GROUP MEMBERS

KARNAIL KATOCH VISHAL MAHANT ARCHANA KAHRINAR MOHAMMAD PISAVADI KASHYAP BARAD

COMPUTER MEMORY OUTLINE

The Main Memory Unit Random Access Memory [ RAM ] Ram Basics Common Ram Types Read Only Memory [ROM ] The Cache Memory Register and Accumulator Memory Data Register and Memory Address Register Auxiliary Storage Memory Flash Memory

COMPUTER MEMORY
MEMORY
Main memory consists of a number of storage locations, each of which is identified by a unique address. The ability of the CPU to identify each location is known as its addressability.

MEMORY

[Cont.]

Each location stores a word i.e. the number of bits that can be processed by the CPU in a single operation. Word length may be typically 16, 24, 32 or as many as 64 bits. A large word length improves system performance, though may be less efficient on occasions when the full word length is not used. There are two types of main memory : Random Access Memory (RAM) Read Only Memory (ROM)

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY [ RAM ]

RAM is a read-write memory. It holds its data as long as the computer is switched on. All data in RAM is lost when the computer is switched off. Described as being volatile. It is direct access as it can be both written or read from in any order.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY [ RAM ]

RAM BASICS

A Memory chip is integrated with transistors and capacitors memory cells in silicon wafer. RAM does not need refreshing. DRAM need refreshing. In SRAM, a form of flip-flop holds each bit of memory. It makes SRAM faster then DRAM. SRAM is fast and expensive. DRAM is less expensive but slower.

MEMORY MODULES

Chip uses pin configuration ,known as dual inline package (dip) need for memory grew, the number of the chips increases and it requires more bandwidth on motherboard. Capacity of the chips are measured in megabits. A few manufactures use small outline j-lead.

TYPES OF RAM
SRAM: (STATIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

Uses multiple transistors. It is typically 4 to 6 for each memory cell. It is used primarily for cache.

DRAM: (DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

It has a memory cell with a paired transistor and capacitor. It required constant refreshing.

TYPES OF RAM

(Cont.)

FPM DRAM: (FAST PAGE MODE DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY)

It is the original form of DRAM. It waits through the entire process of locating a bit of data by column and row. It reading the bit before it starts on the next bit. The maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 176 MBPS.

TYPES OF RAM
EDO DRAM: (Extended Data-out Dynamic Random Access Memory) It dont wait to move to next bit before starting a next bit. 5% faster than FPM. Maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 264 MBPS.

TYPES OF RAM
SDRAM: (SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMOR) It takes advantage of the burst mode concept to greatly improve performance. It is about 5% faster than EDO RAM and most common form in desktops today. The maximum transfer rate to L2 cache is approximately 528 MBPS.

TYPES OF RAM
DDR SDRAM: (DOUBLE DATA RATE SYNCHRONOUS DYNAMIC RAM) It is just like SDRAM except that it has higher bandwidth, meaning greater speed. The maximum transfer rate to L2 to cache is approximately 1064 MBPS.

TYPES OF RAM
RDRAM: (RAMBUS DYNAMIC RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) It uses a rambus in-line memory module, which is similar in size and pin configuration to a standard DIMM. It is use for a special high speed data bus, called the rambus channel.

Credit Card Memory

It is a self-contained DRAM memory. It is just a plug in hardware and generally does not require a driver. It is used in the notebook computers, cellular phones, and some USB Flash memory devices.

Credit Card Memory

PCMCIA MEMORY CARD

It called as Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. It work with any notebook computer with condition that its bus matches the memory cards configuration.

CMOS RAM

Its function is to store information when computer boots up. It uses a small battery to maintain the memory contents.

VIDEO RAM

[ VRAM ]

It also known as MPDRAM. It has two independent access ports. It used for video adepter or 3-D accelerators. It also used to hold graphics-specific information.

READ ONLY MEMORY [ ROM ]

The information can only be read. It holds programs and data permanently even when computer is switched off. The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture. It cannot be altered or overwritten. Erasable ROMs have become available.

TYPES OF ROM
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM)

It record information permanently in the PROM chip. Recorded information cannot be change or erase. Process is known as burning the PROM.

Masked Read Only Memory (MROM) o Information is permanently recorded by the masking and metallization process. o Large infrastructure is required. o Its process usually perform by manufacturers.

TYPES OF ROM
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM) :

Can be programmed, erased and reprogrammed. The EPROM chip has a small window on top allowing it to be erased by shining ultra-violet light on it. After reprogramming the window is covered to prevent new contents being erased. The entire memory contents have to be erased. It is cheap, reliable and widely available.

TYPES OF ROM
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) : Reprogrammed electrically without using ultraviolet light. No need to remove from the board. A single memory can be altered.

Non-volatile RAM : o It combines a static RAM and EEPROM. o It can retain the stored information in EEPROM even when power is off and transferred to RAM when power is restored.

CLASSIFICATION OF MEMORIES ON THE BASIS OF CONCEPTS

Access Mode: How easily they are accessible. Access Time: The average time required to reach a storage location and obtain its content. Transfer Rate: Number of characters or words that device can transfer per second. Capacity and cost: It depend upon the requirement and the budget.

CACHE MEMORY
DEFINATION
Cache memory is random access memory (RAM) that is computer microprocessor can access more quickly than it can access regular RAM.
o

Cache memory has small amount of storage less than 1MB. It supplies CPU most frequently requested data. Once cache is full then, the lowest information is dropped.

CACHE SYSTEM
o

L1:memory access at full microprocessor speed (10 nanoseconds) L2:memory access of types of ram nanoseconds) around(20 to 30

The operation of cache memory

4. If not, the CPU has to fetch next instruction from main memory - a much slower process

3. If it is, then the instruction is fetched from the cache a very fast position

= Bus connections

REGISTERS
o

Registers are special kind of memory that exists inside a processor will have internal register that are much faster than main memory. A register is a combination of memory storage locations called flip-flop. Each flip-flop is capable of storing one byte of information. These are capabilities for arithmetic, logic, and other operations. Registers has fairly small 8,16,32, or 64, bytes.

ACCUMULATORS
o

o o

o o

Accumulators are registers that can be used for arithmetic, logical, shits, rotates or other similar operations. The first computer has only one accumulator. It stores data, which either the result of an operation, or which is to be processed through arithmetic and logical operations. Intel 8086/80286 (16 bit) Intel 80386 (32 bit)

ACCUMULATOR

MEMORY DATA REGISTERS (MDR)

Memory data registers are used for temporary scratch storage of data as well as for data manipulation (arithmetic logic etc). MIX: one extension register named x register. Motorola 680,xl (8to 32 bit)

MEMORY ADDRESS REGISTERS(MAR)

Stores the address of specific memory locations. Many integer & logic operations can be performed on address register. Sometimes contains of address register are combined with other special purpose register to compute actual physical address.

AUXILIARY STORAGE MEMORY

It is known as a secondary memory or external memory. It store system programs, large data files, assemblers, compliers and many other programs. Storage capacity of this device Is unlimited. It is permanent in nature. It is cheaper as compared to main memory. Access time of this memory comparatively high. It is also considered as input-output devices, as they provide the information as input and store the final result in the output.

MAGNETIC TAPE

First and second generation computers used for most of their storage needs. It works as a tape recorded. instead of play and record the term read and write are used. Magnetic tape capacity is measured in bytes per inch, known as the tape density. Low density tapes generally stored 1600bpi and high density tapes can store 6250bpi.

Advantages and Disadvantage

2. 3. 4.

ADVANTAGES:Tapes can record, erased and reused many times. It is inexpensive. It is easily transportable. Stores large amount of data. DISADVANTAGE:Accessing of data.

1.

TYPES OF MAGNETIC TAPE

Mostly mainframe computers use reel to reel tapes -

Mostly minicomputers use cartridges.

Mostly microcomputers used cassettes.

Magnetic Disk

A memory device, such as a floppy disk, hard disk or a removable cartridges, that is covered with a magnetic coating on which information is store.

Floppy Disk

A floppy disk is a thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a square shaped plastic shell. Before anything can be written on a new floppy disk, it must be formatted. Today, most of floppy disk are highdensity.

Storing 2 (sides) x 80 (tracks) x 18 (sectors per track) x 512 (bytes per sector)=14,74,560 bytes, or approximately 1.44 MB per disk.

It usually spin at about 300 revolution per minute. The average access time for current floppy disk drives to locate an item on a disk is approximately 1/12 second or 84 milliseconds.

ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES:

It is portable and inexpensive. Data on floppy disk can be access randomly. It can be use to transfer data from one computer to another.

DISADVANTAGES:

Floppy disk is not durable. Access time of floppy disk is low. Storage capacity of floppy disk is limited.

TYPES OF FLOPPY DISK :

(2) 5.25inch Floppy Disk Introduce in 1976

(3) 3.5inch Floppy Disk Introduce in 1980

HARD DISKS

A hard disk is similar to a floppy disk , but the hard disk is made of rigid metallic platters can hold much more data and operate much faster.

HARD DISKS IS BETTER THAN FLOPPY DISKS

A single hard drive may have several platters providing large data storage capacities. Most hard disks are permanently encased within the disk drive in a sealed environment free from dust and dirt.

The disk can spin very rapidly with the read/write head floating above the disks surface. Hard disks spin at an average of 33,600 revolutions per minute making data retrieval very fast.

HARD DISK INTERFACES

To connect a hard disk to a microcomputer motherboard you must have a hard disk interface. There are two hard disk interface required to connect a hard disk to a microcomputer motherboard. Integrated drive electronics (IDE). Small computer system interface (SCSI).

OPTICAL DISK

Optical disk is an electronic data storage medium that can be written to and read using a low powered laser beam.

OPTICAL DISK

TYPES OF OPTICAL DISKS

MAGNETO OPTICAL DISK

FLASH MEMORY

It is a type of constantly powered non-volatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed in units of memory called blocks. Flash memory is not useful as random access memory (RAM).

USES :

Mp3 players Digital cameras Mobile phones