Mathematics for Data Science - 1

Graded Assignment (week-1)

Sep 2022 term

1 Multiple Choice Questions (MSQ)

1. Which of the following are irrational numbers? (1 mark)
Set of correct options: (Answer: (a),(b))(1 mark)
⃝ 31/3
√ √ √ √
⃝ ( 8 + 2)( 12 − 3)
√
18 − 3
⃝ √
2−1
√ √
8+ 2
⃝ √ √
8− 2
Solution:

(a) 31/3 , this cannot be written in the form of p/q, where p, q ∈ Z, q ̸= 0. So 31/3 is an
irrational number.
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
(b) ( 8 + 2)( 12 − 3) = (2 2 + 2)(2 3 − 3) = 3 2 3 = 3 6
√ √ √ √ √
We know that 6 is an irrational number. Hence, ( 8 + 2)( 12 − 3) is also an
irrational number.
√ √ √
18 − 3 3 2−3 3( 2 − 1)
(c) √ = √ = √ =3
2−1 2−1 2−1
√
18 − 3
=⇒ √ is a rational number.
2−1
√ √ √ √ √
8+ 2 2 2+ 2 3 2
(d) √ √ = √ √ = √ =3
8− 2 2 2− 2 2
√ √
8+ 2
=⇒ √ √ is a rational number.
8− 2

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2. Consider the relation R = {(x, y) | x − y = 0} ⊂ R × R on the set R. Which of the
following is/are true? [Ans: (a) (b), (d), (e)] (1 Mark)
⃝ R is a transitive relation.
⃝ R is a function.
⃝ R is not an equivalence relation.
⃝ R is a reflexive relation.
⃝ R is a symmetric relation.

Solution:

Given R = {(x, y) | x − y = 0} ⊂ R × R,
Reflexivity: Let a ∈ R =⇒ a − a = 0 =⇒ (a, a) ∈ R. So R is a reflexive relation.

Symmetricity: let (a, b) ∈ R =⇒ a − b = 0 =⇒ b − a = 0 =⇒ (b, a) ∈ R so R is

symmetric relation.

Transitivity: let (a, b), (b, c) ∈ R =⇒ a − b = 0 and b − c = 0 =⇒ a − c = 0 =⇒

(a, c) ∈ R. So R is a transitive relation.

Hence R is an equivalence relation.

Since we have R = {(x, y) | x − y = 0} ⊂ R × R i.e, y, x ∈ R such that y = x. For a

given input x, we have exactly one output y = x. Therefore, R is a function.

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3. Which of the following relations is/are one-one function? [Ans: (c)] (1 Mark)
⃝ R1 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x + y > 2}
⃝ R2 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x > y}
⃝ R3 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x + y = 12}
⃝ R4 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, y = x2 }

Solution:

Option 1: Given R1 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x + y > 2}

Observe that (1, 2), (1, 3) ∈ R1 , that is, for one input x = 1, we are getting two different
outputs y = 2 and y = 3. So R1 is not a function

Option 2: Given R2 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x > y}

Observe that (5, 2), (5, 3) ∈ R1 , that is, for one input x = 5, we are getting two different
outputs y = 2 and y = 3. So R2 is not a function

Option 3: Given R3 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, x + y = 12}

We can write x + y = 12 as y(x) = 12 − x.

For a given function input x, we have only one output y(x) = 12−x. So R3 is a function.

Another method to check a relation is function:

To check given relation is function, let x1 and x2 ∈ R such that

x1 = x2

=⇒ 12 − x1 = 12 − x2
=⇒ y(x1 ) = y(x2 ).
Therefore y(x) = 12 − x is well defined. So R3 is a function.

To check that the given function is one-one, let x1 and x2 ∈ R such that
and
y(x1 ) = y(x2 )
=⇒ 12 − x1 = 12 − x2
=⇒ x1 = x1 .

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Therefore the function y(x) = 12 − x is one-one.

Option 4: Given R4 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ R, y = x2 }

We can write y = x2 as y(x) = x2 .

For a given function input x, we have only one output y(x) = x2 . So R4 is a function.

Another method to check a relation is function:

To check given relation is function, let x1 and x2 ∈ R such that

x1 = x 2

=⇒ x21 = x22
=⇒ y(x1 ) = y(x2 ).
Therefore y = x2 is well defined. So R4 is a function.

Observe that for two different inputs x = −2 and x = 2, we are getting the same out
y = 4.
So function y = x2 is not one-one.

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4. Which of the following is/are true? [Ans:(a), (c)] (1 Mark)
⃝ Function f : N → R such that f (x) = x2 is not onto.
⃝ Relation R = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (3, 1)} on a set A = {1, 2, 3} is a function.
⃝ Function f : R → R such that f (x) = |x| is not one-one.
⃝ Function f : R → R such that f (x) = (x − 1)2 is one- one and onto.

Solution:

Option 1: Given f (x) = x2 , let 6 ∈ R (codomain) but there is no natural number

such that the square of that number is 6. So given function is not onto.

Option 2: Observe that (1, 1), (1, 2) element of R, that is, for the input 1, we have
two different outputs 1 and 2. So this is not a function.

Option 3: Given f (x) = |x|, since f (−1) = 1 = f (1) but −1 ̸= 1, the function is not
one- one.

Option 4: Given f (x) = (x − 1)2 , since f (0) = 1 = f (2) but 1 ̸= 2, the function is not
one-one

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 2 Numerical Answer Type (NAT)
√
x2 − 9
5. Suppose f : D −→ R is a function defined by f (x) = , where D ⊂ Z. Let A be
x+3
the set of integers which are not in the domain of f , then find the cardinality of the set
A. (Answer:6)(2 marks)

Solution:
√
x2 − 9
The function f (x) = is well defined if x2 − 9 ≥ 0 and (x + 3) ̸= 0.
x+3
Therefore, the domain of f (x) is Z \ {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2}.

By definition, A is the set of integers which are not in the domain of f . Therefore
A = {−3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2} and the cardinality of A is 6.

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6. Consider a set S = {a | a ∈ N, a ≤ 18}. Let R1 and R2 be relations from S to S defined
as R1 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ S, y = 3x} and R2 = {(x, y) | x, y ∈ S, y = x2 }. Find the
cardinality of the set R1 \ (R1 ∩ R2 ). (Answer: 5)(3 marks)

Solution:
S = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...., 18}
R1 = {(0, 0), (1, 3), (2, 6), (3, 9), (4, 12), (5, 15), (6, 18)}
R2 = {(0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9), (4, 16)}
∴ R1 ∩ R2 = {(0, 0), (3, 9)}.
Now, R1 \ (R1 ∩ R2 ) = {(1, 3), (2, 6), (4, 12), (5, 15), (6, 18)}.
Hence the cardinality of R1 \ (R1 ∩ R2 ) is 5.

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7. In a Zoo, there are 6 Bengal white tigers and 7 Bengal royal tigers. Out of these tigers,
5 are males and 10 are either Bengal royal tigers or males. Find the number of female
Bengal white tigers in the Zoo. (Answer: 3) (3 marks)

Solution:
Let BW be the set of Bengal White tigers and BR be the set of Bengal Royal tigers, and
M be the set of male tigers.

Figure Q7. Tigers in a Zoo

n(BR) = 7
n(M ) = 5
n(BR ∪ M ) = 10

We know that,
n(BR ∪ M ) = n(BR) + n(M ) − n(BR ∩ M )

10 = 7 + 5 − n(BR ∩ M )
=⇒ n(BR ∩ M ) = 2

=⇒ The number of male Bengal Royal tigers is 2

=⇒ The number of male Bengal White tigers is 5 − 2 = 3
∴ Out of 6 Bengal White tigers, 3 are male.
=⇒ The number of female Bengal White tigers is 6 − 3 = 3.

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8. Consider the following sets, (1 Mark)
A = {x | x ∈ N}
B = {x | −5 < x < 105, x ∈ R}
C = {x | x is a rational number, 10 < x ≤ 80}

Find the cardinality of the set (A − C) ∩ B. [Ans: 35 ]

Solution:

Observe that A is set of natural numbers and C is the set of rational numbers which are
greater than 10 and less than or equal to 80 and B = (−5, 105)

we have,

A − C = {0, 1, . . . 10, 81, 81, . . .}

So, (A − C) ∩ B = {0, 1, . . . 10, 81, 81, . . .} ∩ (−5, 105) = {0, 1, . . . 10, 81, 81, . . . , 104}

Hence the cardinality of (A − C) ∩ B is 35

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 3 Comprehension type question
USE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR QUESTIONS 9 AND 10:

A survey was conducted on pollution of 525 ponds across some cities. It was found
that 230 ponds are polluted by fertilisers (F ), 245 ponds are polluted by pesticides (P )
and 257 ponds are polluted by pharmaceutical products (P h). 100 ponds are polluted
by fertilisers and pesticides, 82 ponds are polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical
products, 77 ponds are polluted by pesticides and pharmaceutical products.

F P

Ph

Figure M1T6GA-1

9. Find the number of ponds polluted by all types of water contaminants. [Ans: 52] (1
Mark)

Solution:

Number of ponds polluted by fertilisers is n(F ) = 230.

Number of ponds polluted by pesticides is n(P ) = 245
Number of ponds polluted by pharmaceutical products is n(P h) = 257.
Number of ponds polluted by fertilisers and pesticides is n(F ∩ P ) = 100.
Number of ponds polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products is n(F ∩ P h) = 82.
Number of ponds polluted by pesticides and pharmaceutical products is n(P ∩P h) = 77.
We have,
n(F ∪P ∪P h) = n(F )+n(P )+n(P h)−n(F ∪P )−n(F ∪P h)−n(P ∪P h)+n(F ∩P ∩P h)

=⇒ 525 = 230 + 245 + 257 − 100 − 82 − 77 + n(F ∩ P ∩ P h)

=⇒ n(F ∩ P ∩ P h) = 52

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 So number of ponds polluted by all types of water contaminants is n(F ∩ P ∩ P h) = 52

10. Define a relation on the set of 525 ponds such that two ponds are related if both are
polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products. Which of the following is/are true?
[Ans: (b), (c)] (1 Mark)
⃝ Relation is reflexive.
⃝ Relation is transitive.
⃝ Relation is symmetric.
⃝ This is an equivalence relation.

Solution:

Let S be the collection of all 525 ponds. The relation R is defined as

R = {(A, B) | A, B ∈ S, A and B are polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products}

If A ∈ S is only polluted by pesticides then (A, A) can not be element of R because

A is not polluted by fertiliser and pharmaceutical products. Hence R is not a reflexive
relation.

Let (A, B) ∈ R i.e., A and B are polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products.
Then B and A are also polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products. Hence,
(B, A) ∈ R and R is a symmetric relation.

Let (A, B) ∈ R and (B, C) ∈ R i.e., A and B are polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceu-
tical products, and B and C are polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products. In
particular, A and C are also polluted by fertilisers and pharmaceutical products. Hence
(A, C) ∈ R and R is a transitive relation.

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