EUROPEAN

MECHANICAL Research Article

SCIENCE

e-ISSN: 2587-1110

Effect of heat treatment on the performance of

30MnB4 steel for being used as grade 10.9 bolt
material
Onur Guven1,*, Yasemin Erdogan2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mersin University, Yenisehir, 33343, Mersin, Türkiye.
2
Mersin University, Institute of Science, Dept of Mechanical Eng., 33343 Yenisehir, Mersin, Türkiye.

Orcid: O. Güven (0000-0002-8101-4871), Y. Erdogan (0000-0002-8309-0544)

Abstract: Due to technological advancements, alloy steels are now widely used in producing high-strength bolts through
various heat treatments. One of the essential features desired in bolts is their strength, as they are subject to heavy loads.
This strength is referred to as bolt quality, and interest in heat treatment methods applied to increase the strength of alloy
steels is increasing. The mechanical properties achieved from different heat treatment methods and chemical compositions
vary. This study aimed to impart the mechanical properties of grade 10.9 steel bolts onto 30MnB4 steel by applying different
heat treatments. The effects of tempering temperature on tensile strength, yield strength, elongation at break, reduction in
cross-sectional area at break, hardness, and notch impact values at -20 °C were examined by passing the prepared samples
through five different tempering processes after preheating, annealing and quenching processes. The results revealed that the
mechanical properties of grade 10.9 steel bolts were imparted to 30MnB4 steel at all tempering temperatures applied within
the scope of the study. Yield strength, tensile strength, hardness, and -20 °C notch impact values increased as tempering
temperature decreased, while elongation at break decreased. This study adds 30MnB4 steel to the literature as an alternative
material that can be used to produce grade 10.9 steel bolts. In addition, mechanical properties obtained depending on
tempering temperatures have also revealed the usability of 30MnB4 steel for different applications requiring high strength
and toughness values.
Keywords: 30MnB4 steel, Grade 10.9 steel bolt, Heat treatment, Tempering, Mechanical properties.

1. Introduction adding alloying elements to steel, and properties such as

Many companies in the steel industry that are able to keep hardenability, corrosion resistance and high-temperature
up with and effectively utilize advancing technology are resistance can be imparted. For this purpose, elements
able to select low-cost materials with desired mechani- such as Mn, Si, Cr, Ni, Mo, W, V and Ti can be added
cal properties among the increasing variety of products, to steel at different rates. These steels also belong to the
providing a significant advantage over their competitors. group of alloy steels [1]. As an example of the effects of the
Low cost in material selection can be achieved by incor- alloying elements, Mo can be added to alloy steels to in-
porating newly developed low-cost materials or by devel- crease hardenability and reduce susceptibility to temper
oping existing materials to obtain the desired properties. embrittlement, Ni can be added for better corrosion resis-
The desired properties of a product vary depending on tance, P and S can be increased to improve machinability
its use and purpose, and the desire to increase strength [2], Cr can be effective in forming carbides that contribute
without increasing density or without decreasing ductil- to the enhancement of matrix strength in alloy steels [3].
ity is a common goal in many products. Although different properties can be imparted to steel by
alloying, if it is done for the purpose of gaining strength,
Methods such as strengthening by grain size reduction, it may cause difficulties in shaping the material due to the
solid state strengthening, strain hardening, precipita- gained strength. The advantage of using heat treatment
tion hardening, and quenching can be used to increase to increase strength compared to other methods is that
strength. From the point of view of strength enhance- it can provide an advantage in situations where shape
ment, which of these methods will be used in the prod- changes are required in previous stages of the process [4].
uct should be evaluated in terms of cost and feasibility. In addition, strength can be increased without changing
Strength, hardness and toughness can be increased by the initial chemical composition.

*
Corresponding author. European Mechanical Science (2023), 7(3): 172-177
Email: oguven@mersin.edu.tr https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1311052
Received: June 7, 2023 — Accepted: July 26, 2023
Onur Guven, Yasemin Erdogan

To provide extra properties to steels, both alloying and ed that the highest wear resistance of 30MnB5 steel is
heat treatment can be used in some applications, as in achieved when the steel is quenched and tempered at 200
the case of 30MnB4 steel. B alloy in 30MnB4 steel, which °C, resulting in a hardness of 54 and 49 HRC.
is a low-alloy steel, is used to increase strength and hard-
enability [5], while Mn is used to reduce brittleness and This study evaluated whether 30MnB4 steel, a low-alloy
increase strength [6]. Low-alloy steels containing boron boron steel, can be used as bolt material in high-strength
are widely used in many industrial applications such as bolts, such as grade 10.9 steel bolts. In this context, pre-
gas and oil pipelines, construction and automotive, re- heating, annealing, oil quenching and tempering were
placing high-carbon and low-alloy steels used in sheet applied, and 5 different tempering temperatures were
and strip form due to their low cost [5]. Oruc et al. [7] performed to determine the effect of tempering on the
mentioned in their study about low carbon steel 19MnB4 mechanical properties of heat-treated 30MnB4. The ob-
that, the addition of a relatively small amount of B to steel tained results were evaluated taking into account the me-
produces an equivalent improvement in hardenability as chanical properties and chemical composition data that
other more expensive elements that require significantly the bolts made of alloyed steels should have according
larger amounts to be added. Erdogan [8] compared the to their quality (property class) specified in the standard
effects of heat treatment temperatures on the mechanical ISO 898-1 [16], and the appropriate tempering tempera-
properties of 42CrMo4 and 30MnB4 steels. ture was determined

There are limited studies in the literature regarding heat

treatment applications of low-alloy steels containing bo-
2. Materials and Methods
ron. It was stated by Arman that boron steels are easily 2.1. Material Preparation
machinable and exhibit very good mechanical proper- The purpose of this study is to impart the quality char-
ties after applied heat treatments [9]. Çarboğa et al. [10] acteristic of grade 10.9 carbon steel to 30MnB4 (DIN
expressed that wear behavior and deformation proper- 1.5526) steel. In this context, 5 different tempering tem-
ties were improved by heat treatment methods in boron peratures were studied to determine the effect of temper-
steels. Haracic mentioned that the steel with and without ing to be performed after the quenching process.
B shows almost no variation in surface hardness but a
significant difference in hardenability [11]. The inclusion The initial material, 30MnB4 steel, used in the study was
of 30 ppm of B in steel with around 0.15 % C, 1 % Mn, supplied by Kroman Çelik company as Ø20 coil (casting
and 0.9 % Cr results in a significant increase in hardness, number: 10037827, and coil number: 1003782702). Af-
by nearly 50 %, at a greater depth from the surface com- ter the straightening process was performed in the coil
pared to steel with the identical composition but with- straightening machine, samples with dimensions of 250
out B [11]. The fracture behavior of zinc-coated screws mm were cut in a band saw.
made of 30MnB4 steel was searched by Krawczyk et al.
[12]. The samples made of 30MnB4 steel were compared 2.2. Heat Treatment
after proper and improper heat treatment followed by Heat treatment was applied to samples with a diameter of
baking performed as a means of dehydrogenation. They 20 mm and a length of 250 mm obtained from 30MnB4
obtained significant differences between the sample steel material, as illustrated in the flow chart in Figure
quenched but not tempered (process no.2) and the other 1. The samples were heated to 450 °C at a heating rate of
sample quenched and tempered (Process no.1): The mi- 600 °C /h and kept at this temperature for 60 minutes.
crostructure of the sample deal with process no.2 has Then, the samples were heated to 860 °C at a heating rate
a high number of carbides as compared to the sample of 600 °C /h and kept at this temperature for 90 minutes.
deal with process no.1. After the annealing process was performed by waiting 90
minutes at 860 °C, the samples were quenched by cooling
Bozca and Kinit [13], studied on effect of the heat treat-
ments on the mechanical properties of 30MnB4. They
revealed that the values of yield strength and tensile
strength assured the required yield strength values RP0,
2 and tensile strength values Rm presented in the liter-
ature. An other study deal with the effect of heat treat-
ment was conducted by Zhu et al. [14]. The effects of
quenching temperature on tempering microstructure,
mechanical properties and wear resistance of 30MnB
steel were evaluated. the tensile strength of 30MnB was
about 1350 MPa after quenching at 840 °C - 900 °C and
then tempering at 200 °C. The wear morphology was de-
fined as fine wear mark, shallow furrow and ridge aug-
mentation. Khoma et al. [15] investigated the effect of the
heat treatment of 30MnB5 steel on its micromechanical
Figure 1. Flowchart diagram to present the heat treatment process
properties and resistance to abrasion wear. They stat- performed on 30MnB4

European Mechanical Science (2023), 7(3): 172-177 https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1311052 173

 Effect of heat treatment on the performance of 30MnB4 steel for being used as grade 10.9 bolt material

them in oil at 50 °C. To determine the effect of the tem- properties of both the commercially obtained material
pering process on the mechanical properties, tempering and the samples obtained after the tempering process
was performed at 5 different temperatures in the range of in heat treatment. The tensile test was performed in ac-
485 - 520 °C for 2 hours. cordance with DIN EN ISO 6892-1 standard [18] using
a 60 ton universal testing machine. The obtained yield
2.3. Characterization strength, tensile strength, elongation at yield, elongation
at break, and reduction in cross-sectional area at break
2.3.1. Chemical Composition values were compared and interpreted with each other
The chemical composition of the commercially obtained and with the literature.
30MnB4 steel was determined using an optical emission
spectrometer for metals (Solaris S5).
3. Results and Discussion
2.3.2. Microstructure In this study, an investigation was carried out on the po-
Microstructure analysis was performed on both the tential use of 30MnB4 steel as the grade 10.9 bolt ma-
commercially obtained initial material and the sample terial. The microstructure of the commercially obtained
obtained after the oil quenching process to determine its 30MnB4 steel is presented in Figure 2. The results of op-
microstructure and changes. For microstructure anal- tical emission spectrometer analysis and data obtained
ysis, a 10 mm thick piece was cut and mounted in ba- from tensile, hardness, -20 °C impact tests are presented
kelite (Metkon, Ecopress 50), the surface was prepared in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. As seen in Table 1
for microstructure analysis on a grinding and polishing and Table 2, the chemical composition and the mechan-
machine (Metkon Forcipol 2V) and then the obtained ical properties of the commercially obtained material
surface was etched with 5 % Nital. To facilitate compari- used in this study are consistent with the literature data
son, images were captured at a consistent magnification of 30MnB4 steel. As presented in Figure 2, the micro-
of 400X during microstructural analysis using an optical structure composed of perlite and ferrite is also in agree-
microscope (Metkon, IMM 901). ment with the literature. From the chemical composi-
tion, mechanical data, and microstructure image, it was
2.3.3. Hardness determined that the commercially obtained material is
In order to determine the hardness values and changes 30MnB4.
in hardness, measurements were taken from both the
starting material obtained commercially and the samples
obtained before and after the tempering process in heat
treatment. Vickers hardness was used as the hardness
measurement method, and hardness measurements were
taken on samples prepared for micro structural analysis.

2.3.4. Impact Test

The Charpy pendulum impact test was performed to de-
termine the fracture toughness of both the commercially
obtained 30MnB4 steel and the samples obtained after
the tempering process in heat treatment. The Charpy
pendulum impact test samples were prepared according
to ISO 148-1 standard [17], and the test temperature was
used as -20 °C as specified in ISO 898-1 standard. “Table Figure 2. Microstructure of the commercially obtained material
3 - Mechanical and physical properties of bolts, screws before heat treatment (magnification: 400x)
and studs”. V-notches were opened in accordance with
ISO 148-1 standard. V-notched samples were complete-
ly immersed in an ethyl alcohol-carbon dioxide mixture In Table 1, the chemical composition of grade 10.9 steel
and kept in a cooling cabinet at -25 °C to reach the exper- that is desired to be obtained within the scope of the
imental temperature. The samples that reached the de- study is presented, as well as 30MnB4 steel. It can be
sired temperature were quickly (within 5 seconds) placed seen from Table 1 that the C, P, S and B ratios in 30MnB4
in the Charpy pendulum impact test device (Alsa, Zbc material match the C, P, S and B ratios that should be in
450J), and broken. “grade 10.9 alloy steel with additives, quenched and tem-
pered” material according to ISO 898-1:2013 standard.
2.3.5. Tensile Test As no other treatments will be applied to the 30MnB4
The tensile test was performed to determine the mechan- material during the study except for heat treatments
ical properties of commercially available starting mate- such as annealing, water quenching, and tempering, the
rials and samples obtained after the tempering process chemical composition of the 30MnB4 material will re-
in heat treatment, both before and after the heat treat- main as shown in the middle column of Table 1 and will
ment. The tensile test was performed before heat treat- thus meet the chemical composition requirements of
ment and after tempering to determine the mechanical grade 10.9 alloy steel.

174 European Mechanical Science (2023), 7(3): 172-177 https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1311052

Onur Guven, Yasemin Erdogan

ment, increased to 528 after the oil quenching process

Table 1. Chemical compositions of the materials mentioned in this
study. performed within the scope of the study. As seen from
The speci- grade 10.9 alloy steel with
the hardness conversion table in ASTM A370 standard,
30MnB4[16] mens used in additives, quenched and the tensile strength, which was approximately 605 MPa
this study tempered [13] before the heat treatment, increased to 1820 MPa after
C% 0.27 - 0.32 0.303 0.20 – 0.55 the quenching process.
Si % ≤ 0.30 0.138
To determine the effect of the tempering process on the
Mn % 0.80 - 1.10 0.927
mechanical properties and microstructure of 30MnB4
P% ≤ 0.025 0.010 ≤ 0.025
material after quenching to obtain grade 10.9 steel bolt
S% ≤ 0.025 0.012 ≤ 0.025 material, 5 different tempering temperatures were stud-
Cr % ≤ 0.30 0.194 ied. The samples obtained after oil quenching were tem-
Mo % - 0.008 pered at 485, 490, 500, 510 and 520 °C for 2 hours. The
Cu % ≤ 0.25
mechanical properties obtained according to the tem-
pering temperature are presented in Table 3. Since no
B% 0.0008-0.005 0.003 ≤ 0.003
significant difference was observed in the microstruc-
tures obtained from the samples tempered at different
Table 2. The mechanical properties of 30MnB4 steel temperatures, the microstructure image of one of the
30MnB4 steel Tensile test results of tempering temperatures is presented as Figure 4.
from the the material used in
standard [19] this study
Tensile strength, Rm (Mpa) ≤ 670 662.86
Yield strength Rp0.2 (MPa) 471.44
Percentage elongation after 23.78
fracture, A (%)
Percentage reduction of ≥ 58 59.63
area after fracture, Z (%)
Vickers hardness (HV) 180.33
Impact strength at -20 °C, 10.03
Kv (J)

Figure 4. Microstructure of the 30MnB4 steel after tempering process

at 500 °C for 2 hours (magnification: 400X)

After being subjected to preheating, annealing, and oil

quenching processes, as seen in Figure 1, commercially The effects of different temperatures in the tempering
obtained 30MnB4 steel samples were examined for their process performed after preheating, annealing and oil
microstructure and hardness values. The microstructure quenching on tensile strength, yield strength, percent-
of the hardened 30MnB4 sample consists of perlite and age elongation at break, percentage reduction in area at
ferrite, as seen in Figure 3. The hardness measurement break, hardness and -20 °C impact values are presented in
conducted after oil quenching was measured as 51 HRC Table 3. The 528 Vickers hardness value measured after
(Vickers: 528), which corresponds to a tensile strength oil quenching decreased as expected after the tempering
of 1820 MPa according to the hardness conversion table process and fell within the range of 323-371, depending
in ASTM A370 standard [20]. The Vickers hardness val- on the tempering temperature used in the study. As ex-
ue, which was approximately 180 before the heat treat- pected, an increase in tempering temperature resulted
in a decrease in yield and tensile strength, a decrease in
hardness value, and an increase in percentage elongation
at fracture. As shown in Table 3, tempering also has a
significant effect on the results of charpy pendulum im-
pact test performed at -20 °C. The Charpy impact value,
which was 10.3 J after oil quenching, increased to the
range of 33-96 J after the tempering process was applied
at different temperatures. A decrease in tempering tem-
perature increases the -20 °C Charpy impact result. The
value obtained from the tempering process at 520 °C is
approximately 33 J, rising to approximately 96 J when the
tempering temperature is 485 °C.

In order to specify the desired mechanical properties, the

mechanical properties of grade 10.9 steel bolts were given
Figure 3. Microstructure of the 30MnB4 steel after oil quenching
(magnification: 400X).
in Table 4 by utilizing the literature. When the mechan-

European Mechanical Science (2023), 7(3): 172-177 https://doi.org/10.26701/ems.1311052 175

 Effect of heat treatment on the performance of 30MnB4 steel for being used as grade 10.9 bolt material

Table 3. The effect of tempering temperatures on the mechanical properties of annealed and oil quenched 30MnB4 steel
Tempering temperature 485 °C 490 °C 500 °C 510 °C 520 °C
Tensile strength, Rm (MPa) 1140.45 1131.85 1074.39 1066.58 1065.22
Yield strength, Rp0.2 (MPa) 1097.35 1082.86 1000.80 995.72 990.08
Percentage elongation after fracture, A (%). 11.21 11.59 13.20 17.58 18.60
Percentage reduction in area after fracture, Z (%) 58.91 61.58 59.89 61.42 63.85
Vickers hardness (HV) 371.50 360.50 354.50 323.00 323.00
Impact strength at -20 °C, Kv (J) 96.12 82.66 75.33 35.04 33.08

Table 4. The mechanical properties of class 10.9 bolts [16]

Tensile strength, Rm Stress at 0.2% non-proportio- Percentage elongation Percentage reduction of Vickers hard- Impact strength
(MPa) nal elongation, Rp0.2 (MPa) after fracture, A (%) area after fracture, Z (%) ness (HV) at -20 °C, Kv (J)
≥ 1040 ≥ 940 ≥9 ≥ 48 320 - 380 ≥ 27

ical properties of 30MnB4 material that was tempered at pact values at -20 °C were examined. The results revealed
different temperatures after preheating, annealing, and that grade 10.9 steel bolt properties were obtained for
hardening processes (Table 3) were compared with the all the tempering temperatures studied. When the ob-
mechanical properties of grade 10.9 steel bolts, it was tained mechanical properties were compared with each
observed that grade 10.9 properties were obtained for all other, it was determined that as the tempering tempera-
tempered temperatures studied. According to the effects ture decreases, yield strength, tensile strength, hardness
of the tempered temperatures on the mechanical prop- value, and impact value at -20 °C increase, and elonga-
erties, it can be seen that the tempering temperature can tion at break decreases. Therefore, different tempering
be determined according to the extra demanded prop- temperatures can be chosen to obtain specific mechan-
erty in grade 10.9 steel material. As seen in Table 3, if ical properties required for different applications. It has
relatively high strength, high hardness, and high Charpy been determined that when relatively high strength, high
impact value at -20 °C are desired in grade 10.9 steel bolt, hardness and high impact values are required, it is ap-
485 °C is advantageous as the tempering temperature; if propriate to select the tempering temperature as 485
relatively high ductility is desired, 520 °C provides an ad- °C. On the other hand, choosing 520 °C as the temper-
vantage. ing temperature is proper when high ductility is needed.
Furthermore, the current study revealed the usability of
heat-treated 30MnB4 steels for different applications re-
4. Conclusion quiring high strength and high toughness values.
In this study, it was aimed to obtain the mechanical
properties of grade 10.9 steel bolts by applying different
heat treatments to 30MnB4 steel. Preheating, annealing
5. Acknowledgements
and quenching processes were applied to 30MnB4 steel The authors would like to thank the Bolt Factory “Ber-
material, and then the tempering process was used at dan Cıvata Enerji İmalat Savunma Sanayi ve Laboratuvar
five different temperatures (485, 490, 500, 510 and 520 Hizmetleri Ticaret A.Ş.” for the opportunity to use their
°C). The effects of tempering temperatures on tensile heat treatment unit and their test laboratory, which is
strength, yield strength, elongation at break, reduction accredited in accordance with ISO/EN 17025 in Turkey.
in cross-sectional area at break, hardness and notch im-

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