ITN Module 5

Module 5: Number Systems
Instructor Materials
Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
What to Expect in this Module
§ To facilitate learning, the following features within the GUI may be included in this module:
Feature Description
Animations Expose learners to new skills and concepts.

Expose learners to new skills and concepts.
Videos
Check Your Per topic online quiz to help learners gauge content understanding.
Understanding(CYU)
Interactive Activities A variety of formats to help learners gauge content understanding.

Small simulations that expose learners to Cisco command line to practice
Syntax Checker configuration skills.
Simulation and modeling activities designed to explore, acquire, reinforce, and
PT Activity expand skills.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
What to Expect in this Module (Cont.)
§ To facilitate learning, the following features may be included in this module:
Feature Description
Hands-On Labs Labs designed for working with physical equipment.
Class Activities These are found on the Instructor Resources page. Class Activities are
designed to facilitate learning, class discussion, and collaboration.
Self-assessments that integrate concepts and skills learned throughout the
Module Quizzes series of topics presented in the module.
Module Summary Briefly recaps module content.
Module 5: Number Systems
Introduction to Networks v7.0
(ITN)
Module Objectives
Module Title: Number Systems
Module Objective: Calculate numbers between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal systems.
Topic Title Topic Objective

Binary Number System Calculate numbers between decimal and binary
systems.
Hexadecimal Number System Calculate numbers between decimal and
hexadecimal systems.
5.1 Binary Number System
Binary Number System
Binary and IPv4 Addresses
• Binary numbering system consists of 1s and 0s, called bits
• Decimal numbering system consists of digits 0 through 9
• Hosts, servers, and network equipment using binary addressing to identify each other.
• Each address is made up of a string of 32 bits, divided into four sections called octets.
• Each octet contains 8 bits (or 1 byte) separated by a dot.
• For ease of use by people, this dotted notation is converted to dotted decimal.
Video – Convert Between Binary and Decimal Numbering
Systems
This video will cover the following:
• Positional notation review

• Powers of 10 review
• Decimal – base 10 numbering review
• Binary – base 2 numbering review
• Convert an P address in binary to decimal numbering
Binary Positional Notation
• Positional notation means that a digit represents different values depending on the
“position” the digit occupies in the sequence of numbers.
• The decimal positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below.
Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

Radix 10 10 10 10
Positional Value 1000 100 10 1
Position in Number 3 2 1 0 Decimal Number (1234) 1 2 3 4
Calculate (103) (102) (101) (100) Calculate 1 x 1000 2 x 100 3 x 10 4x1
Position Value 1000 100 10 1 Add them up… 1000 + 200 + 30 +4
Result 1,234
Binary Positional Notation (Cont.)
The binary positional notation system operates as shown in the tables below.
Radix 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Position in Number 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Calculate (27) (26) (25) (24) (23) (22) (21) (20)
Position Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Positional Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Number (11000000) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Calculate 1x128 1x64 0x32 0x16 0x8 0x4 0x2 0x1
Add Them Up… 128 + 64 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0
Result 192
Convert Binary to Decimal
Convert 11000000.10101000.00001011.00001010 to decimal.
Positional Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
Binary Number (11000000) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Add Them Up… 128 + 64 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 192

Binary Number (10101000) 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Add Them Up… 128 +0 + 32 +0 +8 +0 +0 +0

168
Binary Number (00001011) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
192.168.11.10
Add Them Up… 0 +0 +0 +0 +8 +0 +2 +1 11

Binary Number (00001010) 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
Add Them Up… 0 +0 +0 +0 +8 +0 +2 +0 10

Decimal to Binary Conversion
The binary positional value table is useful in converting a dotted decimal IPv4 address to
binary.
• Start in the 128 position (the most

significant bit). Is the decimal number of
the octet (n) equal to or greater than
128?
• If no, record a binary 0 in the 128
positional value and move to the 64
positional value.
• If yes, record a binary 1 in the 128
positional value, subtract 128 from the
decimal number, and move to the 64
positional value.
• Repeat these steps through the 1
positional value.
Decimal to Binary Conversion Example
• Convert decimal 168 to binary
Is 168 > 128?
- Yes, enter 1 in 128 position and subtract 128 (168-128=40)
Is 40 > 64?
- No, enter 0 in 64 position and move on
Is 40 > 32?
- Yes, enter 1 in 32 position and subtract 32 (40-32=8)
Is 8 > 16?
- No, enter 0 in 16 position and move on
Is 8 > 8?
- Equal. Enter 1 in 8 position and subtract 8 (8-8=0)
No values left. Enter 0 in remaining binary positions
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Decimal 168 is written as 10101000 in binary

IPv4 Addresses
• Routers and computers only understand binary, while humans work in
decimal. It is important for you to gain a thorough understanding of these
two numbering systems and how they are used in networking.
5.2 Hexadecimal Number
System
Hexadecimal Number System
Hexadecimal and IPv6 Addresses
• To understand IPv6 addresses,
you must be able to convert
hexadecimal to decimal and
vice versa.
• Hexadecimal is a base sixteen
numbering system, using the
digits 0 through 9 and letters A
to F.
• It is easier to express a value
as a single hexadecimal digit
than as four binary bit.
• Hexadecimal is used to
represent IPv6 addresses and
MAC addresses.
Hexadecimal and IPv6 Addresses (Cont.)
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits in
length. Every 4 bits is
represented by a single
hexadecimal digit. That makes
the IPv6 address a total of 32
hexadecimal values.
• The figure shows the preferred
method of writing out an IPv6
address, with each X
representing four hexadecimal
values.
• Each four hexadecimal
character group is referred to
as a hextet.
Video – Converting Between Hexadecimal and Decimal
Numbering Systems
This video will cover the following:
• Characteristics of the Hexadecimal System

• Convert from Hexadecimal to Decimal
• Convert from Decimal to Hexadecimal
Decimal to Hexadecimal Conversions
Follow the steps listed to convert decimal numbers to hexadecimal values:
• Convert the decimal number to 8-bit binary strings.
• Divide the binary strings in groups of four starting from the rightmost position.
• Convert each four binary numbers into their equivalent hexadecimal digit.
For example, 168 converted into hex using the three-step process.
• 168 in binary is 10101000.
• 10101000 in two groups of four binary digits is 1010 and 1000.
• 1010 is hex A and 1000 is hex 8, so 168 is A8 in hexadecimal.
Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversions
Follow the steps listed to convert hexadecimal numbers to decimal values:
• Convert the hexadecimal number to 4-bit binary strings.
• Create 8-bit binary grouping starting from the rightmost position.
• Convert each 8-bit binary grouping into their equivalent decimal digit.
For example, D2 converted into decimal using the three-step process:

• D2 in 4-bit binary strings is 1101 and 0010.
• 1101 and 0010 is 11010010 in an 8-bit grouping.
• 11010010 in binary is equivalent to 210 in decimal, so D2 is 210 is decimal
5.3 Module Practice and Quiz
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• Binary is a base two numbering system that consists of the numbers 0 and 1, called bits.
• Decimal is a base ten numbering system that consists of the numbers 0 through 9.
• Binary is what hosts, servers, and networking equipment uses to identify each other.
• Hexadecimal is a base sixteen numbering system that consists of the numbers 0 through 9 and
the letters A to F.
• Hexadecimal is used to represent IPv6 addresses and MAC addresses.
• IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long, and every 4 bits is represented by a hexadecimal digit for a total
of 32 hexadecimal digits.
• To convert hexadecimal to decimal, you must first convert the hexadecimal to binary, then convert
the binary to decimal.
• To convert decimal to hexadecimal, you must first convert the decimal to binary and then the
binary to hexadecimal.

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Module 5: Number Systems

Introduction to Networks v7.0

Animations Expose learners to new skills and concepts.

Interactive Activities A variety of formats to help learners gauge content understanding.

Module Summary Briefly recaps module content.

Topic Title Topic Objective

This video will cover the following:

• Positional notation review

Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

Calculate (103) (102) (101) (100) Calculate 1 x 1000 2 x 100 3 x 10 4x1

Position Value 1000 100 10 1 Add them up… 1000 + 200 + 30 +4

Calculate (27) (26) (25) (24) (23) (22) (21) (20)

Position Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Positional Value 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Binary Number (11000000) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Calculate 1x128 1x64 0x32 0x16 0x8 0x4 0x2 0x1

Add Them Up… 128 + 64 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0

Binary Number (11000000) 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Calculate 1x128 1x64 0x32 0x16 0x8 0x4 0x2 0x1

Add Them Up… 128 + 64 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 +0 192

Calculate 1x128 0x64 1x32 0x16 1x8 0x4 0x2 0x1

Add Them Up… 128 +0 + 32 +0 +8 +0 +0 +0

Add Them Up… 0 +0 +0 +0 +8 +0 +2 +1 11

Calculate 0x128 0x64 0x32 0x16 1x8 0x4 1x2 0x1

Add Them Up… 0 +0 +0 +0 +8 +0 +2 +0 10

• Start in the 128 position (the most

Decimal 168 is written as 10101000 in binary

This video will cover the following:

• Characteristics of the Hexadecimal System

For example, D2 converted into decimal using the three-step process:

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