This document provides information about enzymes for a grade 9 biology lesson. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts for metabolic reactions without being used up in the process. It describes the four levels of protein structure and explains how the tertiary structure provides space in the enzyme for substrates to fit. Factors like temperature and pH that can impact enzyme activity are also discussed. Practical investigations are proposed to examine the effects of temperature on lipase activity and pH on general enzyme function.
This document provides information about enzymes for a grade 9 biology lesson. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts for metabolic reactions without being used up in the process. It describes the four levels of protein structure and explains how the tertiary structure provides space in the enzyme for substrates to fit. Factors like temperature and pH that can impact enzyme activity are also discussed. Practical investigations are proposed to examine the effects of temperature on lipase activity and pH on general enzyme function.
This document provides information about enzymes for a grade 9 biology lesson. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts for metabolic reactions without being used up in the process. It describes the four levels of protein structure and explains how the tertiary structure provides space in the enzyme for substrates to fit. Factors like temperature and pH that can impact enzyme activity are also discussed. Practical investigations are proposed to examine the effects of temperature on lipase activity and pH on general enzyme function.
This document provides information about enzymes for a grade 9 biology lesson. It defines enzymes as proteins that act as biological catalysts for metabolic reactions without being used up in the process. It describes the four levels of protein structure and explains how the tertiary structure provides space in the enzyme for substrates to fit. Factors like temperature and pH that can impact enzyme activity are also discussed. Practical investigations are proposed to examine the effects of temperature on lipase activity and pH on general enzyme function.
Enzymes ENZYMES 0654 COORDINATED SCIENCE (2021/22) GRADE 9 Learning aim: Explain how the nervous systems is organised in humans
Learning objectives of the lesson
• Describe a catalyst as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction and is not changed by the reaction • Describe enzymes as proteins that are involved in all metabolic reactions, where they function as biological catalysts • Investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity with reference to optimum temperature and denaturation
Critical thinking question:
“How long does it take to digest a burger without our body enzymes?” TASK: Title of Timing: X activity minutes Further instructions: Success criteria: • Instruction 1 • 1st success criteria • Instruction II • 2nd success criteria • 3rd success criteria Example
Extension: Support tips:
Try to... Try to... Starter
Structure Enzymes are proteins. If you remember the structure of
proteins...
What can we conclude about the structure of enzymes? (3)
✔ Enzymes are proteins, so these are made of C, H, O and
N. ✔ Enzymes are made of amino-acids. ✔ Enzymes are made of complex structures. Enzymes fold 4 levels of structure themselves to show Some (like complicated All must fold to haemoglobin) even structures. the tertiary fold to the quaternary structure structure
Which structure allows lots of space inside for other molecules to fit in? Enzymes are biological catalysts: They perform reactions inside Without them cells. digesting a burger would take up to 3 weeks! True or false? Explain your answer. 1. Enzymes are carbohydrates. 2. Enzymes help in metabolic reactions making these slower. 3. Enzymes have a place where specific substrate fit called “tertiary structure”. 4. After a reaction, the enzyme can no longer work again. 5. Enzymes are only found in living organisms (plants, animals, bacteria, ...). 6. Maltase is una enzyme that breaks down glucose into 2 maltose molecules. What are metabolic cell reactions? All reactions that involve creating new molecules or energy. Examples: • Digesting proteins into amino acids. • Photosynthesis, creating glucose. • Respiration, creating energy. • Digesting starch or glycogen into glucose.
All these reactions are helped by enzymes: they allow
reactions to take place faster and with lower concentrations of substrate. These diagrams show 2 different enzymes. Based on what you interpret, answer these questions:
1. X represents the enzyme. What do you think Y
and Z are?
Y and Z are substrates and products of a reaction.
2. Explain if these enzymes can swap the molecules they interact with. They can’t. Enzymes have specific shape that match with specific substrate. Progress check Based on what you have learned so far about biomolecules, proteins and enzymes, answer the following questions.
Support yourself at the help station by
resolving the enzyme puzzles and reading what is written below. ‘Lock and key’ hypothesis
Products leave since
they changed their shape and no longer fit in the active site Progress 1. check The way enzymes work can be explained using the lock and key model. Explain briefly this idea. 2. Enzymes, after the reaction, can’t perform anymore. True or false? Give your reason. 3. Name the region in the enzyme where substrate fits in. 4. Extension: state what level of structure allows enzymes work properly. After the substrate has Enzymes are changed into products the specific to their enzyme releases them. substrate. The enzyme is unaffected That is explained by and ready to perform the ‘lock and key’ again with more hypothesis substrate.
Chemical bonds and
Enzymes have a positive and negative region where charges define the substrate fits in. tertiary and That region is called quaternary structures the active site. Progress 1. The way enzymes work can be 1. Enzymes are specific to their substrate.
Explain briefly this idea.
check explained using the lock and key model. 2. They will not react to different substrate. False. They are unaffected. Once they release products they can perform the 2. Enzymes, after the reaction, can’t reaction again with new substrate. perform anymore. 3. Active site. True or false? Give your reason. 4. Tertiary and quaternary structures. These are made thanks to chemical 3. Name the region in the enzyme where bonds between amino acids. substrate fits in. 4. Extension: state what level of structure allows enzymes work properly. Phenolphthale Practical: lipase and temperature
Will milk in stay pink?
Lipase + fats 🡪 fatty acids + glycerol
Factors that affect enzymes: temperature and pH
Enzymes need to Enzymes in humans
collide with substrate work at an optimum to make the T of 37 degrees. substrate-enzyme complex. What happens if T rises above 37 How can we increase degrees? collisions of enzymes in a solution? Bonds are broken in the active site and By heating up the the enzyme is solution. denatured. Why could the substrate not react in the active site of the enzyme? Not only high temperature can denature enzymes.
Extreme pH values also denature enzymes:
✔ Most enzymes work at pH 6-8 ✔ Some exceptions include pepsin (pH 2-3) Enzymes are biological catalysts: ✔ They speed up chemical reactions ✔ They are found inside living beings
1. Substrate matches / fits in the active site of the
enzyme 2. The enzyme starts the reaction 3. Substrate changes into product 4. Product has a different shape so it no longer matches /fits in the active site and is released Based on the following graph about temperature on enzyme activity, answer these questions: 1. Is this enzyme likely to be found in humans? Give your reason. No, as its optimum temperature is different to 37 ° (33 °). 2. Why is activity in X increasing? Enzyme activity
The enzyme is gaining kinetic energy. More
X Y collisions happen. The activity increases, then. 3. What is happening in Y? ✔ Temperature is so high that bonds in the active site break. 33° 37 ✔ The active site changes its shape. ° ✔ The enzyme performs worse. Temperature ✔ The enzyme denatures. Based on the following graph about pH on enzyme activity, answer these questions: 1. State the optimum pH for this enzyme. Around pH 4.
2. Why does the enzyme denature as
Enzyme activity
pH gets too acidic or alkaline?
✔ Because too acidic or too alkaline pH changes the charges of the active site. ✔ The active site changes its shape. ✔ The substrate no longer fits inside. 7 ✔ The enzyme stops working. pH THANK YOU
