UNIT 2 Managing Storage Devices
UNIT 2 Managing Storage Devices
UNIT 2 Managing Storage Devices
Semiconductor Memory:
• A device which is used to stores digital information is known as
semiconductor memory.It is also known as memory chip,
semiconductor storage or transistor memory.
• The semiconductor memory is directly accessible by the
microprocessor. It offers high operating speed and has the
ability to consume low power.
• It fabricated as IC’s thus it requires less space inside the system.
The fabrication of semiconductor memories is done through
CMOS technology.
• The access time of these memory must be compatible with the
microprocessor. Thus semiconductor devices are preferred as
primary memory.
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There are two types of semiconductor memory :
1. Volatile
2. Non-volatile
Volatile memory:
• Volatile memories are those memories that store the data
temporarily.
• We can say that data is stored in volatile memory only till the
duration power supply is ON. Once the supply gets OFF then
the stored data gets lost.
Example: RAM is a volatile memory.
Types of Semiconductor memory
1. Volatile
2. Non Volatile
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Random Access Memory (RAM) :
• It is also knows as working memory of computer. The Read and
write (R/W) memory of a computer is called RAM.
• The User can write information to it and read information from
it.
• RAM is a volatile memory, it means information written to it
can be accessed as long as power is on.
• RAM holds data and processing instructions temporarily.
There are two types of RAM:
1. SRAM
2. DRAM
SRAM DRAM
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SRAM DRAM
In this bits are stored in In this bits are stored in the form of
voltage form. electric energy.
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SRAM DRAM
SRAMs has lower latency DRAM has more latency than SRAM
Non-volatile memory:
• Non-volatile memories are those memories that store the data
permanently.
• The data retained in the memory even if the power supply is
OFF.
• ROM is a non-volatile memory.
ROM:
• It stands for Read-Only Memory.
• ROM is an example of nonvolatile memory.
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• It is a memory array that is permanently programmed by the
programmer only once.
• User can not be changed or modify ROM data only read. Hence
its data cannot be changed by the processor once it is
programmed.
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• The data can be erased and reprogrammed by using ultraviolet
(UV) light. The process of programming an EPROM is often
called BURNING.
• Nowadays EPROM chips are not used in the computer, and
these EPROM chips replaced by EEPROM.A programmed
EPROM can retain its data for a minimum of 10 to 20 years.
EEPROM:
• It stands for electrically erasable programmable read-only
memory.
• It is a non-volatile ROM chip which is used for storing a small
amount of data in computers. In EEPROM, the data is erased
using an electrical signal.
• EEPROM was developed by George Perlegos in 1978 at Intel.
• EEPROM used as a replacement for PROM and EPROM. Here,
erase and write operations are performed by byte per byte.
• We can reprogram EEPROM infinite number of times. We can
program and erase the contents of EEPROM without removing
the chip from the computer.
Flash Memory:
• Flash memory combines the advantages of ROM and RAM. It
can be written or programmed in units called “Sector” or a
“Block.”
• Flash Memory is EEPROM means that it can retain its contents
when the power supply removed. It commonly found in mobile
phones, USB flash drives, tablet computers, and embedded
controllers.
• Flash memory is often used to hold control code such as the
BIOS in a personal computer. This memory is used in USB, SD
card, memory chip etc.
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SIMM (Single In-line Memory Module)
• A type of memory module containing random-access
memory (RAM) used in computers from the early 1980s
to the early 2000s.
• SIMMs have a single row of electrical contacts on one
side of the module.
• SIMMs are typically 30-pin or 72-pin modules.
• 30-pin SIMMs are used in 8-bit and 16-bit computers,
such as the IBM XT and AT.
• 72-pin SIMMs are used in 32-bit computers, such as the
486 and early Pentium systems.
• SIMMs are installed in pairs in memory sockets on the
motherboard.
• SIMMs were superseded by DIMMs (dual in-line
memory modules) in the late 1990s.
Important points about SIMMs
• SIMMs are older technology than DIMMs.
• SIMMs are not as widely available as DIMMs.
• SIMMs are not as fast as DIMMs.
• SIMMs are not as reliable as DIMMs.
Uses of SIMMs
• SIMMs can be used to upgrade older computers.
• SIMMs can be used to repair older computers.
• SIMMs can be used for educational purposes.
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Comparison of SIMMs and DIMMs
Feature SIMM DIMM
Number of contact 1 2
rows
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DIMM (Dual In-Line Memory Module)
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• DIMM stands for Dual In-Line Memory Module.
▪ Current memory modules come in DIMMs.
▪ "Dual in-line" refers to pins on both sides of the
modules. A DIMM had a 168-pin connector
supporting 64-bit data bus, which is twice the data
width of SIMMs.
▪ The wider bus means, more data can pass through a
DIMM, translating to faster overall performance.
▪ Latest DIMMs based on fourth-generation double
data rate (DDR4) SDRAM have 288-pin connectors
for increased data throughput
• DIMMs are natively 64-bit, meaning they can transfer data 64
bits at a time. This is in contrast to SIMMs (Single In-line
Memory Modules), which are 32-bit.
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Uses of DIMMs:
• DIMMs are used to store data that is being actively used by the
computer. This includes data for the operating system,
applications, and documents.
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DIMMs are an essential component of modern computers. They
provide the storage space that is needed to run applications and
store data. DIMMs are available in a variety of speeds and capacities
to meet the needs of different users.
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What is HDD ?
• Due to this, they help computers store files and other data for
a long time – as long as they don’t get damaged or corrupted.
o IDE
o EIDE
o SCSI
o SATA
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1.IDE( Integrated Drive Electronics)
Uses of IDE:
• IDE was the most common interface for connecting storage
devices to computers for many years.
• IDE devices were relatively inexpensive and easy to install.
• IDE devices were compatible with a wide variety of
motherboards.
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2.EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics)
EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) is a hard drive interface
that was developed in the early 1990s. It is an improvement over the
older IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) interface, and it offers a
number of advantages, including:
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• The term was coined by Western Digital in 1994.
Uses of EIDE:
• EIDE hard drives were used in personal computers,
workstations, and servers.
• EIDE hard drives were used to store all types of data, including
documents, pictures, music, videos, and applications.
• EIDE hard drives were used to back up data from other storage
devices.
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2.SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is a set of standards for
physically connecting and transferring data between computers and
peripheral devices, such as hard disk drives (HDDs). SCSI was
introduced in the 1980s and has seen widespread use on servers and
high-end workstations.
• SCSI HDDs can support more devices on a single bus than other
types of HDDs.
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• Workstations: SCSI HDDs are used in workstations to provide
high-performance storage for applications such as video
editing, CAD/CAM, and scientific computing.
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3.SATA(Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)
Serial ATA or SATA is a computer bus interface for connecting the
storage disks or drives to the motherboard of computer systems.
SATA standards help in transferring data from hard drives and
optical disk drives to computer systems.
• SATA supports higher data transfer rates than PATA. The latest
SATA revision, SATA III, supports data transfer rates of up to 6
Gbit/s.
• SATA cables are thinner and more flexible than PATA cables,
making them easier to install.
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• SATA is the standard interface for connecting hard drives to
computers.
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Hard drive partitions:
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• Logical drives: A logical drive is a division of an extended
partition that is treated as a separate unit by the operating
system. A hard drive can have up to 128 logical drives.
Benefits of partitioning a hard drive:
• Improved data organization: Partitioning a hard drive can help
to improve data organization by separating different types of
data onto different partitions. This can make it easier to find
and manage data.
• Increased security: Partitioning a hard drive can help to
increase security by isolating sensitive data on a separate
partition. This can make it more difficult for unauthorized users
to access sensitive data.
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Trouble-shooting hard drives & data recovery
Troubleshooting:
• Troubleshooting is the process of identifying and resolving
problems. It involves a series of steps that are taken to
diagnose the cause of a problem and then to find a solution.
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• How to Troubleshoot Hard Disk:
1. Open File Explorer and find the disk which has problems.
2. Right click on the hard disk with errors.
3. Choose Properties.
4. Navigate to Tools bar in the Properties window.
5. Click on the Check button.
6. Select Scan and repair drive to start detecting & fixing disk
errors.
Data recovery
• Data recovery is the process of retrieving data from a storage
device that has been damaged or corrupted. There are a
number of different data recovery methods, and the best
method will depend on the specific circumstances.
• Some common data recovery methods include:
o Software recovery: This method uses software to scan the
storage device for lost or corrupted data.
o Hardware recovery: This method involves physically
opening the storage device and repairing any damage.
o Cloud recovery: This method uses cloud-based services to
recover data from a damaged or corrupted storage
device.
Recover Data from a Corrupted or Crashed Hard Drive with Software:
• Disk Drill is a data recovery tool that facilitates easy recovery
of your essential documents,
photos, videos, and other related data lost from a variety of
storage devices.
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Optimizing Hard drive
• Optimizing a drive is the process of improving its performance
and efficiency.
• Optimizing your drives can help your PC run smoother and boot
up faster.
• To optimize them:
o Select the search bar on the taskbar and enter defrag.
o Select Defragment and Optimize Drives.
o Select the disk drive you want to optimize.
o Select the Optimize button.
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Disk cleanup
• Disk Cleanup is a utility software included in Microsoft
Windows that helps users free up disk space by removing
unnecessary files. These files can include temporary files,
cached webpages, and rejected items that end up in the
Recycle Bin.
• First introduced with Windows 98 and included in all
subsequent releases of Windows.
• It allows users to remove files that are no longer needed or that
can be safely deleted.
• Removing unnecessary files, including temporary files, helps
speed up and improve the performance of the hard drive and
computer
• Running Disk Cleanup at least once a month is an excellent
maintenance task and frequency.
1. Open the search box from the taskbar in your system, and
search for Disk Cleanup. Select Disk Cleanup from the list of
programs. This will open the utility software in the system.
2. You will see the list of drives, select the drive you want to clean
and then click OK.
3. This will open the files occupying the drive in the system from
the list of files that can be deleted. The user can select the files
they want to remove. If the user wants a description of the file
type, select the file.
4. Once the user has selected all the files, click on OK.
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• It is an effective and economical solution with a straight
forward interface for beginners.
Steps :
1. Download and Install Disk Drill for Windows or Mac OS.
2. Launch Disk Drill recovery software, select the crashed hard disk
and click:
3. Preview the files you found with Quick or Deep Scan. Disk Drill
provides you with a complete disk scan
report at the end of the recovery operation.
5.Click Recover to recover your lost data.
Disk backup:
• Hard disk backup is a process to create a complete copy of
everything in a hard drive to another HDD/SSD or an external
hard drive
• With a hard disk backup, you can fully protect your computer
data from the following disasters:
o Virus attack
o Accidental deletion
o Careless formatting
o Hard drive corrupted
o OS crash or boot issue
Disk fragment
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work harder to find and read the different pieces of a file,
which can slow down your computer's performance.
For example, imagine a picture file that is saved to your hard
drive. When you first save the file, it is stored in a single
contiguous block on the disk. However, over time, as you
delete and modify other files, the empty blocks on the disk are
reused to store new files. This can lead to the picture file being
split up into multiple fragments, which are scattered across the
disk.
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Defragmentation:
Defragmentation is a process that reorganizes the files on your
disk to make them contiguous. This can improve performance
and reduce wear and tear on your disk drive
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