinguishing
1
) See IMO-Resolution A 19/Res.800, "Revised Guidelines
for Approval of Sprinkler Systems Equivalent to that
Referred to in Regulation II-2/12 of SOLAS 74."
equipment in accordance with Table 12.1. The design
of this equipment is described in the following
paragraphs.
Cargo spaces for the carriage of dangerous goods are
also required to comply with Part Q.
Unless otherwise specified, this equipment is
normally to be sited outside the spaces and areas to be
protected and, in the event of a fire, must be capable
of being actuated from points which are always
accessible.
1.3 Approval of fire extinguishing appliances
and equipment
Fire fighting appliances such as hoses, nozzles, fire
extinguishers, fireman's outfits and fire extinguishing
media must be approved for use aboard seagoing ships
by the competent national authorities.
1.4 Protection of the cargo area of tankers
1.4.1 The cargo area and the cargo pump rooms of
tankers are to be equipped with a fixed fire
extinguishing system in accordance with Table 12.1
1.4.2 Tankers equipped with crude oil washing and
tankers of 20000 dwt and above carrying flammable
liquids with a flash point of 60
o
C, or less are to be
additionally equipped with a fixed inert gas system
(see Section 15.D).
1.5 Open top container cargo spaces
Fire extinguishing arrangements for open top
container cargo spaces have to be agreed upon with
BKI
1
).

,
,

In passenger ships of 1000 GRT and over, fire pumps,

their sea connections and power sources are to be
distributed throughout the ship in such a way that an
outbreak of fire in one compartment cannot put them
out of action simultaneously. Where, on passenger
ships of less than 1000 GRT, the main fire pumps are
located in one compartment, an additional emergency
fire pump is to be provided outside this compartment.

,

,

,

,

1.3.3 On cargo ships of 500 GRT and over a fixed
emergency fire pump is to be provided if an outbreak
of fire in one compartment can put all the fire pumps
out of action.
1
) See IMO-MSC/Circ. 608/Rev.1 "Interim Guidelines for
Open Top Containerships"
Table 12.1 Fixed fire extinguishing systems
Spaces and areas to be
protected
Type of vessel
Cargo ships 500 GRT Passenger ships
Engine rooms, spaces containing:
- oil-fired boilers,
- other oil-fired plant,
- fuel preparation systems
for all ships
CO
2
, high expansion foam or pressure water spraying system
1
)
Spaces containing internal
combustion engines not used for
propelling the ship
375 kW 375 kW
CO
2
, high expansion foam or pressure water spraying system
Machinery spaces containing
steam engines
375 kW 375 kW
CO
2
, high expansion foam or pressure water sparaying system
1
)
Fuel oil purifiers in acc. with
B.2.
Fixed local fire extinguishing arrangement
Low expansion foam-, pressure water spraying-, dry powder system
Exhaust gas fired thermal oil
heaters acc. to L.2.2
Pressure water spraying system
Scavenge trunks of two-stroke
engines acc. to Sect. 2, K.3.3
CO
2
system or other equivalent extingushing system
Paint lockers and flammable
liquid lockers acc. to M.1.
CO
2
, dry powder extinguishing or pressure water spraying system
Accommodation-, service spaces
and control stations, incl.
corridors and stairways
- re C.2.2 - 2.4
Galley range exhaust ducks acc.
to M.1.
CO
2
system or other equivalent extinguishing system
Helicopter landing deck acc. to P Low-expansion foam system
1. Special category spaces

2
)
on passenger ships
- Pressure water spraying system
2. For motor vehicles with
fuel in their tanks
For all ships
CO
2
, high-expansion foam system
3. For dangerous goods For all ships
CO
2
, fire extinguishing system
4
)
4. On ro/ro-ships
a) closed
b) open
c) not capable of being
sealed
CO
2
, inert gas, high-expansion
foam or pressure water spraying
system
pressure water spraying system
5. Cargo spaces not in -
cluded in 1-4
2000 GRT
3
)
CO
2
or inert gas system
1000 GRT
CO
2
- or inert gas - or high-
expansion foam extinguishing
system
Table 12.1 Fixed fire extinguishing systems (continued)
Spaces and area to be
protected
Type of vessels
Cargo ships 500 GRT Passenger ships
Cargo area and
cargo tanks
(tankers)
Tankers to D.1.4 :
Low-expansion foam system and
inert gas system
Chemical tankers to Volume X,
Section 11:
Low-expansion foam, dry powder,
pressure water spraying and inert
gas system
Ships for the carriage of liquefied
gases to Volume IX, Section 11 :
Pressure water spraying, dry
powder and inert gas systems.
-
Cargo pump spaces Tankers and chemical tankers :
CO
2
, high expansion foam,
-
Cargo pump and compressor
rooms :
Ships for the carriage of liquefied
gases :
CO
2
, or inert gas system.
1
) Also applies to < 500 GRT in the case of ships with class notation OT.
2
) Special category spaces are closed vehicle decks on passenger ships to which the passenger have acces.
3
) May be dispensed with on request where only coal, ore, grain, unseasoned timber, non-combustible

An emergency fire pump is also to be provided if the

main fire pumps are installed in adjacent
compartments, and the division between the
compartments is formed by more than one bulkhead
or deck.
1.3.4 On cargo ships, in every machinery space
containing ballast, bilge or other water pumps,
provision shall be made for connecting at least one of
these pumps to the fire extinguishing system. Such
connection may be dispensed with where none of the
pumps is capable of the required capacity or pressure.
,

,

, , ,

,

,

,
,

,

,

,

,

,

,

,

1.4.2 The emergency fire pump must be capable of
supplying water to all parts of the ship from two
hydrants simultaneously at the pressure stated in
Table 12.3; see also 2.2.1.
1.4.3 All the power and water supply equipment
required for the operation of the emergency fire pump
must be independent of the space where the main fire
pumps are installed.
l.4.4 The supply of fuel intended for the operation
of the emergency fire pump must be sufficient for at
least 18 h at nominal load.
The fuel tank intended for the emergency fire pump
power supply must contain sufficient fuel to ensure
the operation of the pump for at least the first 6 h
without refilling. This period may be reduced to 3 h
for cargo ships off less than 5000 GRT.

1
) On passenger ships of less than 250 GRT one fire pump is sufficient
2
) d
H
(mm) = theoritical diameter of the bilge main (see Section 11,N. formula 4.)
3
) Applicable to passenger ships with a criterion numeral of 30 or over in accordance with SOLAS 1974
(including amendments as per A.1.1) Chapter II-1, Part B, Regulation 6.
1.4.5 The space where the emergency fire pump
and its power source are installed must not be directly
adjacent to machinery spaces of category A
1
) or to the
space where the main fire pumps are installed. Where
this is not feasible, the division between the rooms
shall be formed by not more than one bulkhead.
Recesses should be restricted to a minimum, and doors
between the spaces are to be designed as airlock.
The bulkhead is to be constructed in accordance with
the insulation requirements for control stations (Rules
for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 22).
When a single access to the emergency fire pump
room is through another space adjoining a machinery
space of category A or the spaces containing the main
fire pumps, class A-60 boundary is required between
that other space and the machinery space of category
A or the spaces containing the main fire pumps.
1.4.6 The emergency fire pump is to be installed in
such a way that the delivery of water at the prescribed
rate and pressure is ensured under all conditions of
list, trim, roll and pitch likely to be encountered in
service.
1.4.7 The sea suction is to be located as deep as
possible and together with the pump suction and
delivery pipes of the pump to be arranged outside the
spaces containing the main fire pumps.
In exceptional cases consent may be given for locating
of short lengths of the suction and delivery pipes in
spaces containing the main fire pumps provided that
the piping is enclosed in a substantial steel casing.
Alternatively to the steel casing the piping may
thickwalled acc. to Sect. 11., Table 11.16 b, Column
B, but not less than 11 mm, all welded and be insu-
lated equivalent to A-60 standard.
The sea suction may also be located in machinery
spaces of category A if otherwise not practicable. In
this case the suction piping shall be as short as
possible and the valve shall be operable from a
position in the immediate vicinity of the pump.
1.4.8 The sea valve must be operable from a po-
sition close to the pump, or close to the pump controls
in the case of remote-controlled pumps.
1.4.9 If the space in which the main fire pumps or
their power supply are installed is protected by a fixed
pressure water spraying system, the emergency fire
pump must be designed to meet this additional water
demand.
1.4.10 The ventilation system of the space in which
the emergency fire pump is installed shall be so
designed that smoke cannot be aspirated in the event
of a fire in the engine room. Forced ventilation is to
be connected to the emergency power supply.
2. Fire mains
2.1 International shore connection
Ships of 500 GRT and over are to be provided with at
least one connector through which water can be
pumped from the shore into the ship's fire main. The
dimensions of the shore connection flange shall be as
shown in Fig.12.1
It shall be possible to use the shore connection on
either side of the ship.
2.2 Arrangement of fire mains
2.2.1 On ships for which an emergency fire pump
is specified or on which fire pumps are installed in
separate compartments, it must be possible by means
of shutoff valves to isolate the sections of the fire
main within the machinery space where the main fire
pumps are located from the rest of the fire main. The
shutoff valves are to be located in a readily accessible
position outside the machinery space.
With the shutoff valves closed, it must be possible to
supply all the hydrants located outside the machinery
space where the main fire pumps are located from a
pump which is not sitted in this space. Piping in the
engine room may not normally be used for this
purpose. However, in exceptional cases short sections
of piping may be laid in the machinery space provided
that the integrity is maintained by the enclosure of the
piping in a substantial steel casing.
Alternatively to the steel casing the piping may be
thickwalled acc. to Sect. 11., Table 11.16 b, Column
B, but not less than 11 mm, all welded and be
insulated equivalent to A-60 standard.
1
) For definition see Volume II, Section 22.D.4[6] (in the
scope of this Section applicable to all ships)
Fig. 12.1 International shore connection
2.2.2 On passenger ships of 4000 GRT and over,
the fire main must be constructed as a ring system
equipped with appropriately sited isolating valves.
2.2.3 Fire mains are to be provided with drain
valves or cocks.
2.2.4 Branch pipes from the fire mains for hawse
flushing are to be capable of being shut off in the
vicinity of the main fire pump(s) or from the open
deck. Other branch pipes not serving fire fighting
purposes and which are used only occasionally may be
accepted if capable of being shut from the open deck.
The shut off devices, are to be fitted with warning
signs instructing personnel to close them after use.
2.2.5 On tankers, the fire main is to be fitted with
isolating valves in a protected position at the poop
front and on the tank deck at intervals of not more than
40 m.
2.3 Fire main design
2.3.1 The following formula should be used as
guidance for the sizing of the fire main :
d
F
= 0,8 . d
H
d
F
= internal diameter of fire main
d
H
= theoretical diameter of main. bilge pipe in
accordance with Section 11, N.2.
d
Fmin
= 50 mm
For pipe thicknesses see Section 11, Table 11.4
(Seawater lines).
2.3.2 On passenger ships the diameter d
F
need not
to exceed d
Fmax
= 175 mm, on cargo ships d
Fmax
= 130
mm respectively.
2.3.3 The entire fire main is to be designed for the
maximum permissible working pressure of the fire
pumps subject to a minimum working pressure of 10
bar.
2.3.4 At no point in the ship shall the discharge
pressure at the nozzles be less than the values shown
in Table 12.3 when water is drawn simultaneously
from any two adjacent hydrants.
Table 12.3 Pressure at nozzles
Type of vessel GRT
Pressure at
nozzle
[N/mm
2
]
Cargo ships < 6000
6000
0,25
0,27
Passenger ships < 4000
4000
0,30
0,40
2.4 Hydrants
2.4.1 Hydrants are to be so positioned that water
from two nozzles simultaneously, one of which shall
be from a single length of hose, may reach
- any part of the ship to which passengers and
crew normally have access during the
voyage,
- any part of an empty cargo space,
- any part of a ro-ro space.
lt must be possible to reach any part of special
category spaces with two nozzles from a single length
of hose each.
In passenger ships any part of accommodation,
service and machinery spaces must be capable of
being reached with water from at least two nozzles,
one of which shall be from a single length of hose,
when all watertight doors and all doors in main
vertical zone bulkheads are closed.
2.4.2 Deck hydrants are to be arranged such that
they remain accessible when carrying deck cargo.
Hydrants shall be located near the accesses to spaces.
In the case of cargo spaces for the transport of dan-
gerous goods, the additional requirements of Part Q.
are to be observed.
2.4.3 Hydrants in machinery spaces and boiler
rooms:
The number and position of the hydrants are to be in
accordance with 2.4.1. On ships of less than 500 GRT
a single hydrant is sufficient. Hydrants are to be sited
at easily accessible points above the floor plates on
each side of the ship. One of the hydrants is to be
located at the lower emergency escape.
2.4.4 Passenger ships are to be additionally
equipped with two hydrants in a space adjoining the
lower level of the machinery space where this space
is part of the escape route (eg. the shaft tunnel).
2.5 Fire hoses
2.5.1 Fire hoses must be made of a non-perishable
material.
2.5.2 Individual lengths of hose may not exceed
20 m, 15 m in machinery spaces and boiler rooms.
Every hose must be provided with quick acting
couplings of an approved type, a nozzle and a
coupling spanner. Fire hoses are to be stowed with
nozzles attached in readily accessible positions close
to the hydrants.
2.5.3 On passenger ships, a fire hose with nozzle is
to be provided for each hydrant required.
On ships carrying more than 36 passengers, the hoses
of hydrants located within the superstructure must be
kept permanently coupled to the hydrant.
2.5.4 Cargo ships of 1000 GRT and over are to be
equipped with a fire hose with nozzle for every 30 m
of the ship's length and with one additional hose, but
at least five hoses altogether. This figure does not
include the hoses specified for machinery spaces and
boiler rooms.
2.5.5 Cargo ships of 500 to 1000 GRT are to be
equipped with a number of hoses appropriate to local
conditions.
2.5.6 Cargo ships of less than 500 GRT are to be
equipped with at least three fire hoses.
2.6 Nozzles
2.6.1 Only dual purpose spray/jet nozzles with a
shutoff are to be provided.
2.6.2 The nozzle sizes shall be 12, 16 and 19 mm
or as near thereto as possible.
In accommodation and service spaces, a nozzle size of
12 mm is sufficient.
For machinery spaces and exterior locations, the
nozzle size shall be such as to obtain the naxinun
discharge possible from two nozzles at the stipulated
pressure from the smallest available fire pump;
however, a nozzle size greater than 19 mm need not be
used.
F. Portable and Mobile Fire Extinguisher,
Portable Foam Applicators and Water Fog
Applicators
1. Extinguishing media and weights of
charge
1.1 The extinguishing medium for fire
extinguisher must be suitable for the potential fire
classes (sec Table 12.4).
Toxic extinguishing media and extinguishing media
liable to generate toxic gases may not be used.
CO
2
fire extinguisher may not be located in accom-
modation areas and water fire extinguishers not in
machinery spaces.
1.2 Fire extinguishers must be approved by a
recognized Authority.
1.3 The charge in portable dry powder and gas
extinguishers should be at least 5 kg and the content of
foam and water extinguishers should be not less than
9 l and not more than 13,5 l
The total weight of a portable fire extinguisher ready
for use shall not exceed 20 kg.
Table 12.4 Classification of extinguishing media
Fire
class
Fire hazard Extin-
guishing
media
A
Solid combustible
materials of organic
nature (e.g. wood, coal,
fibre materials)
Water, dry
powder,
foam
B
Flammable liquids (e.g.
oils, tars petrol)
Dry
powder,
foam,
carbon
dioxide
C Gases (e.g. acetylene,
propane)
Dry
powder,
carbon
dioxide
D Metals (e.g. aluminium,
magnesium, sodium)
Special dry
powder
1.4 Mobile extinguisher units are to be designed
for a standard dry powder charge of 50 kg or for a
foam solution content of 45 or 135 liters.
It is recommended that only dry powder extinguishers
be used.
1.5 A portable foam applicator unit comprises
two portable tanks, each containing 20 l or foaming
agent, an air-foam jet pipe and an ejector unit. The
nozzle should be capable of producing at least
1,5 m
3
/min of foam.
2. Number and location
2.1 General
2.1.1 One of the portable fire extinguishers is to be
located at the access to the individual space it is
designated for.
2.1.2 If the portable fire extinguisher are not
suitable for fire-fighting in electrical installations,
additional extinguishers are to be provided for this
purpose. Fire extinguisher are to be marked with the
maximum permissible voltage and with the minimum
distance to be maintained when in use.
2.2 Passenger and crew spaces
2.2.1 The decks of passenger ships to which the
passengers and crew normally have access during the
voyage are to be equipped with fire extinguisher
located not more than 20 m apart. At least one portable
fire extinguisher is to be provided on each deck and, in
each main vertical zone.
2.2.2 Paragraph 2.2.1 is applicable correspondingly
to cargo ships of 1000 GRT and over, with the
provision that at least 5 fire extinguishers are to be
provided in the accommodation spaces.
2.3 Machinery spaces
Machinery spaces, depending on their designation, are
to be provided with portable fire extinguishers, mobile
fire extinguishers, portable air foam applicator units
and water fog applicators as described hereinafter.
2.3.1 Machinery spaces of category A
1
) contain-
ing internal combustion machinery
The following is to be provided:
portable fire extinguishers which shall be so
located that no point in the space is more than
10 m walking distance from an extinguisher
mobile fire extinguishers of 50 kg dry
powder or 45 l which shall be so located
that the extinguishant can be directed onto
any part of the fuel and lubricating oil
pressure systems, gearing and other fire
hazards
at least one portable air foam applicator unit
1
) contain-
ing oil fired boilers
At least:
two portable fire extinguishers in each firing
space in each boiler room and in each space
in which part of the fuel oil installation is
situated
two mobile 50 kg dry powder- or one mobile
135 l foam extinguisher in each boiler room.
The extinguishers shall be provided with
hoses on reels suitable for reaching any part
of the boiler room. In case of domestic
boilers of less than 175 kW one portable
extinguisher will be sufficient.
1
)
containing oil fuel units
At least two portable fire extinguishers are to be
provided.
2.3.4 Machinery spaces containing steam
turbines or enclosed steam engines
In spaces containing steam turbines or enclosed steam
engines of an aggregate total output of 375 kW and
over used for main propulsion or other purposes the
following is to be provided :
mobile fire extinguishers of 50 kg dry
powder or 45 l which shall be so located that
the extinguishant can be directed onto any
part of the casings enclosing pressure
lubricated parts of the turbines, engines or
associated gearing and any other fire hazard.
This requirement is not applicable where the
space is protected by fixed fire extinguishing
system in accordance with Table 12.1
portable fire extinguishers which shall be so
located that no point in the space is more
than 10 m walking distance from an
extinguisher.
1
) in
passenger ships
In addition to the fire fighting equipment specified in
2.3.1 - 2.3.4, machinery spaces of category A in
passenger ships carrying more than 36 passengers are
to be provided with at least two water fog applicators.
2.3.6 Other machinery spaces
1
)
In machinery spaces other than category A portable
fire extinguishers are to be so located that no point in
the space is more than 10 m walking distance away
from an extinguisher.
For small spaces without particular fire hazard it is
sufficient if a fire extinguisher is available within
reach at the access.
2.4 Cargo pump rooms and gas compressor
rooms
Each space containing cargo pumps or gas
compressors is to be equipped with at least two
portable fire extinguishers for extinguishing oil or gas
fires.
2.5 Other spaces and motor lifeboats
Paint lockers, flammable liquid lockers, radio rooms,
galleys and motor lifeboats are each to be equipped
with one portable fire extinguisher. In motor lifeboats,
2 kg portable extinguishers will be accepted.
2.6 Cargo spaces for motor vehicles with -
fuel in their tanks
With portable extinguishers suitable for extinguishing
oil fires shall be located on both sides of the cargo
space not more than 20 m apart. One such fire
extinguisher is to be located at each entrance to these
spaces.
2.7 Special category spaces on passenger -
ships and ro-ro spaces
These spaces are to be equipped with portable fire
1
) For definition see Volume II, Section 22.D.4[6] (in the
scope of this Section applicable to all ships)
extinguishers in accordance with 2.9. In addition, each
space is to be provided with one portable foam
applicator unit and three water fog applicators. A total
of at least two portable foam applicator shall be
available.
2.8 Cargo spaces for dangerous goods
Part P. is applicable.
G. High-Pressure CO
2
Fire Extinguishing
Systems
1. Calculation of the necessary quantity of
CO
2
The calculation of the necessary quantity of CO
2
is to
be based on a gas volume of 0.56 m
3
per kg of CO
2
.
If two or more individually floodable rooms are
connected to the CO
2
system, the total CO
2
quantity
available need not be more than the largest quantity
required for one of these spaces.
1.1 Machinery, boiler and cargo pump spaces
1.1.1 The quantity of gas available for spaces
containing oil-fired boilers or internal combustion
machinery and for cargo pump spaces must be
sufficient to give a minimum volume of free gas equal
to the larger of the following:
a) 40 % of the gross volume of the largest space
including the casing up to the level at which
the horizontal area of the casing is less than
40 % of the horizontal area of the space
concerned taken midway between the tank
top and the lowest part of the casing,
b) 35 % of the gross volume of the largest space
including the casing.
1.1.2 For cargo ships under 2000 GRT, the
percentage specified in 1.1.1 a) and b) may be reduced
to 35 % and 30 % respectively.
1.1.3 For cargo pump spaces on chemical tankers,
and for compartment and cargo pump spaces on
liquefied gas tankers, the volume of free gas available
is to be calculated as 45 % of the gross volume of the
space.
1.1.4 For machinery spaces without casings (e.g.
incinerator or inert gas generator spaces) a CO
2
concentration of 35 % is to be ensured.
1.1.5 Where two or more spaces containing boilers
or internal combustion machinery are not entirely
separated, they are to be considered as a single space
for the purpose of determining the quantity of CO
2
required.
1.2 Cargo spaces
1.2.1 In cargo spaces, the quantity of CO
2
available
must be sufficient to fill at least 30 % of the gross
volume of the largest cargo space which is capable of
being sealed. Calculation of the gross volume is to be
based on the distance from the double bottom (tank
top) to the weather deck including the hatchway and
the vertical boundaries of the cargo space concerned.
1.2.2 For cargo spaces which cannot be completely
sealed, e.g. due to design-related gaps between the
hatch covers of container ships the supply of CO
2
is
to be increase by 10 %. As a rule the gaps should not
exceed 25 mm.
1.2.3 In the case of cargo spaces in ships carrying
only coal, ore, grain unseasoned, timber, non-com-
bustible cargo or cargo which present a low fire risk
application may be made to the National Authorities
for exemption from this requirement.
1.2.4 For the cargo spaces of ships intended for
the transport of motor vehicles with partly filled fuel
tanks and for closed ro-ro spaces, the available
quantity of CO
2
must be sufficient to fill at least 45 %
of the gross volume of the largest enclosed cargo
space.
1.2.5 It is recommended that mail rooms, spaces
for bonded stores and baggage rooms be connected to
the CO
2
fire extinguishing system.
1.2.6 Where cargo spaces connected to a CO
2
system are temporarily used as spaces for the trans-
port of passengers means must be provided for sealing
off the relevant connecting lines during such periods
by the use of spectacle flanges.
2. CO
2
cylinders
2.1 Design and equipment
2.1.1 In respect of their material, manufacture,
type and testing, CO
2
cylinders must comply with the
requirements of Section 8, G. (gas cylinders).
2.1.2 CO
2
cylinders may normally only be filled
with liquid CO
2
in a ratio of 2 kg CO
2
to every 3 liters
of cylinder capacity. Subject to the shipping route
concerned, special consideration may be given to a
higher filling ratio (3 kg CO
2
to every 4 liters
capacity).
2.1.3 Cylinders intended for flooding boiler
rooms, machinery spaces and pump rooms must be
equipped with quick-opening valves for group release
enabling these spaces to be flooded with 85 % of the
required gas volume within two minutes. Cylinders
intended for the flooding of cargo spaces need only be
fitted with individual release valves.
For cargo spaces for the carriage of motor vehicles
with fuel in their tanks and for ro-ro spaces CO
2
cylinders with quick-opening valves suitable for
group release are to be provided for flooding of these
spaces within 10 minutes with 2/3 of the prescribed
quantity of CO
2
.
2.1.4 Cylinder valves must be approved by a
recognized institution and be fitted with an overpres-
sure relief device.
2.1.5 Siphons must be securely connected to the
cylinder valve.
2.2 Disposition
2.2.1 CO
2
cylinders are to be stored in special
spaces, securely anchored and connected to a mani-
fold. Check valves are to be fitted between individual
cylinders and the manifold.
If hoses are used to connect the cylinders lo the
manifold, they must be type-approved.
2.2.2 At least the cylinders intended for the quick
flooding of boiler rooms and machinery spaces are to
be grouped together in one room.
2.2.3 The cylinders for CO
2
fire extinguishing
systems for scavenge trunks and for similar purposes
may be stored in the machinery space.
3. Rooms for CO
2
cylinders
3.1 Location
3.1.1 Rooms for CO
2
cylinders may not be located
forward of the collision bulkhead and shall,wherever
possible, be situated on the open deck. CO
2
cylinder
rooms below the open deck must have a stairway
leading directly to the open deck. Direct connections
via doors or other openings between cylinder rooms
and machinery spaces or accommodation spaces below
the open deck are not permitted. In addition to the
cabins themselves, other spaces provided for use by
passengers and crew such as sanitary spaces, public
spaces, stair wells and corridors are also considered to
form part of the accommodation space.
The size of the cylinder room and the arrangement of
the cylinders must be conducive to efficient operation.
Means are to be provided for conveying cylinders to
the open deck.
3.1.2 Cylinder rooms shall be lockable. The keys to
such rooms are to be kept in a glass-fronted case fixed
to the door. The doors of cylinder rooms must open
outward.
3.2 Insulation
Cylinder rooms are to be protected or insulated against
heat and solar radiation in such a way that the room
temperature does not exceed 45 C. The boundaries of
the cylinder room must conform to the insulation
valves prescribed for control stations (Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 22 ).
3.3 Ventilation
Cylinder rooms are to be provided with adequate
ventilation. For cylinder rooms located below the open
deck, efficient forced ventilation capable of extracting
any CO
2
which may leak from the cylinders is to be
provided. Other spaces may not be connected to this
ventilation system.
Cylinder rooms are to be fitted with thermometers for
checking the room temperature.
4. Piping
4.1 Piping is to be made of weldable materials in
accordance with Rules for Materials, Volume V.
Material certificates are to be provided acc. to the
requirements for pipe class I (see Section 11).
Manufacturers' inspection certificates acc. to
EN10204-3.1B may be accepted as equivalent
provided that by means of the pipe marking (name of
pipe manufacturers, heat number, test mark)
unambigious reference to the certificate can be
established. The Rules regarding remarking are to be
observed when processing the pipes.
4.2 All pipeworks are to be protected against
external corrosion. Distribution lines serving spaces
other than machinery spaces are to be galvanised
internally.
4.3 Wherever possible, welded pipe connections
are to be used for CO
2
systems. For detachable con-
nections which cannot be avoided and for valves and
fittings, flanged joints are to be used. For pipes with
a nominal bore of less than 50 mm, welded
compression type couplings may be used.
4.4 Bends or suitable compensators are to be
provided to accommodate the thermal expansion of
the pipelines.
4.5 The manifold from the cylinders up to and
including distribution valves are to be designed for a
nominal working pressure of PN 100. Pipework
between distribution valves and nozzles is to be
designed for a nominal working pressure of PN 40.
4.6 Distribution piping for quick-flooding is to
be designed in such that icing due to expansion of the
extinguishing gas cannot occur. Reference values are
shown in Table 12.5.
4.7 The minimum nominal bore of flooding lines
and of their branches to nozzles in cargo holds is
20 mm; that of the nozzle connections 15 mm.
The pipe thicknesses are shown in Table 12.6.
4.8 A compressed air connection with a non-
return valve and a shutoff valve is to be fitted at a
suitable point. The compressed air connection must be
of sufficient size to ensure that, when air is blown
through the system at a pressure of 5 to 7 bar, it is
possible to check the outflow of air from all nozzles.
5. Release devices
5.1 Release of the system is to be actuated
manually. Automatic actuation is not acceptable
5.2 Release of the CO
2
cylinders, whether
individually or in groups, and opening of the distri-
bution valve must be actuated indepently of each other.
5.3 Remotely operated cylinder actuating devices
and distribution valves must be capable of local
manual operation.
5.4 The controls for flooding of machinery
spaces, boiler rooms, paint lockers and the like and of
cargo pump and compressor spaces are to be located
close to one of the entrances outside the space to be
protected in a lockable case (release station). A
separate release station is to be provided for each
space which can be flooded separately, the space to
which it relates being clearly indicated.
Actuation must also be possible from the location of
the associated CO
2
cylinders.
5.5 The key for the release station is to be kept in
a clearly visible position next to the release station in
a locked case with a glass panel.
5.6 A distribution valve is to be located in every
flooding line outside the space to be protected in a
readily accessible position.
5.7 Distribution valves are to be protected against
unauthorized and unintentional actuation and fitted
with signs indicating the space to which the associated
CO
2
lines lead.
5.8 Distribution valves are to be made of a
seawater-resistant material. The valve position open
or closed must be perceptible.
6. CO
2
discharge Nozzles
6.1 The number and arrangement of the nozzles
provided must ensure even distribution of the CO
2
.
6.2 Boiler rooms and machinery spaces
At least eight nozzles are to be provided, not less than
two of which shall be located in the bilges. The
number of discharge nozzles may be reduced for small
machinery spaces.
6.3 Cargo spaces
Every cargo space or every deck in a cargo space of
less than 800 m
3
gross volume is to be provided with
at least two nozzles. Where the volume is greater, at
least four nozzles are required. Not more than four
nozzles may be connected to a cargo space flooding
line with a nominal bore of 20 mm which is also
serving as sampling line of a sample extraction smoke
detection system. Nozzles are to be sited in the upper
part of the space. Nozzles also serving as smoke
sampling points are to be so arranged that no point of
the overhead deck area is more than 12 m horizontally
away from a nozzle.
Separate distribution valves are to be provided for
flooding the lower holds and the twen-decks.
7. Alarm systems
7.1 For machinery spaces, boiler, cargo pump
rooms and similar spaces acoustic alarms of horn or
siren sound is to be provided which shall be
independent of the discharge CO
2
. The audible
warning is to be automatically actuated a suitable time
before flooding occurs and is to be clearly
distinguishable from all other alarm signals.
As adequate shall be considered the period of time
necessary to evacuate the space to be flooded but not
less than 20 s. The system is to be designed such that
flooding is not possible before this period of time has
elapsed.
Opening the door of the release station must trip the
CO
2
alarm in the protected space.
The alarm must continue to sound as long as the
flooding valves are open. A visual alarm is also to be
installed where necessary.
7.2 Where adjoining and interconnecting spaces
(e.g. machinery space, purifier room, machinery
control room) have separate flooding systems, any
danger to persons must be excluded by suitable alarms
in the adjoining spaces.
7.3 Alarm systems are also to be provided in
ro-ro spaces and spaces to which personnel normally
have access. In small spaces, e.g. small compressor
rooms, paint stores, etc.,alarms may be dispensed with
on application
7.4 The power supply to electrical alarm systems
must be guaranteed in the event of failure of the ship's
main power supply.
7.5 If the alarm is operated pneumatically, a
permanent supply of compressed air for the alarm
system is to be ensured.
7.6 Alarm systems for the cargo area of tankers:
Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section
13.
8. General arrangement plan
In the wheelhouse and in the CO
2
rooms arrangement
plans are to be displayed showing the disposition of
the entire CO
2
system. The plan must also indicate
how many cylinders are to be released to extinguish
fires in individual spaces.
Table 12.5 Design of quick-flooding lines
Nominal diameter DN
Weight of CO
2
for machinery
and boiler spaces
Weight of CO
2
for cargo
holds for motor vehicles
[mm] [inches] [kg] [kg]
15 1/2 45 400
20 3/4 100 800
25 1 135 1200
32 1 1/4 275 2500
40 1 1/2 450 3700
50 2 1100 7200
65 2 1/2 1500 11500
80 3 2000 20000
90 3 1/2 3250
100 4 4750
110 4 1/2 6810
125 5 9500
150 6 15250
Table 12.6 Minimum steel pipe thicknesses for CO
2
d
a
[mm]
From cylinders to distribution
valves
s [mm]
From distribution valves to
nozzles
s [mm]
21,3 - 26,9
30,0 - 48,3
51,0 - 60,3
63,5 - 76,1
82,5 - 88,9
101,6
108,0 - 114,3
127,0
133,0 - 139,7
152,4 - 168,3
3,2
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,6
6,3
7,1
8,0
8,0
8,8
2,6
3,2
3,6
3,6
4,0
4,0
4,5
4,5
5,0
5,6
9. Warning signs
9.1 For CO
2
systems the following signs are to
be displayed :
9.1.1 At the release stations:
"Do not operate release until personnel have left the
space, the ventilation has been shut off and the space
has been sealed."
9.1.2 At the distribution stations and in the CO
2
room:
"Before flooding with CO
2
shut off ventilation and
close air intakes. Open distribution valves first, then
the cylinder valves!"
9.1.3 In the CO
2
room and at entrances to spaces
which can be flooded:
"WARNING!"
"In case of alarm or release of CO
2
leave the space
immediately (danger of suffocation).
The space may be re-entered only after thorough
ventilating and checking of the atmosphere."
9.1.4 In the CO
2
cylinder room:
"This space may be used only for the storage of CO
2
cylinders for the fire extinguishing system. The tem-
perature of the space is to be monitored."
9.1.5 At the release station for the CO
2
system for
the cargo pump and gas compressor rooms of tank
ships carrying flammable materials, the warning sign
is to bear the additional instruction:
"Release device to be operated only after outbreak of
fire in .................... space".
10. Testing
10.1 After installation, piping between cylinders
and distribution valves and piping passing through
accommodation spaces is to be subjected to hydraulic
tests at 120 bar and 50 bar respectively in the pres-
ence of a Surveyor. A test pressure of 10 bar is
required for all other piping.
The hydrostatic test may also be carried out prior to
installation on board in the case of piping which is
manufactured complete and equipped with all fittings.
Joints welded on board must undergo a hydrostatic
test at the appropriate pressure.
Where water cannot be used as the test medium and
the piping cannot be dried prior to putting the system
into service, proposals for alternative test media or
test procedures are to be submitted to the Society for
approval.
10.2 After assembly on board, a tightness test is
to be performed using air or other suitable media.
The selected pressure depends on the method of leak
detection used.
10.3 All piping is to be checked for free passage
and tightness.
H. Low-Pressure CO
2
Fire Extinguishing
Systems
1. Calculation of the necessary quantity of
CO
2
Calculation of the necessary quantity of CO
2
is sub-
ject to the provisions set out in G.1.
2. CO
2
Containers
2.1 Design and Construction
2.1.1 The rated CO
2
supply is to be stored in
pressure vessels at a pressure of 18 to 22 bar.
2.1.2 With regard to their material, manufacture,
construction, equipment and testing, the containers
must comply with the requirements contained in
Section 8 (Pressure Vessels).
2.1.3 The containers may be filled with liquid CO
2
up to a maximum of 95 % of their volumetric capacity
calculated at 18 bar
The vapour space must be sufficient to allow for the
increase in volume of the liquid phase due to a tem-
perature rise corresponding to the setting pressure of
the relief valves.
2.2 Equipment
2.2.1 Pressure monitoring
The container pressure is to be monitored and an in-
dependent visual/audible alarm signalling both high
pressure prior to the attainment of the setting pressure
of the relief valves and low pressure at not less than
18 bar is to be provided.
2.2.2 Monitoring of liquid level
Each container is to be equipped with two level
gauges, one of which must provide permanent
monitoring of the liquid level.
A liquid level of 10 % or more below the set level
shall trip a visual/audible alarm.
Where more than one space is protected by the CO
2
system, a remote indicator is to be provided at all
release stations outside the room in which the con-
tainer is located. A remote indicator may be dispensed
with if, after release, the discharge of the rated
quantity of CO
2
is regulated automatically, e.g. by an
automatic timer.
2.2.3 Safety relief valves
Each container is to be fitted with two safety relief
valves with shutoff valves on the inlet side. The shut-
off valves shall be interlocked in such a way that the
cross-sectional area of one relief valve is available at
all times.
The setting pressure of the relief valves must be at
least 10 % above the cut-in pressure of the refriger-
ating units.
The capacity of each relief valve must be so that the
quantity of gas produced by the action of fire on the
container can be discharged without the pressure in
the container exceeding the setting pressure of the
relief valves by more than 20 %. For the calculation
see Rules for Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk,
Volume IX, Section 8.
The blow-off line is to discharge into the open.
2.2.4 Insulation
Containers and piping which are normally filled with
CO
2
are to be insulated in such that after failure of the
refrigeration, assuming a container pressure equal to
the cut-in pressure of the refrigerating units and an
ambient temperature of 45
o
C, the setting pressure of
the relief valves is not reached before a period of
24 h.
The insulating material must be at least not readily
ignitable and be sufficiently robust. Protection against
steam penetration and damage from outside is to be
provided. See also Rules fo Refrigerating
Installations, Volume VIII, L.
3. Refrigerating plant
3.1 At least two complete, mutually independent,
automatical refrigerating sets are to be provided. The
capacity of the refrigerating sets shall be such that the
required CO
2
temperature can be maintained with an
ambient temperature of 45 C and a seawater
temperature of 32 C.
3.2 The failure of a refrigerating set must cause
the standby set to start up automatically. Manual
switchover must be possible.
3.3 Separate electrical supply must be provided
from the main busbar.
3.4 At least two circulating pumps must be
available for the cooling water supply. One of these
pumps can be used as standby pump for other
purposes provided that it can be put into operation im-
mediately without endangering other essential sys-
tems.
3.5 The supply of cooling water must be avail-
able from two sea chests, wherever possible from
4. Location and disposition
CO
2
containers and the corresponding refrigerating
equipment are to be located in special rooms.
The disposition and equipping of the rooms are to
comply with the applicable provisions of G.3.
5. Piping, valves and fittings
Unless otherwise specified below, G.4., 5. and 6.
apply analogously together with Section 11, B.
wherever relevant.
5.1 Relief valves are to be fitted to isolable pipe
sections in which the heating of enclosed CO
2
can
produce pressures exceeding the design pressure of
the pipe.
5.2 The flooding lines are to be so designed that,
when flooding occurs, the vaporization of CO
2
does
not occur until it leaves the nozzles. The pressure at
the nozzles must be at least 10 bar.
5.3 A filling connection with the necessary
means of pressure equalization is to be provided on
6. Monitoring
An alarm is to be fitted in the engine control room for
the following variations from the reference condition:
- Pressure above maximum or below
minimum in accordance with 2.2.1,
- Liquid level too low in accordance with
2.2.2,
- Failure of a refrigerating set.
This alarm may function as group alarm "Fault in the
CO
2
fire extinguishing system".
7. Release
7.1 The automatic release of CO
2
flooding is not
permitted.
7.2 If devices are fitted for automatically
gauging the rated quantity of CO
2
, provision must also
be made for manual control.
G.5.2 also applies.
8. Warning systems, general arrangement
plans and warning signs
Signs giving the following information are to be
permanently fixed in the CO
2
cylinder room and to the
valve groups for the flooding of individual spaces
with CO
2
:
- Name of space and gross volume in m
3
- Necessary volume of CO
2
- Number of nozzles for the space
- Flooding time in minutes (i.e. the time the
flooding valves must remain open)
G.7., 8. and 9. also apply as appropriate.
9. Tests
9.1 After installation, lines between tanks and
distribution valves are to be pressure-tested at least
1,5 times the pressure setting of the relief valves.
Lines which pass through accommodation spaces are
to be tested after installation at a pressure of 50 bar
gauge. A test pressure of 10 bar is required for all
other lines.
The performance of the test is to conform to G.10.1.
9.2 G.10.2 and G.10.3 apply wherever relevant.
I. Other gas fire extinguishing systems and
steam fire extinguishing systems.
Extinguishing gases other than CO2 may be applied
only if approved in accordance with international
regulations (IMO) and accepted by the flag state
Authority.
Steam may be used as extinguishant in limited local
applications (e.g. scavente trunks) if agreed upon with
BKI
1
).
K. Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems
1. Foam concentrates
1.1 Only approved foam concentrates may be
used; see also D.1.3.
Foam concentrates must be able to produce an ef-
fective foam even when sea water or brackish water
is used. They must be frostproof to at least - 5 C.
1.2 Distinction is made between low- and
high-expansion foam.
In the case of low-expansion foam, produced by
adding 3 - 6 % foam concentrated the foam expansion
ratio (i.e. the ratio of the volume of foam produced to
the mixture of water and foam concentrate supplied)
shall not exceed 12 : 1
For high-expansion foam, produced by adding 1 -
3 % foam concentrate, the expansion ratio may be
100: 1 up to 1000 :1. Foam concentrate for the pro-
duction of multi-purpose foam may be used.
Deviations from these expansion ratios require the
approval of the Society.
Foam concentrates intended for use in the cargo area
of chemical tankers must be alcohol-resistant if this is
necessitated by the List of Product, Rules for Ships
Carrying Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume X,
Section 17; see Foam Fire Extinguishing Systems for
Chemical Tankers, Rules for Ships Carrying
Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume X, Section 11.

Tankers for the carriage of alcohols and other
flammable polar liquids shall be provided with
alcohol resistant foam concentrate.
2. Low-expansion foam systems for tankers
(deck foam systems)
2.1 The foam fire extinguishing system is to be
so designed that foam is available for the entire cargo
deck area as well as for any cargo tank, the deck of
which has ruptured.
2.2 The deck foam system shall be capable of
simple and rapid operation. The main control station
for the system must be suitably located outside the
cargo area and adjoining the accommodation areas. In
the event of a fire in the spaces to be protected it must
be easy to reach and to operate.
2.3 Capacity of the foam fire extinguishing
system pump and supply of foam solution:
The rate of supply of foam solution is to be calculated
in accordance with the following formulae. The rate
is to be based on the largest calculated value.
a) 0,6 liters per minute per square meter of the
cargo deck area, where cargo deck area
means the maximum breadth of the ship
multiplied by the total longitudinal extent of
the cargo tank spaces.
Q = 0,6 L B [l/min] or
b) 6 liters per minute per square metre of the
horizontal sectional area of the single tank
having the largest such area.
Q = 6 l b [l/min] or
c) 3 liters per minute per square metre of the
area to be protected by the largest monitor
and lying entirely forward of the monitor,
subject to a minimum of 1250 liters/minute.

Q = 3 B 0,75 l
1
[l/min]
The minimum supply of foam concentrate
shall be such that, based on the largest value
calculated by applying a), b) and c), the
production of foam is guaranteed for at least
30 minutes on tankers without an inert gas
system and for at least 20 minutes on
tankers with an inert gas system.
S
min
= Q s t [l]
Q [l/min] = foam solution
L [m] = length of cargo area
B [m] = breadth of ship
l [m] = length of largest cargo tank
b [m] = breadth of largest cargo tank
S
min
[l] = minimum supply of foam con-
centrate
s = dosing rate (for synthetic foam
concentrate normally 0,03)
l
1
[m] = throw of monitor
t [min] = duration of foam application.
2.4 Foam distribution and capacity of
monitors
2.4.1 The foam from the fixed foam system is to
be discharged through monitors and foam applicators.
Each monitor must be capable of supplying at least 50
% of the required foam solution. The delivery rate of
a monitor may not be less than 1250 liters/minute.
On tankers of less than 4000 dwt, foam applicators
may be provided instead of monitors.
2.4.2 The number and position of the monitors is
to comply with the requirements specified in 2.1. The
capacity of any monitor in liters per minute of foam 1
) See SOLAS II-"Reg:5.4
solution must be at least three times the deck area in
square meters protected by that monitor, such area
being entirely forward of the monitor.
2.4.3 The distance from the monitor to the farthest
extremity of the protected area forward of that
monitor shall not be more than 75 % of the monitor
throw in still air conditions.
M = 3 B 0,75 l
1
[l/min]
M [l/min] = delivery rate of one monitor
0,5 Q,
but not less than 1250 l/min
B [m] = breadth of ship
l
1
[m] = throw of monitor
2.4.4 A monitor and a hose connection for a foam
applicator shall be situated to both port and starboard
at the poop front or the accommodation spaces facing
the cargo deck. In addition, connections for foam
applicators are to be sited between the monitors to
give greater flexibility in the fighting of fires. The
capacity of each foam applicator may not be less than
400 liters per minute and the applicator throw may not
be less than 15 m in still air conditions.
2.4.5 On tankers of less than 4000 dwt, one hose
connection each for a foam applicator is to be
provided to port and starboard at the poop front or the
accommodation spaces facing the cargo deck. At least
four foam applicators must be available. The number
and disposition of foam hydrants are to be such that
foam from at least two applicators can be directed on
to any area of the cargo deck. The capacity of each
foam applicator must be equivalent to at least 25 % of
the quantity of foam solution calculated in accordance
with 2.3 a) or 2.3 b). The capacity and throw of the
foam applicators may not be less than those specified
in 2.4.4.
2.4.6 Immediately forward of each monitor, both
the foam main and the fire main are to be fitted with
shutoff valves to enable damaged sections of these
lines to be isolated.
2.5 Operation of the foam system at its required
capacity shall permit the simultaneous use of the
water fire extinguishing system as per E. over the full
length of the ship on deck, in accommodation spaces,
control stations, service spaces and machinery spaces.
2.6 The supply of foam concentrate and the
necessary pumps are to be located outside the area to
be protected.
3. High-expansion foam systems
3.1 Capacity of the system
3.1.1 The equipment producing the foam must be
of sufficient capacity to enable the largest space being
protected to be filled with foam at the rate of at least
1 m depth per minute without allowance for installed
machinery and equipment.
3.1.2 The supply of foam concentrate must be
sufficient for the largest space being protected to be
filled with foam at least five times. The equipment
must be ready for immediate use at all times.
3.2 Foam distribution
Foam is to be conveyed to the spaces being protected
through fixed ducts. The outlets in these ducts are to
be arranged in such a way as to ensure uniform dis-
tribution of the foam. Inside the space where the foam
is produced, a shutoff device must be fitted between
the foam generator and the distribution system.
3.3 Foam generators, pumps, supply of foam
concentrate
3.3.1 Foam generators, pumps and their power
supply and stored quantities of foam concentrate are
to be located in enclosed spaces outside the spaces to
be protected.
3.3.2 Where the emergency fire pump is used to
supply water to the foam generator, the capacity of the
pump must be sufficient.
3.4 Test equipment
Foam generators are to be installed in such a way that
they can be tested without foam entering the protected
spaces.
4. Low-expansion foam systems for boiler
rooms and machinery spaces
Low-expansion foam systems do not substitute for the
fire extinguishing systems prescribed in Table 12.1
4.1 Capacity of the system
The system must be so designed that the largest area
over which fuel can spread can be covered within five
minutes with a 150 mm thick blanket of foam.
4.2 Foam distribution
4.2.1 The foam solution must be conveyed through
fixed pipelines and foam distributors to the points at
which oil fires are liable to occur.
4.2.2 Foam distributors and controls are to be
arranged in suitable groups and positioned in such a
way that they cannot be cut off by a fire in the
protected space.
L. Pressure Water Spraying Systems
1
)
1. Automatic pressure water spraying
systems (sprinkler systems)
1.1 Pressure water tanks
1.1.1 Pressure water tanks are to be fitted with a
safety valve, connected to the water space of the tank
without means of isolating, with a water level indi-
cator that can be shut off and is protected against
damage, and with a pressure gauge. The requirements
specified in Section 8, Pressure Vessels, are also
applicable.
1.1.2 The volume of the pressure water tank shall
be equivalent to at least twice the specified pump
capacity per minute.
The tank shall contain a standing charge of fresh
water equivalent to at least the specified pump
capacity per one minute.
The tank is to be fitted with a connection to enable the
entire system to be refilled with fresh water.
1.1.3 Means are to be provided for replenishing
the air cushion in the pressure water tank.
1.2 Pressure water spraying pump
1.2.1 The pressure water spraying pump may only
be used for supplying water to the pressure water
spraying system.
In the event of a pressure drop in the system, the
pump shall start up automatically before the fresh
water charge in the pressure water tank has been
exhausted. Suitable means of testing are to be
provided.
1.2.2 The capacity of the pump shall be sufficient
to cover an area of at least 280 m
2
at the pressure
required for the spray nozzles. At a rate of application
of at least 5 l/m min, this is equivalent to a minimum
delivery rate of 1400 l/min.
1.2.3 The pump is to be equipped with a direct sea
suction. The shutoff device is to be secured in the
open position. On the discharge side, the pump is to
be fitted with a test valve and pipe connection whose
cross-section corresponds to the capacity of the pump
at the prescribed pressure.
1.3 Location
Pressure water tanks and pumps are to be located
outside and a sufficient distance away from the spaces
to be protected, from boiler rooms and from spaces
containing oil treatment plant or internal combustion
engines.
The pressure water tank is to be installed in a frost-
proof space.
1.4 Water supply
1.4.1 The system shall be completely charged with
fresh water when not in operation.
In addition to the water supply as per 1.2 the system
is also to be connected to the fire main via a screw-
down non-return valve.
1.4.2 The system must be kept permanently under
pressure and must be ready at all times for immediate,
automatic operation. With the test valve at the alarm
valve in the fully open position, the pressure at the
level of the highest spray nozzles shall still be at least
1,75 bar.
1.5 Power supply
At least two mutually independent power sources
shall be provided for supplying the pump and the
automatic indicating and alarm systems. Each source
shall be sufficient to power the system (Rules for
Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 7)
1.6 Piping, valves and fittings
1.6.1 Lines between sea chest, pump, water tank,
shore connection and alarm valve are to comply with
the dimensional requirements set out in Section 11,
Table 11.4. Lines shall be effectively protected
against corrosion.
1.6.2 Check valves are to be fitted to ensure that
sea-water cannot penetrate into the pressure water
tank nor fresh water be discharged into the sea
through pump suction lines.
1.6.3 International shore connections (cf. E.2.1.1)
are to be provided at suitable points on the port and
starboard sides for supplying the equipment with
water from the shore. The connecting valves are to be
secured against being opened unintentionally.
1.6.4 Each line leading to a section of the system
is to be equipped with an alarm valve with pressure
gauge. See also 1.8.
Shutoff devices between the pump discharge and the
alarm valves are to be secured in the open position.
Each alarm valve is to be fitted with a test valve
corresponding to the capacity of one sprinkler.
1.6.5 Each alarm valve is to be fitted with a test
valve corresponding to the capacity of one sprinkler.
1.7 Sprinklers
1.7.1 The sprinklers are to be grouped into
sections. Each section may not comprise more than
200 sprinklers.
1.7.2 On passengers ships, a sprinkler section may
extend only over one main fire extinguishing section
1
) Pressure water spraying systems deviating from these
Rules may be used if approved as equivalent by BKI.
See also IMO-Resolution A 19/Res.800, " Revised
Guidelines for Approval of Sprinkler Systems
Equivalent to that Referred to in Regulation II-2/12 of
SOLAS 74.
or one watertight compartment and may not include
more than two vertically adjacent decks.
1.7.3 The sprinklers are to be so arranged in the
upper deck area that a water volume of not less than
5 l/m
2
. min is sprayed over the area to be protected.
Inside accommodation and service spaces the
sprinklers shall be activated within a temperature
range from 68 C to 79 C. This does not apply to
spaces such as drying rooms with higher
temperatures. Here the triggering temperature may be
up to 30 C above the maximum temperature in the
deck head area.
1.7.4 The sprinklers are to be made of corrosion-
resistant material. Sprinklers of galvanized steel are
not allowed.
1.7.5 An adequate number of spare sprinklers is to
be carried on board.
1.8 Indicating and alarm systems
1.8.1 Each sprinkler section is to be equipped with
an alarm valve which, when a sprinkler is activated,
actuates a visual and audible alarm at the fire control
station. See Rules For Electrical Installations, Volume
IV Section 9. A pressure gauge is also to be provided
for each sprinkler section.
The electrical equipment must be self-monitoring and
each section must be capable of being tested
individually (see Rules for Electrical Installation IV,
Section 9).
1.8.2 On passenger ships, the area in which a
sprinkler has been released is to be indicated at the
main fire control station or in the wheel house.
Separate indication is to be provided for at least each
side (pt. and stb.) of each deck. In very small areas the
indication of the ships side may be dispensed with
upon agreement with BKI.
1.8.3 On cargo ships, the sprinkler section within
which a sprinkler has been released is to be indicated
at the fire control station or in the wheel house. In
addition, a collective visual and audible alarm is to be
installed in the area of the engineers' accommodations
2. Manually operated pressure water
spraying systems
2.1 Pressure water spraying systems for
machinery spaces
2.1.1 Spray nozzles are to be located above bilges,
tank decks and all areas over which oil may spread.
The number and arrangement of the nozzles shall be
such as to ensure uniform distribution of the water
over the area to be protected at a rate of at least
5 l/m
2
. min.
2.1.2 The spraying system may be subdivided into
sections. The release valves are to be located outside
the spaces to be protected at positions which remain
accessible even after the outbreak of fire.
2.1.3 The pump for supplying the pressure water
spraying system and its power source are to be located
outside the spaces to be protected. The pump must at
least be capable of supplying simultaneously all the
spray nozzles in the largest enclosed space with an
adequate quantity of water at the necessary pressure.
2.1.4 The system is to be maintained at the nec-
essary pressure. In the event of a pressure drop, the
pump shall start up automatically.
2.1.5 The pump is to be fitted with a direct sea
suction. The shutoff device in this line is to be
secured in the open position.
2.1.6 In the choice of materials, special attention
is to be given to corrosion-resistance.
exhaust gas fired thermal oil heaters
2.2.1 The flow rate of the water spraying system is
to be at least 2.5 l/min per m
2
of heating surface.
The use of fresh water is preferred. An adequate
water supply for at least 20 minutes is to be ensured.
2.2.2 The required volume of water is to be
distributed over the heated surfaces by means of
suitable nozzles. A pipe and nozzle system intended
for cleaning purposes may be incorporated into the
water spraying system.
2.2.3 The nozzles may be installed below the
heated surfaces instead. A prerequisite for his
arrangement is that in the event of a fire in the exhaust
gas fired thermal oil heater, the engine is kept running
at reduced load and the exhaust gas continues to flow
over the heated surfaces.
2.2.4 The piping system for water supply and
distribution must be a fixed installation.
To protect against uncontrolled water leaks in the
exhaust gas fired heater, the supply line is to be fitted
with two shutoff valves with a drain valve between
them.
2.2.5 An effective water trap which may drain into
the engine room bilge or a suitable tank is to be
installed in the exhaust gas line beneath the exhaust
gas fired heater. Suitable measures are to be taken to
prevent leakage of exhaust gases.
2.2.6 All valves and pump starters required for
operation of the water spraying system are to be
installed for easy access in one place if possible at a
safe distance from the exhaust gas fired heater.
Concise operating instructions are to be permanently
displayed at the operating position.
special category spaces and ro/ro cargo
spaces
2.3.1 Only approved full-bore nozzles are to be
used
2.3.2 The nozzles are to be arranged in such a way
that effective, uniform distribution of the water at
3.5 l/m
2
. min where the deck height is less than
2.5 m and 5 l/m
2
. min where the deck height is 2.5 m
or more is ensured.
2.3.3 The system may be divided into sections.
Each section shall be not less than 20 m in length and
extend across the full width of the vehicle deck,
except in areas which are divided longitudinally by
"Type A" partitions (e.g. machinery, ventilation or
stairway shafts).
2.3.4 The distribution valves are to be installed
adjacent to the space to be protected. There must be
direct access from the vehicle deck and from outside.
The room where the distribution valves are located
must be adequately ventilated.
2.3.5 One or more separate pumps are to be
provided, the capacity of which must be sufficient to
supply the two largest adjoining sections with water
simultaneously.
In addition, a connection from the fire main is to be
provided. Reverse flow from the water spraying
system into the fire main is to be prevented by means
of a screw-down non-return valve. The valve is to be
secured in closed position with a lock.
2.3.6 The water spraying pump must be capable of
being started from the distribution valve group. All
the shutoff valves located between the seawater inlet
and the distribution valves must be capable of being
opened from the distribution valve group, unless they
are secured in the open position.
Measures are to be taken to ensure that the water
which may collect as a result of the operation of the
water spraying system can be completely drained
away or pumped out.
2.4 Pressure water spraying systems for the
cargo area of tankers
These are subject to the Rules for Ships Carrying
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX, Section 11.3
M. Fire Extinguishing Systems for Paint
Lockers, Flammable Liquid Lockers and
Galley Range Exhaust Ducts
1. Paint lockers and flammable liquid
lockers
1.1 A fixed fire extinguishing system based on
CO
2
, dry powder, water or an equivalent
extinguishing medium and capable of being operated
from outside the room is to be provided.
1.1.1 If CO
2
is used, the extinguishing medium
supply is to be calculated for a concentration of 40 %
relative to the gross volume of the room concerned.
1.1.2 Dry-powder fire extinguishing systems are to
be designed with a least 0.5 kg per cubic meter of the
gross volume of the room concerned. Steps are to be
taken to ensure that the extinguishing medium is
evenly distributed.
1.1.3 For pressure water spraying systems, a
uniform distribution rate of 5 l/m
2
.min relative to the
floor area is to be ensured. The water may be supplied
from the fire main.
1.2 For rooms with a floor area of less than 4 m
2
,
portable CO
2
or dry powder fire extinguisher may be
used if it is possible to use them without entering the
room, e.g. by means of a special admission opening.
2. Galley range exhaust ducts
2.1 The fixed means for extinguishing a fire
within the galley range exhaust duct shall be so
designed that the extinguishant is effective over the
entire length between the outer fire damper and the
fire damper to be fitted in the lower end of the duct.
2.2 Manual actuation is to be provided. The
controls are to be installed near the access to the
galley, together with the emergency cut-off switches
for the galley ventilation supply and exhaust fans and
the actuating equipment for the fire dampers.
Automatic actuation of the fire extinguishing system
may additionally be provided on application.
N. Dry Powder Fire Extinguishing System
1. General
Ships for the carriage of certain chemicals and
flammable gases are to be equipped in the cargo deck
area with a fixed dry powder fire extinguishing
system.
2. Equipment design
2.1 The system is to be capable of delivering
powder from at least two hand hose lines or a
combination monitor/hand hose line(s) to any part of
the cargo deck area including above-deck product
piping. The system shall be activated by an inert gas,
such as nitrogen, used exclusively for this purpose
and stored in pressure vessels adjacent to the powder
containers.
2.1.1 The two hand hose lines and the combination
monitor/hand hose line mentioned in 2.1 must be
supplied from two independent powder units.
2.2 The system for use in the cargo area shall
consist of at least two independent self-contained dry
chemical powder units with associated controls,
pressurizing medium, fixed piping, monitors or hand
hose lines. For ships with a cargo capacity of less than
1000 m
3
or 500 GRT, the installation of a single unit
can be permitted. On ships used for the carriage of
liquefied gases in bulk, one monitor is to be mounted
in such a way that protection can be given to the cargo
manifold. Operation of this monitor must be possible
both locally and from a control position. All hand
hose lines and monitors shall be capable of actuation
at the hose storage reel or monitor. At least one hand
hose line or monitor is to be located at the after end of
the cargo area.
2.3 A fire extinguishing unit having two or more
monitors, hand hose lines, or combinations thereof,
shall have independent pipes with a manifold at the
powder container, unless a suitable approved means
is provided to ensure proper performance. Where two
or more pipes are attached to a unit the arrangement
shall be such that any or all of the monitors and hand
hose lines are capable of simultaneous or sequential
operation at their rated capacities.
2.4 The capacity of a monitor shall be not less
than 10 kg/s.
Hand hose lines shall be non-kinkable. They shall be
fitted with a nozzle capable of on/off operation and
discharge at a rate not less than 3,5 kg/s. The maxi-
mum discharge rate shall be such as to allow opera-
tion by one man. The length of a hand hose line shall
not exceed 33 m. The powder distribution system is to
be so designed that clogging of the powder cannot
occur, even with intermittent operation. After
switching off the equipment, it must be possible to
clean the distribution system. Hand hoses and nozzles
are to be made of materials which are resistant to
weathering. Otherwise, they are to be kept in a
weatherproof cabinet or under suitable cover where
they are accessible at all times.
2.5 A sufficient quantity of dry chemical powder
is to be stored in each container to provide a minimum
45 second discharge time for all monitors and hand
hose lines attached to each powder unit.
Coverage from fixed monitors shall be in accordance
with the following requirements :
Fixed monitors [kg/s each] 10 25 45
maximum distance of
coverage [m]
10 30 40
The length of the hose is to be taken as the effective
reach of a hand hose line.
Special consideration is to be given where areas to be
protected are substantially elevated above the monitor
or hand hose reel locations.
2.6 Ships fitted with bow or stern loading and
discharge arrangements are to be provided with an
additional dry powder unit complete with at least one
monitor and one hand hose line. This additional unit
is to be located to protect the bow or stern loading and
discharge arrangements. The area of the cargo line
forward or aft of the cargo area shall be protected by
hand hose lines.
O. Fire Extinguishing Equipment for
Helicopter Landing Decks
1. In close proximity to the helideck there shall
be provided and stored near the means of access to
that helideck :
1.1 At least two dry powder extinguishers having
a total capacity of not less than 45 kg;
1.2 CO 2 - extinguishers of a total capacity of not
less than 18 kg or equivalent;
1.3 A fixed low expansion foam system with
monitors or foam making branch pipes capable of
delivering foam to all parts of the helideck in all
weather conditions in which helicopters can operate.
The system shall be capable of delivering a discharge
rate as required in following Table for at least five
minutes.
The foam agent shall meet the performance standards
of ICAO
1
) and be suitable for use with salt water.
Category Helicopter overall
length
Discharge rate
foam solution
(l/min)
H1 < 15 m 250
H2 15m .. < 24 m 500
H3 24 m .. < 35 m 800
1.4 at least two nozzles of dual-purpose type and
hoses sufficient to reach any part of the helideck;
1.5 two firemans outfits in addition to those
required by SOLAS or national regulations,
1.6 at least the following equipment, stored in a
manner that provides for immediate use and
protection from the elements:
adjustable wrench
1
)
, ,
,
, , DD
blanket, fire resistant
cutters bolt 600 mm
hook, grab or salving
hacksaw, heavy duty complete with 6 spare
blades
ladder
life line 5 mm diameter x 15 m in length
pliers, side cutting
set of assorted screwdrivers
harness knife complete with sheat.
2. Drainage facilities in way of helidecks shall
be constructed of steel and lead directly overboard
independent of any other system and designed so that
drainage does not fall on to any part of the vessel.
P. Equipment for the Transport of
Dangerous Goods
1. General
1.1 The provisions of this Section apply
additionally to ships carrying dangerous goods. They
are not applicable if such goods are transported only
in limited quantities in accordance with Section 18 of
the general introduction to the IMDG Code
1
).
1.2 The requirements depend on the type of
cargo space and the danger class and special proper-
ties of the goods to be carried. They are shown in
Table 12.7 for packaged dangerous goods and Table
12.8 for solid dangerous goods in bulk.
1.3 The requirements for open top container
cargo spaces are to be agreed upon with BKI
2
).
2. Fixed fire extinguishing system
2.1 All cargo spaces of ships intended for the
transport of dangerous goods are to be equipped with
a CO
2
fire extinguishing system conforming to G. of
this Section. This Rule applies even if the dangerous
goods are to be stowed exclusively on the weather
deck
Open Ro/Ro spaces, Ro/Ro spaces not capable of
being sealed and special category spaces are to be
equipped with a pressure water spraying system
conforming to L.2.4 instead of a CO
2
fire
extinguishing system.
For the transport of solid dangerous goods in bulk,
installation of a fire extinguishing system may be
omitted on request if exclusively non-combustible
goods, low fire-risk goods, or dangerous goods for
which CO
2
is not a suitable extinguishing medium are
to be transported
3. Water fire extinguishing equipment
3.1 Availability of water
The water fire extinguishing equipment is to be so
designed that water at the prescribed pressure (see
Table 12.3) is immediately available.
This is to be ensured by maintaining a permanent
pressure in the fire main and by automatic start-up of
the fire pumps or by means of a remote starting
arrangement for the fire pumps from the bridge.
3.2 Hydrants
3.2.1 Hydrants are to be so installed as to ensure
that water from four nozzles at the prescribed pressure
can be simultaneously directed onto any part of the
empty cargo space. The hydrants are to be installed on
the open deck, except for Ro/Ro spaces and special
category spaces where the hydrants are to be arranged
also within the under deck cargo space.
Two of the nozzles are each to be connected by means
of a single length of hose. The other nozzles may each
be supplied by two coupled lengths of hose.
3.3 Arrangement for cooling the cargo space
with water (water spray)
3.3.1 Cargo spaces for transporting Class 1 goods,
except for goods in Sub-class 1.4 of compatibility
group S, are to be fitted with arrangements for the
application of water spray.
3.3.2 The volume of water required is to be
determined on the basis of 5 l/min per m of the
largest horizontal cross section of the cargo space or
a dedicated section of it.
3.3.3 The water may be supplied by means of the
main fire pumps if the flow rate of the water delivered
in parallel flow ensures the simultaneous operation of
the nozzles specified in 3.2.1 at the prescribed
pressure.
3.3.4 The required volume of water is to be dis-
tributed evenly over the cargo space area from above
via a fixed piping system and full-bore nozzles.
Cooling of adjoining cargo and machinery space
bulkheads is also to be ensured.
3.3.5 The piping and nozzle system may also be
divided into sections and be integrated into the hatch
covers. Connection may be via hoses with
quick-acting couplings. Additional hydrants are to be
provided on deck for this purpose.
3.3.6 Measures are to be taken to ensure that the
1
) International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code
2
) See IMO MSC/Circ.608/Rev.1 "Interim Guidelines for
Open Top Containerships" incl. IACS Unified
Interpretations SC 109 - 111.
water applied to the cargo space is completely drained
away of pumped out. If this is not possible, the
additional weight of water and the influence of the
free surfaces is to be taken into account in the ship's
stability information.
4. Electrical equipment and sources of
ignition
4.1 The following stipulations apply to the
classes of dangerous goods for which compliance
with these requirements is prescribed according to
Tables 12.7 and 12.8 in the row "Electrical
equipment". The relevant footnotes are to be noted.
4.2 Electrical appliances may be installed and
operated in the cargo spaces to the extent required for
the ship's operation if they have the type of protection
corresponding to a the hazard presented by flammable
gases, vapours or dust.
For the design of the Electrical equipment and
classification of the dangerous areas, see Rules for
Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 15.
4.3 Electrical appliances which are not required
in conjunction with the transport of dangerous goods
need not have a type of protection corresponding to
the goods to be transported if they can be isolated
from the electrical supply and safeguarded against
unintentional reconnection.
4.4 Other than electrical appliances, no other
ignition sources may be installed in danger areas, e.g.
steam or thermal oil lines which in service may attain
temperatures higher than those corresponding to the
temperature class of the electrical appliances as
designed for the scope of dangerous goods to be
carried.
5. Fire detection
5.1 Cargo spaces for transporting packaged
dangerous goods are to be equipped with an approved
fire detection and alarm system; see C.
5.2 If a cargo space is intended for Class 1
goods, the adjoining cargo spaces must also be
monitored by the fire detection and alarm system.
6. Ventilation
6.1 Independent mechanical exhaust ventilation
for at least 6 air changes per hour is to be provided.
2/3 of the air is to be exhausted from the lower part of
the cargo space and 1/3 from the upper part.
6.2 Natural ventilation is sufficient if only
Class 1 goods are transported. This applies also to
Classes 4 and 5.1 if carried in closed containers.
Adequate mechanical ventilation is to be provided for
flammable liquids in Classes 3 with a flash point of
23 C and Class 2 gases which are neither ignitable
nor toxic. In this case, however, there are no special
requirements with regard to the number of air changes
and the air ducting arrangements as in 6.1. This
applies also to Classes 6.1 and 8 with the exeption of
flammable liquids with a flsh point < 23
o
C and of
those substances for which stowage in a mechanically
ventilated space is stipulated by the appertaining
schedule of the IMDG code. The ventilation in those
cases shall meet the requirements of 6.1.
6.3. In container cargo spaces, the number of air
changes may be reduced to 2 per hour if the goods are
transported in closed containers.
6.4 If the properties of the goods to be
transported require the installation of explosion-
protected electrical appliances, the following
conditions are to be additionally complied with.
6.4.1 For the motors of electrically driven shaft
fans, see Rules for Electrical Installation, Volume IV,
Section 13.
6.4.2 The design of fans is governed by Section
15, B.5.3.2 to B.5.3.6.
6.4.3 The fan outlets are to be fitted with fixed
protective screens with a mesh size not exceeding
13 mm.
6.4.4 The air outlets shall be placed at a safe
distance from possible ignition sources. A spherical
radius of 3 m around the air outlets, within which
ignition sources are to be avoided, is recommended.
6.5 Ventilation for solid dangerous goods in
bulk
6.5.1 For solid dangerous goods in bulk, natural
ventilation is adequate unless mechanical ventilation
is stipulated by national or international regulations
1
).
6.5.2 If mechanical ventilation is stipulated,
portable ventilating fans may be used instead of
permanently installed ones. If so, suitable
arrangements for securing the fans safely are to be
provided. Electrical connections are to be firmly and
expertly laid for the duration of the installation.
Details are to be submitted to BKI for approval.
6.5.3 For substances which owing to their
properties require continuous mechanical ventilation
during transport, the in- and outlet openings for the
ventilating fans are to be arranged at a height meeting
the requirements of the International Load Lines
Convention (ILLC) for openings without weathertight
closures.
The requirement applies to the following substances:
a) - aluminium ferrosilicon,UN No. 1395,
IMO 4.3
1
) See IMO, "Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk
Cargoes (BC Code)".
- aluminium silicon, UN No. 1398, IMO 4.3
- ferrosilicon, UN No. 1408, IMO 4.3
- zinc ashes, UN No. 1435, IMO 4.3
b) - seed cake (b), UN No. 1386, IMO 4.2
- seed cake (c), UN No. 2217, IMO 4.2
6.5.4 For the class 4.3 goods listed under 6.5.3 a),
at least two independent ventilating fans are to be
provided which together guarantee at least 6 air
changes per hour based on the empty cargo hold.
Should one fan fail, it must be possible to maintain at
least 3 changes per hour.
The ventilation arrangements must be such that
escaping gases cannot reach below-deck
accommodation spaces.
6.5.5 For the transport of sulphur, UN No. 1350,
IMO 4.1, portable ventilating fans providing 2 air
changes per hour may be used.
7. Bilge pumping
The transport of liquids with a flash point of < 23 C
or of toxic liquids is subject to the following Rules:
7.1 The bilge system is to be designed so as to
prevent inadvertent pumping of dangerous liquids
through pumps and pipelines in the machinery space.
7.2 Bilge lines leading to the cargo space are to be
fitted at the point of exit from the machinery space
with a shutoff valve located directly at the bulkhead.
The valves must be capable of being secured against
inadvertent opening. Appropriate warming signs are
to be displayed at the operating station.
7.3 An additional fixed bilge system with a capacity
of at least 10 m
3
/h per cargo hold is to be provided. If
more than two cargo holds are connected to a
common system, the capacity need not exceed
25 m
3
/h.
7.3.1 The additional bilge system must enable any
leaked dangerous liquids to be removed from all the
bilge wells in the cargo space.
7.3.2 Pumps and pipelines must not be installed in
machinery spaces.
7.3.3 Section 11, N. applies in analogously.
7.3.4 When using water-driven pumps or ejectors,
the motive water may be drawn from the fire main via
detachable hose connections. The motive water of
water-driven pumps must not be drained into the
cargo space. Water-driven ejector must be equipped
on the suction side with a means of reverse-flow
protection.
7.4 Where tanks are provided for collecting and
storage of dangerous goods spills, their vent pipes are
to be taken to a safe on the open deck.
8. Protective clothing and breathing apparatus
8.1 Four sets of protective clothing appropriate to the
properties of the cargo are to be provided
1
).
8.2 In addition to the breathing apparatus stipulated
for the fireman's outfit, two self-contained breathing
apparatus with cylinders must be available.
For each of the additional sets of breathing apparatus,
air cylinders adequate for at least two refill are to be
carried.
9. Portable fire extinguishers
9.1 Every cargo space is to be equipped with portable
dry powder fire extinguishers containing a total of
12 kg of extinguishing medium.
This Rule also applies to the weather deck.
10. Insulation between machinery and cargo
spaces
10.1 Bulkheads between cargo spaces and
machinery spaces containing internal combustion
engines, boilers or fuel oil preparation systems must
be equipped with fire insulation to A-60 standard.
The insulation may be dispensed with if no Class 1
goods, with the exception of Sub-class 1.4, compati-
bility group S, are to be transported in the cargo space
and all dangerous goods are stowed at least 3 meters
away from the bulkhead.
Decks between cargo and machinery spaces must
conform to A-60 standard. The bulkhead insulation
may be dispensed with in cargo spaces intended
exclusively for containers.
10.2 For stowage on the weather deck directly
above machinery spaces, 10.1 is to be complied with
for the deck insulation.
1
)

Table 12.8 Conditions for the transport of solid dangerous goods in bulk according to the classes of
dangerous goods
Classification
according to SOLAS, Chapter VII
4.1 4.2 4.3
1
) 5.1 6.1 8 9
Dangerous goods
Additional
requirements
Availability of water for

extinguishing equipment
Section 12, P.3.1
x x - x x
2
) x
2
) x
Hydrant
4
)
Section 12, P.3.2
x x - x - - x
Electrical Equipment
Section 12, P.4
x x
2
) x x
2
) - - x
2
)
Ventilation
3
)
Section 12, P.6
x
2
) x
2
) x x
2
) - x
2
) x
2
)
Protective clothing and
breathing apparatus
Section 12, P.8
x x x x x x x
Cargo space/machinery
space insulation
Section 12, P.10
x x x x
2
) x
2
) x
2
) x
1
) The additional Rules according to 12 are to be complied with.
2
) Reference is made to the "International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" or to "Code of Safe Practice for Solid Bulk Cargoes"
3
) See 6.4
4
) Only for goods which require large quantities of water for firefighting
11. Water spraying system
A water spraying system designed in accordance with
L.2.3 is to be provided in open Ro/Ro cargo spaces,
in Ro/Ro cargo spaces not capable of being sealed
and in special category spaces.
12. Additional Rules for ships for
transporting Class 4.3 goods in bulk
12.1 Engine room bulkhead
12.1.1 The bulkhead between the cargo hold and the
engine room must be gastight. Cable penetrations are
not acceptable.
12.2 Gas detectors
12.2.1 At least two suitable gas defectors for
quantitative measurement of phosphine and arsine
must be available.
Section 13 - Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes 13-1
S e c t i o n 13
Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes
A. General
1. Notations affixed to the character of
classification
The machinery of ships strengthened for navigation in
ice is designated after the character of classification
SM by the additional notation ES, ES1, ES2, ES3 or
ES4, provided that the Rules contained in this Section
and the relevant structural requirements set out in
Volume II, Section 15, Rules for Hull Constructions
together with the supplements thereto are satisfied.
The reinforcements necessary for the classification
notation ES may also be applied to the machinery
alone.
2. Compliance with the "Finnish-Swedish Ice
Rules, 1971"
The requirements for ice classes ES1, ES2, ES3 and
ES4 contained in this Section are equivalent to the
relevant Finnish-Swedish ice class requirements for
the corresponding ice classes, as set out in Table 13.1.
A prior condition is that the ships concerned are given
the characters of class A 100.
Where the Finnish-Swedish ice class requirements do
not need to be complied with, other types of
reinforcement may, where appropriate, be agreed with
the Society. In such cases, the index o is appended to
the ice class notation.
Table 13.1 Corresponding ice classes
BKI Ice
Class
ES ES1 ES2 ES3 ES4
Finnish-swedish
Ice Class Rules
II
III
1
)
IC IB IA IA
super
1
) For ships which have the restricted range of service
corresponding to the notation K added to the character of
class
B. Necessary Propulsion Power
The necessary propulsion power shall be as stated in
Rules for Hull, Volume II, Section 15, Rules for Hull
Constructions.
The rated output of the main engines in accordance
with Section 2, A.3. must be such that they are able to
supply in continuous service the propulsion power
necessary for the ice class concerned.
C. Necessary Reinforcements
1. Propeller shafts, intermediate shafts, thrust
shafts
1.1 General
The necessary propeller shaft reinforcements in
accordance with formula (1), in conjunction with the
formulae and factors specified in Section 4.C.2,
relating to ice classes ES, ES1, ES2, ES3 and ES4
apply to the area of the after stern tube bearing or shaft
bracket bearing as far as the forward load-bearing
edge of the propeller or of the aft propeller shaft
coupling flange subject to a minimum area of 2,5 d.
The diameter of the adjoining part of the propeller
shaft to the point where it leaves the stern tube may be
designed with an ice class reinforcement factor 15 %
less than that calculated by formula (2).
Reinforcement of the intermediate and thrust shafts in
accordance with formulae (1) and (2) is required only
for ice class ES4.
1.2 Reinforcements
d
E
= C
EW
d (1)
d
E
[mm] increased diameter of propeller,
intermediate or thrust shaft
d [mm] shaft diameter according to Section
4, C.2.
C
EW
[-] ice class strengthening factor
(2) C
EW
c .
3
1
85 . m
P
0,6
w
. n
0,2
2
1,0
P
w
[kW] power at shaft
n
2
[Rpm] shaft speed in rev/min
m [-] ice class factor according to Table
13.2
c [-] = 0,7 for shrink fits in gears
= 0,71 for the propeller shafts of
fixed-pitch propellers
= 0,78 for the propeller shafts of
c o n t r o l l a b l e p i t c h
propellers
13-2 Section 13 - Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes
= 0,6 for intermediate and thrust
shafts
In the case of ducted propellers, the values of c can be
reduced by 10 %.
Table 13.2 Values of ice class factor m
Ice
class
ES ES1 ES2 ES3 ES4
m 8 12 13 16 21
2. Coupling bolts, shrunk joints
2.1 For ice class notation ES4, the diameter of the
fitted bolts and plain bolts used in the shafting is to be
15 % greater than that calculated by applying the
relevant formulae in Section 4.
2.2 When designing shrink fits in the shafting system
and in gearboxes, the necessary pressure per unit area
p
E
. [N/mm
2
] is to be calculated in accordance with
formula (3).
(3) p
E

2
. T
2
f . (c
2
. c
6
e
. Q
2
T
2
) . T
A . f
Note:
"+" sign in (3) for shrink fits without an axial stop to
absorb reverse thrust.
"-" sign in (3) for shrink fits with an axial stop to
absorb reverse thrust.
c
e
= 0.89 C
EW
1,0 (4)
C
EW
, c
e
[-] ice class reinforcement factors in
accordance with formula (2) or (4)
as applicable.
Other symbols in accordance with Section 4, D.4.
3. Propellers
3.1 General
The propellers of ships with ice classes ES, ES1, ES2,
ES3 and ES4 must be made of the cast copper alloys
or cast steel alloys specified in Section 6.
3.2 Strengthening
3.2.1 Blade sections
t
E
= C
EP
t (5)
C
EP
= 1,0 if C
EP
C
Dyn

and
C
Dyn
= 1,0, if C
Dyn
C
EP

t
E
[mm] increased thickness of blade section
t [mm] blade section thickness at radii
0,25 R, 0,35 R and 0,6 R in
accordance with Section 6, C.2.
C
EP
(6) f . 1
21 . z . m
P
0,6
w
. n
0,2
2
1,0
f = 0,62 for solid propellers
= 0,72 for controllable pitch propellers
z [-] number of blades
C
Dyn
[-] dynamic factor in accordance with
Section 6, formula (3)
In the case of ducted propellers, the values of f may be
reduced by 15 %.
Other terms in the formula same as for formula (2).
3.2.2 Blade tips
(7) t
oE

500
C
w
. (0,002 . D t)
t
oE
[mm] strengthened blade tip
t [mm] increase in thickness
= 10 for ice class ES
= 15 for ice classes ES1, ES2 and
ES3
= 20 for ice class ES4
D [mm] propeller diameter
C
w
[N/mm
2
] material factor in accordance with
Section 6, C.1, Table 6.1
In the case of ducted propellers, the thickness of the
blade tips may be reduced by 15 %.
3.2.3 Leading and trailing edges
The thickness of the leading and trailing edges of solid
propellers and the thickness of the leading edge of
controllable pitch propellers must, for ice classes ES1,
ES2, ES3 and ES4, be equal to at least 50 %, and for
ice class ES to at least 35 % of the blade tip t
oE

when measured at a distance of 1,25 t
oE
from the
edge of the blade.
3.2.4 Propeller mounting
Section 13 - Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes 13-3
Where the propeller is mounted on the propeller shaft
by the oil injection method, the necessary pressure per
unit area p
E
[N/mm] in the area of the mean taper
diameter is to be determined by formula 8
(8) p
E
2
T
2
f (c
2
c
6
e
Q
2
T
2
) T
A f
Ce [-] ice class reinforcement factor in
accordance with formula (4).
Other symbols in accordance with Section 6.
In the case of flanged propellers, the required diameter
d
kE
of the alignment pins is to be determined by
applying formula (9).
(9) d
kE
C
1,5
EW
d
k
d
kE
[mm] reinforced root diameter of thread
dk [mm] root diameter of propeller retaining
bolt thread in accordance with
Section 6, F.2.
C
EW
[-] ice class reinforcement factor in
accordance with formula (2).
4. Gears
4.1 General
Gears in the main propulsion plant of ships with ice
classes ES1, ES2, ES3 and ES4 are to be of
strengthened design. Besides the strengthening factor
K
E
prescribed here for the design of toothing and the
dimensions of gear shafts and in addition to c
e
for the
design of shrink fits, the other components of such
gears, e.g. clutch couplings, bearings, casings and
bolted joints, must also be designed to withstand the
increased loads encountered when navigating in ice.
4.2 Strengthening
4.2.1 Tooth systems
4.2.1.1 Strength of tooth root
FE
= K
E
c
F

F

FP
(10)
For m
n
16 : c
F
= 1,0
For m
n
> 16 : c
F
= 2,0 / S
F
with K
E
c
F
1,0
F
[N/mm
2
] in accordance with Section 5, C.5.2
FP
[N/mm
2
K
E
(11) K
E
1
c
1
m
P
0,6
w
n
0,2
2
P [kW] power of propulsion engine
c
l
= 14 for the gears of engine plants
= 4 for the gears of turbine plants.
c
F
= correction factors for model
In the case of ducted propellers, the values of c
1
may
be reduced by 30 % provided that the duct and its
attachment to the hull are suitably strengthened for the
ice class concerned.
Where a magnetic or hydraulic slip coupling is fitted
between the engine and the gear system, the value for
c
l
is to be obtained from the Society, which is to be
notified of the moments of inertia of the propeller and
of the secondary component of the coupling. The
Society reserves the right to carry out a special
determination of the value of c
1
based on the torsional
vibration characteristics of the shafting where this is
rendered necessary by extremely large ratios between
the moments of inertia of engine and propeller and by
the use to which the vessel is to be put.
4.2.1.2 Strength of tooth flanks
(12)
HE
K
E
c
H

H

HP
K
E
[-] ice class reinforcement factor in
For m
n
16 : c
H
= 1,0
For m
n
> 16 : c
H
= S
H
/ 1,45
with K
E
c
H
1,0
c
H
= correction factor for modul
F
[N/mm
2
FP
[N/mm
2
4.2.2 Gear shafts
d
E
= q
E
d (13)
d
E
[mm] increased gear shaft diameter
(14) q
E
0,9
3
K
E
1,0
d [mm] gear shaft diameter in accordance
with Section 5, D.1.
K
E
[-] ice class strengthening factor in
4.2.3 Shrink Fits
The necessary pressure per unit area p
E
[N/mm] in
accordance with formula (3) is to be calculated when
designing shrink fits in gearing systems.
13-4 Section 13 - Machinery for Ships with Ice Classes
Flexible couplings in the main propulsion installation
must be so designed that, given the load on the
coupling due to torsional vibrations at T
drive
, they are
able to withstand safely brief torque shocks T
E
[Nm]
of magnitude:
T
E
= K
E
T
drive
(15)
K
E
[-] ice class strengthening factor in
T
drive
[Nm] driving torque
6. Sea chests and discharge valves
Sea chests and discharge valves are to be designed in
accordance with Section 11, I.2.
7. Steering gear
The dimensional design of steering gear components
is to be take account of the rudderstock diameter
specified in Rules for Hull Constructions, Volume II
Section 14 and 15.
8. Electric propeller drive
Where electric propeller drives are used, the
conditions set out in Rules for Electrical Installations,
Volume IV, Section 11, relating to the propulsion
power necessary for the ice class concerned must be
fulfilled.
Section 14 - Steering Gears, Rudder Propeller Units, Lateral Thrust Units, Windlasses, Winches
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems and Stabilizers 14-1
S e c t i o n 14
Steering Gears, Rudder Propeller Units, Lateral Thrust Units, Windlasses, Winches
Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems and Stabilizers
A. Steering Gears
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules contained in Section 14.A. apply to the
steering gear, the steering station and all transmission
elements from the steering station to the steering gear.
For the rudder and manoeuvering arrangement, see the
For the purposes of these Rules, steering gears
comprise all equipment used to operate the rudder
from the rudder actuator to the steering station
including the transmission elements.
Assembly and general drawings of all steering gears,
diagrams of the hydraulic and electrical equipment
together with detail drawings of all important
load-transmitting components are to be submitted to
the Society in triplicate for approval.
The drawings and other documents must contain all
the information relating to materials, working pres-
sures, pump delivery rates, drive motor ratings etc.
necessary to enable the documentation to be checked.
2. Materials
2.1.1 As a rule, important load-transmitting com-
ponents of the steering gear should be made of steel or
cast steel complying with the Rules for Materials,
Volume V.
With the consent of the Society, cast iron may be used
for certain components.
Pressure vessels should in general be made of steel,
cast steel or nodular cast iron (with a predominantly
ferritic matrix).
For welded structures, the Rules for Welding, Volume
VI, are to be observed.
2.1.2 Casings which house journal and guide
bearings on ships with a nozzle rudder and ice class
are not to be made of grey cast iron.
2.1.3 The pipes of hydraulic steering gears are to
be made of seamless or longitudinally welded steel
tubes. The use of cold-drawn, unannealed tubes is not
permitted.
At points where they are exposed to danger, copper
pipes for control lines are to be provided with
protective shielding and are to be safeguarded against
hardening due to vibration by the use of suitable
fastenings.
2.1.4 High-pressure hose assemblies may be used
for short pipe connections subject to compliance with
Section 11, U.
2.1.5 The materials used for pressurized
components including the seals must be suitable for
the hydraulic oil in use.
2.2.1 The materials of important load-transmitting
components of the steering gear including the
pressurized oil pipes and the pressurized casings of
hydraulic steering gears are to be tested in accordance
with the Rules for Materials, Volume V.
For welded pressurized casings, the Rules for Wel-
ding, Volume VI, are to be applied.
2.2.2 In the case of small hand-operated main
steering gears and small manually operated auxiliary
equipment the Society may dispense with testing the
materials of individual components such as axiometer
gear shafts, etc.
3. Design and equipment
3.1 Number of steering gears
Every ship must be equipped with at least one main
and one auxiliary steering gear. Both steering gears are
to be independent of each other and,wherever
possible, act separately upon the rudderstock. The
Society may agree to components being used jointly
by the main and auxiliary steering gear. For the
electrical part of steering gear systems, see the Rules
for Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 7, A.
3.2 Main steering gear
14-2 Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems and Stabilizers
3.2.1 Main steering gears shall, with the rudder
fully immersed in calm water, be capable of putting
the rudder from 35 port to 35 starboard and vice
versa at the ship's speed for which the rudder has been
designed in accordance with the Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 14. The time
required to put the rudder from 35 port to 30
starboard or vice versa shall not exceed 28 seconds.
The main steering gear must normally be power
operated.
3.2.2 Manual operation is acceptable for rudder-
stock diameters up to 120 mm calculated for torsional
loads in accordance with the Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 14, C.1. Not more
than 25 turns of the handwheel shall be necessary to
put the rudder from one hard over position to the
other. Taking account of the efficiency of the system,
the force required to operate the handwheel should
generally not exceed 200 N.
3.3 Auxiliary steering gear
3.3.1 Auxiliary steering gear shall, with the rud-
der fully immersed in calm water, be capable of
putting the rudder from 15 port to 15 starboard or
vice versa within 60 seconds at 50 % of the ship's
maximum speed, subject to a minimum of eight knots.
Hydraulically operated auxiliary steering gears must
be fitted with their own piping system independent of
that of the main steering gear. The pipe or hose
connections of steering gears must be capable of being
shut off directly at the pressurize casings.
3.3.2 Manual operation of auxiliary steering gear
systems is permitted up to a theoretical stock diameter
of 230 mm.
3.4 Power Unit
3.4.1 Where power operated hydraulic main
steering gears are equipped with two or more identical
power units, no auxiliary steering gear need be
installed provided that the following conditions are
fulfilled.
3.4.1.1 On passenger ships, conditions 3.2.1 and
4.1.1 must be fulfilled while any one of the power
units is out of operation.
3.4.1.2 On cargo ships, the power units must be so
designed that conditions 3.2.1 and 4.1.1 are fulfilled
while operating with all power units.
3.4.1.3 In the event of failure of a single compo-
nent of the main steering gear including the piping,
excluding the rudder tiller or similar components as
well as the cylinders, rotary vanes and casing, means
must be provided for quickly regaining control of one
steering system.
On tankers over 10000 GRT and all other ships over
70000 GRT, this must be accomplished in not more
than 45 seconds.
3.4.1.4 In the event of a loss of hydraulic oil, it must
be possible to isolate the damaged system in such a
way that the second control system remains fully
serviceable.
3.5 Rudder angle limitation
The rudder angle in normal service is to be limited by
devices fitted to the steering gear (e.g. limit switches)
to a rudder angle of 35 on both sides. Deviations
from this Rule are permitted only with the consent of
the Society.
3.6 End position limitation
For the limitation by means of stoppers of the end
positions of tillers and quadrants, see the Rules for
Hull Construction, Volume II, 14, G.
In the case of hydraulic steering gears without an end
position limitation of the tiller and similar compo-
nents, an end position limiting device must be fitted
within the rudder actuator.
3.7 Locking equipment
Steering gear systems are to be equipped with a
locking system effective in all rudder positions (see
also for Rules Hull Construction, Volume II, Section
14, G.).
Where hydraulic plant is fitted with shutoff directly at
the cylinders or rotary vane casings, special locking
equipment may be dispensed with.
3.8 Overload protection
Power-operated steering gear systems are to be fitted
with overload protection (slip coupling, relief valve)
to ensure that the driving torque is limited to the
maximum permissible value. The design and setting of
safety valves must be such that their response
threshold does not allow the maximum permissible
working pressure to be exceeded by more than 10 %.
The overload protection device must be secured to
prevent later adjustment by unauthorized persons.
Means must be provided for checking the setting while
in service.
The pressurized casings of hydraulic steering gears
which also fulfil the function of the locking equipment
mentioned in 3.7 are to be fitted with relief valves
unless they are so designed that the pressure generated
when the elastic-limit torque is applied to the
rudderstock cannot cause rupture or permanent
deformation of the pressurized casings.
3.9 Controls
3.9.1 Control of the main and auxiliary steering
gears must be exercised from a steering station on the
bridge. Controls must be mutually independent and so
designed that the rudder cannot move unintentionally.
3.9.2 Means must also be provided for exercising
control from a steering station in the steering gear
compartment. The transmission system must be in-
dependent of that serving the main steering station.
3.9.3 Suitable equipment is to be installed to
provide means of communication between the bridge
and all steering stations.
3.9.4 Failure of single control components (e.g.
control system for variable displacement pump or flow
control valve) which may lead to loss of steering shall
be monitored by an audible and visible alarm on the
navigating bridge, if loss of steering cannot be
prevented by other measures.
3.10 Rudder angle indication
3.10.1 The rudder position must be clearly indi-
cated on the bridge and at all steering stations. Where
the steering gear is operated electrically or
hydraulically, the rudder angle must be signalled by a
device (rudder position indicator) which is actuated
either by the rudderstock itself or by parts which are
rigidly connected to it. In case of timedependent
control of the main and auxiliary steering gear, the
midship position of the rudder must be indicated on
the bridge by some additional means (signal lamp or
similar). In general, this indicator is still to be fitted
even if the second control system is a manually
operated hydraulic system. See also the Rules for
Electrical Installation, Volume IV, Section 9, C.4.
3.10.2 The rudder position at any moment must
also be indicated at the steering gear itself.
It is recommended that an additional rudder angle
indicator be fitted at the main engine control station.
3.11 Piping
3.11.1 The pipes of hydraulic steering gear sys-
tems are to be installed in such a way as to ensure
maximum protection while remaining readily acces-
sible.
Pipes are to be installed at a sufficient distance from
the ship's shell. As far as possible, pipes should not
pass through cargo spaces.
Connections to other hydraulic systems are not per-
mitted.
3.11.2 For the design and dimensions of pipes,
valves, fittings, pressure vessels etc., see Section 8
(Pressure Vessels) and Section 11 (Pipes, Valves,
Fittings, Pumps) A., B., C., D. and U.
3.12 Oil level indicators, filters
3.12.1 Tanks forming part of the hydraulic system
are to be fitted with oil level indicators.
3.12.2 The lowest permissible oil level is to be
monitored. Audible and visual alarms shall be given
on the navigating bridge and in the machinery space.
The alarms on the navigating bridge shall be
individual alarms.
3.12.3 Filters for cleaning the operating fluid are
to be located in the piping system.
3.13 Storage tank
In power-operated main steering gear systems, an
additional permanently installed storage tank is to be
fitted which has a capacity sufficient to refill at least
one of the control systems including the service tank.
This storage tank is to be permanently connected by
pipes to the control systems so that the latter can be
recharged from a position inside the steering gear
compartment.
3.14 Arrangement
Steering gears are to be so installed that they are ac-
cessible at all times and can be maintained without
difficulty.
3.15 For electriccal part of steering gear systems,
see the Rules for Electrical Installation, Volume IV,
Section &, A.
4. Power and design
4.1 Power of steering gears
The power of the steering gear is governed by the
requirements set out in 3.2 and 3.3. The minimum
requirement with regard to the maximum effective
torque for which the steering gear is to be designed is
to be calculated according to formula (1).
(1) M
max

13 D
3
t
k
r
1000
[Nm]
For the determination of the pertinent working pres-
sure (maximum pressure
1
) the frictional losses in the
steering gear are to be considered. The relief valves
are to be set at this pressure value.
D
t
[mm] theoretical rudder stock diameter in based
on ahead run in accordance with the Rules
for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section
14, C. 1; 15, B.9; and 15, D.3.7.
In the case of multi-surface rudders controlled by a
common steering gear the relevant diameter is to be
1
)
,

determined by applying the formula:
D
ti

3
D
3
t1
D
3
t2
...
k
r
material characteristic
(2)
e = 0,75 where R
eH
> 235 N/mm
2
= 1,0 where R
eH
235 N/mm
2
R
eH
[N/mm] yield point of rudderstock
material; in no case is R
EH
to
be greater then 450 N/mm
2
or
0,7 . Rm, whichecer is less
( R
m
[ N/ mm
2
] = t ensi l e
strength).
4.2 Design of transmission components
4.2.1 The design calculations for those parts of
the steering gear which are not protected against
overload are to be based on the elastic-limit torque of
the rudderstock.
The elastic-limit torque to be used is
(3) M
F

26,6 D
3
1000 k
r
[Nm]
where
D [mm] minimum actual rudderstock
diameter. The value used for the
actual diameter need not be larger
than 1,145 . D
t
The loads on the components of the steering gear
determined in this way must be below the yield point
of the materials used. The design of parts of the
steering gear with overload protection is to be based
on the loads corresponding to the response threshold
of the overload protection.
4.2.2 Tiller and rotary vane hubs made of
material with a tensile strength of up to 500 N/mm
satisfy the following conditions in the area where the
force is applied (see Figure 14.1):
Height of hub H = 1,0 . D [mm]
Outside diameter D
a
= 1,8 . D [mm]
In special cases the outside diameter may be reduced
to
D
a
= 1,7 D [mm]
but the height of the hub must then be at least
H = 1,14 D [mm]
4.2.3 Where materials with a tensile strength
greater than 500 N/mm are used, the section of the
hub may be reduced by 10 %.
Fig. 14.1 Hub Dimension
4.2.4 Where the force is transmitted by clamped
or tapered connections, the elastic-limit torque may be
transmitted by a combination of frictional resistance
and a positive locking mechanism using adequately
tightened bolts and a key.
For the elastic limit torque according to formula (3),
the thread root diameter of the bolts can be determined
by applying the following formula:
(4) d
k
9,76.D
1
z k
r
R
eH
[mm]
D [mm] actual rudderstock diameter. The
value used for the actual diameter
need not be larger than 1,145 .
D
t
z [-] total number of bolts
R
eH
[N/mm] yield point of the bolt material
4.2.5 Split hubs of clamped joints must be joined
together with at least four bolts.
The key is not to be located at the joint in the clamp.
4.2.6 Where the oil injection method is used to
joint the rudder tiller or rotary vanes to the rudder-
stock, the methods of calculation appropriate to elas-
ticity theory are to be applied. Calculations are to be
based on the elastic-limit torque allowing for a coef-
ficient of friction
o
= 0,15 for steel and 0,12 for
nodular cast iron. The von Mises equivalent stress
calculated from the specific pressure p and the
corresponding tangential load based on the dimensions
of the shrunk joint shall not exceed 80 % of the yield
strength of the materials used.
4.2.7 Where circumferential tension components
are used to connect the rudder tiller or rotary vanes to
the rudder stock, calculations are to be based on two
and a half times the maximum torque (but not more
than the elastic limit torque) allowing for a coefficient
of friction of o = 0,12. The von Mises equivalent
stress calculated from the contact pressure p and the
corresponding tangential load based on the dimensions
of the shrunk-on connection shall not exceed 80 % of
the yield strength of the materials used.
When more than one circumferential tension
component is used the transmittable torque is to be
determined from the sum of the individual torques
allowing for a weakening factor v = 0,9.
5 Tests in the manufacturer's work
5.1 Testing of power units
The power units are required to undergo test on a test
stand in the manufacturer's works.
5.1.1 For diesel engines see Section 2.
5.1.2 For electric motors see Rules for Electrical
Installation, Volume IV, Section 18.
5.1.3 For hydraulic pumps and motors, the
"Regulations for the Design and Testing of Pumps"
are to be applied analogously. Where the drive power
is 50 kW or more, this testing is to be carried out in
the presence of a BKI Surveyor.
Pressure components are to undergo a pressure test.
The test pressure
p
c
= 1,5 . p (5)
p [bar] is the maximum allowable
working pressure or the pressure
at which the relief valves open.
However, for working pressures
above 200 bar the test pressure
need not exceed p + 100 bar.
For pressure testing of pipes, their valves and fittings,
see Section 11, B.4 and U.5.
Tightness tests are to be performed on components to
which this is appropriate.
5.3 Final inspection and operational test
Following testing of the individual components and
after completion of assembly, the steering gear is re-
quired to undergo final inspection and an operational
test. The overload protection is to be adjusted at this
time.
6. Shipboard trials
The operational efficiency of the steering gear is to be
proved during the sea trials. For this purpose, the Z
manoeuvre corresponding to 3.2.1 and 3.3.1 is to be
executed as a minimum requirement.
B. Rudder Propeller Units
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules of Section 14, B. apply to the rudder pro-
peller as main drive, the ship's manoeuvering station
and all transmission elements from the manoeuvering
station to the rudder propeller.
Assembly and sectional drawings as well as part
drawings of the gears and propellers giving all the data
necessary for the examination are to be submitted in
triplicate to the Society for approval.
2. Materials
The selection of materials is subject, as and where
applicable, to the provisions of A.2.1 and to those of
Section 5, B.1. and Section 6, B.1. to 3.
All important components of the rudder propeller
involved in the transmission of torques and bending
moments must be tested in accordance with the Rules
for Materials, Volume V.
3.1 Number of rudder propellers
Each ship must have at least two rudder propellers.
Both units shall be capable of being operated inde-
pendently of the other.
3.2 Locking devices
Each rudder propeller is to be provided with a locking
device for cases where it is necessary to prevent the
unintentional rotation of the propeller or the turning
mechanism of the unit which is out of service at any
time.
3.3 Control
3.3.1 Both the drive and the turning mechanism
of each rudder propeller must be controlled from a
manoeuvering station on the navigating bridge.
The controls must be mutually independent and so
designed that the rudder propeller cannot be shifted
unintentionally.
An additional combined control for all rudder pro-
pellers is permitted.
3.3.2 The failure of a single element within the
control and hydraulic system of one unit shall not lead
to the failure of the other units.
3.3.3 Where the hydraulic systems of more than
one rudder propeller are combined, it must be possible
in case of a loss of hydraulic oil to isolate the damaged
system in such a way that the other control systems
remain fully operational.
3.4 Position indicators
3.4.1 The position of each rudder propeller must
be clearly discernible on the navigating bridge and at
each manoeuvering station.
3.4.2 The actual position must also be discernible
at the rudder propeller itself.
3.5 Pipes
The pipes of hydraulic control systems are subject to
the provisions of A.3.11 wherever relevant.
3.6 Oil level indicators, filters
Oil level indicators and filters are subject to the pro-
visions of A.3.12 wherever relevant.
3.7 Lubrication
3.7.1 The lubricating oil supply is to be ensured
by a main pump and an independent standby pump.
3.7.2 In the case of separate lubricating system in
which the main lubricating oil pumps can be replaced
with the means available on board, complete standby
pumps ready for mounting may be carried on board.
4. Design
4.1 Gears
The turning gears are in general to take the form of
spur gears or bevel gears
4.2 Propellers
For the design of propellers, see Section 6.
4.3 Support pipe
The dimensional design of the support pipe and its
attachment to the ship's hull shall take account of the
loads due to the propeller and nozzle thrust including
the dynamic components.
4.4 Pipes
For arrangement and design of pipes, valves, fittings
and pressure vessels, see Section 8 (Pressure Vessel)
and Section 11 (Pipes, Valves, Fittings and Pumps),
A,B,C,D,U.
5. Tests in the manufacturer's work
A.5.1 applies wherever relevant.
5.2 Pressure and tightness test
A.5.2 applies wherever relevant.
5.3 Final inspection and operational test
5.3.1 After inspection of the individual compo-
nents and completion of assembly, rudder propellers
are to undergo a final inspection and operational test.
The final inspection shall be combined with a trial run
lasting several hours under part or full-load con-
ditions. A check is lo be carried out on the tooth
clearance and contact pattern.
5.3.2 When no suitable test bed is available for
the operational and load testing of large rudder pro-
pellers, the tests mentioned in 5.3.1 can be carried out
on the occasion of the dock test.
5.3.3 Limitations on the scope of the test require
the Society's consent.
6. Testing on board
6.1 The faultless operation, smooth running and
bearing temperatures of the gears and control system
are to be checked during the sea trials under all
steaming conditions.
After the conclusion of the sea trials, the toothing is to
be examined through the inspection openings and the
contact pattern is to be checked. The tooth contact
pattern is to be assessed on the basis of the reference
values for the percentage area of contact given in
Section 5, Table 5.5.
6.2 The scope of the check on contact pattern
following the sea trials may be limited with the Sur-
veyor's agreement provided that the checks on contact
pattern called for in 5.3.1 have proved satisfactory.
C. Lateral Thrust Units
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules contained in Section 14, C. apply to the
lateral thrust unit, the control station and all the
transmission elements from the control station to the
lateral thrust unit.
1.2 Documents For approval
Assembly and sectional drawings together with detail
drawings of the gear mechanism and propellers
containing all the data necessary for checking are each
to be submitted to the Society in triplicate for
approval. In the case of propellers, this only applies to
propulsive power levels above 500 kW.
2. Materials
Materials are subject, as appropriate, to the provisions
of Sections 5 and 6.
Section 6 applies analogously to the materials and the
material testing of propellers. In the case of propellers
with a propulsive power up to 300 kW an acceptance
test certificate issued by the manufacturer may be
acceptance test certificate issued by the manufacturer
may be accepted as proof of the quality characteristics
of the material.
3. Dimensioning and design
The dimensional design of the driving mechanisms of
lateral thrust units is governed by Section 5, that of the
propellers by Section 6.
The pipe connections of hydraulic drive systems are
subject to the applicable requirements contained in
A.2.1.3 and A.2.1.4.
Lateral thrust units must be capable of being operated
independently of other connected systems.
For the electrical section of lateral thrust units, see
Section 7, B.
4. Tests in the manufacturer's works
A.5. is applicable as appropriate.
For hydraulic pumps and motors with a drive power of
100 kW or more, the test are to be conducted in the
presence of a BKI Surveyor.
5. Shipboard trials
Testing is to be carried out during sea trials during
which the operating times are to be established.
D. Windlasses
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules contained in Section 14, D. apply to bower
anchor windlasses, stern anchor windlasses, combined
anchor and mooring winches and chain stoppers. For
anchors and chains, see the Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 18.
1.2.1 For each type of anchor windlass and chain
stopper, general and sectional drawings, circuit
diagrams of the hydraulic, electrical and steam systems
and detail drawings of the main shaft, cable lifter,
brake, stopper bar, and chain pulley and axle are to be
submitted in triplicate for approval.
One copy of a description of the anchor windlass in-
cluding the proposed overload protection and other
safety devices is likewise to be submitted.
1.2.2 Where an anchor windlass is to be ap-
proved for several strengths and types of chain cable,
the calculation relating to the maximum braking torque
is to be submitted and proof furnished of the power
and hauling-in speed in accordance with 4.1
corresponding to all the relevant types of anchor and
chain cable.
2. Materials
2.1.1 The provisions contained in A.2.1 are to be
applied as appropriate to the choice of materials.
2.1.2 Cable lifters and chain pulleys are generally
to be made of cast steel. Nodular cast iron is permitted
for stud link chain cables of
up to 50 mm diameter for grade K 1
up to 35 mm diameter for grade K 3.
In special cases, nodular cast iron may also be used for
larger chain diameters by arrangement with the
Society.
Grey cast iron is permitted for stud link chain cables
of
2.2.1 The materials for forged, rolled and cast
parts which are stressed by the pull of the chain when
the cable lifter is disengaged (main shaft, cable lifter,
brake bands, brake spindles, brake bolts, tension
straps, stopper bar, chain pulley and axle) are to be
tested in accordance with the Rules for Material,
Volume V.
In the case of anchor windlasses for chains up to
14 mm in diameter an acceptance test certificate issued
by the steel producer may be accepted as proof.
2.2.2 In the case of hydraulic systems, the mate-
rial used for pipes and pressure vessels is also to be
tested.
3.1 Type of drive
3.1.1 Windlasses are normally to be driven by an
engine which is independent of other deck machinery.
The piping systems of hydraulic and steam-driven
windlass engines may be connected to other hydraulic
or steam systems provided that this is permissible for
the latter. The windlasses must, however, be capable
of being operated independently of other connected
systems.
3.1.2 Manual operation as the main driving
power can be allowed for anchors weighing up to
250 kg.
3.1.3 In the case of hydraulic drives with a piping
system connected to other hydraulic systems it is
recommended that a standby pump unit be fitted.
3.1.4 The drive of windlasses with two cable
lifters must be capable of hauling up both anchors
simultaneously.
3.2 Reversing mechanism
Power-driven windlasses must be reversible. On
windlasses for ships with a Range of Service rating up
to "K" and on those powered by internal combustion
engines a reversing mechanism may be dispensed
with.
3.3 Overload protection
For the protection of the mechanical parts in the event
of the windlass jamming, an overload protection (e.g.
slip coupling, relief valve) is to be fitted to limit the
maximum torque of the drive engine (cf. 4.1.2). The
setting of the overload protection is to be specified
(e.g. in the operating instructions).
3.4 Couplings
Windlasses are to be fitted with disengageable
couplings between the cable lifter and the drive shaft.
In an emergency, hydraulic or electrically operated
couplings must be capable of being disengaged by
hand.
3.5 Braking equipment
Windlasses must be fitted with cable lifter brakes
which are capable of holding a load in accordance
with 4.2.3 with the cable lifter disengaged. In addition,
where the gear mechanism is not of self-locking type,
a device (e.g. gearing brake, lowering brake, oil
hydraulic brake) is to be fitted to prevent paying out of
the chain should the power unit fail while the cable
lifter is engaged.
3.6 Pipes
For the design and dimensions of pipes, valves,
fittings, pressure vessels, etc. see Section 8 (Pressure
Vessels) and Section 11 (Pipes, Valves, Fittings and
Pumps) A., B., C., D. and U. are to be applied, as
appropriate, to hydraulic piping systems.
3.7 Cable lifters
Cable lifters shall have at least five snugs.
3.8 Windlass as warping winch
Combined windlasses and warping or mooring
winches may not be subjected to excessive loads even
when the maximum pull is exerted on the warping
rope.
3.9 Electrical equipment
The electrical equipment is to comply with the Rules
for Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Section 7,E.2.
3.10 Hydraulic equipment
For oil level indicators see A.3.12.1. For filters see
F.3.2.2.
4. Power and design
4.1 Driving power
4.1.1 Depending on the grade of the chain cable,
windlasses must be capable of exerting the following
nominal pulls at a mean speed of at least 0,15 m/s:
Z
l
= 37,5 . d
2
for Grade K 1
Z
2
= 42,5 . d
2
for Grade K 2
Z
3
= 47,5 . d
2
for Grade K 3
Z [N] pull
d [mm] diameter of anchor chain
The above pulls are based on an anchor depth of
100 m.
For anchor depths greater than 100 m, the windlass
must be capable of exerting a nominal pull of
Z' = Z + 0,218 d
2
(h -100) [N]
h [m] Anchor depth
The pull of stern windlasses with an anchor rope can
be determined by reference to the anchor weight and
the corresponding diameter of a grade K3 chain cable.
4.1.2 The nominal output of the power units must
be such that the conditions specified in 4.1.1 can be
met for 30 minutes without interruption. In addition,
the power units must be capable of developing a
maximum torque equal to a maximum pull of
Z
max
= Z + Z'
at a reduced speed.
4.1.3 At the maximum torque specified in 4.1.2,
a short-time overload of up to 20 % is allowed in the
case of internal combustion engines.
4.1.4 An additional reduction gear stage may be
fitted in order to achieve the maximum torque.
4.1.5 With manually operated windlasses, steps
are to be taken to ensure that the anchor can be hoisted
at a mean speed of 0,033 m/s with the pull specified in
4.1.1. This is to be achieved without exceeding a
manual force of 150 N applied to a crank radius of
about 350 mm with the hand crank turned at about
30 rpm.
4.2 Design of transmission elements and
chain stoppers
4.2.1 The basic for the design of the load-
transmitting components of windlasses and chain
stoppers are the anchors and chain cables specified in
the Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II,
Section 18.
4.2.2 The cable lifter brake is to be so designed
that the anchor and chain can be safely stopped while
paying out the chain cable.
4.2.3 The dimensional design of those parts of
the windlass which are subjected to the chain pull
when the cable lifter is disengaged (cable lifter, main
shaft, braking equipment, bedframe and deck
fastening) is to be based on a theoretical pull equal to
80 % of the nominal breaking load specified in the
Rules for Materials, Volume V, for the chain in
question. The design of the main shaft is to take
account of the braking forces, and the cable lifter
brake shall not slip when subjected to this load.
4.2.4 The theoretical pull may be reduced to 45
% of the nominal breaking load for the chain provided
that a chain stopper approved by the Society is also
fitted.
4.2.5 The design of all other windlass
components is to be based upon a force acting on the
cable lifter pitch circle and equal to twice the
maximum pull specified in 4.1.2.
4.2.6 At the theoretical pull specified in 4.2.3 and
4.2.4, the force exerted on the brake handwheel shall
not exceed 500 N.
4.2.7 The dimensional design of chain stoppers
is to be based on a theoretical pull equal to 80 % of the
nominal breaking load of the chain.
4.2.8 The total stresses applied to components
must be below the minimum yield point of the
materials used.
4.2.9 The foundations and pedestals of
windlasses and chain stoppers are governed by the
Rules for Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 10,
B.5 .
5.1 Testing of driving engines
A.5.1 is applicable as appropriate.
A.5.2 is applicable as appropriate.
5.3 Final inspection and operational testing
5.3.1 Following manufacture, windlasses are re-
quired to undergo final inspection and operational
testing at the maximum pull. The hauling-in speed is
to be verified with continuous application of the
nominal pull. During the tests, particular attention is to
be given to the testing and, where necessary, setting of
braking and safety equipment.
In the case of anchor windlass for chain > 14 mm in
diameter this test is to be performed in the presence of
the BKI Surveyor.
In the case of anchor for chain 14 mm diameter, the
manufacturers acceptance test certificate will be
accepted.
5.3.2 Where the manufacturing works does not
have adequate facilities, the aforementioned tests
including the adjustment of the overload protection
can be carried out on board ship. In these cases,
functional testing in the manufacturer's works is to be
performed under no-load conditions.
6. Shipboard trials
The anchor equipment is to be tested during sea trials.
As a minimum requirement, this test is required to
demonstrate that the conditions specified in 3.1.4 and
4.2.2 can be fulfilled.
E. Winches
1. Towing winches
The design and testing of towing winches are to
comply with the most recent edition of the
"Regulations for the Construction and Testing of
Towing Gears".
2. Winches for cargo handling gear and
other lifting equipment
The design and testing of these winches are to comply
with the most recent edition of the "Regulations for
the Construction and Survey of Cargo Handling
Appliances and other Lifting Appliances".
3. Lifeboat winches
The design and testing of life boat winches are to
comply with the most recent edition of the
"Regulations for Life Saving - Launching
Appliances".
4. Winches for special equipment
The "Regulations for the Construction and Survey of
Cargo Handling Appliances and other Lifting
Appliances" are to be applied, as appropriate, to
winches for special equipment such as ramps, hoisting
gear and hatch covers.
F. Hydraulic Systems
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules contained in Section 14, F. apply to hy-
draulic systems used, for example, to operate hatch
covers, closing appliances in the ship's shell and
bulkheads, and hoists. The Rules are to be applied in
analogous manner to the ship's other hydraulic systems
except where covered by the Rules of Section 11.
The diagram of the hydraulic system together with
drawings of the cylinders containing all the data
necessary for assessing the system, e.g. operating data,
descriptions, materials used etc., are to submitted in
triplicate for approval.
1.3 Dimensional design
For the design of pressure vessels, see Section 8; for
the dimensions of pipes and hose assemblies, see
Section 11.
2. Materials
2.1.1 Components fulfilling a major function in
the power transmission system shall normally be made
of steel or cast steel in accordance with the Rules for
Materials, Volume V. The use of other materials is
subject to special agreement with the Society.
Cylinders are preferably to be made of steel, cast, steel
or nodular cast iron (with a predominantly ferritic
matrix).
2.1.2 Pipes are to be made of seamless or longi-
tudinally welded steel tubes.
2.1.3 The pressure-loaded walls of valves, fit-
tings, pumps, motors etc. are subject to the require-
ments of Section 11.B.
The following components are to be tested in accor-
dance with the Rules for Materials, Volume V:
a) Pressure pipes
b) Cylinders, where the product of the
pressure times the diameter:
p . D
i
> 20 000
p [bar] maximum allowable
working pressure
D
i
[mm] inside diameter of tube
c) For testing the materials of hydraulic
accumulators, see Section 8, B.
Testing of materials by the Society may be dispensed
with in the case of cylinders for secondary
applications provided that evidence in the form of a
works test certificate (e.g. to DIN 50 049 - 2.3) or
other equivalent standard is supplied.
3. Hydraulic operating equipment for
hatch covers
3.1 Design and construction
3.1.1 Hydraulic operating equipment for hatch
covers may be served either by one common power
station for all hatch covers or by several power sta-
tions individually assigned to a single hatch cover.
Where a common power station is used, at least two
pump units are to be fitted. Where the systems are
supplied individually, change-over valves or fittings
are required so that operation can be maintained
should one pump unit fail.
3.1.2 Movement of hatch covers may not be ini-
tiated merely by the starting of the pumps. Special
control stations are to be provided for controlling the
opening and closing of hatchcovers. The controls are
to be so designed that, as soon as they are released,
movement of the hatch covers stops immediately.
The hatches should normally be visible from the
control stations. Should this, in exceptional cases, be
impossible, opening and closing of the hatches is to be
signalled by an audible alarm. In addition, the control
stations must then be equipped with indicators for
monitoring the movement of the hatch covers.
At the control stations, the controls governing the
opening and closing operations are to be appropriately
marked.
3.1.3 Suitable equipment must be fitted in, or
immediately adjacent to, each power unit (cylinder or
similar) used to operate hatch covers to enable the
hatches to be closed slowly in the event of a power
failure, e.g. due to a pipe rupture.
3.2 Pipes
3.2.1 Pipes are to be installed and secured in such
a way as to protect them from damage while enabling
them to be properly maintained from outside.
Pipes may be led through tanks in pipe tunnels only.
The laying of such pipes through cargo spaces is to be
restricted to the essential minimum. The piping system
is to be fitted with relief valves to limit the pressure to
the maximum allowable working pressure.
3.2.2 The piping system is to be fitted with filters
for cleaning the hydraulic fluid.
Equipment is to be provided to enable the hydraulic
system to be vented.
3.2.3 The accumulator space of the hydraulic ac-
cumulator must have permanent access to the relief
valve of the connected system. The gas chamber of the
accumulator may be filled only with inert gases. Gas
and operating medium are to be separated by
accumulator bags, diaphragms or similar.
3.2.4 Connection between the hydraulic system
used for hatch cover operation and other hydraulic
systems is permitted only with the consent of the So-
ciety.
3.2.5 For oil level indicators, see A.3.12.1.
3.2.6 The hydraulic fluids must be suitable for
the intended ambient and service temperature.
3.3 Hose assemblies
The construction of hose assemblies shall conform to
Section 11, U. The requirement that hose assemblies
should be of flame-resistant construction may be set
aside for hose lines in spaces not subject to a fire
hazard and in systems not important to the safety of
the ship.
3.4 Emergency operation
It is recommended that devices be fitted which are
independent of the main system and which enable
hatch covers to be opened and closed in the event of
failure of the main system. Such devices may, for
example, take the form of loose rings enabling hatch
covers to be moved by cargo winches, warping
winches etc.
4. Hydraulically operated closing
appliances in the ship's shell
4.1 Scope
The following Rules apply to the power equipment of
hydraulically operated closing appliances in the ship's
shell such as shell and landing doors which are not
normally operated while at sea. For the design and
arrangement of the closures, see the Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 6, G.
4.2.1 The movement of shell doors etc. may not
be initiated merely by the starting of the pumps at the
power station.
4.2.2 Local control, inaccessible to unauthorized
persons, is to be provided for every closing appliance
in the ship's shell. As soon as the controls (push-
buttons, levers or similar) are released, movement of
the appliance must stop immediately.
4.2.3 Closing appliances in the ship's shell should
normally be visible from the control stations. If the
movement cannot be observed, audible alarms are to
be fitted. In addition, the control stations are then to be
equipped with indicators enabling the execution of the
movement to be monitored.
4.2.4 Closing appliances in the ship's shell are to
be fitted with devices which prevent them from
moving into their end positions at excessive speed.
Such devices are not to cause the power unit to be
switched off.
As far as is required, mechanical means must be
provided for locking closing appliances in the open
position.
4.2.5 Every power unit driving horizontally
hinged or vertically operated closing appliances is to
be fitted with throttle valves or similar devices to
prevent sudden dropping of the closing appliance.
4.2.6 It is recommended that the driving power be
shared between at least two mutually independent
pump sets.
4.3 Pipes, hose assemblies
3.2 and 3.3 are to be applied in analogous manner to
the pipes and hose lines of hydraulically operated
closing appliances in the ship's shell.
5. Bulkhead closures
5.1 General
5.1.1 Scope
5.1.1.1 The following rules apply to the power
equipment of hydraulically-operated watertight
bulkhead doors on passenger and cargo ships.
5.1.1.2 For details of the number, design and
arrangement of the watertight doors, see the Rules for
Hull Construction, Volume II, Section 11, 26 and 28..
The SOLAS regulations, Chapter II-1, Regulation 15,
16and 25.9 are not affected by these provisions.
5.1.2 Design
5.1.2.1 Bulkhead doors shall be power-driven
sliding doors moving horizontally. Other designs
require the approval of BKI and the provision of
additional safety measures where necessary.
5.1.2.2 Powered drive systems for bulkhead doors
must not be connected to other drive systems.
5.1.3 Piping
5.1.3.1 Wherever applicable, the pipes in hydraulic
bulkhead closing systems are governed by the Rules in
3.2, with the restriction that the use of flexible hoses
is not permitted.
5.1.3.2 The hydraulic system for the bulkhead
closing systems must not be connected to other
hydraulic systems.
5.1.4 Drive unit
5.1.4.1 A selector switch with the switch positions
"local control" and "close all doors" is to be provided
at the central control station on the bridge.
Under normal conditions this switch should be set to
"local control".
In the "local control" position, the doors may be
locally opened and closed without automatic closure.
In the "close doors" position, all doors are closed
automatically. They may be reopened by means of the
local control device but must close again automatically
as soon as the local door controls are released.
It shall not be possible to open the closed doors from
the bridge.
5.1.4.2 Closed or open bulkhead doors shall not be
set in motion automatically in the event of a power
failure.
5.1.4.3 The control system is to be designed in such
a way that an individual fault inside the control
system, including the piping, does not have any
adverse effect on the operation of other bulkhead
doors.
5.1.4.4 The controls for the power drive are to be
located at least 1,6 m above the floor on both sides of
the bulkhead close to the door. The controls are to be
installed in such a way that a person passing through
the door is able to hold both controls in the open
position.
The controls must return to their original position
automatically when released.
5.1.4.5 The direction of movement of the controls
is to be clearly marked and must be the same as the
direction of movement of the door.
5.1.4.6 In the event that an individual element fails
inside the control system for the power drive,
including the piping but excluding the closing
cylinders on the door or similar components, the
operational ability of the manually-operated control
system must not be impaired.
5.1.4.7 The movement of the power driven
bulkhead doors may not be initiated simply by
switching on the drive units but only by actuating
additional devices.
5.1.4.8 The control and monitoring equipment for
the drive units is to be housed in the central control
station on the bridge.
5.1.5 Manual control
Each door must have a manual control system which
is independent of the power drive.
5.1.6 Indicators
Visual indicators to show whether each bulkhead door
is fully open or closed are to be installed at the central
control station on the bridge.
5.1.7 Electrical equipment
For details of electrical equipment, see the Rules for
Electrical Installations, Volume IV, Sections 9, D. and
13, D.
5.2 Passenger vessels
In addition to the Rules stated in 5.1, the following
regulations are to be taken into consideration in the
case of passenger vessels:
5.2.1 Design and location
5.2.1.1 Bulkhead doors together with the power
plants and including the piping, electric cables and
control instruments must have a minimum distance of
0,2 x B from the perpendiculars which interset the hull
contour line when the ship is at load draught
(B = beam).
5.2.1.2 The bulkhead doors must be capable of
being closed securely using the power drive as well as
using the manual control even when the ship has a
permanent heel of 15.
5.2.1.3 The force required to close a door is to be
calculated based on a static water pressure of at least
1 m above the door coaming.
5.2.1.4 All power driven doors must be capable of
being closed simultaneously from the bridge with the
ship upright in no more than 60 seconds.
5.2.1.5 The closing speed of each individual door
must have a uniform rate. Their closing time with
power operation and with the ship upright may be no
more than 40 seconds and no less than 20 seconds
from the start of the motion with the door completely
open until it is closed.
5.2.1.6 Power operated bulkhead closing systems
may be fitted as an option with a central hydraulic
drive for all doors or with mutually independent
hydraulic or electric drives for each individual door.
5.2.2 Central hydraulic system - power drives
5.2.2.1 Two mutually independent power pump
units are to be installed if possible above the bulkhead
or freeboard deck and outside the machinery spaces.
5.2.2.2 Each pump unit must be capable of closing
all connected bulkhead doors simultaneously.
5.2.2.3 The hydraulic system must incorporate
accumulators with sufficient capacity to operate all
connected doors three times, i.e. close, open and
reclose, at the minimum permitted accumulator
pressure.
5.2.3 Individual hydraulic drive
5.2.3.1 An independent power pump unit is to be
fitted to each door for opening and closing the door.
5.2.3.2 An accumulator must also be provided with
sufficient capacity to operate the door three times, i.e.
close, open and reclose, at the minimum permitted
accumulator pressure.
5.2.4 Individual electric drive
5.2.4.1 An independent electric drive unit is to be
fitted to each door for opening and closing the door.
5.2.4.2 In the event of a failure of either the main
power supply or the emergency power supply, the
drive unit must still be capable of operating the door
three times, i.e. close, open and reclose.
5.2.5.1 Manual control must be capable of being
operated at the door from both sides of the bulkhead
as well as from an easily accessible control station
located above the bulkhead or freeboard decks and
outside the machinery space.
5.2.5.2 The controls at the door must allow the
door to be opened and closed.
5.2.5.3 The control above the deck must allow the
door to be closed.
5.2.5.4 The fully open door must be capable of
being closed using manual control within 90 seconds
with the ship upright.
5.2.5.5 A means of communication is to be
provided between the control stations for remote
manual drive above the bulkhead of freeboard decks
and the central control station on the bridge.
5.2.6 Indicators
The indicators described in 5.1.6 are to be installed at
the operating stations for manual control above the
bulkhead or freeboard deck for each door.
5.2.7 Alarms
5.2.7.1 While all the doors are being closed from
the bridge, an audible alarm must sound at each door.
This alarm must commence at least 5 seconds - but not
more than 10 seconds - before the door start moving
and must continue throughout the door movement.
5.2.7.2 When the door is closed by remote control
using the manual control above the bulkhead or
freeboard deck, it is sufficient for the alarm to sound
only while the door is actually moving.
5.2.7.3 The installation of an additional,
intermittent visual alarm may be required in the
passenger areas and in areas where there is a high
level of background noise
.
5.2.7.4 With a central hydraulic system, the
minimum permitted oil level in the service tank is to
be signalled by means of an independent audible and
visual alarm at the central control station on the
bridge.
5.2.7.5 The alarm described in 5.2.7.4 is also to be
provided to signal the minimum permitted accumulator
pressure of the central hydraulic system.
5.2.7.6 A decentralized hydraulic system which has
individual drive units on each door, the minimum
permitted accumulator pressure is to be signalled by
means of a group alarm at the central control station
on the bridge.
Visual indicators are also to be fitted at the operating
stations for each individual door.
5.3 Cargo vessels
In addition to the specifications laid down in 5.1 the
following Rules are to be observed for cargo vessels:
5.3.1.1 The manual control must be capable of
being operated at the door from both sides of the
bulkhead.
5.3.1.2 The controls must allow the door to be
opened and closed.
5.3.2 Alarms
Whilst all the doors are being closed from the bridge,
an audible alarm must be sounded all the time they are
in motion.
6. Hoists
6.1 Definition
For the purposes of these Rules, hoists include
hydraulically operated appliances such as wheelhouse
hoists, lifts and similar equipment.
6.2.1 Hoists may be supplied either by a com-
bined power station or individually by several power
stations.
In the case of a combined power supply and hydraulic
drives whose piping system is connected to other
hydraulic systems, a second pump unit is to be fitted.
6.2.2 The movement of hoists shall not be capa-
ble of being initiated merely by starting the pumps.
The movement of hoists is to be controlled from spe-
cial operating stations. The controls are to be so ar-
ranged that, as soon as they are released, the move-
ment of the hoist ceases immediately.
6.2.3 Local controls, inaccessible to unauthorized
persons, are to be fitted. The movement of hoists
should normally be visible from the operating stations.
If the movement cannot be observed, audible and/or
visual warning devices are to be fitted. In addition, the
operating stations are then to be equipped with
indicators for monitoring the movement of the hoist.
6.2.4 Devices are to be fitted which prevent the
hoist from reaching its end position at excessive
speed. These devices are not to cause the power unit
to be switched off. As far as is necessary, mechanical
means must be provided for locking the hoist in its end
positions.
6.2.5 3.1.3 is to be applied in analogous manner
to those devices which, if the power unit fails or a pipe
ruptures, ensure that the hoist is slowly lowered.
6.3 Pipes, hose assemblies
3.2 and 3.3 apply in analogous manner to the pipes
and hose lines of hydraulically operated hoists.
The power units are required to undergo testing on a
test bed. Factory test certificates for this testing are to
be presented at the final inspection of the hydraulic
system.
A.5.2 is applicable in analogous manner.
8. Shipboard trials
After installation, the equipment is to undergo an
operational test.
The operational test of watertight doors is to include
the emergency operating system and determination of
the closing times.
G. Pneumatic Systems
1. General
1.1 Scope
The rules of Section 14, G. apply to the pneumatic
control systems of fire doors. (These Rules meet the
requirements for the control systems of fire doors laid
down in Chapter II-2, Regulation 30 of the Inter-
national Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea,
1974). The following Rules may be applied as appro-
priate to other pneumatic systems where these are not
governed by the Rules of Section 11.
The diagram of the pneumatic system together with
drawings of the cylinders containing all the data ne-
cessary for assessing the system, e.g. operating data,
descriptions, materials used etc., are to be submitted in
triplicate for approval.
1.3 Dimensional design
For the design of pressure vessels, see Section 8; for
the dimensions of pipes, see Section 11.
2. Materials
Cylinders are preferably to be made of stainless steel.
Stainless steel is to be used for pipes in the area of the
door. Only corrosion-resistant materials are to be used
for the other pipes.
The use of hose lines is not permitted.
The quality properties of all components important to
the operation and safety of the system must conform
to recognized rules and standards.
2.2 Materials testing
Suitable proof of the quality properties of the materials
used is to be furnished. This proof may take the form
of a BKI material test certificate or a material
certificate issued by the producer.
BKIs Surveyor reserves the right to order
supplementary tests of his own to be carried out where
he considers that the circumstances justify this.
See Section 8, B. for details on the materials testing of
compressed air accumulators.
3. Design
3.1 Each door must be capable of being opened
and closed by a single person from both sides of the
bulkhead.
3.2 Fire doors must be capable of closing
automatically even against a permanent heeling angle
of the ship of 3,5.
3.3 The closing time of hinged doors, with the
ship upright, may be no more than 40 seconds and no
less than 10 seconds from the start of the movement of
the door when fully open to its closed position for
each individual door.
The closing speed of sliding doors must be steady and,
with the ship upright, may be no more than 0,2 m/s
and no less than 0,1 m/s.
Measures must be taken to ensure that any persons in
the door areas are protected from any excessive
danger.
3.4 All doors must be capable of being closed
from the central control station either jointly or in
groups. It must also be possible to initiate closure at
each individual door. The closing switch is to take the
form of a locking switch.
3.5 Visual indicators are to be installed at the
central control station to show that all fire doors are
fully closed.
3.6 Power driven doors leading from "special
areas" (e.g. car decks, railway decks) in accordance
with Chapter II-2, Regulation 3.18 of the "1974
International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea"
or from comparable spaces to control stations,
stairwells and also to accommodation and service
spaces and which are closed when the ship is at sea do
not need to be equipped with indicators as described
in 3.5 and alarms as described in 3.12.
3.7 Controls for the pneumatic system are to be
installed next to each door on both sides of the
bulkhead and by their operation a door which has been
closed from the central control station can be
reopened. The controls must return to their original
position when released, thereby causing the door to
close again.
In an emergency it must be possible to use the controls
to interrupt immediately the opening of the door and
bring about its immediate closure.
A combination of the controls with the door handle
may be permitted.
The controls are to be designed in such a way that an
open door can be closed locally. In addition, each door
must be capable of being locked locally in such a way
that it can no longer be opened by remote control.
3.8 The control unit at the door is to be
equipped with a device which will vent the pneumatic
system or cut off the electric energy of the door
control system, simultaneously shutting off the main
supply line and thereby allowing emergency operation
by hand.
3.9 The door must close automatically should
the central power supply fail. The doors may not re-
open automatically when the central supply is restored.
Accumulator systems are to be located in the
immediate vicinity of the door being sufficient to
allow their supply of air being sufficient to allow the
door to be completely opened and closed at least ten
more times, with the ship upright, using the local
controls.
3.10 Measures are to be taken to ensure that the
door can still be operated by hand in the event of
failure of the energy supply.
3.11 Should the central energy supply fail in the
local control area of a door, the capability of the other
doors to function may not be adversely affected.
3.12 Doors which are closed from the central
control station are to be fitted with an audible alarm.
Once the door close command has been given this
alarm must start at least 5 seconds, but not more than
10 seconds before the door starts to move and
continue sounding until the door is completely closed.
3.13 Fire doors are to be fitted with safety strips
such that a closing door reopens as soon as contact is
made with them. Following contact with the safety
strip, the opening travel of the door shall be no more
than 1 m.
3.14 Local door controls, including all
components must be accessible for maintenance and
adjusment.
3.15 The control system must be of approved
design. Their capability to operate in the event of fire
must be proven in accordance with the "Rules relating
to the fire testing procedures for pneumatic fire door
controls".
The control system must conform to the following
minimum requirements.
3.15.1 The door must still be capable of being
operated safely for 60 minutes at a minimum ambient
temperature of 200 C by means of the central energy
supply.
3.15.2 The central energy supply for the other
doors not affected by fire may not be impaired.
3.15.3 In ambient temperatures in excess of 200
C the central energy supply must be shut off
automatically and the local control system must be de-
energized. The residual energy must still be sufficient
to close an open door completely during this process.
The shut-off device must be capable of shutting off the
energy supply for one hour with a temperature
variation corresponding to the standardized time-
temperature curve given in Section II-2, Regulation 3
of the "1974 International Convention for the Safety
of Life at Sea".
3.16 The pneumatic system is to be protected
against overpressure.
3.17 Drainage and venting facilities are to be
provided.
3.18 Air filtering and drying facilities are to be
provided.
3.19 For details of the electrical equipment cf.
the Rules for Electrical Installations, Volume IV,
Section 13, D.
4. Tests in the manufacturers works
The complete control system is to be subjected to a
design approval test to demonstrate that operational
capability and design meet the requirements as laid
down in 2. and 3.
5. Shipboard trials
After installation, the systems are to be subjected to an
operating test which also includes emergency
operation and the verification of closing times.
H. Stabilizers
1. General
1.1 Scope
The Rules contained in Section 14, H. apply to
stabilizer units necessary to the operation and safety
the ship.
Assembly and general drawings together with
diagrams of the hydraulic and electrical equipment
contain all the data necessary for checking are to be
submitted in triplicate for approval.
2. Design and construction
A.2.1.3 and A.2.1.4 are applicable in analogous
manner to the pipe connections of hydraulic drive
units.
3. Shipboard trials
The operational efficiency of the stabilizer equipment
is to be demonstrated during the sea trials.
Section 15 - Special Rules for Tankers 15-1
S e c t i o n 15
Special Rules for Tankers
A. General
1. Scope
1.1 These Rules apply to tankers for the carriage
of flammable, toxic, corrosive or otherwise hazardous
liquids. International and national regulations remain
unaffected.
1.2 For the purposes of these Rules, tankers are:
a) Ships for the carriage of liquids in tanks
which form part of the hull, and
b) Ships with fixed tanks independent of the
hull and used for the carriage of liquids.
1.3 In addition to the general Rules for tankers in
subsection B:
a) Tankers for the carriage of oil cargoes are
subject to the provisions of subsection C.
b) Tankers for carriage of hazardous chemicals
in bulk are subject to the provisions of
Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk, Volume X.
c) Tankers for the carriage of liquified gases in
bulk are subject to the provisions of
Liquefied Gases in Bulk, Volume IX.

2. Definitions
For the purposes of this Section, the cargo area in-
cludes cargo tanks, hold spaces for independent cargo
tanks, tanks and spaces adjacent to cargo tanks, cof-
ferdams, cargo pump rooms and the area above these
spaces.
For the purposes of this Section, separate piping and
venting systems are those which can, when necessary,
be isolated from other piping systems by removing
spool pieces or valves and blanking the pipe ends.
For the purposes of this Section, independent piping
and venting systems are those for which no means for
the connection to other systems are provided.
3.1 According to the type of ship, at least the
documents (schematic plans, detail/arrangement
drawings) specified in 3.2 together with all the
information necessary for their assessment are to be
submitted to the Society in triplicate
1
) for approval.
3.2 For ships for the carriage of flammable liquids
and chemicals:
Cargo piping system including the location of
cargo pumps and their driving machinery
Gastight shaft penetrations for pumps and
fans
Cargo t ank vent syst em wi t h
pressure-vacuum relief valve including flame
arrectors and cargo tank vapour return and
collecting pipes
Cargo tank gauging/sounding devices, level/
overfill alarms and temperature indicating
equipment
Bilge and ballast water lines for the cargo
area
Ventilation equipment for spaces in the cargo
area
Heating and steaming-out lines for cargo
tanks
Fire fighting/extinguishing equipment for the
cargo area
Fixed cargo tank cleaning system
Remote-controlled valves system including
actuating equipment
Details of the liquid cargoes to be carried
Details of the materials coming into contact
with the cargoes or their vapours
Pressure drop calculation of the vent system
based on the maximum loading/unloading
rates
Gas freeing arrangements for cargo and
ballast tanks and cofferdams
Emergency release system for bow loading
piping and SPM arrangements
Inert gas plant and system for cargo tanks,
inerting of ballast tanks
Mechanically driven fans in the cargo area
1
) ,

15 - 2 Section 15 - Special Rules for Tankers
Safety equipment in pump rooms,
temperature monitoring of cargo pump
bearings/housing etc.
Gas detection system in pump room.
4. References to further Rules
The Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Rules for the
Classification and Construction of Seagoing Steel
Ships.
4.1 For the ship's hull: Rules for Hull
Construction, Volume II, Section 24, 25, 26.
4.2 For pipelines, pumps, valves and fittings:
Rules for Machinery Installation, Volume III, Section
11.
4.3 For fire extinguishing and fire protection:
Rules for Machinery Installation, Volume III, Section
12.
4.4 For electrical equipment: Rules for Electrical
Installation, Volume IV, Section 13.
4.5 Attention is also drawn to compliance with
the provisions of the International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973 and of the
relevant Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78).
B. General Rules for Tankers
1. Cargo pumps
1.1 Location
1.1.1 Cargo pumps are to be located on deck, in the
cargo tanks or in special pump rooms separated from
other ship's spaces by gastight decks and bulkheads.
Pump rooms may be accessible only from the cargo
area and may not be connected to engine rooms or
spaces which contain sources of ignition.
1.1.2 Penetrations of pump room bulkheads by
shafts are to be fitted with gastight seals. Provision
must be made for lubricating the seals from outside the
pump room.
Overheating of the seals and the generation of sparks
are to be avoided by appropriate design and the choice
of suitable materials.
Where steel bellows are used in gastight bulkhead
penetrations, they are to be subjected to a pressure test
at 5 bar prior to fitting.
1.2 Equipment and operation
1.2.1 Cargo pumps are to be protected against
overpressure by means of relief valves discharging
into the suction line of the pump.
Where the max. discharge pressure of centrifugal
pumps does not exceed the design pressure of the cargo
line system, relief valves may be dispensed with if
temperature sensors are fitted in the pump housing
which stop the pump or activate an alarm in the event
of overheating.
1.2.2 It must be possible to control the capacity of
the cargo pumps both from the pump room and from a
suitable location outside this room. Means are to be
provided for stopping cargo pumps from a position
above the tank deck.
1.2.3 At all pump operating positions and cargo
handling positions on deck, pressure gauges for mon-
itoring pump pressures are to be fitted. The maximum
permissible working pressure is to be indicated by a red
mark on the scale.
1.2.4 The drain pipes of steam-driven pumps and
steam lines must terminate at a sufficient height above
the bilge bottom to prevent the ingress of cargo
residues.
1.3 Drive
1.3.1 Drive motors are to be installed outside the
cargo area. Exceptions are steam-driven machines
where the steam temperature does not exceed 220 C.
1.3.2 Hydraulic cargo pump driving machinery (e.g.
for submerged pumps) may be installed inside the
cargo area.
1.3.3 For electric motors used to drive cargo pumps
see Volume IV, Rules for Electrical Installations,
Section 13.
2. Cargo Line system
2.1 Line installation
2.1.1 Cargo line systems must be permanently in-
stalled and completely separated from other piping
systems. In general they may not extend beyond the
cargo area. For bow and stern cargo lines see C.5, and
Rules for Ships Dangerous Chemical in Bulk, Volume
X, Section 3.7.
2.1.2 Cargo lines are to be so installed that any
remaining cargo can be drained into the cargo tanks.
Filling pipes for cargo tanks are to extend down to the
bottom of the tank.
2.1.3 Expansion bends, expansion bellows and
other approved expansion joints are to be fitted as
necessary.
2.1.4 Seawater inlets must be separated from cargo
lines by two stop valves, one of which is to be locked
in the closed position.
2.1.5 Seawater inlets and outlets (sea chest) for
ballast and cargo systems are to be arranged
separately.
2.2 Design of cargo lines
2.2.1 For the design of cargo lines see Section 11,
C. Minimum wall thickness to be in accordance with
Table 11.5, group N. Possible delivery heads ofshore
based pumps and gravity tanks shall be taken into
account.
2.2.2 Welding is the preferred method of
connecting cargo lines. Cargo oil pipes shall not pass
through ballast tanks. Exemptions for short lengths of
pipe may be approved by BKI on condition that para.
4.3.2 is applied analogously.
2.3 Valves, fittings and equipment
2.3.1 Hose connections are to be made of cast steel
or other ductile materials and are to be fitted with
shutoff valves and blind flanges.
2.3.2 Extention rods for stop valves inside cargo
tanks are to be fitted with gastight deck penetrations
and open/closed indicators. All other cargo stop valves
are to be so designed as to indicate whether they are
open or closed.
2.3.3 Emergency operating mechanisms are to be
provided for stop valves which are actuated
hydraulically or pneumatically. Hand-operated pumps
which are connected to the hydraulic system in such a
way that they can be isolated may be regarded as
emergency operating mechanisms.
An emergency operating mechanism controlled from
the deck can be dispensed with provided that the cargo
tank can be emptied by another line or the shutoff
valve is located in the adjacent tank.
2.3.4 At the positions for monitoring the cargo
loading and discharging operations, the cargo lines are
to be fitted with pressure gauges with a red mark
denoting the maximum permissible working pressure.
2.3.5 Provision must be made for the safe draining,
gas-freeing and cleaning of the cargo line system.
3. Tank heating and steaming out lines
3.1 Tank heating
This is subject to the appropriate Rules concerning the
heating of fuels, Section 10, B.5.
3.2 Valves and fittings for the tank heating
system
Steam lines to the individual heating coils of the cargo
tanks are to be fitted with screw-down nonreturn
valves. Means of testing the condensate for ingress of
oil are to be fitted before the stop valves in the heating
coil outlets.,
3.3 Condensate return
The condensate from the heating system is to be
returned to the feedwater system via observation tanks.
Condensate observation tanks are to be arranged and
equipped such that cargo residues in the condensate
will not constitute a hazard in engine room or other gas
safe spaces. Vent pipes must be fitted with flame
arrester complying with 6 and shall be led to the open
deck in a safe position.
3.4 Tank heating with special heat-transfer
media
3.4.1 Thermal oil systems are subject to the
requirements in Section 7, Part II and 11, P.
3.4.2 A secondary circuit system is to be provided
which is entirely located in the cargo area.
A single-circuit system may be approved if:
- the expansion vessel mentioned in Section 7,
Part II, 7.2 is so arranged that at the minimum
liquid level in the expansion vessel, the
pressure in the thermal oil system with the
thermal fluid circulating pump inoperative is
at least 0.3 bar higher than the static pressure
of the cargo
- all shutoff valves between the cargo tanks and
the expansion vessel can be locked in the
open position, and
- a means of detecting flammable gases in the
expansion vessel is provided. The use of a
portable unit may be approved.
3.5 Steaming out lines
Steam lines for steaming out cargo tanks and cargo
lines are to be fitted with screw-down non-return
valves.
3.6 Tank heating systems on chemical tankers
These are additionally subject to the requirements of
Seagoing Ships, Rules for Ships Carrying Dangerous
Chemicals in Bulk, Volume X, Section 7.
4. Bilge and ballast systems
4.1 Calculation of the bilge pipe diameter
4.1.1 Bilge systems for the cargo area are to be
separated from those of other areas.
Bilge systems for the cargo area are to be located in the
cargo area.
Bilge systems for machinery spaces are subject to
Section 11, N.2.3.
4.1.2 For spaces in the cargo area of combination
carriers the bilge system is to be designed in accor-
dance with Section 11, N.2.1.2.
4.1.3 For spaces for independent tanks on tankers
according to A.1.2. b) the diameters of the main and
branch bilge lines are calculated as follows:
d
H
1,68 (B H) l
2
(b h) l
T2
25 [mm]
d
Z
2,15 (B H) l (b h) l
T
25 [mm]
where
d
H
[mm] Inside diameter of main bilge line
d
z
[mm] Inside diameter of branch bilge line
B [m] Breadth of ship
H [m] Moulded depth of ship
l
2
[m] Total length of cargo area
l [m] Length of watertight compartment
b [m] Maximum breadth of cargo tanks
h [m] Maximum depth of cargo tanks
l
T2
[m] Total length of all cargo tanks
l
T
[m] Length of tanks in the watertight
compartment.
The capacity of each bilge pump is to be calculated
according to Section 11, N.3.1. At least two bilge
pumps are to be provided.
4.1.4 When separate bilge pumps, e.g. ejectors are
provided for compartments with watertight bulkheads
the pump capacity is to be evaluated as specified in
4.1.3 and is to be divided according the length of the
individual compartments. For each compartment two
bilge pumps are to be fitted of a capacity of not less
than 5 m
3
/h each.
4.1.5 Spaces for independent tanks are to be pro-
vided with sounding arrangements.
When ballast or cooling water lines are fitted in spaces
for independent tanks bilge level alarms are to be
provided.
4.2 Bilge pumping of cargo pump rooms
and cofferdams in the cargo area
4.2.1 Bilge pumping equipment is to be located in
the cargo area to serve the cargo pump rooms and
cofferdams. A cargo pump may also be used as a bilge
pump. On oil tankers used exclusively for the carriage
of flammable liquids with flash points above 60 C,
cargo pump rooms and cofferdams may be connected
to the engine room bilge system.
4.2.2 Where a cargo pump is used as bilge pump,
measures are to be taken, e.g. by fitting screw-down
non-return valves, to ensure that cargo cannot enter the
bilge system. Where the bilge line can be pressurized
from the cargo system, an additional non-return valve
is to be fitted.
4.2.3 Means must be provided for pumping the
bilges when special circumstances render the pump
room inaccessible. The equipment necessary for this is
to be capable of being operated from outside the pump
room or from the pump room casing above the tank
deck (freeboard deck).
4.3 Ballast systems in the cargo area
4.3.1 Means for ballasting cargo tanks or permanent
ballast tanks within the cargo area must be located in
the cargo area and must be independent of piping
systems forward and aft of the cofferdams. On oil
tankers an emergency discharge connection through a
spool piece to cargo pump may be provided. A non-
return device in the ballast system shall be provided to
prevent the backflow of cargo into ballast tanks. The
spool piece together with a warning notice shall be
mounted in a conspicuous location in pump room.
4.3.2 Ballast water pipes shall not pass through
cargo oil tanks. Exemptions for short length of pipe
may be approved by BKI on condition that the
following is complied with :
a) Minimum wall thicknesses
up to DN 50 6,3 mm
DN 100 8,6 mm
DN 125 9,5 mm
DN 150 11,0 mm
DN 200 and over 12,5 mm
b) Only completely welded pipes or equivalent
are permitted
c) Where cargoes other than oil products are
carried, relaxation from these Rules may be
approved BKI.
4.3.3 Ballast tank sounding and air pipes routed
through cargo oil tanks are subject to para. 4.3.2
analogously.
5. Ventilation and gas-freeing
5.1 Ventilation of cargo and ballast pump
rooms in the cargo area
5.1.1 Pump rooms are to be ventilated by
mechanically driven fans of the extraction type. Fresh
air is to be induced into the pump room from above.
These ventilation system shall not be connected to
those of other spaces.
5.1.2 The exhaust duct is to be so installed that its
suction opening is close to the bottom of the pump
room. An emergency suction opening is to be located
about 2 m above the pump room floor. This opening is
to be fitted with a means of closing which can also be
operated from the main deck.
The emergency opening is to be of sufficient size to
enable at least 3/4 of the necessary volume of exhaust
air to be extracted with the bottom opening closed.
Further requirements see C.3 Oil Tanker or Volume X,
Section 12 Chemical Tankers respectively.
5.2 Gas-freeing of tanks, double hull spaces,
ballast tanks, pipe tunnels and cofferdams
5.2.1 Provision must be made for the gas freeing of
cargo tanks, double hull spaces, ballast tanks, pipe
tunnels and cofferdams. Portable fans complying with
5.3 may be used. Where fans are permanently fitted
for gas-freeing of tanks having connections to cargo
oil lines, measures are to be taken, e.g. by removing
spool pieces of the ventilation ducting or by using
blank flanges, to ensure that neither cargo nor vapours
can penetrate into the fans when not in use.
5.2.2 The inlet openings in cargo tanks used for gas
freeing or purging must be located either immediately
below deck or not higher than 1 m above the tank
bottom.
5.2.3 Outlet openings for gas-freeing cargo tanks
are to be located as far as possible from air/inert gas
inlet openings at a height of at least 2 m above the
deck.
The gas/air mixtures are to be discharged vertically.
5.2.4 Outlet openings for gas-freeing of cargo
tanks must be so designed that, taking into account the
capacity of the fan, the exit velocity of the gas/air is at
least 20 m/s.
5.2.5 On ships with inert gas systems, the free area
of the vent openings shall be so designed that an exit
velocity of at least 20 m/s is maintained if 3 cargo
tanks are simultaneously purged with inert gas.
5.2.6 The openings for gas-freeing are to be fitted
with screw-down covers.
5.2.7 On ships without inerting systems, the vent
openings used for gas-freeing are to be fitted with
flame arresters in accordance with B.6.
The fitting of flame arresters may be dispensed with if
a velocity of at least 30 m/s in the vent openings is
maintained.
5.2.8 Vent openings in accordance with 5.4.8 may
also be used for gas freeing of cargo tanks.
5.3 Design and construction of mechanically
driven fans in the cargo area
5.3.1 Ventilation duct inlet and outlets are to be
fitted with protective screens with a mesh size not
exceeding 13 mm.
5.3.2 Overheating of the mechanical components of
fans and the creation of sparks is to be avoided by
appropriate design and by the choice of suitable ma-
terials. The safety clearance between the fan housing
and the impeller shall not be less than 1/10 of the inner
impeller bearing diameter, limited to a minimum of 2
mm and is to be such as to preclude any contact
between the housing and the rotor. The maximum
clearence need not to be more than 13 mm.The
above requirement also applies to portable fans.
5.3.3 Following materials or combination of
materials for impeller/housing may be used :
Non-metallic materials
1
) (plastic material
having sufficient electric conductivity) with
each other or with steel (incl. galvanized,
stainless).
Non-ferrous materials having good heat
conductivity (bronze, brass, copper, not
aluminium) with each other or with steel
, .
Steel , with each
other if a ring of adequate size made of above
non-metallic/non-ferrous material is fitted in
way of the impeller, or if a safety clearance of
at least 13 mm is provided.
Aluminum or magnesium alloys with each
other or with steel ,
only, if a non-ferrous ring having a good heat
conductivity, i.e. copper, brass, of adequate
size is fitted in way of the impeller.
5.3.4 Fan drives are subject to the requirements in
B.1.3. Electric motors are to be located outside the vent
ducts.
5.4 Venting of cargo tanks
5.4.1 Openings in cargo tanks are to be so located
and arranged that no ignitable gas mixtures can be
formed in closed spaces containing sources of ignition
or in the vicinity of sources of ignition on deck.
5.4.2 The venting of cargo tanks may be effected
only through approved pressure/vacuum relief devices
which fulfill the following functions:
a) Passage of large air or gas volumes during
loading/unloading and ballast operations, and
1
)


b) the flow of small volumes of air or gas
during the voyage.
5.4.3 Venting arrangements may be fitted
individually on each tank or may be connected to a
common header system or to the inert gas system.
5.4.4 Where the venting arrangements of more than
one tank are connected to a vent header system, a
shutoff device is to be provided at each tank. Where
stop valves are used, they must be provided with
locking arrangements.
5.4.5 When shut off devices according to 5.4.4 are
provided, cargo tanks are to be protected against
excessive positive and negative pressures caused by
thermal variations. Pressure/vacuum relief devices as
specified in para. 5.4.2 b are to be fitted.
5.4.6 Venting arrangements are to be connected to
the top of each cargo tank in such a way that, under
normal conditions of trim and list, they are self
draining into the cargo tanks. Where a self-draining
arrangement is impossible, permanently installed
means for draining the vent lines to a cargo tank shall
be provided.
5.4.7 Where flammable liquids with a flash point
of 60 C or below are carried, the inlet and outlet
openings of venting systems are to be fitted with
approved flame arresters in accordance with B.6.
5.4.8 Vents for the discharge of large volumes of
air or gas during cargo and ballast handling operations
are to be designed in accordance with the following
principles:
a) Depending on the height of the vents, these
shall allow the free flow of vapour mixtures
or achieve a minimum velocity of 30 m/s.
b) The vapour mixtures are to be discharged
vertically upwards.
c) The clear section of vents shall be designed
in accordance with the maximum loading rate
taking into account a gas evolution factor of
1,25.
5.4.9 Cargo tanks

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7.3.1 Sampling points or detector heads shall be
fitted in suitable locations, e.g. in the exhaust
ventilation duct and in the lower part of the pump
room above the floor plates, so that any possible
leakage may be readily detected.
7.3.2 Where gas sampling piping is routed into
gas safe spaces such as Cargo Control Room,
Navigation Bridge or Engine Room following
requirements are to be observed:
7.3.2.1 Gas sampling pipes shall be equipped with
flame arresters. Sample gas outlets are to be
arranged in the open at a safe location.
7.3.2.2 Bulkhead penetrations of sample pipes
shall be of approved type. Manual isolating valves
are to be fitted in each sampling line at the bulkhead
on the gas safe side.
7.3.2.3 The gas detection equipment incl. sample
piping, sample pumps, solenoids, analyser etc. shall
be arranged in gas tight steel cabinet being
monitored for gas leakages by its own sampling
point. At gas concentrations above 30% LEL inside
the cabinet the entire electrical equipment of the
analysing unit is to be shut down.
7.3.2.4 Where the cabinet cannot be arranged
direct on the bulkhead sample pipes shall be of steel
or equivalent and without detachable connections
except for the connections of bulkhead valves and
the analysing unit. The pipes are to be routed on the
shortest way through this space.
7.3.3 Visible and audible alarms in the cargo
control room or cargo control station and on the
bridge shall be triggered if the concentration of
flammable gases exceeds 10 % of the lower
explosive limit (LEL).
7.4 Bilge level monitoring devices shall be
provided in all pump rooms, triggering visible and
audible alarms in the cargo control room or the cargo
control station and on the bridge.
D. Inert Gas Systems for Tankers
1.1 General
1.1.1 The inert gas system shall be capable of
supplying a low-oxygen gas or gas mixture in order to
achieve an inerted atmosphere in cargo tanks and slop
tanks.
1.1.2 Inert gas may be produced by one or more
main or auxiliary boilers, by one or more inert gas
generators, by other sources, or by any combination
of these.
1.1.3 Inert gas generators with independent
bumer systems are generally used on ships for the
transport of chemicals or liquefied gases and on
motor tankers. The required quality of the inert gas
produced depends on the range of application.
This refers to the oxygen content, the purity and the
dew point of the inert gas.
1.1.4 In normal operation, the inert gas system
shall prevent air from flowing into the tanks and shall
maintain the oxygen content of the tank atmosphere
at less than 8 % by volume. Provision shall,
however, be made for ventilating the tanks when
access is required.
1.1.5 It must be possible to purge empty tanks
with inert gas in order to reduce the hydrocarbon
content to less than 2 % by volume as to ensure
subsequent safe ventilation.
1.1.6 Under normal operating conditions, i.e.
when tanks are either full or being filled with inert
gas, it must be possible to maintain positive pressure
in the tanks.
1.1.7 Gas discharge openings for tank purging
must be arranged in suitable locations on deck and
must comply with Section 15, B.5.2.5.
1.1.8 The system must be capable of delivering
inert gas at a rate of at least 125 % of the total dis-
charge capacity of the cargo pumps.
1.1.9 The oxygen content of the inert gas
produced shall not exceed 5 % by volume under any
operating conditions of the system.
1.1.10 Means are to be provided to stabilise the
operation of the system after start up.
1.1.11 The system shall ensure that the gas volume
specified in 1.1.8 is available during discharge. At
other times, a sufficient quantity of gas in accordance
with 1. 1.6 shall be permanently available.
1.1.12 Parts of the inert gas system which come
into contact with the corrosive vapours and/or liquids
from the inert gases must be resistant to these or are
to be protected by suitable coatings.
1.1.13 Operating instructions are to be compiled
for the inert gas system containing instructions for the
operation and maintenance of the system together
with notices to health hazards and safety regulations
for the prevention of accidents.
1.2 Installation
1.2.1 The inert gas system may be installed in
the machinery space or in a separate space.
1.2.2 Separate inert gas spaces shall contain only
components of the inert gas system. Inert gas spaces
shall have no entrances to, or air intake openings into
accommodation and service spaces or control
stations.
1.2.3 Entrances and air intake openings are to be
arranged in the end bulkhead of the space not facing
the cargo area. Alternatively, they may be located in
a side bulkhead at a distance of L/25, subject to a
minimum of 5 m, from the front bulkhead.
1.2.4 Mechanical forced ventilation is to be
provided for inert gas generator rooms. For fire
extinguishingequipment,seeSectionl2,table 12.1.
1.2.5 Inert gas lines shall not be led through
accommodation and service spaces or control
stations.
1.3 Piping systems
1.3.1 Downstream of the non-retum devices
required by 1.3.1 1, the inert gas main may be
divided into two or more systems.
1.3.2 The inert gas lines are to be so arranged as
to prevent the accumulation of cargo or water.
1.3.3 The inert gas main is to be equipped with a
shore connection.
1.3.4 The inert gas main is to be fitted with one
or more devices to guard against excessive pressure
and vacuum. These are to be designed to protect
both the tanks and the water seal from excessive
pressure in case of failure of the devices specified in
1.3.8 and are to be protected against freezing.
1.3.5 Connections between the inert gas main
and the cargo system are to be equipped with
suitable isolating means. These may consist of.
a) two shutoff valves with intermediate vent,
or
b) two shutoff valves with an intermediate
spool piece.
The valve on the cargo line side must be a screw-
down non-retum valve.
1.3.6 The inert gas lines to the individual tanks
are to be fitted with shutoff devices. If valves are
used for this purpose, they are to be equipped with
locking devices.
1.3.7 All tanks are to be equipped with pressure-
vacuum relief devices.
1.3.8 For the displacement of large volumes of
vapour/inert gas during loading or ballasting, the inert
gas main is to be fitted with blow-off masts or high-
velocity vent valves unless these devices are fitted on
the cargo tanks themselves. The design of these
devices shall comply with B.5.4.
1.3.9 In combination carriers spectacle flanges
are to be fitted in the inert gas line to enable cargo
spaces to be isolated from the inert gas system.
Inerting of slop tanks must be possible when cargoes
other than oil are being carried.
1.3.10 In the discharge line from the blowers to
the cargo area a control valve is to be fitted at the
bulkhead of the forwardmost gas safe space through
which this line passes. This shall close automatically
under the conditions stated in Table 15.1.
In addition, this valve must automatically control the
flow rate in the system unless other equivalent
devices are provided for that purpose.
1.3.11 Two non-retum devices are to be fitted in
the inert gas main to prevent the entry of hydrocarbon
gases or vapours into machinery space, flue gas lines
and gas-safe spaces. These non-retum devices must
remain operational in all normal trim positions and
motions of the ship and shall be located in the cargo
area between the control valve (1.3.10) and the
aftermost connection to any cargo tank or cargo
piping.
a) The first non-retum device must be a water
seal.
Two separate independent water supplies
shall be provided for the water seal.
In- and outlet lines connected to the water
seal are to be fitted with water loops or
equivalent devices. Water loops are to be
safeguarded against being emptied by
vacuum.
The deck water seal and all loop
arrangements shall be capable of preventing
return of hydrocarbon vapours at a pressure
equal to the test pressure of the cargo tanks.
The water seal must be protected against
freezing. Heating devices shall be designed
to prevent overheating of the water seal.
b) The second non-return device shall be a
screwdown type check valve or consist of a
check valve and shutoff valve fitted
downstream of the water seal.
b) Between the control valve and the water
seal a valve is to be fitted by means of
which the inert gas line between these two
valves can be depressurized.
1.4 Monitoring equipment
1.4.1 Measuring instruments are to be fitted for
continuous indication and permanent recording of
the pressure in the inert gas main and the oxygen
content of the inert gas being supplied. These
instruments are to be arranged in the cargo control
room, where provided, or in a location accessible to
the cargo officer.
Pressure sensing lines shall not be led directly into
gas safe spaces. Transmitters or equivalent
equipment shall be fitted.
1.4.2 For measuring the tank atmosphere,
suitable instruments for the determination of oxygen
and hydrocarbon gases or vapours are to be supplied
together with the necessary tank connections.
1.4.3 Suitable equipment is to be provided for
calibrating permanently installed and portable gas
measuring appliances.
1.4.4 The low level alarm in the water seal and
the pressure alarm for the inert gas main must remain
operational when the inert gas plant is not in service.
1.4.5 As a minimum requirement, measuring,
alarm and safety devices in accordance with Table
15.1 are to be installed.
2. Boiler flue gas plants
2.1 Boiler plants are to be equipped with
automatic combustion control.
2.2 At least two inert gas blowers are to be
fitted which, acting together, can deliver at least the
quantity of gas specified in 1. 1. 8. Each blower must
be capable of delivering at least 1/3 of the required
gas flow (42 % of the total delivery rate of the cargo
pumps). The blowers are to be fitted with shutoff
valves on the suction and delivery sides.
If blowers are also used for gas-freeing, the air inlets
are to be provided with blanking arrangements (for
the ventilation of spaces in the cargo area, see
Section 15, B.5.).
2.3 A gas scrubber is to be provided outside
the cargo area, in which the gas is effectively cooled
and solids and sulphurous combustion products are
removed. Suitable separators are to be fitted at the
scrubber outlet.
2.4 The supply of cooling water to the
equipment must be ensured without interfering with
any essential shipboard services.
Provision shall also be made for alternative supply of
cooling water.
2.5 The boiler flue gas uptakes are to be fitted
with shutoff valves with remote position indicators.
The soot blowers are to be interlocked with these
valves in such a way that they can only be operated
when the flue gas uptakes are closed.
Provision is to be made (e.g. by means of an air seal
and steam connection) for maintaining the sealing
efficiency and mechanical function of these valves.
A second shutoff device is to be fitted at the inlet of
the scrubber to ensure that gas cannot enter the
scrubber during maintenance.
3. Inert gas generators with independent
burner equipment
3.1 Burner equipment with automatic
combustion control in accordance with Section 9 is to
be installed.
3.2 The plant shall be capable of delivering the
volume specified in 1. 1. 8 and 2.2.
3.3 Notwithstanding 2.2, only one permanently
installed blower need be provided if sufficient spares
are carried for the blower and blower drive to ensure
that any damage can be rectified with the means
available on board.
3.4 To fuel feed pumps para. 3.3 applies
analogously.
3.5 The inert gas equipment is to be fitted with
an automatic starting up system which ensures that
only gas of the required composition can be supplied.
3.6 If more than one inert gas generator is
installed, each unit is to be fitted with shutoff devices
on the delivery side.
4. Inert gas plants for chemical tankers
4.1 These Rules apply in addition to paras. I., 2.
and 3.
4.2 As an alternative to the water seal
mentioned in para. 1.3.11 a), double shutoff valves
with an intermediate vent valve may be fitted with the
Society's special consent provided that:
- these valves operate automatically and
the opening/closing is directly controlled by
the inert gas flow or the differential
pressure and
- alarms are fitted to signal valve
malfunctions (e.g. "Blower stop" with
"Valves open").
4.3 Notwithstanding 1. 1.8, a lower delivery
rate may be approved for the plant if the discharge
rate of cargo pumps is limited to 80 % of the
available inert gas flow. An appropriate note is to be
included in the operating instructions.
4.4 It must be possible to isolate cargo tanks
from the inert gas system by spool pieces or double
blanks with an intermediate vent.
4.5 The inert gas plant is to be so designed that
the maximum working pressure does not exceed the
test pressure of the cargo tanks.
Inert gas generators for tankers not covered by C
1.1
5.1 Inert gas plants used exclusively for
blanketing cargo, inerting spaces surrounding tanks
and purging systems and installation components are
not required to conform to paras. 1.1.5, 1.1.8, 1.3.4,
1.3.6, 1.3.8, 1.3.9, 1.3.11, 1.4.4, 2., 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and
4.
5.2 In the inert gas main within the cargo area
two non-return devices are to be fitted in series. If
the equipment is provided with fixed connections to
the cargo tanks, the design of the non-return devices
is to comply with 1.3.11 a) to 1.3.11 c). Otherwise,
removable spool pieces are to be fitted at all
connections to cargo tanks, spaces surrounding
tanks, cargo and process pipelines.
Shutoff devices are to be fitted upstream and down-
stream of these spool pieces. Pressure reducing
valves are to be backed up by safety valves.
Table 15.1 Indicating, alarm and safety devices for inert gas system
Monitored Item
Indications Alarm Activation
Remark
Cooling water pressure/ flow

rate scrubber
x - - x - low x x
Water level scrubber - - - x - high x x
Inert gas temperature blower
outlet
x - - x - high x x
Inert gas pressure blower
outlet
x - - - - - - -
Oxygen content blower outlet x x - x x high - -
Blower failure x - - x - - - x
Level water seal - - - x - low - -
Control valve power failure - - - x x - - x
Alarm/safety sytem power
failure
- - - x x - - -
Inert gas pressure main line
x x x x x
low
high
- -
Low pressure :
pre-alarm at approx 20
mbar, main alarm or
cargo pump stop at
approx. 10 mbar
Inert gas pressure slop tank
- - x x - - - -
On combination carrier
only
Additional arrangement for inert gas generators with independent burner equipment
Activation of burner safety
circuit
- - - x - - x x
Failure of power supply/alarm
and safety systems
- - - x x - x x
Failure of inert gas generator
power supply
- - - x - - - x
Fuel oil pressure to burner x - - x - low - -
5.3 Spaces to be inerted, are to be equipped
with means for measuring the pressure and with
connections for checking the tank atmosphere as
well as with suitable safety devices to prevent
excessive pressure or vacuum. Suitable measuring
instruments are to be provided for the measurement
of oxygen and hydrocarbon gases and vapours.
5.4 Where absorption units are installed those
shall be designed for automatic regenerative
operation.
5.5 Inert gas storage tanks and absorption and
filter units operated under pressure shall comply with
Section 8.
6. Inert gas storage systems
6.1 General
Inert gas storage systems may also be provided for
inerting the spaces surrounding tanks and for blan-
keting the cargo in the tanks. The stored quantity of
gas must be sufficient to allow for losses of inert gas
during the voyage.
6.2 Design
6.2.1 The inert gas may be stored in pressure
vessels or cylinders. Pressure vessels are to be
located in the cargo area on the open deck or in
separate spaces. Pressure vessels and cylinders are
subject to the requirements in Section 8.
The provisions of Section 12.G.2.2 and G.3. apply
wherever relevant to the installation of pressure
vessels and cylinders in closed spaces.
6.2.2 A pressure reducing valve backed up by a
safety valve is to be fitted to pressure vessels and
batteries of cylinders. The downstream piping
system is to be installed in accordance with 5.2.
6.2.3 The spaces which shall be inerted are to be
equipped in accordance with 5.3.
Section 16 - Torsional Vibration 16-1

A. Definition
For the purposes of the Rules, torsional vibration
stresses are additional loads due to torsional vibra-
tions. They result from the alternating torque which is
normally superimposed on a mean torque.
B. Calculation of Torsional Vibrations
1. A torsional vibration analysis covering the
torsional vibration stresses to be expected in the main
engine shafting system including its branches is to be
submitted to the Society for examination. The follow-
ing data shall be included in the analysis:
- Equivalent dynamic system comprising
individual masses and inertialess torsional
elasticities
- Prime mover
Engine type
Rated power, rated speed
Engine cycle
Engine type (in-line/V-type)
Number of cylinders, firing order
Cylinder diameter, crank pin radius
Stroke to connecting rod ratio
Oscillating weight of one crank gear
- Vibration dampers, damping data
- Coupling, dynamic characteristics and
damping data
- Gearing data
- Shaft diameter of crankshafts, intermediate
shafts, gear shafts, thrust shafts and propeller
shafts
- Propellers
Propeller diameter, number of blades
Pitch and area ratio
- Natural frequencies with their relevant
vibration forms and the vector sums for the
harmonics of the engine excitation
- Estimated torsional vibration stresses in all
important elements of the system with
particular reference to clearly defined
resonance speed of rotation and continuous
operating ranges.
2. The calculations are to be performed both for
normal operation and for departures from normal
operation due to irregularities in ignition. In this
respect, the calculations are to assume operation with
one cylinder without ignition.
3. Where the arrangement of the installation
allows various different operation modes, the
torsional vibration characteristics are to be
investigated for all possible modes, e.g. in
installations fitted with controllable pitch propellers
for zero and full pitch, with power take off for loaded
and idling conditions of the generator unit, with
clutches for engaged and disengaged branches.
4. The calculation of torsional vibrations shall
also take account of the stresses resulting from the
superimposition of several orders of vibration in so
far as this has a bearing on the assessment of the
system.
5. If modifications are introduced into the
system which have a substantial effect on the torsional
vibration characteristics, the calculation of the
torsional vibrations is to be repeated and submitted for
checking.
6. Where an electrical machine (e.g. static
converter controlled motors) can generate periodic
excitation leading to relevant torsional vibration
stressess in the system as a whole, this is to be taken
into account in the calculation of the forced torsional
vibration. The manufacturer of the electrical machine
is responsible for defining the excitation spectrum in
a suitable manner for performing forced torsional
vibration calculations.
16-2 Section 16 - Torsional Vibration
C. Permissible Torsional Vibration Stresses
1. Shafting
1.1. In no part of the shafting may the alternating
torsional vibration stresses exceed the following value
of
1
for continuous operation or of
2
under transient
conditions. Fig. 16.1 indicates the
1
and
2
limits for
intermediate and propeller shafts of common design
and for the location deemed to be most severely
stressed (c
k
= 0,55 or c
k
= 0,45 for propeller shafts,
and c
k
= 1,0 and c
k
= 0,8 for intermediate shafts). The
limits depend on the design and the location
considered and may in particular cases lie outside the
indicated ranges according to Fig. 16.1. They are to be
determined in accordance with equations (1) - (4) and
Table 16.1.
Speed ranges in which the permissible values of
1
are
exceeded may be transversed in the n/n
o
0,8 range
provided that the permissible values of
2
are not
exceeded.
(1)
1
c
W
c
K
c
D
(3 2
2
)
where < 0,9
(2)
1
c
W
c
K
c
D
1,38
where 0,9 1,05
(3)
2
1,7 6,0

1
c
K
c
W
d [mm] shaft diameter
[-] speed ratio
= n/n
o
n [rpm] speed
n
o
[rpm] nominal speed
R
m
[N/mm] tensile strength of shaft material
c
W
[-] material factor
(4)
R
m
160
18
For materials with a tensile strength R
m
of less than
450 N/mm, a material factor c
w
of 33,9 is to be
applied. In the case of suitable shaft materials with a
higher tensile strength than 450 N/mm
2
and a high
forging factor, this higher tensile strength up to
600 N/mm may, with the Society's agreement, be
substituted for R
m
in formula (4) for the calculation
of c
W
.
c
D
[-] size factor
= 0,35 + 0,93 d
-0,2
c
K
[-] form factor
for intermediate and propeller
shafts determined by the type and
design of the shafting and
connection elements. The value of
c
K
is shown in Table 16.1.
1.2. In the speed range 0,9 1,05 the
alternating torques in the shafting system may not
exceed 75 % of the mean full-load torque transmitted
by the shafting. With the consent of the Society, 90 %
of the mean torque may be permitted provided that the
torque is only transmitted by frictional connection.
1.3. In controllable pitch propeller systems the
permissible values of
2
within a barred speed range
may be exceeded provided that the system is operated
at a low pitch and the additional shear stresses remain
below the
2
value for = 0,55 calculated by
formula (3).
2. Crankshafts
2.1. Where crankshafts have been approved on
the basis of the Society's "Regulations for the
Calculation of Diesel Engine Crankshafts", the
maximum alternating torsional load on which this
calculation is based (cf. also Section 2, C.1.) shall not
be exceeded in any operating state within the service
speed range.
2.2. Where crankshafts have not been approved
on the basis of the aforementioned Regulations, the
following values of
1
and
2
may be used as an initial
guide to the permissible additional shear stresses :
1
= c
D
30,36 where 0,9 1,05 (5)
1
= c
D
22 (3 - 2 ) where < 0,9 (6)
2
= 1,9
1
where 0,8 (7)
2.3. Torsional vibration dampers used to reduce
the stresses in the crankshaft must be suitable for use
with diesel engines. The society reverses the right to
call for proof of this.
Torsional vibration dampers shall be capable of being
checked for serviceability in the assembled condition
or shall be capable of being dismantled with
reasonable ease for checking.
Table 1 Form factor for intermediate and propeller shafts
c
K
Shaft type
1,0 I n t e r m e d i a t e s h a f t s
with integrally forged flanges and/or oil-press-mounted couplings.
0,80
I n t e r m e d i a t e s h a f t s
with keyed mountings.
P r o p e l l e r s h a f t s
in the forward
1
) propeller shaft area.
with transverse holes
with through slots
0,55 P r o p e l l e r s h a f t s
with integrally forged flanges in the after
2
) propeller shaft area
with a propeller mounted by a method approved by BKI in the after
2
with tapered and keyed mounting and oil lubrication in the stern tube in the after
2
) propeller
shaft area.
with grease lubrication in the stern tube in the after
2
The portion of propeller shafts outside the stern tube (the engine room area) is subject to the same c
K
factors as the intermediate shaft.
1) The forward propeller shaft area is the area inside the stern tube adjoining and lying forward of the after bearing position. In
constructions with shaft bossings, the forward area is that adjoining and lying forward of the position of the after bossing
bearing.
2) The after propeller area is the area inside the stern tube extending from the after stern tube bearing is to the forward
supporting edge of the propeller hub. In constructions with shaft bossings, it is the area between the after bossing bearing
and the forward supporting edge of the propeller hub. The after propeller shaft area shall have an axial extent of at least 2,5
d.
3. Gears
3.1. In the service speed range 0,9 1,05, no
alternating torque higher than 30 % of the mean
torques at nominal speed should normally occur in any
gear stage. Otherwise, the reference values for the
permissible bending stresses at the tooth root and for
the tooth flank (Hertzian) pressures are to be reduced
accordingly. The mean nominal torque is the value of
the maximum mean torque transmitted by the gear
stage.
If the gearing is demonstrably designed for a higher
power, then, in agreement with the Society, 30 % of
the design torque of the gear stage concerned may be
taken as the limit. Otherwise, the reference values for
the permissible bending stresses at the tooth root and
for the tooth flank (Hertzian) pressures are to be
reduced accordingly.
3.2. The alternating torque in the gears at resonant
speed outside the operational speed range (i.e. when
starting up or stopping the engine or within a barred
speed range) may not exceed twice the nominal mean
torque for which the gear has been designed.
3.3. Load reversal due to alternating torques is
normally permitted only while passing through the
lower speed range up to 0,35.
Fig. 16.1 Permissible torsional vibration stresses in shafting systems in accordance with formulae (1) -
(3) for shaft materials with tensile strenght of 450 N/mm
If, in special cases, gear hammering in the
0,35 speed range is unavoidable, a barred speed range
in accordance with E.1 is to be specified.
This Rule does not apply to gear stages which run
without load (e.g. the idling stage of a reversing gear
and the idling gear of an unloaded shaft driven
generator). These are covered by the provisions of
C.3.4.
3.4. In installations where parts of the gear train
run without load, the torsional vibration torque in
continuous operation should not exceed 20 % of the
nominal torque in order to avoid unacceptable stresses
due to gear hammering. This applies not only to gear
stages but also to parts which are particularly subject
to torsional vibrations (e.g. multiple-disc clutch
mountings). The loaded parts of the gear system are
also subject to the provisions of C.3.1.
Higher alternating torques may be approved by BKI if
proof is submitted to BKI that measures have been
taken and the design takes into account these higher
loadings.
4.1. Flexible couplings must be designed to
withstand the torsional vibration loads which occur in
the operation of the ship. In this context, the total load
resulting, in accordance with B.4., from the superim-
position of several orders is to be taken into account
(see also Section 5).
4.2. Flexible couplings must be capable of
transmitting for a reasonable time the increased
alternating torques which occur under abnormal
operating conditions is accordance with B.2. Speed
range within which, under abnormal operating
conditions, continuous operation is not allowed must
be indicated in accordance with E.2.
5. Shaft-driven generators
5.1. In installation with generators directly
coupled to the engine (free crankshaft end) it is
necessary to ensure that the accelerations do not
exceed the values prescribed by the manufacturer in
any part of the generator.
The critical criterion here is the tangential
acceleration, which is the product of the angular
acceleration and the effective radius. The angular
acceleration is determined by means of forced
torsional vibrations calculations and is to be regarded
as the synthesized value of all major orders. However,
for marked points of resonance the value of the
individual harmonics may be used instead as the basis
for assessment.
5.2. The torsional vibration amplitude (angle) of
shaft-driven generators shall not normally exceed an
electrical value of 5. The electrical vibration
amplitude is obtained by multiplying the mechanical
vibration amplitude by the number of pole pairs.
Whether the Society is able to permit higher values
depends on the configuration of the ship's distribution
network.
6. Connected units
6.1. If further units (e.g. power turbines or
compressors) are coupled positively or non-positively
to the main propulsion system, due attention is to be
paid to these when establishing the torsional vibration
loadings.
In the assessment of their dynamic loads, the limits
laid down by the respective manufacturers are to be
considered in addition to the factors mentioned in C.1.
If these limits are exceeded, the units concerned are to
be uncoupled or prohibited ranges of operation in
accordance with E.1. are to be set. Uncoupling of
these units shall not generally lead to substantial
overloading of the main system in terms of exceeding
the
2
limit for shafting systems, the maximum torque
for flexible couplings and so on.
6.2. In specially critical cases, the calculations of
forced torsional vibrations, including those for
disturbed operation (uncoupled set), as stated in B.1.
are to be submitted to the Society. In such cases the
Society reserves the right to stipulate the performance
of confirmatory measurements (cf. D.) including such
as relate to disturbed operation.
D. Torsional Vibration Measurements
1. During the ship's sea trial, the torsional
vibration of the propulsion plant are to be measured
over the whole operating range. Where measurements
from identical propulsion plants are available, further
torsional vibration measurement may, with the consent
of the Society, be dispenced with.
2. Where existing propulsion plants are
modified, the Society reserves the right to require a
renewed investigation of the torsional vibration
characteristics.
E. Prohibited Ranges of Operation
1. Operating ranges which, because of the
magnitude of the torsional vibration stresses, may only
be passed through are to be indicated as pro-hibited
ranges of operation by red marks on the tachometer or
in some other suitable manner at the operating
stations. In normal operation the speed range 0,8
is to be kept free of prohibited ranges of operation.
In specifying prohibited ranges it is important to
ensure that the navigating and manoeuvering functions
are not unreasonably restricted.
2. Measures necessary to avoid overloading the
propulsion plant under abnormal operating condition
are to be displayed on an instruction panel to be
affixed to all operating stations from which the plant
can be controlled.
F. Auxiliary Machinery
1. Important auxiliary machinery such as diesel
generators and lateral thrust units is to be so designed
that the operating speed range is free from undue
stresses due to torsional vibrations in accordance with
paragraph C. For installations of more than 150 kW,
the torsional vibration calculation is to be submitted to
the Society.
2. In the case of diesel generators with rigidly
coupled generators, the torsional vibration torque in
continuous operation shall not exceed 2,5 times the
nominal generator torque.
Section 17 - Spare Parts 17 - 1

A. General
1. In order to be able to restore engine
operation and manoeuvering capacity to the ship in
the event of damage at sea spare parts for the main
drive and the essential auxiliary machinery are to be
carried on board every ship, together with the
necessary tools.
The Rule is considered to be complied with if the
range of spare parts corresponds to the tables given
below and allowing for the extend of the installed
systems and components in question at the time of
commisioning.
2. Depending on the design and arrangement of
the engine plant, the intended service and operation of
the ship, and also the manufacturer' s
recommendations, a different volume of spare parts
may be agreed between the shipowner and BKI.
Where the volume of spare parts is based on special
arrangements between the shipowner and the Society,
technical documentation is to be provided.
A list of the relevant spare parts is to be carried on
board.
3. In the case of propulosion systems and
operationally important auxiliary machinery which are
not included in the following tables, the requisite
range of spare parts is to be established in each
individual case between shipyard/shipowner and BKI
B. Volume of Spare Parts
The volume of spare parts in accordance with the
tables below is classified according to different ranges
of service:
A = Unlimited range of service and "P"
B = All other ranges of service (L & T)
Explanations :
P (Restricted Ocean)
This range of service is limited, in general, to the trade
along the coast, provided the distance to the nearest
port of refuge and the offshore distance are not
exceeding 200 nautical miles, as well as to the trade
within South East Asia which is defined in Indonesian
Law.
L (Coasting Service)
This range of service is limited, in general, to the trade
along the coast, provided the distance to the nearest
port of refuge and the offshore distance are not
exceeding 50 nautical miles, as well as to "Pelayaran
Lokal" (Local Service as defined in the Indonesian
Law.
T (Shallow Water Service)
This range of service is limited to the trade in shoals,
lagoons, bays, firths and similar waters where there is
no running of heavy seas.
17 - 2 Section 17 - Spare Parts
Internal combustion engines
Table 17.1 Spare parts for main engines
1), 4), 5)
Range of spare parts A B
Main bearings Main bearings or shells for one bearing of each size and type
fitted, complete with shims, bolts and nuts
1 -
Main thrust block
(integral)
Pads for one face of Michell type thrust block, or 1 set 1 set
complete white metal thrust shoe of solid ring type 1 1
Connecting rod
bearings
Bottom end bearings or shells of each size and type fitted,
complete with shims, bolts and nuts, for one cylinder
1 set -
Crosshead type :
Crosshead bearing or shells of each type complete with shims,
bolts and nuts, for one cylinder
1 set -
Trunk piston type :
Gudgeon pins complete with bush/bearing shells and securing
rings for one cylinder
1 set -
Cylinder liner Cylinder liner, complete with joint rings and gaskets 1 -
Cylinder cover
Cylinder cover with full equipment and ready for installation,
including gaskets
1 set -
Cylinder cover bolts and nuts, for one cylinder set -
Valves
Exhaust valves with full equipment and ready for installation,
for one cylinder
1 set 1 set
Inlet valves with full equipment and ready for installation, for
one cylinder
1 set 1 set
Starting air valve with full equipment and ready for installation. 1 1
Overpressure control valve, complete 1 1
Fuel injection valves of each type, ready for installation, for
one engine
2
)
1 set set
Hydraulic valve drive High-pressure pipe/hose of each type 1 -
Piston, Crosshead
type
Piston of each type, ready for fitting, with piston rod, stuffing
box, piston rings, bolts and nuts
1 -
Table 17. 1 Spare parts for main engine (contd.)
Piston trunk piston
type
Piston of each type, ready for fitting , with piston rings,
gudgeon pin, connecting rod, bolts and nuts
1 -
Piston rings Piston rings for one cylinder 1 set -
Piston cooling Telescopic cooling pipes and fittings or their equivalent for one
cylinder unit
1 set -
Cylinder lubricator Complete lubricator, largest type, with drive 1 -
Fuel injection pumps Fuel injection pump complete or, when replacement of
individual components at sea is practicable, complete pump
element with associated valves, seals, springs, etc.
1 -
Fuel injection pipes High pressure fuel pipe of each size and shape fitted, complete
with couplings
1 -
Charge air system
3)
Auxiliary blower, complete including drive 1 -
Exhaust-gas turbocharger: rotor complete, with bearings,
nozzle rings and attached lube oil
pump.
1 set -
Suction and pressure valves of each type for one cylinder 1 set -
Gaskets and packings
,
- 1 set
Exhaust gas syetem
(engine-related)
Compensator of each type 1 -
Notes :
1). In the case of multi-engine installations, the minimum required spares are only necessary for one engine.
2). a) Engines with one or two fuel-injection valves per cylinder:
one set of fuel valves, complete.
b) Engines with more than two fuel-injection valves per cylinder:
two valves complete per cylinder plus a coresponding number of valve parts ( excluding the valve bodies ) which
make it possible to form complete spare set by re-using the operational parts of the dismantled valves.
3). Spare parts for exhaust-gas turbocharger and auxiliary blower may be omitted if emergency operation of the main engine
after failure is demonstrably possible.
The requisite blanking and blocking arrangements for the emergency operartion of the main engine are to be available on
board
4). The necessary tools and equipment for fitting the required spare parts must be available on board.
5). Spares parts are to be replaced immediately as soon as they are "used-up".
Table 17.2 Spare parts for auxiliary engines driving electric generators for essential services
Range of spare parts A
Main bearings Bearings or shells for one bearing of each size and type fitted, complete with
shims, bolts and nuts
1
Cylinder valves
Exhaust valves, complete with casings, seats, springs and other fittings for one
cylinder
2 sets
Air inlet valves, complete with casings, seats, springs and other fittings for one
cylinder
1 set
Starting air valve, complete with casing. seat. springs and other fittings 1
Overpressure control valve, complete 1
Fuel valves of each size and type fitted, complete, with all fittings, for one
engine
set
Connecting rod
bearings
Bottom end bearings or shells of each type, complete with all fittings 1 set
Gudgeon pin with bush for one cylinders 1 set
Piston rings Piston rings, for one cylinder 1 set
Fuel injection
pumps
Fuel injection pump complete or, when replacement of individual components
at sea is practicable, complete pump element with associated valves, seals.
springs. etc.
1
Fuel injection
pipes
High pressure fuel pipe of each size and shape fitted, complete with couplings 1
Gaskets and
packings
Special gaskets and packings of each size and type fitted, for cylinder covers
and cylinder liners for one cylinder
1 set
Notes:
1. Where the number of generating sets (including stand-by units) is greater than that called for by the Rules, no spares are
required for the auxiliary engines.
2. Where several diesel engines of the same type are installed by way of generator drive spare parts are required for one
engine only
3. No spares are required for the engines driving emergency generator sets.
Steam turbines
Table 17.3 Spare parts for main turbines
Main bearings Bearing shell for each size and type fitted. for the rotor 1 set -
Thrust bearings Pads of each size for one face of tilting pad type thrust, with
liners, or rings for turbine adjusting block of each size fitted,
with liners
1 set 1 set
Shaft seals Labyrinth seals, complete 1 set -
Oil filters Strainer baskets or inserts for filters of special design, each
type and size
1 set -
Note:
In the case of twin turbine systems, spare parts are only required for one main turbine.
Table 17.4 Spare parts for auxiliary turbines driving electric generators for essential services
Main bearings Bearing shells or roller bearings of each type and size fitted,
for the turbin rotor
1 set -
Thrust bearings Pads for one face of tilting pad type thrust with liners, or rings
for turbine adjusting block with liners
1 set 1 set
Shaft seals Labyrinth seals, complete 1 set -
Oil filters Strainer baskets or inserts, for filters of special design, each
type and size
1 set -
Note :
Where the number of generating sets (including stand-by units) is greater than that called for by the Rules, no spares are required for the
auxiliary turbines.
Auxiliary prime movers
Table 17.5 Spare parts for prime movers of essential auxiliary machinery other than generators
Range of spare parts
The range of spare parts required for auxiliary drive machinery for essential consumer is to be specified in
accordance with Table 17.2, or l7.4
Note:
Where an additional unit is provided for the same purpose no spare parts are required.
Steam boilers
Table 17.6 Spare parts for steam boilers
Springs of all types for safety valves 1 1
Tube plugs for each type of boiler and superheater tubes. each size for each boiler 2 % 2 %
Water level gauge glasses for each boiler 4 set 2 set
Plate glass. mica sheets and jointing material for water level gauges of each boiler 2 set 2 set
Parts of each burner subject to wear 1 set 1 set
Complete burner, for rotary atomizers one spare rotor with bearings, for one boiler 1 1
Gears, thrust bearings
Table 17.7 Spare parts for gears and thrust bearings in propulsion plants
Wearing parts of main-engine-driven pump supplying lubricating oil to gears or
one complete lubricating oil pump if no stand-by pump is available
1 set -
1
Thrust pads for ahead side of thrust bearings 1 set 1 set
Air compressor for essential services
Table 17.8 Spare parts for air compressors
Piston rings of each type and size fitted for one piston 1 set 1 set
Suction and delivery valves complete of each size fitted in one unit set set
Note:
For spare parts for refrigerant compressors, see Volume VIII, Rules for the Contruction of Refrigerating Installations
Pumps
Table 17.9 Spare parts for pumps
Piston pumps Valve with seats and springs each size fitted 1 set 1 set
Piston rings each type and size for one piston 1 set 1 set
Centrifugal pumps Bearing of each type and size 1 1
Rotor sealings of each type and size 1 1
Gear and screw type
pumps
Bearines of each type and size. 1 1
Rotor sealings of each type and size 1 1
Note:
Where, for a system served by a pump, a stand-by pump of sufficient capacity is available, the spare parts may be dispersed.
Hydraulic systems
(e.g. controllable pitch propeller systems, steering gear, windlasses, hatch cover operating systems,
closing appliances in the ship's shell, watertight door closing systems. hoists)
Table 17.10 Spare parts for hydraulic systems
Pressure hoses and flexible pipes, at least one of each size 20 % 20 %
Seals, gaskets 1 set 1 set
Note:
For valves and seals, this requirement is applicable only to the extent that these parts can be changed with the means available on board.
Where a hydraulic system comprises two mutually independent sub-systems, spare parts need to be supplied for one sub-system only.
Other spare parts
Table 17.11 Others spare parts for main and auxiliary engines and also for operationally important
systems
Safety valve or one valve cone and spring of each type for pressure vessels 1 1
Hoses and compensators incorporated in machines and pipelines 20 % 20 %
Testing device for fuel injection valves 1 1
Condenser tubes with ferrules 2 % -
Tubes for intercooler of air ejector 10 % -
Note:
For carrying out maintenance and repair work, a sufficient number of suitable tools and special tools according to the size of the machinery
installation must be available on board.

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BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA

compressors with a differential

5-2 Section 5 - Gears and Couplings

[-] load distribution factor

[-] helix angle factor for tooth root

[-] helix angle factor (contact stress)

[-] contact ratio factor (contact stress)

5.2 The permissible root bending stress

Fig 6.1 Blade Sections

t [C] The temperature at which the

[mm] supporting cross-sectional area

are defined in Fig. 7.2.

Section 7 - Boilers and Thermal Oil Systems 7-9

[mm] supporting cross-sectional area

are shown in Fig. 7.8.

1.3.3 Non-ferrous metals

tive value for the determination

[-] design coefficient for dished

3.3 Dished ends

3.4 Spherical ends

The conditions applicable to dished ends are shown in

9-4 Section 9 - Oil Firing Equipment

stress at design tem-

% proof stress at design

In passenger ships of 1000 GRT and over, fire pumps,

1. Special category spaces

An emergency fire pump is also to be provided if the

Availability of water for

15 - 6 Section 15 - Special Rules for Tankers

Cooling water pressure/ flow

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