FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL COMPUTER AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS

ENGINEERING

KARABO KWATA
19000963
EEEN 514
LAB REPORT
Contents
CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................ 3
AIM .................................................................................................................................................. 3
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS .............................................................................................................. 23
AIM ................................................................................................................................................ 23
CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS .............................................................................................................. 47
AIM ................................................................................................................................................ 47
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 57
CHAPTER 1 PROBLEMS

AIM
To determine the effective length of air gap of a machine, the mmf of induction machine, an
average air gap flux density of an alternator, the length of air gap of a dc machine, estimate
the effective gap area per pole and calculate the mmf required for the air gap using matlab
and manual calculations

Q1. Determine the effective length of air gap of a machine having a stator with smooth
surface and rotor with open slots free of radial ducts with tooth width 15mm, slot width
13mm, air gap length 3mm.
Manual calculations
Kcs = 1/(1+(5lg/Ws))
= 1/(1+(5*3/13))
= 0.4642
Kgs = ys/( ys-(Kcs*Ws)
ys= Ws + Wt = 13 + 15 = 28mm
Kgs = ys/( ys-(Kcs *Ws) = 28/(28-(0.4642*13)) = 1.2747
No radial ducts, therefore Kgd = 1
Kg =Kgs *Kgd = 1.2747*1 = 1.2747
lgs=Kg*lg=1.2747*
effective air gap length= kg*lg
=1.2747*3
=3.8241mm
Matlab program
%Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a machine
clc;
disp('Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a machine');
%Given data
L=0.3;%Core length in meter
nd=4;%Number of ducts
Wd=8;%Duct width in mm
Pa=0.18;%Pole arc in meter
ys=63;%Slot Pitch in mm
Ig=4;%Length of air gap in mm
Wo=4.5;%Slot opening in mm
Fpp=45;%Flux per pole in mWb
Kcs=0.2;%Carter's coefficient for slots
Kcd=0.24;%Carter's coefficient for ducts
%finding gap contraction factor
Kgs=ys/(ys-(Kcs*Wo));%Gap contraction for slots
disp('Gap contraction factor for slots =');
disp(Kgs);
Kgd=L/(L-(Kcd*nd*Wd*10^(-3)));%Gap contraction for ducts
disp('Gap contraction factor for ducts =');
disp(Kgd);
Kg=Kgs*Kgd;%Total gap contraction factor
disp('Total gap contraction factor =');
disp(Kg);
Bg=Fpp*10^(-3)/(Pa*L);%Flux density at the center of pole in Wb/m2
disp('Flux density at pole center =');
disp(Bg);
ATg=800000*Kg*Bg*Ig*10^(-3);%mmf required for air gap in A
disp('mmf required for air gap (A)=');
disp(ATg);
Results
Q2. Determine the mmf of the induction machine with the length of air gap 4mm, slot
opening 4.5mm, pole arc 180mm, number of ducts 4, width of ducts= 8mm, carters
coefficient being 0.2 for slot opening /air gap length = 1.125 and 0.24 for slot opening /air
gap length =2, slot pitch= 63mm, length of core=300mm ,arc per pole= 0.045wb
Manual calculations

Mat lab program

%Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a machine
clc;
disp('Calculating the mmf required for the air gap of a machine');
%Given data
L=0.3;%Core length in meter
nd=4;%Number of ducts
Wd=8;%Duct width in mm
Pa=0.18;%Pole arc in meter
ys=63;%Slot Pitch in mm
Ig=4;%Length of air gap in mm
Wo=4.5;%Slot opening in mm
Fpp=45;%Flux per pole in mWb
Kcs=0.2;%Carter's coefficient for slots
Kcd=0.24;%Carter's coefficient for ducts
%finding gap contraction factor
Kgs=ys/(ys-(Kcs*Wo));%Gap contraction for slots
disp('Gap contraction factor for slots =');
disp(Kgs);
Kgd=L/(L-(Kcd*nd*Wd*10^(-3)));%Gap contraction for ducts
disp('Gap contraction factor for ducts =');
disp(Kgd);
Kg=Kgs*Kgd;%Total gap contraction factor
disp('Total gap contraction factor =');
disp(Kg);
Bg=Fpp*10^(-3)/(Pa*L);%Flux density at the center of pole in Wb/m2
disp('Flux density at pole center =');
disp(Bg);
ATg=800000*Kg*Bg*Ig*10^(-3);%mmf required for air gap in A
disp('mmf required for air gap (A)=');
disp(ATg);

Results
Q3. Determine an average air gap flux density of an alternator with rating 150mVA, having
number of poles=10, length of core=1.6m, diameter of core=6mm, total mmf per pole is
18000A, MMF required for air gap is 0.8 times of total MMF per pole, field form
factor=0.65m, slot width=20mm, slot pitch=60mm and length of air gap at the centre of
pole=25mm. The type of stator slots is parallel slided open slots. Width of duct=8mm,
number of ducts=40
Manual calculation
Mat lab program
Results
Q4. Determine the length of air gap of dc machine having core length=0.1m, slot
pitch=22mm, slot width=8mm wide, flux density at centre of pole=0.65wb/m^2,
MMF/pole=35000AT and MMF required for iron=780AT. Assume carters coefficient for
slots & ducts as 0.28
Manual calculations

Mat lab program

Results
Q5. Estimate the effective gap area per pole of a 10 pole slip ring induction motor with the
following data; stator bore diameter=0.65m, core length=0.25m, number of stator slots=90,
stator slot opening=3mm, rotor slots=120, rotor slot opening=3mm, air gap length=0.95mm,
carters coefficient for ducts= 0.68, carters coefficient for slots=0.46, number of ventilating
ducts=3 each on rotor & stator, width of each ventilating ducts=10mm
Manual calculations
Kg = kgs x kgd
kgs = kgss x kgsr
kgss =ys /ys –kcs (Ws) Ss
Ys =22.69 mm
Kgs = 1.0647
Rotor slot pitch
Ys =
Dr = Ds – 2lg
= 650 – (2x0.95)
= 648.1 mm

Kgsr = 1.087
Kgs = kgss x kgsr = 1.065 x 1.089 = 1.16

Kgd = = 1.087
Kg = Kgs x Kgd
= 1.26

Ag =0.0511m2
Effective gap = 0.0511/1.26=0.041m^2

Mat lab program

Results
Q6. The stator of a machine has a smooth surface, but its rotor has open type of slots, with
slot width=12mm, Wt=12mm and the length of the air gap=2mm. find the effective length of
air gap if the carters co-efficient 0.5455
Manual calculations

Mat lab program

Results
Q7. Calculate the MMF required for the air gap of a machine having core length=0.32m
including 4 ducts of 10mm each. Pole arc=0.19m, slot pitch=65.4mm, slot opening= 5mm, air
gap length=5mm, flux per pole=52mwb. Given carters coefficient is 0.18 for opening/gap =1
and 0.28 opening/gap=2
Manual calculations
Mat lab program
Results
CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS

AIM
To find the dimensions of the machine, length of core, number of armature conductors,
number of slots, number of commutator segments under given conditions. Calculation were
done manual and using matlab programs.

QUESTION 1

A 5 kW, 250 V, 4 pole, 1500 r.p.m. shunt generator is designed to have a square pole face.
The loadings are Average flux density in the gap = 0.42 Wb/m^2 and ampere conductors per
meter = 15000. Find the main dimensions of the machine. Assume full load efficiency 0.87,
ratio of pole arc to pitch = 0.66

Manual calculation

Armature power= power/efficiency

=5/0.87 =5.75kW

Speed in rps= N/60

=1500/60 =25rps
Output coefficient=𝜋 2 𝐵𝑎𝑣 𝑎𝑐 ∗ 10−3
=𝜋^2*0.42*15000*10^-3
=62.17
Pa= CoD^2Ln
D^2L=Pa/Con
=5.75/62.17*25
=3.7*10^-3m^3
Pole arc= 0.66*𝜋𝐷/𝑝
L/pole arc=1
𝜋𝐷
L=pole arc*1=0.66*
𝑝

L=0.66*𝜋D*1/4
L=0.518D
Therefore D^2L=3.7*10^-3m^3
0.158D^3=3.7*10^-3/0.518
D=1.193m
L=0.518D
=0.518(1.193)
=0.1m
Mat lab program

Results
QUESTION 2

A design is required for a 50KW, 4 pole, 600 rpm DC shunt generator, the full load terminal
voltage being 220V. If the maximum gap density is 0.83wb/m^2 and the armature ampere
conductors per meter are 30000. Calculate suitable dimensions of armature core to give a
square pole face. Assume full load voltage drop is 3% of the rated terminal voltage and that
the field current is 1% of rated full load current pole arc to pole pitch ratio is 0.67.

Manual calculations
Mat lab program
Results
QUESTION 3

Determine the main dimensions, number of poles and the length of air gap of a 600 kW, 500
V, 900 r.p.m. generator. Assume average gap density as 0.6 Wb/m2 and ampere conductors
per meter as 35000. The ratio of pole arc to pole pitch is 0.75 and the efficiency is 91 percent.
The following are the design constraints : Peripheral speed should be equals to or not greater
than 40 m/s, frequency of flux reversal should be equals to or not greater than 50 Hz, current
per brush arm should be equals to or not greater than 400 A and armature m.m.f per pole
should be equals to or not greater than 7500 A. The m.m.f. required for air gap is 50 percent
of armature m.m.f. and gap contraction factor is 1.15.

Manual calculations
Mat lab program
Results
QUESTION 4

A 300 kW, 500 V, 500 rpm, 6-pole DC generator has average flux density over pole as 0.67
Wb/m2 and specific electric loading as 25,000 A/m. The ratio of core length to pole pitch is
0.75. Estimate suitable dimensions of core diameter, length, number of armature conductors,
number of slots and number of commutator segments. With efficiency 0.91. Current per
parallel bar should not exceed 200A. Slot loading should not exceed 1500A. Peripheral speed
should be equals or not greater than 30ms, the pitch of commutator segment should be
between 4 to 9 mm. Commutator diameter = 0.7D.
Peripheral speed , va≤ 30m/sec
Armature winding current per path should not exit 200A
Slot loading should not exit 1500 Amps
The pitch of commutator segment should be between 4-9 mm
Commutator diameter equal to 0.7D

Manual Calculations
Armature power, Pa = = = 329.67 kW
C0 = π2Bavac x 10^-3
= π2 x 0.67 x 25 000 x 10^-3
n = = = 8.33 rps
D2L = = 0.2394 m3
= 0.75
L = 0.75 x = 0.3927D
D2L = 0.24
D2(0.39D) = 0.24
D = 0.85m
L = 0.39 x 0.85 = 0.33m
Checking peripheral speed
Va = πDn = π x 0.85 x 8.33
= 22.19 m/sec < 30 m/sec
Checking current per parallel path
Armature current , Ia = = = 600A
Current per parallel path should not exceed 200 A
For wave winding = 600/2 = 300 A
For lap winding = 600/6 = 100 A < 200 A , therefore the lap winding will be chosen for this
machine.
Finding armature conductors
Average emf induced per conductor
CZ = BavLVa
= 0.67 x 0.33 x 22.19 = 4.91 V
Number of conductors per path ZC = = = 101.83 = 102
Number of armature conductors = number of conductors per path x no parallel path
= 102 x 6 = 612
Number of slots
Slot pitch ys = , vary from 2.5 to 3.5cm
Number of slots s= = to =
s= to =
s=106.81 to = 76
s= 76 to 106

For better commutation s/p will vary from 9 to 16

s= 6x9 to 6x16
s= 54 to 96
for better commutation we choose 76-96 .
for lap winding the number of slots should be a multiple of pole pair (3)
78, 81, 84 , 87, 90 , 93 , 96
To reduce flux pulsations number of slots/pole = integer + ½
s
Slots/pole
Integer +1/2

78/6
= 13

81/6
= 13.5

90/6
= 15

93/6
=15.5

96/6
=16

We may choose 81, 87,93

We know that
Slots/pole x core length /pole pitch = integer + ½ or integer
81
13.5 x 0.75 = 10.125

87
14.5 x 0.75 = 10.875
93
15.5 x 0.75 = 11.624

From the above table 10.125 is close to integer value so the slots is 81.
Number of conductors per slot should be an even integer value
No of conductors/slots = Zs = 7.56 ≈ 8
Zrevised = 81 x 8 = 648
Slot loading should be within 1500A
Iz x Zs = 8 x 100 = 800 A < 1500 A
Number of commutator segments = Number of commutator segments
= 324
Pitch of commutator segment = 0.00577
5.77mm lies between 4mm to 9mm

Mat lab program

Results
Q6. Determine the main dimension and number of armature conductors winding type and
slots of 50kW, 115V, 1000rpm, 4pole DC shunt generator pole arc/pole pitch=0.7 and the
ratio of assume length to pole arc is 1.1 field current is 10A, voltage drop in the armature
circuit is 4V, Bav=0.5wb/m^2, ac=2000A/m armature current/parallel path=200A, slot
loading should not exceed 1500A
Manual calculations
Matlab program
%given
Po = 50;
Vd=4;
Bav =0.5;
ac = 20000;
N = 1000;
P=4;
V = 115;
phi = 0.77;
E=V+Vd;
I_limit = 200;
slot_loading = 1500;
speed_limit= 30;
ys1 = 0.025;
ys2 = 0.035;
Ish=10;

%calculation
Co = pi^2*Bav*ac*1e-3;
disp('The output coefficientis :');
disp(Co);
Il=(Po*1000)/115;
disp('load current');
disp(Il);
Ia=Il+Ish;
disp('armature current');
disp(Ia);
n =N/60;
disp('The speed in rps is :');
disp(n);
Pa =E*Ia*1e-3;
disp('The armature power in KW is :');
disp(Pa);
D2L = Pa/(Co*n);
disp('The value of D^2L in m^3 is :');
disp(D2L);
syms L D

eqns = [L*D^2 ==D2L , L == (pi*D*phi)/P];

[x,y] = solve(eqns,D,L,'real', true);
D =round(double(x),2);
L = round(double(y),2);
disp('The length of the core in m is :');
disp(L);
disp('The diameter of the core in m is :');
disp(D);

%check peripheral speed

Va = pi*D*n;
if(Va> speed_limit)
disp('Dimensions are out of bounds of specifications')
else
I_a = Po/V;
if(I_a/2 > I_limit)
A=2;
disp('We will use wave windings');
else
A =P;
disp('Lap windings used with P =4');
 end
end

%calculate number of armature conductors

ez = Bav*L*Va;
disp('The average induced emf per conductor in V is :');
disp(ez);
Zc = V/ez;
Zc = round(Zc);
disp('The number of conductors per path is :');
disp(Zc);
Nc = Zc*A;
disp('The number of conductors is :');
disp(Nc);

%calculating number of slots

S_ll = pi*D/ys2; %lower limit of s
S_ll = round(S_ll);
S_ul = pi*D/ys1; %lower limit of s
S_ul = round(S_ul);
S =42;
disp('Using the slot pitch constraint, the range of the number of slots is 34 to 48');
disp('For better commutation, the range of S has to be from 36 to 64');
disp('Applying all remaining constraints we get our S as:');
disp(S);
Zs=Nc/S;
disp('after rounding off to the nearest whole number Zs=5');
Zr=5*S;

Matlab program results

CHAPTER 3 PROBLEMS

AIM
To determine a suitable commutator and determine diameter of wire, number of turns in field
coil and exciting current
Question 1
The following particulars refer to the shunt field coil for a 440V, 6pole, DC generator: mmf
per pole =
7000A; depth of winding = 50mm; length of inner turn = 1.1m; length of outer turn = 1.4m;
loss
radiated from outer surface excluding ends = 1400 W/m2; space factor = 0.62; resistivity =
0.02 Ω/m
and mm2 . Calculate a) the diameter of wire b) length of coil c) no. of turns and d) exciting
current.
Assume a voltage drop of 20% of terminal voltage across the field regulator.
%Field winding design of dc machine
%Given Data

V= 440;%terminal voltage
p=6;% no of poles
ATf=7000;%MMF per pole
df=0.05; %depth in m
Ln=1.1;%length of inner turn
Lo=1.4;%length of outer turn

Vd=352;% voltage drop field regulator

Lossr=400;
sf=0.62; % S pole factor
r=0.02;%resistivity
D=1.95;%Diameter of bare conductor
hf=0.142;
%Area of outer surface excluding ends=Lo*hf
% permissible losses =1400*1.4*hf
%calcualation of voltage across each field coil

Ef=Vd/p;
disp(&#39;voltage across each field coil&#39;)
disp(Ef)
%calculation of length mean turn
Lmt=(Lo+Ln)/2;
disp(&#39;calculation of length mean turn&#39;)
disp(Lmt)
%calculation of area of field conductor
af=(ATf*r*Lmt)/Ef;
disp(&#39; area of field conductor&#39;)
disp(af)
%calculation of number of turns
Tf=(sf*hf*df/af)*10^6;
disp(&#39; of number of turns&#39;)
disp(Tf)

%calculation of Rf

Rf=Tf*r*Lmt/af;
disp(&#39; Rf is&#39;)
disp(Rf)
%calculation of field current

If=Ef/Rf;
disp(&#39; field current is&#39;)
disp(If)
Results:

Q2. Design suitable commutators & brushes for an 850kw, 440V, 10pole, 300rpm DC
machine. The armature diameter is 150cm with 450 coils. The commutator is to be designed
with commutator diameters equal to 0.6 time armature diameter. The peripheral speed of
commutator must be greater than 16m/s with commutator pitch less than 7mm. take the
current density in brushes to be equal to 6.5A/cm^2 with brush current within 65A. the brush
drop is 2V, brush/pressure is 125g/cm^2. Choose lap winding, clearance between the
brushes= 0.5cm.
Manual calculation
Mat lab program
Results
CONCLUSION
Using manual calculations as well as the Matlab software, all questions were answered in a
satisfactory manner. The outcomes of the two approaches were contrasted and compared. The
results from both sides slightly differ due to rounding off.