Geography Made Familiar

mwalimuepublishers@gmail.
com
KCSE MADE FAMILIAR

GEOGRAPHY
Topically Analysed KCSE past Questions
For Marking Schemes Call 0705525657
FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

mwalimuepublishers@gmail.com
TOPIC QUESTION PG ANSWER PG

1. Introduction to Geography 3 53
2. The earth and the solar system 3 53
3. Weather and climate 5 55
4. Statistical methods 8 60
5. Maps and map work 10 61
6. Field work 14 69
7. Minerals and rocks 17 76
8. Mining 18 77
9. Internal Land-Forming Processes 20 82
10. Photograph work 23 89
11. Vegetation 24 90
12. Forestry 27 94
13. External land forming processes 28 99
14. Soils 34 117
15. Agriculture 36 124
16. Land reclamation and Rehabilitation 39 135
17. Fishing 41 142
18. Wildlife and tourism 43 146
19. Energy 44 148
20. Industry 46 153
21. Transport and communication 46 153
22. Trade 49 159
23. Population 50 161
24. Settlement 51 164
25. Management and conservation of the 53 167
environment

1. INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY
The topic entails:
(i) Definition of Geography and Environment
(ii) Description of the branches of Geography
(iii)Explaining the importance of studying Geogrpahy and its relationship with other
disciplines.
1. Explain why the study of Geography is beneficial in the management and conservation of the
environment.
2. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

The topic entails:
(i) Definition of Solar System.
(ii) Explaining the origin of the earth
(iii) Explaining the effects of rotation and revolution of the earth.
(iv) Description of the structure of the earth
1. The diagram below represents the earth on its axis. Use it to answer question (a)
N
North
G
Orbit
Rotation of the earth
South
a) i) Name the latitude marked G
ii) What is the angle of inclination of the earth’s axis from its orbit
b) i) State two effects of the rotation of the earth
ii) When the local time is 2.00 p.m at longitude 45°E, what is the longitude of a place
whose local time is 10.30 a.m
c) Name two local winds experience around lake Victoria region
2. The table below represents rainfall and temperature figure for a town in Kenya .Use it to
answer the questions that follow:-
MONTH J F M A M J J A S O N D
Temp (ºC) 27 28 28 28 27 25 25 24 25 26 27 26
Rainfall(mm) 25 38 99 140 277 439 277 69 142 201 71 25
a)i) calculate the annual range of temperature for the town
ii) Calculate the total annual rainfall for the town (1mk)
b) State three characteristics of the climate experience in the town
3. a) What is a solstice
b) State three effects of the revolution of the earth
4. (a) (i) Give two theories that explain the evolution of the solar system and the origin of the earth
(ii) Identify the force that causes the earth to bulge at the equator
(b) Give two reasons that support the belief that the interior of the earth is very hot
5. a) State two theories that are used to explain the origin of the earth
b) What is solar “system”?
6 a). Name two planets without natural satellites in the solar system
(b) (i) What is a time zone?
(ii) Give the reason why the International Date Line is significant. (2mks)
(c) State any two characteristics of Latitudes.
7. (a) What is the solar system
(b) Give three reasons why the interior of the earth is very hot
8. (a) The diagram below represents an eclipse. Use it to answer the following questions:
(i) Name the type of eclipse
(ii) Identify the parts marked Q and T

(b) State three effects of the rotation of the earth
9. a) State three reasons why the interior of the earth is known to be very hot
b) Give two effects of the elliptical shape of the earth
10. (a) (i)What is an equinoxal date?
(ii) Name two equinoxal dates
(iii) State two changes caused by the earth’s revolution around the sun

11. The diagram below represents the internal structure of the earth. Use it to answer question (a.)
a)Name the arts named u, v and x

b) Describe the characteristics of
i)Crust ii) Core
3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

The topic entails:-
(i) Defining weather and stating its elements
(ii) Explaining conditions necessary for siting a weather station.
(iii) Use instruments to measure elements of weather
(iv) Analyse and interpret data on weather conditions
(v) Description of the structure and composition of the atmosphere
(vi) Explain factors influencing weather
(vii) Carrying out a field study on weather station
(viii) Distinguish between weather and climate
(ix) Explain the factors that influence climate
(x) Description of the characteristics of the climatic regions of Kenya.
(xi) Description of characteristics of major climatic regions of the World.
(xii) Accounting for the causes of aridity and desertification
(xiii) Explaining the effects and possible solutions to aridity and desertification
(xiv) Discussing the causes and impact of climate change on physical and human environment
1. State three causes of desertification.

2. a)i) Differentiate the term aridity and desertification
ii) Differentiate between weather and climate
b) State two causes of temperature inversion
c) Explain the occurrence of a land breeze
3. a) Give three characteristics of the inter- tropical convergence zone
b) (i) State three natural causes of climate change
ii) Explain four consequences of climate change on the physical environment

c) Give four reasons why some areas within the equatorial belt do not experience true
equatorial climate
4. (a) Describe the climatic conditions experienced in the Kenya highlands
(b) Explain four effects of folding to human activities
5. (a) Distinguish between weather and climate
(b) State six characteristics of equatorial climate
6. (a) Explain how the following factors influence climate:
(i) Ocean currents
(ii) Altitude
(b) Study the map of Africa below and answer the following questions:
(i) Describe the characteristics of climate marked A.

7. (a) State three conditions necessary for the formation of dew
(b) State two climatic reasons why the government should evict settlers from the Mau
forest complex in the Rift valley of Kenya
8. (a) (i) What is a fog?
(ii) State any two conditions necessary for the formation of fog.
(b) Name any two isothermic layers of the atmosphere.
9. (a) What is an air mass?
(b) Give two climatic characteristics of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
10. (a) Describe two characteristics of a mountain climate
(b) (i) State two human causes of climate change
(ii) Explain three consequences of climate change
(c) Four classes intend to visit a weather station near your school to study the instruments
for measuring weather element:-
(i) Describe how you would use a rain gauge to measure rainfall
(ii) Name two instruments you would find inside a Stevenson screen
11. a) What do you understand by:
i) Micro- climate
ii) Green house effect
b) Name two weather recording instruments that are placed in a Stevenson’s screen
(b) What two conditions favour formation of air mass?
13. (a) What is the Inter-tropical convergence Zone?
(b) Account for any four characteristics of tropical rainforests.
(b)Study the diagram below and name the air masses marked A, B , C and D
Key
LP- Low Pressure
HP- High Pressure
15 (a) (i) What is global warming?

(ii) Give any four causes of climate change.
(iii) Name four Green house gases
(b)(i) Explain five effects of climate change
(ii) Identify with evidence two climatic aspects that could have influenced the distribution
of vegetation
16. (a Differentiate between:
(i) Aridity and desertification
(b) Give three reasons why the recording of weather data at a weather station may be inaccurate
(c) State two qualities that makes Stevenson screen suitable for its work
17. The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya

(a) Use it to answer the question a and b
a) Name the climatic region name 2 and 3

(b) State three characteristics of climatic region marked 7
18. The map of Africa below shows the different climatic regions of Africa. Use it to answer
question 18.(a).

X
a )i)Identify the climatic types marked X and Y

ii) Name any four characteristics of the climate marked Z
b) i) Briefly explain the green house effect and the global warming
ii) Explain three effects of climatic change on the physical environment
c) Explain how the following factors influence climate
i) Altitude
ii) Continentality
iii) Ocean currents
4. STATISTICAL METHODS
The topic entails:-
(i) Defining statistics
(ii) Identifying types and sources of statistical data
(iii) Identifying and describing methods of collecting and recording data.
(iv) Analysis, interpretation and presentation of statistical data using appropriate graphical
methods.
(v) Explaining the advantages of each method of data presentation.
1. Study the table below and answer questions that follow:-
CROP 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

COFFEE 1000 990 870 830 840
TEA 750 700 650 700 600
PYRETHRUM 300 250 350 400 450
MAIZE 500 450 550 600 350

(a) (i) Using 1cm to represent 500 tons, draw a compound bar graph to represent the data.
(ii) Give two disadvantages of using the method to represent statistical data.
2. The table below shows leading import crops by value (Kshs. Million). Use is to answer
questions a – c
CROP
Year Un milled wheat Maize Rice Wheat flour
2000 6,989 4,664 1,968 180
2001 7,515 3,342 2,619 639
2002 5,577 229 2,104 237
2003 6,099 1,417 2,981 168
2004 6,754 4,647 3,659 200
(a) (i) Using a scale of 1cm represents 100,000 , draw a comparative bar graph to represent
the data in the table above
(ii) Give three advantages of suing comparative bar graphs
(b) Explain three reasons why Kenya is a producer of the commodities shown in the table
above yet she imports the same
3. The table below shows milk production in ‘000 units in selected Districts
District 1982 1992 2002
Trans nzoia 24 26 40
Kiambu 23 25 31
Meru 25 27 32
Bungoma 12 14 20
a) i) Using a vertical scale of 1 centimeter to represent 10,000 units, draw a compound
bar graph to represent the above given data
4. Study the figure below and use it to answer question 6. The figure depicts proportional
divided circles showing the extend of network coverage in Kenya between 2007 and 2009

Uncovered
a) i) State four deductions that can be made from the above representation
ii)State three advantages of using proportional circles in representing data
5. The table below shows four principal crops produced in Kenya in the years 2000 and 2001.
Use it to answer questions.
CROP AMOUNT IN METRIC TONS
YEAR 2000 2001
Wheat 70,000 13,000
Maize 200,000 370,000
Coffee 98,000 55,000
Tea 240,000 295,00
(a) (i) Using a radius of 5 cm, draw a pie chart to represent crop production in the year 2000.
(ii) State two advantages of using pie charts.
(b) Calculate the percentage increase in wheat production between the years 2000 and 2001.
6. Study the data given and use it to draw a pie chart showing mineral production in Kenya;
Mineral Amount (000 tonnes)

Gold 26
Flouspar 14
Soda ash 32
Zink 28
(a) Using a radius of 5cm, draw a pie chart to represent the above data
(b) List three advantages of using a pie chart in representing data

5. MAPS AND MAP WORK

The topic entails:
(i) Definition of pictures, Plans and maps
(ii) Explaining the relationship between pictures, plans and maps
(iii) Identifying types of maps and stating their uses.
(iv) Identifying and use of marginal information on maps
(v) Identifying types and uses of scales
(vi) Determining distances and areas using scales
(vii) Distinguishing direction and bearing
(viii) Identifying traditional and modern methods of locating places and features
(ix) Locating places and features on maps using various methods.
(x) Description of different methods of representing relief on topographical maps.
(xi) Enlargement and reduction of topographical maps
(xii) Drawing cross-section from topographical maps
(xiii) Calculation and interpretation of vertical exaggeration and gradient
(xiv) Determination of indivisibility.
1. (a) Identify any two adjoined map sheets to the area covered by the map
(b) (i) Give two features of the map which shows that the area to the south east of the area
covered by the map receives high amount of rainfall(cite evidence)
(ii) Name two physical features found in grid square 4548
(c) (i) Reduce by a half the area covered by easting 23 to 30 and northing 47 to 53
(ii) On the reduced area mark and label the following:-
All weather road loose surface
District boundary
(d) (i) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map to the south of northing 50
(ii) Citing evidence from the map give three economic activities carried out in the area
covered by the map
2. (a) (ii) What is the latitudinal and longitudinal location of shopping centre at grid square 5863
(ii) Name the continuous man made feature along Road B1
(b) (i) Apart from spot height, give two other methods which have been used to show
relief on the map
(ii) Measure the length of the road D313 between Northing 68 and Northing 70.
Give your answer in kilometers
(iii) Calculate the bearing of the culvert in grid square 6066 from river confluence in
grid square 6269
3. (a) (i) Draw a cross-section along Easting 67 from Northing 67 to Northing 71.
(Use a vertical scale of 1cm rep. 80m)
On the cross section you have drawn, mark and name:
- Hill
- Pass
- Road D313
(ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section you have drawn
4. Study the map of Belgut 1:50,000 (sheet 117/3) provided and answer the following questions
a)i)Give the general direction of the flow of river Itare
ii) What is the bearing of a trigonometrical station 117S 13 at grid reference 443512 from
a tea nursery found at grid reference 443447?
iii) Name two types of trigonometrical station that have been used to show the relief in
the area covered by the map

iv) Calculate the area that s found on the western side of river Sondo. Give answers in meters
b)i) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 100 meters draw a cross-section from grid
reference 260520 to grid reference 340520
ii) On the cross-section, mark and label the following
 A hill
 A provincial boundary
 All weather road, loose surface
 Riverine trees
iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross-section
c) Students from Chemamul School set out to carry out field work in the area of Belgut
i) With evidence, name two crops they found being grown in the area
Use the diagram below to answer questions 5
5. (a) Name the vegetation types marked X and Y

(b) Give two reasons for the absence of vegetation at Z
(c) Name any one part in Kenya represented by this diagram
6. Use the map of Kericho (1:50,000) to answer the questions
Study the map of Belgut 1: 50000 (sheet 117/3) provided and answer the following questions
. (a) (i) What is the height of the highest contour in the area covered by the map?
(ii) Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map.
(iii) Calculate the area of the part of Kisii district shown on the map.
(iv) What is the six figure grid reference of the junction at Marumbasi?
(b) (i) Draw a rectangle 10cm by 14cm to represent the area between easting 30 and 40
(ii) On the rectangle mark and name the following:-
- A plantation
- River Yurith
- A seasonal swamp
- The bridge at Kabirigut
(iii) Calculate the new scale of your reduction
(c) Describe three ways in which physical factors have influenced the construction of all
weather roads in the area.
(d) (i) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that favour the growing of tea in Belgut.
(ii) With evidence from the map name any other crop grown in the area other than tea.
7. Study the map of Belgut: 1:50000 (sheet 117/3) provided and answer the following questions
. a) i) Convert the scale of the map into statement scale
ii) Give the longitudinal extend of the area covered by the map
iii) Calculate the bearing of the posho mill at Kiptule from the spot height at Kiptere
b) Apart from forests name other vegetation types in the area covered by the map
c)i) Draw a rectangle measuring 15cm by 8cm o represent the area south of northing 50 and
West of easting 30. On the rectangle mark
 River Sondo
 Coffee mill
 All weather road loose surface
 Wood land
ii) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map
d) What factors on the map can promote trading activity
8. Study the topographic map of Belgut provided and use it to answer this question
(a) (i) Name the two provinces covered in the area by the map
(ii) What is the general direction of Ikamu school from Chemamul school?
(iii) Write the six figure grid reference of the Posho Mill at Kiptule
(b) (i) Measure the distance of all weather road (bound surface) from Kapsuser shops to
its ends in the North-East to Kericho. Give your answer in Kilometers
(ii) Identify two methods used in the map to locate places
(iii) Name three types of natural vegetation found in the area
(iv) Citing evidence from the map, name three agricultural activities carried out in Belgut area
(c) Citing evidence from the map, explain three physical factors which have influenced
settlement in the area
(d) Describe the drainage of the area covered y the map
9. a i) What type of map is Belgut sheet?

ii) Give two methods used in representing relief on the map extract.
b i) What is the length of the Murram road from Marumbasi to Kiptere Sunchen
(Give your answer in Km)
ii) Name the main crop planted under plantation from the map
c i) Explain how relief has influenced settlement in the area covered by the Map
ii) Citing evidence from the map, give two social – economic activities carried out in the
area covered by the map.
d i) Using a vertical scale of 1 cm to represent 100 metres, draw a cross section from the
East 440000 to easting 500000 on the cross section label:
- Road
- River
- Forest
10. Study the map of BELGUT 1:50,000 provided and answer the following questions
a)i) Give the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map
ii) Convert the scale of the map into a statement scale
iii) Name two methods that have been used to represent relief on the map
b) i) Draw a cross-section between grid references 29050 and 33050. Use scale of 1cm
to represent 20 meters
ii) On the cross-section Mark and name:.
- papyrus swamp
- All weather road loose surface
iii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration

11. a) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map
b) Citing evidence from the map, give three economic activities carried out in the area
covered by the map
c) State two functions of the tea factory to the population around.
d) Give three reasons to show the area covered in the map receives high rainfall. The evidence
should be deducted from the map
12. Study the map of Belgut 1:50,000(sheet 117/3) provided and answer the following questions
(a) (i) What type of a map is Belgut ?
(ii) Give the grid square in which Matongo school is found
(iii) Calculate the area enclosed by Kendu-Kisii, all weather roads (bound surface) to
the West of the map
(iv) Citing evidence from the map, identify four social activities taking place in the map
(b) (i) Draw a cross-section along Northings 54 between Eastings 26 to 32. Use vertical scale of
1cm to represent 20m. On it mark and name:-
(I) River
(II) Loose surface road
(III) Swamp
(ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration
(c) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map
(d) Citing evidence from the map, explain two conditions that favour cattle rearing in the
area covered by the map
13. Study the map of Kericho (1:50,000) sheet 117/4 provided and answer the following questions
(a) i) What is the bearing of the secondary trigometrica station 2173 around Kapcheptoror
school form the dry weather road junction at Kipchimchim school
(ii) Give a six-figure grid reference of the trigometrical station (other) 1811 near
Poiywek school
(iii) Convert the scale of the map into a statement scale
(iv) Using liens of latitudes and longitudes give the position of Keongo school at gird
square 5662
(v) Give two methods used in representing relief in the are covered by the map
(b) Citing evidence from the map, state:-
(i) Two social functions of Kericho Municipality
(ii) Two economic activities carried out in the area covered by the map
(c) Using a vertical scale 1cm represents 20m
(i) Draw a cross section form grid reference 550640 to 590660
(ii) On the cross-section, mark and name the following:-
 A river
 Dry weather road
 A hill
(d) Describe the drainage of the are covered by the map
14. Study the map of Belgut (117/3) provided and answer the questions that follow:
(a) Identify two provinces covered by the map of Belgut
(b) (i)Using a vertical scale 1cm represents 50m, draw a cross section from grid reference
260590 to 330560. on it mark and name;
- All weather loose surface roads
- Marshes
- River
(ii) Calculate the vertical exaggeration of the cross section.
(iii) What type of map is Belgut?

15. Study the map of BELGUT (1:50000 sheet 117/3) provided and answer the questions below:
a)i) Give the six figure grid references of the confluence of the river Itare and river Kitoi.
ii) Measure the length in kilometers of all weather roads loose surface from the junction
at grid square 3957 to the junction at Kipmaso grid square 3751.
iii) Give the name to the adjoining sheet found in the North East of Belgut .
b) i) What is the longitudinal extent of the area covered by the map?
ii) What is the approximate height of the school at kiptere grid square 3658?
c) i) Describe the drainage of the area covered by the map.
ii) Using a vertical scale of 1cm to represent 40 metres draw a cross-section along northing
53 from easting 24 to 29.
On it mark and name
- regional boundary
- Foot path
- main track (motorable)
d) i) Describe the distribution of the settlement of the area covered by the map.
ii) Citing evidence from the map, explain two factors that may favour trading activities
in the area covered by the map.
6. FIELD WORK
The topic entails:-
(i) Definition of field work
(ii) Stating different types of field work
(iii) Explaining the importance of field work
(iv) Explaining the procedure to be followed during field work
(v) Identifying possible problems during field work
(vi) Carrying out field work within the local environment.
1. a) Form four students of your school carried out a field study on beef farming in Narok District.
(i) State four objectives of their study.
(ii) Give four follow up activities they carried out.
(b) Students of Kakao secondary school intend to undertake a field study of Olkaria I geothermal
power generating project. Answer the following questions;
(i) State three objectives they would write down for the field study
(ii) List three preparations they would undertake before the actual field study
(c) Your class visited a biogas digester near your school;
(i) Describe how it was constructed
(ii) List three raw materials the class may have identified which are used in the production
of biogas
2. a) You are planning to carry out a field study on soil in an arid region.
i) What are some of the characteristics you would observe?
ii) Why would you prepare a working schedule for the study?
3. a)i)Give three natural vegetation zones on mount Kenya

ii) Name three temperate grasslands found in the world
iii) Describe the characteristics of the hot desert vegetation
b) Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya
c) You are supposed to carry out a field study of a weather station near your school
i)What preparations would you make for the study
ii) What instruments are you likely to find within the Stevenson box
4. (a) You are required to carry out a field study on vegetation within the local environment;
(i) Apart from identifying different types of plants, state other activities you will carry
during the field study
(ii) How will you identify the different types of plants
(b) Form four students from Kisumu west district carried out a field study in an area of soil
erosion in Machakos district
(i) State three causes of soil erosion they could have identified
(ii) Name two effects of soil erosion they have identified
(iii) State any one objective for their study
5. (a) Students from Kisumu West secondary school carried out a field study in the area
covered by the map
(i) What three preparations did they make?
(ii) State any null hypothesis for the study
b) Your class intends to carry out a field study on weathering within the vicinity of the school
i) State the type of information you are likely to collect
ii) State two follow up activities you are likely to carry after the study
6. (a) Students from Kericho school set out to conduct a field study on the relationship between
climate and vegetation of the area covered by the map.
(i) What preparation did they carry out for the study?
(ii) State three evidences they would identify to support climate change.
(iii) State two possible alternative hypotheses for the study
(b) Students are planning to carry out a field study in the area affected by climate change;
(i) State three ways in which observation would be the best method of data collection.
(c) Citing evidence from the map, explain three factors that have influenced settlement in the
7. (a) Students of Chepkosilen school carried a field study on economic activities in the
(i) Give two preparations they made before the study.
(ii) State two hypotheses for their study.
(iii) Citing evidence, identify three economic activities that they studied.
(iv) What type of map is Belgut?
(b) Students from your school have conducted a field study on a Lake in Kenya
(i) In their study they identified some of the problems affecting the lake to have been
caused by nearby industries and deforestation in the surrounding areas. Explain how
each of the two could have affected the lake.
(ii) Name any two methods they might have used to collect the data.
(iii) State any two reasons why it would be important to do follow-up after the study
(d) You are required to carry out a field study on soil erosion around your school
(i) State two methods you would use t record data
(ii) Give three problems you may encounter during the field study
8. a) Students of Masabot School carried out a field study of Changoi tea factory.
i) Name two types of roads they used to travel to Changoi tea factory.
ii) What preparations they were likely to make for the study
b)(i) Suppose you were a student in the school at Tegat and you plan to carry out a day’s
field study of Changoi tea factory. Design a working programme (schedule) you would
use during the day of study
. ii) Your class is required to carry out a field study of a river. What would be the advantages
of dividing the class into groups according to the stages of the long profile of the river ?
9. a) You intent to carry out a field study on a desert landscape.

i) Apart from conducting oral interviews, state two other methods you would use to
collect information
ii) State two problems that you are likely to encounter in the field
b) You are provided to carry out a field study of the vegetation within the local environment;
i) Apart from identifying the different types of plants, state three other activities you
will carry out during the field study
ii) How will you identify the different types of plants?
10. a) Your class went for a field study in Samburu.

i) List three methods they are likely to have used to present their findings
b) i) State three activities they would be involved in.
ii) Identify three problems they are likely to encounter.
11. (a) You are required to carry out a field work on soils around your school:-
(i) State three objectives for your study
(ii) State two reasons why it would be necessary to carry samples back to school
(b) You carried out field work ion soils around your school:-
(i) State three preparations you made before the actual day of field work
(ii) State any three problems you encountered during the field work
12. (a) You are to carry out a field study on rivers near your school:-
(i) Name three methods you will use to collect your data
(ii) Why is it important to carry out a pre-visit
(iii) How will your findings be useful to the local community?
13. (a) A field study was carried out around the rift valley lakes:-
State two characteristics of the lakes they would have identified
b) You intend to go for a field study to a region where folding has occurred.
i) State three reasons why you would conduct a pre-visit.
ii) Identify two methods you would use to record data.
c)i) State two problems they may face during their study
ii) State two follow up activities they may have been involved in after the field study
14. The table below shows the crops produced in Kenya between the years 2000 to 2002
CROPS ‘000’ 2000 2001 2002

WHEAT 22 37 83
MAIZE 131 255 325
BARLEY 12 26 47
TOTAL 165 318 455
(a) (i) Calculate the percentage of wheat production in the year 2000
(ii) Using a scale of 1cm rep 200 units, draw proportional circles to show the production
of crops each year. Show your calculations
(b) Explain three physical conditions which favour wheat growing in Kenya
(c) Compare wheat growing in Kenya and Canada under the following:-
(i) Mechanization
(ii) Marketing
(iii) Size
(d) State four uses of wheat
15. (a) Use the following information to answer the questions below:
Type of energy No. of families using Average monthly income per
each type family (Kshs.)
Fire wood 13,400 900
Kerosene 11,200 1600
Charcoal 9,100 1000
Liquid Petroleum Gas 5,300 3000
Saw dust 4,000 900
Hydroelectricity 2,000 4500
Total 45,000 11,900
(i) Draw a pie-chart with a radius of 4cm to represent the number of families using each type
of energy. Show your calculations
(b) Students from Matungu district went to study gold mining in Kakamega South district
(i) State any two main preparations made before field study visit
(ii) Give any two follow-up activities they engage in after the study
(c) Suppose you were to conduct a field study in Kakamega forest
(i) State three problems that are likely to hinder your work
(ii) How could you determine the following:-
-Heights of a tree
-Diameter of stem
-Tree of the same species
(d) You have been asked to conduct field study on land pollution in an urban set up;
(i) State three problems that you may encounter;
(ii) Your class carried out a field study on forests in your area. List four measures you
would recommend to conserve forests in the area
-
7. MINERALS AND ROCKS

The topic entails:-

(i) Defining minerals and rocks
(ii) Stating the characteristics of minerals
(iii) Classification of rocks according to mode of formation
(iv) Stating the characteristics of rocks
(v) Accounting for the distribution of major types of rocks in Kenya.
(vi) Explaining the significance of rocks
(vii) Identifying major types of rocks and their uses within the local environment.
1. (a) State two formations in which mineral ores occur

(b) Give three negative effects of open cast mining on the environment
2. a) Briefly describe how minerals occur in veins and lodes
(b) Describe how coral rocks are formed
3. State three classification of sedimentary rocks based on their mode of formation
4. a) A part from Thermol Metamorphism, name two other types of metamorphism
b) Describe the following types of rocks
i) Calcareous rocks
ii) Carbonaceous rocks.
iii) State three examples of rocks that are dominant at the coast of Kenya.
c) i) Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed through the following processes.
Mechanical Process
ii) Chemical Process
5. (a) Give three ways through which rocks may be metamorphosed. (3 mks)
(b) Name two examples of plutonic rocks
c) State three conditions that favour the formation of an artesian basin.
8. MINING
This topic entails
(i) Defining mining
(ii) Explaining the factors influencing:-
-The occurrence of minerals
-Mining activities
(iii) Describing methods of mining
(iv) Locating major minerals on the map of East Africa
(v) Explaining the significance of minerals in Kenya
(vi) Accounting for the problems facing the mining industry in Kenya.
(vii) Explaining the effects of mining on the environment in Kenya.
(viii) Describing the occurrence of specific minerals and their exploitation in selected countries.
1. (a) (i) What problem has been brought about by uncontrolled mining of minerals in Kenya?
(ii) Where is fluorspar mined in Kenya?
(iii) Describe how trona is mined and processed in Magadi
(b) (i) List two ways in which mining leads to loss of biodiversity
(ii) List two ways in which mining leads to pollution
2. (a) (i) Name three methods of mining.
(ii) State five factors that influence the exploration of minerals.
(iii) State three ways in which mining derelicts can be reclaimed.
3. (a) State two ways in which gold in South Africa occurs. (2mks)
(b) Give three ways in which abandoned mined sites could be rehabilitated.
4. (a) Name two countries in Africa where oil is mined
(b) State two by-products of crude oil
5. (a) (i) Define the term ‘mining method’
(ii) Explain how the following factors influence mining:-
- Technology
- Quality of the ore
(b) Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (i)
MAP OF EAST AFRICA
(i) Name the minerals found in the areas marked P, Q, R

(ii) Name two areas in South Africa where diamonds are mined
c) Open-cast method of mining.
d) Benefits of trona to Kenya.
e) Problems facing the mining industry in Kenya.
6. Use the map of East Africa below to answer question (a) (i)

W
Z
(a) (i) Name the minerals mined in the areas marked W, X, Y and Z
(ii) Give four ways in which minerals occur
(b)Identify any five factors that influence the exploitation of minerals
(c) Explain any four problems associated with mining
(d) List any four main minerals mined in Kenya
7. (a) Give three main methods of mining

(b) The following data shows the value of minerals exported from Tanzania between the
years 2000-20003. Use it to answer the following questions:
Value of mineral exports in millions of Tshs.
2000 2001 20002 2003
Gold 680 700 500 400
Diamonds 1000 800 700 900
Mica 400 100 400 100
(i) Calculate the percentage decline in the value of diamond exports between 2000 and 20001.
(c)Explain any four ways in which trona mining contributes to the growth of the economy
in Kenya
8. (a) (i) State three methods used in mining

(ii) Name the mineral found in the following areas;-
- Magadi
- Mwandui
- Kasese
(b) Describe the following factors influence mining of minerals
(i) Technology
(ii) Quality of ore
(iii) Accessibility
(c) Explain four problems facing the mining of Gold in South Africa
(d) (i) List two leading to oil producing countries in the middle East
(ii) State three uses of petroleum
(e). State three problems of land dereliction
9. The diagram below shows

(a) Identify the parts marked X and Y

(b) Give three reasons why Kenya imports petroleum in crude form and not as refined
by-products
10. (a) Differentiate between veins and lodes
(b) State three effects of land dereliction
11. (a) (i) Give three methods of mining.
(ii) Name two places where gold is mined in Tanzania.
(b) Explain four factors which influence the exploitation of minerals.
(c) State four negative effects of mining on the environment.
(d) (i) Describe how solution mining is carried out.
(ii) State three ways n which mining contributes to the economy of Kenya.
12. (a) (i) Name three methods of mining
(ii) Explain three ways in which soda ash contributes to the economy of Kenya
(iii) Identify four problems facing gold mining in South Africa
(b) (i) State three conditions necessary for the formation of petroleum
(ii) Give two by-products obtained when crude oil is refined
(c) What three benefits would Kenya get if the current prospecting for oil yields good results
(d) (i) Name two minerals mined in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania
(ii) Name two ports through which minerals from East Africa are exported through
9. INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

This area covers :-

a) Earth Movements
b) Folding
c) Faulting
d) Vulcanicity
e) Earth Quakes
It entails:
(i) Definition of earth movements
(ii) Explaining the causes of horizontal and vertical earth movements.
(iii) Explaining theories of continental drift and plate tectonics
(iv) Defining folding, faulting and vulcanicity and earthquakes.
(v) Explaining the
(vi) Description of types of folds, faults, and forms of vulcanicity
(vii) Explaining the resultant features due to folding, faulting and vulcanicity
(viii) Explain causes of earth quakes.
(ix) Describing how earth quakes are measured
(x) Account for the world distribution of earth quake ones, fold mountain systems
and features resulting from faulting and vulcanicity
(xi) Explaining the significance of the resultant features of folding, faulting,
vulcanicity and the effects of earth quakes.
1. a) Composite volcano
b)i)What are earthquakes?
ii) Name two types of earthquakes waves
iii) Explain three ways in which volcanic mountains positively influence human activities
2. a) Using well labeled diagrams, distinguish between a simple symmetrical fold and an
asymmetrical fold.
b) i) Name two fold mountains of the Alpine Orogeny
ii) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe how a fold mountain is formed.
c) Explain three positive effects of folding on the physical & human environment.
3. (a) State three ways in which the earth’s crust is affected by the earthquakes
(b) State two evidences of continental drift theory
(c) Name three types of plate tectonic boundaries
4. (a) (i) What are tectonic plates

(ii) Give any two examples of oceanic plates:-
(b) Describe how the following cause earth movements:
(i) Isostatic adjustment
(ii) Magma movement in the crust
(iii) Convectional currents in the mantle.
5. (a) Give any two natural causes of earthquakes

(b) Name three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya
6. (a) State three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya

(b)(i) What are earth quakes?
(ii)Name three types of earth quake waves
c). Differentiate between extension boundaries and compression boundaries.

7 a. i) What is an earthquake
ii) Give two ways in which earthquakes can be predicted
b) State two ways in which faulting interferes with transport and communication lines.
8. The diagram below represents a feature resulting form faulting
(a) Name the feature

(b) Name part x and y
(c) Give three negative of an earthquake
9. (a) Differentiate between hot springs and geysers
(b) The feature below show an extrusive landform in a volcanic area
(c) Using well labelled diagrams, describe how the following are formed:
(i) An anticlinal fault
(ii) An overthrust fold
(d) (i) Explain any three ways in which features resulting from volcanicity are a problem
to people
(ii) Describe how subsidence can lead to formation of a caldera.
10. (a) What is the plate tectonic theory ?

(b) Name three types of tectonic plate boundaries .
(c) Explain two evidences that support continental drift theory.

11. (a) (i) Name two fold mountains in Africa apart from Atlas mountains
(ii) Differentiate between symmetrical and asymmetrical folds
(iii) Apart from symmetrical and asymmetrical folds, name other types of folds
(b) (i) With the aid of well labeled diagrams explain the formation of fold mountains
(ii) Give two-examples of fold mountains in North America
12. a) Effects of the elliptical shape of the earths orbit

b) Mention three causes of the earth movements
13. a) List two characteristics of destructive plate boundary

b) Outline three natural causes of earthquakes
b) State two effects of earthquakes on crystal rocks
14. a) List two factors that determine the degree of folding in rocks
b) State three effects of faulting on drainage systems
15. (a) State any one evidence that support the theory of the drifting of continents
(b)(i) Apart from Africa, name any two other continents that form the Gondwanaland
(ii) What is panthalassa?
16. a) Give two reasons why hardwood trees species in Kenya are in danger of extraction
b) State three problems that affect forestry in Canada
17. The diagram below shows a simple fold

(a) (i) Name the part marked A, B and C
(ii) Name two fold mountains outside Africa

(iii) Give thee landform associated with folded regions
(b) With the aid of well labeled diagram describe the process of formation of Fold Mountain
(c) Explain four ways in which folding influences human activities
10. PHOTOGRAPH WORK

The topic entails:-
(i) Identifying types of photographs
(ii) Describing parts of a photograph
(iii) Estimating the sizes of features appearing on photographs
(iv) Making sketch form photographs
(v) Identifying and interpreting features on photographs.
1. Study the photograph (a) and (b) and use them to answer the questions below:-
Photo A Photo B
(a) (i) Name the type of photograph shown in the figure (b)
(ii) Name three human activities carried out in photographs (a) and (b)
(b) If the two photographs were taken from western province, name four districts in the
province the photographs are likely to have been taken from?
(c) Explain five physical conditions that encourage the growth of crops in photograph (a)
(d) State five problems facing farmers of this crop in Kenya
2. (a) (i) State three characteristics of the animal breeds
(ii) Explain why the above activity is mainly located in the highlands in Kenya
11. VEGETATION
The topic entails:
(i) Definition of vegetation
(ii) Discussing the factors influencing the distribution of vegetation
(iii) Identifying and describing the characteristics of major vegetation regions of Kenya and the
world
(iv) Discussing the significance of vegetation and explain their uses within the local
environment
1. a) Name two areas of the world with temperate grasslands.

(b) Explain how the characteristics of the vegetation in climate B are adapted to the.
environmental conditions
2. The diagram below shows mountain vegetation zones, use it to answer the questions that follow.

SNOW AND BARE

ROCK
M
5000
Z
4000
Y
3000
X
2000
SAVANNAH GRASSLAND
(a) (i) Name the vegetation zone marked X,Y,Z.

(ii) Give four char characteristic of tropical savannah vegetations
(b) Explain how the following factors influence vegetation:
(i) Aspect
(ii) Human activities
(c) Name the specific countries of the world where the following grassland vegetation types are
found:-
(i)Velds
(ii) Pampas
(iii) Dawns
(d) Explain three factors that have led to a decline of natural grassland in Kenya
3. (a) (i) Define the term ‘natural vegetation’

(ii) State thee climatic factors influencing distribution of vegetation
(b) (i) Give two zones of the temperate grasslands
(ii) State five characteristics of coniferous forests
(c) Explain four ways in which vegetation of the Nyika region of Kenya has adapted to the
region of Kenya has experienced in the area
(d) Give five factors that have led to a decline of the natural grasslands in Kenya
4. The map below shows major vegetation zones of the world. Use it to answer the questions
that follow:

(a) Identify the temperate grasslands marked Y and Z

(b) Explain four ways in which desert vegetation are adapting to the extremely harsh
conditions
5. The map below shows the location of some vegetation regions of Africa. Use it to answer
the questions that follow:
5. (a)i) Name the grassland region marked L

ii) Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation found in the shaded area P
b) i) Explain four ways in which the vegetation found in the area marked Q adapts to the
environmental conditions of the region
c) i) Give two reasons why the mountain top has no vegetation
ii) State two ways in which vegetation is of significance to the physical and human
environments
6. (a) (i) Name two types of vegetation
(ii) Give two physiographic factors influencing vegetation distribution
(b) The diagram below shows vegetation zones of a S. Africa mountain. Use it to answer
the question below:-
(b) (i) Name the zones a, b, c, d

(ii) Give one reason why there is no vegetation cover on to p of the mountain
(c) (i) State the names given to temperate grassland vegetation in:-
- North America
- Argentina
(ii) Explain three used of Savanna vegetation
(d) Explain four characteristics of Tropical desert vegetation
7. (a) The map below shows the grasslands of the world. Use it to answer the questions that follow:-
(i) Name the grasslands marked S, T, Y and Z.

(ii) State any four characteristics of temperate grasslands.
8. (a) (i) What is meant by derived vegetation?
(ii) Mention three factors that influence the vegetation of a place.
b) i)Give three natural vegetation zones on mount Kenya
ii) Name three temperate grasslands found in the world
iii) Describe the characteristics of the hot desert vegetation
9. a) Explain three causes of the decline of the areas under forests in Kenya
(b) Explain four factors that limit the exploitation of tropical rain forests in Africa.
12. FORESTRY
The topic entails:-
(i) Definition of forest and forestry
(ii) Discussing factors influencing the distribution and types of natural forests.
(iii) Discussing the significance of forests and forest products in Kenya
(iv) Identifying and explaining problems facing forestry in Kenya
(v) Discussing ways and means of managing and conserving forest.
(vi) Comparing and contrasting softwood forests in Kenya and Canada.
(vii) Demonstrating the ability to manage and conserve forests and forest resources.
1. (a) Give three reasons for over-exploitation of hardwoods in Africa.

(b) State four measures taken to conserve forests in Kenya.
(c) (i) Name two major lumbering maritime provinces in Eastern Canada.
(ii) Explain the factors that have favoured forestry in Canada.
(d) Explain three differences between softwoods in Kenya and Canada.
2. (a) (i) What is agro-forestry?

(ii) State four reasons why agro-forestry is being encouraged.
3. (a) (i) Distinguish between pure and mixed forests

(ii) Show how natural forests differ from planted forests in Kenya
(c) (i) State three measures that are being taken in Kenya to conserve forests
(ii) Explain three factors favouring the exploitation of softwoods in Canada
4. (a) Define agro forestry

(b) Outline four benefits of agro forestry
(c) Explain how the following factors influence growth of forests;
(i) Altitude
(ii) Aspect
(d) Explain three measures being undertaken to conserve forests in Kenya
(e) Give four consequences of forest depletion in Kenya
5. (a) (i) Distinguish between indigenous and exotic forest

(ii) Explain four ways in which natural forests differ from planted forests
(b) Explain three factors that influence the distribution of forests in Kenya
(c) State three measure that are being taken to conserve forests
6. (a) (i) What is forestry?

(ii) Explain three factors that favour the growth of natural forests on the Kenya highlands
(b) Explain five problems hindering the exploitation of tropical hardwood forests
(c) (i) Explain three measures that the government of Kenya is taking to conserve forests
in the country
(ii) State three factors that have led to the reduction of the area under forest in Mau forest
7. (a) (i) Distinguish between forestry and forest

(ii) Discuss the influence of the following factors on the destruction of natural forests
a) Climate
b) Human activities
c) Topography
8. (a) Explain three measures which have been taken to manage forests in Kenya
(b) Give the differences between the soft wood forests in Kenya and
Canada, under the following headings:
(i) Species
(ii) Problems
(iii) Marketing
(d) Your class intends to carry out a field study on the erotic trees of the Kenya highlands:-
(i) Name two types of tree species they are likely to observe
(ii) Identify three methods you will use to record the data in the field
9. (a) Define the term agro-forestry

(b) Name three topical hardwoods found in Kenya
(c) Name one indigenous soft wood found in Kenya
13. EXTERNAL LAND FORMING PROCESSES

The topic entails ;-
(i) Definitions of :
a) Weathering
b) Mass weathering
c) Hydrological cycle and action of rivers
d) Oceans, Seas and their Costs
e) Action of wind and water in Arid areas
f) Action of water in Limestone areas
g) Glaciation
h) Lakes
(ii) Distinguishing between oceans and seas
(iii) Description of water movements in oceans and seas
(iv) Explaining the external land forming processes and the resultant features
(v) Identifying the sources of under ground water
(vi) Discussing the significance of the resultant physical features to the environment
(vii) Carrying out field work of land forms within the local environment
1. (a) Name two rivers in Kenya West of the Rift Valley that cause frequent flooding
(b) State three factors that lead to frequent flooding in the Lake region of Kenya
2. (a) i) Other than seif dunes, name two other types of sand dunes
ii) Give five characteristics of seif dunes
iii) State four factors that facilitate the formation of the sand dunes
b) Describe how a desert rock pedestal is formed
c) Explain four positive effects of desert features to human activities
3. a) i)Give three reasons why there are no ice sheets in Kenya

ii) Explain three factors that influence the movement of ice from the place of accumulation
b) Describe the process through which the following features are formed.
i)an arête
ii) A crag and tail
c) Explain four positive effects of glaciation in lowland areas
4. a)i) Give the dates in a year during which the number of hours of darkness is equal in
both the north and the south poles
ii) Why do the lengths of days and nights vary from one part of the earth to another?
b) State two effects of the rotation of the earth on its axis
5. a)What is a lake ?
b) State three ways through which lakes are formed
6. a) i) What is desertification
ii) Differentiate between wind deflation and wind abrasion
iii) Describe how wind transports its materials through the following processes:
I) Saltation
II) Suspension
III) Surface creep
b) Describe how the following features are formed
i) Zeugens
ii) Oasis
7. a) State two ways in which glacier moves
b) State three differences between a young river valley and a glaciated valley
8. The diagram below represents the action of waves on the coastline. Use it to answer
questions (a) and (b)
Y
SHORE LINE
Wave direct
X
a) Name the features marked X and Y.

b) List three ways in which waves erode the coastline.
9. Name two sources of underground water.
10. a)i) What is chemical weathering

ii) State five factors that affect the rate of chemical weathering in equatorial regions
b) Explain the following chemical weathering process
i) Carbonation
ii) Hydrolysis
c) Explain four economic importance of weathering to physical and human environments
11. a) Name two types of tides

b) Give three ways in which the shape of the landmasses may influence movement of ocean
waters
(c) State four sources of underground of water
(d) State five ways in which springs occur
(e) Account for four ways in which desert vegetation adopt to the climate of their environment
12. (a) Hamada and Erg

(b) Explain three processes of wind erosion
(c) With the aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the formation of:
i) A Barchan
(ii) Rock pedestal
(iii) An oasis
(d) Name three features resulting from water deposition in desert
13. State three reasons why wind erosion is predominant in desert areas.
(b) Describe three processes by which wind erodes.
(c) With aid of well labeled diagrams, describe the formation of the following desert features;
(i) Rock pedestal.
(ii) Zeugen.
(d) State four ways in which desert land forms influence man’s activities.
14. (a) Differentiate between oceans and seas.
(b) Explain three sources of salinity in the oceans .
(c) State three features on the ocean floor.
15. (a)(i) What is the difference between a sea and an ocean?

(ii) Explain any three ways in which islands are formed.
(b) (i) Describe how Lake Victoria was formed.
(ii) Explain any three ways in which Lake Victoria has influenced the climate of
surrounding areas
(c) (i) Distinguish between aridity and desertification
(ii) Explain any three physical causes of aridity and desertification
16. (a) (i) What is chemical weathering?

(ii) Name any three surface features that result from carbonation.
(b) The diagram below shows a feature resulting from weathering. Use it to answer the
questions that follow:-
(i) What is the name of the feature?

(ii) Describe how the feature is formed.
17. (a) Differentiate between a river system and a river regime.
(b) The diagram below shows a drainage pattern. Use it to answer the questions that follow:-

(i) Name the drainage pattern.

(ii) Name the parts labelled P and Q
18. (a) Name any two features deposited by glacier in lowland areas.
(b) Describe how a roche moutonee is formed.
19. (a) The diagram below shows zones of underground water. Use it to answer the questions
that follow:-
V
Permanent water table
U
W
(i) Name the parts labelled U and V.

(ii) Name the surface water feature likely to form at the part labelled W.
(b) Explain how the nature of underground rocks influences the existence of underground water
20. (a) (i) State two ways in which wind erodes the surface of the earth
(ii) Explain three ways thorough which wind transports its load
(b) Using well labeled diagrams, describe how the following desert features re formed:-
(i) Zeugen
(ii) Rock pedestal
(c)(i) Give the name given to rocky desert in the Sahara
(ii) Explain three positive effects of desert features to both human and physical environment
21. (a) What is a lake?

(b) (i) Name two types of lakes formed due to vulcanicity
ii) explaining how lake Victoria has influence the climate of the surrounding area
(c) (i) State four main reasons why lakes within the Rift valley are salty
(ii) Name any three fresh water lakes in Kenya which are within the rift valley
(d) Explain any four economic significance of lakes to Human activities
22. (a) Name three types of tides

(b) Differentiate between oceans and seas
23. (a) (i) Differentiate between aridity and desertification

(ii) Describe three ways through which wind erodes the desert areas
(b) Using well labelled diagrams describe how the following desert features are formed:
(i) Rock pedestals
(ii) Yardangs
(c) State five uses of desert features
24. (a) State four factors which may cause a waterfall to form
(b) (i) Describe how river braids are formed
(ii) Name three features resulting form river rejuvenation
(c) Describe how a river capture occurs
(d) Give two reasons as to why Lake Naivasha is a fresh water lake
25 . Give three ways through which rocks may be metamorphosed
26. (a) (i)State two processes though which the wind erodes the surface.
(ii) Explain three ways though which wind transport its load
(b) Describe how the following desert features are formed :
(i) Oasis
(ii) Zeugen
(c) Explain four ways in which desert land forms are of significance to human activities
27. (a) (i)Name two ways in which ice moves

(ii) State two factors which facilitate the movement of ice
(b) Identify two erosional features in glaciated lowlands
(c) Describe how the following features are formed:
(i) Outwash plain
(ii) Moraine-dammed lake
(d) Explain four ways in which a glaciated landscape is of significance to human activities
28. (a) Differentiate between mechanical and chemical weathering

(b) State three factors which influence weathering
29. a) Differentiate between a spring and well.

b) With aid of a well labeled diagram, show the three Zones of ground water.
c) List four candidates necessary for the formation of an artesian well.
d) Explain three ways in which ground water is of significant to human activities.
e) i) Define the term Karet scenery
ii) Give two conditions for the development of Karet landscape
iii) Outline the significance of Karet landscape to human activities.
30. (a) Use the diagram below to answer the following questions

(i) Name the parts labelled :-

(ii) State four causes of river rejuvenation
31. a i) Differentiate between denudation and mass wasting.

ii) Explain two reasons why chemical weathering is dominant in humid tropics.
b) Explain three factors that influence mass wasting.
c) With aid of a diagram, explain the process of solfluxion.
d) i) State four negative effects of mass wasting.
Name the:
i) Type of mass movement shown
iii) Features M and N

iv) State the factor that influenced the process above
32 a) State three reasons why wind is a major agent of land sculpture in the desert.
b) Explain any two processes of wind erosion in deserts.
c) With and of well labeled diagram, explain how a deflation hollow is formed.
d) State four characteristics of a seif dune.
33. a) State two causes of coastal submergence.

b) Name three conditions necessary for the growth of coral polyps.
34 a) State two ways in which wind transport it’s load

b) Highlight the factors that influence the formation of a desert sand dune
35. a) Name three sources of lake water.

b) State three factors that determine the size of a lake.
36. a) i) What is a river?

ii) Distinguish between a river confluence and a river tributary
b) Describe how a river erodes its channel by the following processes
i) Hydraulic action
ii) Abrasion
37. a) Describe the process of a river capture
b)State five characteristics of a flood plain
38. a) i) Name four features resulting from water action in deserts

ii) State three factors which contribute to the development of deserts
iii) Name three types of deserts according to the nature of their surfaces
b) i)Explain three factors which influence wind transportation in deserts
ii) How is an oasis formed?
39. (a) What is the difference between swash and backwash

(b) Why is wave cut platform and cliff line in Mombasa found above the sea level?
40. (a) Define the term river capture

(b) The diagram below shows a river capture, name the features marked X, Y, Z
41. (a) Differentiate between accordant and discordant drainage systems

(b) State three factors that facilitate formation of deltas
42. a) i) What is a desert

ii) Name three types of desert landscapes
b) i) Name two processes of wind erosion responsible for sculpturing desert landscapes
ii) Using well labeled diagrams describe how a zeugen may be formed
c) i) Name four desert landforms found in deserts associated with the action of water
ii) What is the significance of desert landforms
43. (a) (i)Name three processes of wind erosion in desert

(ii) State three factors which influence the rate of wind transportation
(b) With the help of a well labeled diagram describe the formation of the following features:-
(i) Rock pedestal
(ii) Oasis
(c) (i)List three external land forming processes which lead to the formation of lakes
(ii) Explain three ways in which lakes influence the natural environment
(d (i) With the aid of a well labelled diagram, Describe how limestone pillars are formed
in Karst scenery
(ii) Explain three significance of resultant feature in limestone areas to human activities
14. SOILS
The topic entails:-
(i) Definition of soil, soil profile, soil cartena, soil degradation and soil erosion
(ii) Discussing the composition of soil and soil forming processes
(iii) Description of properties and characteristics of soils
(iv) Description of soil profile and soil cartena
(v) Explaining soil degeneration
(vi) Classifying soils according to soil order
(vii) Discussing the significance of soils
(viii) Discussing ways and means of managing and conserving soils.
(ix) Identifying different types of soils and their uses within the local environment
(x) Demonstrating the ability to manage and conserve soils.
1. a) Differentiate soil profile from soil catena

b) Name three types of soil types according to soil structure
c) i) Beside planting of trees state any other three measures that can be used to control
desertification.
ii) Explain how trees help in the conservation of the soil.
2. a) i) What is soil?
ii) Differentiate between soil catena and soil profile.
b)i) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation;
- Climate
- Living organisms
ii) Give three factors that determine the colour of the soil.
3. a) Briefly explain the factors that influence the development of soil catena.
(b) (i) Define the term soil profile
(ii) Draw a simple diagram of soil catena
(iii) Give any four soil forming processes
(iv) State four causes of soil degeneration
4. a)i) Define the term soil

ii) Name three components of soils
b)i) Apart from living organisms state four other factors that influence soil formation
ii) Explain how living organisms influence soil formation
c) i) Distinguish between soil air and soil texture
ii) Describe the process of podzolisation
iii) State the characteristics of soils in grassland areas
5. (a) Draw a diagrammatic representation of vegetation zones on a slope common in tropical

land
(b) (i) What is soil catena?
(ii) Draw a labeled diagram to show a well developed soil profile.
(iii) State three characteristics of the soils found in the arid regions of Kenya.
(b) Give three factors that determine the colour of soil.
(c) Describe how laterization occurs.
(d) Explain how the following farming practices cause soil erosion;
(i) Burning.
(ii) Continuous application of fertilizer on farm lands.
(iii) Monoculture.
6. (a) (i) Apart from latosols name any two other types of zonal soils
(ii) Describe how lateritic soils are formed
(iii) State any two characteristics of azonal soils
(b) (i) Explain any three ways in which rain water can lead to degeneration of soils.
(ii) Apart from growth of plants, state any three other ways in which soils are beneficial
to people
7. (a) (i) Differentiate between a soil profile and soil catena

(ii) State two processes of soil formation
(b) Explain how the following factors influence soil formation:
(i) Climate
(ii) Living organisms
(iii) Topography
(c) (i) What is soil degeneration
(ii) Explain three ways through which vegetation naturally protects and prevent soil erosion
(iii) Give two sound farming methods that help conserve soil erosion
8. (a) (i) What is soil Catena?

(ii) State three factors which influence the development of a soil catena
(b) Explain five negative effects of soil erosion
(c) Describe how podzolization occurs in soils
9. (a) Name three components of soil
(b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil :
(i) Climate
(ii) Parent material
(c) (i) Explain three ways in which human activities contribute to soil degeneration
(ii) Draw a well labeled diagram to show a mature soil profile
10. a) What is a lake?

b) State three ways through which lakes are formed
11. a) Define the term “Soil”

b) Explain how the following factors influence the formation of soil
i) Climate
ii) Topography
c) i)State two ways in which humus improves the quality of soil
ii) State four characteristics of desert soils
d) Describe how the following types of erosion occur
i) Sheet erosion
ii) Gulley erosion
iii) State two economic uses of soils

12. (a) What is soil conservation?;
(b) State three methods that assist in soil conservation
15. AGRICULTURE
The topic entails:-
(i) Definition of Agriculture
(ii) Discussion of factors influencing Agriculture
(iii) Explaining types of Agriculture
(iv) Location of major cash crops on the map of Kenya
(v) Discussing the selected crops in respective countries
(vi) Identifying and explaining similarities and differences between selected crop farming in
Kenya and that of other parts of the world.
(vii) Discussing Pastoral farming in Kenya
(viii) Comparing and contrasting:
(a)Dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark
(b) Bee farming in Kenya and Argentina
(ix) Carrying out field work on agricultural activities in the local environment
1 (a) (i) State the difference between land reclamation and land rehabilitation.
(ii) Other than tree planting, give three other methods employed in rehabilitation of land.
(b) (i) State three objectives that led to the establishment of Mwea Irrigation Scheme in Kenya
ii) Explain four human problems that face irrigation farming in Kenya.
2. (a) Describe the stages followed in the reclamation of land from the sea in Netherlands
(b) State four benefits of the delta plan to the Netherlands.
3. (a) (i) Name two districts in Rift valley where maize is grown in plantations.
(ii) Describe maize production from planting to harvesting.
(b) Outline the significance of maize growing in Kenya.
4. Explain three problems facing maize farmers in Kenya.
5. (a) Name two exotic breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya.

(b) Give three reasons why the Kenya highlands are suitable for dairy farming.
6. (a) Name two horticultural crops grown in Kenya

(b) State three reasons why horticulture is more developed in the Netherlands than in Kenya.
7. (a) Name two horticultural crops that are produced in Kenya

(b) Explain two reasons why horticultural produce is exported by air
8. (a) (i) What is nomadic pastoralism?

(ii) State three characteristics of nomadic pastoralism
9. a)i) Name three exotic breeds of dairy cattle kept in Kenya

ii) Apart from milk name three other dairy products
b)i) State three factors which favour the rearing of dairy cattle in Kenya highlands
ii) Explain four problems facing dairy farmers in Kenya
c) i) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Netherlands
ii) Name two dairy plants in Kenya

10. (a) Name two dairy breed found in the lowlands of Kenya
(b) State three problems that have hindered the dairy activities in the Kenya highland
11. a) State three physical factors that favour wheat farming in Kenya
b) Give three problems facing wheat farming in Kenya
12. (a) Name ;

(i) Three provinces in Kenya where wheat is grown on commercial scale
(ii) Three wheat producing provinces in Canada
(b) Explain three conditions that favour wheat farming in Kenya
(c) Explain five factors which enable Canada to produce more wheat than Kenya
(d) State three importance of wheat to the economy of Canada
13. (a) Name three districts in Kenya where wheat is grown on large scale
(b) Account for any four physical conditions needed for the growth of wheat
(c) Describe the cultivation of wheat under the following:-
(i) Processing of wheat
(ii) Marketing of wheat
(d) (i) Explain two problems facing wheat farmers in Kenya
(ii) Give two reasons why Canada produces more wheat than Kenya (2mks)
14. (a) State three physical conditions that favour sugarcane cultivation in Western Kenya
(b) Give two reasons why we need to encourage dairy farming in Kenya
15. (a) (i) Apart from Ghana name two other countries that produces cocoa in Africa
(ii) State three physical conditions that favour large scale cocoa farming in Ghana
(b) Outline the stages cocoa goes through from harvesting to the time it is ready for export
(c) Explain three problems experienced by cocoa farmers in Ghana
16. (a) (i) What is horticulture

(ii) Horticulture is more developed in the Netherlands is more developed in the Netherlands
than in Kenya. Give four reasons for this
(iii) Give three reasons why the growing of flowers in green house is preferred in Kenya
17. Give four physical factors favouring wheat –growing in Kenya

18. (a) State two physical conditions favoring dairy farming in the Kenya highlands
(b) Compare dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark under the following headings:-
(i) Feeding of the animals
(ii) Marketing of the products
19. (a) Name two exotic breeds of beef cattle reared in Kenya
(b) State three physical conditions that favour beef farming in Argentina
20. (a) The figure below shows wheat growing province of Canada

(i) Name the provinces marked X , Y and Z

(ii) State two physical factors favouring wheat farming in the named provinces above
(b) Give one province where coffee is grown on large scale in Kenya
21. a) Differentiate between horticulture and market gardening

b) State three factors that favour horticultural industry in Kenya
22. a) Define nomadic pastoralism

b) Give three characteristics of pastoral farming in Kenya
23. a) Give four reasons why there has been a steady increase of milk production in Kenya in
the recent past
b) Give similarities between dairy farming in Kenya and Denmark
c) Explain three benefits of dairy farming in Kenya
24. The table below shows horticultural crop production in Kenya

Crop Quantity in tonnes
flowers 42, 500
oranges 22, 600
tomatoes 20, 300
carrots 15, 400
(a) (i) Draw a divided rectangle 15cm long to represent horticultural crop production in
Kenya in the year 2000 using the data above.
(a) (i) Calculate the range of the above data
(ii) What is the percentage of horticultural crop with the lowest tonnage?
(b) (i) State two advantages of using divided rectangle to represent geographical information.
(ii) State two climatic conditions that favour horticultural crops in Kenya
(c) Explain four problems facing horticultural farming in Kenya
25. (a) Name three main breeds of dairy cattle reared in Kenya
(b) State three benefits of dairy farming in Kenya
26. (a) Name two leading export commodities from Kenya

(b) State three problems facing trade in Kenya
27. (a) State any three roles played by livestock in the economy
(b) Identify any two solutions to problems facing pastoralists in the Northern part of Kenya
28. (a) List two economic factors that influence Agriculture

(b) (i) List two uses of cocoa
(ii) State one economic problem experienced in cocoa farming in Ghana
29. (a) Differentiate between horticulture and market gardening

(b) Name two main types of flowers grown in Kenya
(c) What problem do farmers in Kenya face in carrying out this activity?
30. (a) State three ways in which drought affect the agricultural sector in Kenya.
(b) State three reasons why the government of Kenya is encouraging bee keeping in the
country?
31. (a) List three social factors that influence Agriculture.

(b) State two factors that favour mechanization of wheat farming in Canada.
32. (a) State three climatic factors that favour the growing of oil palm in Nigeria.
(b) State any two products obtained from oil palm.
33. (a) Define the term pollution as used in Geography.

(b) Dither their air pollution name three forms of pollution.
(c) State physical conditions required for the growing of tea in Kenya.
(d) Explain four problems experienced in small scale to production in Kenya.
34. (a) Name two exotic beef cattle breeds in Kenya.

(b) State three steps taken by the government to improve beef farming in Kenya.
(c) State three problems facing beef farming in Kenya.
(d) (i) Explain three physical conditions that favour beef farming in Argentina.
(ii) Explain two ways in which beef farming contribute to the economy of Argentina.
16. LAND RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION

This topic entails :-
(i) Definition of land reclama;tion and land rehabilitation
(ii) Discussing:
(a) The factors that influence the location of the selected irrigation schemes in Kenya
(b) The significance of irrigation of farming in Kenya
(c) The problems experience in irrigation farming in Kenya
(iii) Description of the methods used in land reclamation and rehabilitation in Kenya
(iv) Comparing the methods of land reclamation in Kenya and the Netherlands
1. (a) Apart from Mwea, name three other large irrigation schemes in Kenya
(b) (i) Explain four conditions that made Mwea-Tebere a suitable location for an irrigation
scheme
(ii) Explain four problems facing farmers in Mwea irrigation scheme
(c) State six benefits which Kenya derives from irrigation farming
2 (a) A part from draining swamps, state two other methods used to reclaim land in Kenya.
(b) State three benefits that resulted from the reclamation of Yala Swamp.
3. (a) (i) Distinguish between land reclamation and land rehabilitation

(ii) Name any three methods of irrigation.
(iii) State two advantages of irrigation over natural water supplies
(b) (i) Why was Mwea Tebere irrigation scheme initiated?
(ii) Explain four physical conditions that favoured the establishment of Mwea Irrigation
Scheme
(iii) Give three problems that are faced in Mwea Irrigation Scheme
(c) (i) What is a polder.
(ii) Describe how land is reclaimed and prepared in the Netherlands
(iii) Give any three benefits of the delta plan
(d) How does the above activity differ from that in Denmark?
4. Explain three problems caused by a large aging population
5. a) i) Apart from rice name two other crops grown under irrigation at mwea Tabere irrigation
scheme
ii) Explain four factors that favoured establishment of Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme
b) Give four problems associated with irrigation farming on R.Thiba & Nyamindi
c) Explain three benefits of Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme
d)i) Name two other irrigation schemes in Kenya apart from Mwea Tabere
ii) State three benefits of rice farming
6. (a) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation

(b) Explain four methods of land reclamation in Kenya
(c) Explain any two methods used in land reclamation and rehabilitation in Netherlands
(d) State four factors which influenced the establishment of Perkerra Irrigation Scheme
7. (a) Explain two significance of irrigation farming in Kenya

(b) State three benefits of syader see projects
8. (a) Name any three crops grown under irrigation farming in Kenya
(b) (i) Explain four conditions that made Mwea Tebere a suitable location for irrigation farming
(ii) Outline two aims of the tsetseflies control project in the Lambwe valley of Kenya
(iii) State four efforts being made to conserve water catchment areas of Kenya
9. (a) (i) What is a polder

(ii) Name three crops grown in the polders.
(b) Describe the stages involved in the reclamation of land from the sea in the Netherlands
(c) Explain four ways that the Netherlands benefited from the delta plan project
(d) State six problems experienced in irrigation farming in Kenya
10. a) A part from Mwea name three other large irrigation schemes in Kenya
b) Explain four conditions that made Mwea a suitable location for irrigation scheme
c) Explain four ways through which tenants have benefited from Mwea irrigation scheme
d) Explain three problems faced by farmers in Mwea Tabere irrigation scheme
11. (a) (i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation
(ii) Name two methods of rehabilitating land in Kenya
(b) (i) What is a polder
(ii) Name two crops grown in the polders
(c) Describe the stages of reclamation of land from the sea in the Netherlands
(d) (i) State three physical factors that influence the establishment of Pekerra irrigation scheme
(ii) Explain four significance of irrigation farming in Kenya
12. (a) (i) Differentiate between land reclamation and land rehabilitation
(ii) List three ways in which tsetse fly menace was controlled in the Lambwe valley
(b) (i) Name two areas in Kenya where swamps have been reclaimed
(ii) State four factors which influenced the establishment of Perkerra irrigation scheme
(c) Explain three problems facing irrigation farming in Kenya
(d) List four benefits of the Delta plan project in Netherlands
13. (a) State two methods used to reclaim land in Kenya

(b) Outline the stages through which land is reclaimed from the sea in the Netherlands
14. (a) List four types of wasteland that can be reclaimed

(b) Give two advantages of irrigation farming compared to rain fed farming
17. FISHING
The topic entails:
(i) Definition of fishing and fisheries.
(ii) Explaining the factors influencing fishing
(iii) Accounting for the location of the major fishing grounds of the world.
(iv) Describing type sand methods of fishing
(v) Discussing fresh water and marine fisheries in East Africa Q
(vi) Assessing the significance of the fishing industry in Kenya
(vii) Discussing problems facing fishing in Kenya and their possible solutions
(viii) Comparing and contrasting fishing activities in Keya and Japan
(ix) Explaining ways and means of managing and conserving fresh water and marine fisheries.
The map below shows some major fishing grounds n the world. Use it to answer questions below:
Major fishing ground
1. (a (i) Name the countries marked P and Q

(ii) Explain four conditions that favour fishing in the shaded coastal water
2. (a) The diagrams below represent some fishing methods
R S
Water surface

(a) (i) Name methods R and S
(b) Describe how each of the two methods are used in fishing
(c) Explain three measures used to conserve fish in Kenya
3. (a) (i) What is fish farming?

(ii) Explain three measures that have been undertaken by the government of Kenya
to encourage fish farming.
(b) Explain four problems which face marine fishing in Kenya.
(c) (i) Name three fishing grounds in the Northern Hemisphere.
(ii) Explain three physical factors that favour fishing in Japan.
4. (a) Differentiate between veins and lodes.

(b) State the effects of dereliction
5. (a) (i) Name two methods of fishing.

(ii) Name two types of fish caught along the Eastern Coast of Canada.
(b) Explain how the following factors favour fishing:-
(i) Indented Coastline
(ii) Ocean Currents
(c) Explain four ways in which fisheries in Kenya can be conserved.
6. (i) Give three methods used to preserve fish.

(ii) Explain three problems experienced by fishermen in Lake Victoria.
7. State four reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are under-developed
8. (a) (i) Name three types of nets used in modern fishing

(ii) Identify the two main fishing grounds of the Pacific Ocean
(b) Explain any four problems facing fishing in East Africa
(c) Explain any four ways in which fishing is significant to Kenya
(d) Name four areas where fish farmers in Kenya can obtain fingerlings
9. a) i)State the three categories of fish communities

ii) Explain four reasons why North East Atlantic is one of the most extends
iii) State four measures taken by the Kenyan government in the management and
conservation of fisheries
10. (a) A part from trawling, name two other modern methods of fishing
(b) State two reasons why the Western Coast of Africa has high concentration of fish than
the Eastern Coast.
11. (a) Name two commercial fishing methods commonly used in Atlantic fishing ground
(b) State three problems Kenyan fishermen face while fishing in Lake Victoria
12. (a) State two measures that have been taken to conserve fish in Kenya
(b) Give three reasons why Norway is a great fishing nation
13. (a) Name commercial methods of fishing shown in the diagrams below:

(b) State three reasons why marine fisheries in Kenya are underdeveloped
14. (a) Differentiate between pelagic fish and demersal fish?

(b) Identify two problems facing the fishing industry in Kenya.
18. WILDLIFE AND TOURISM

This topic entails:
(i) Definition of wildlife, tourism and ecotourism
(ii) Distinction between:
(a) Game reserves, National Parks, and Sanctuaries
(b) Domestic tourism and International tourism
(iii) Explaining factors influencing;
(a) The distribution of wildlife in East Africa.
(b) Tourism in Kenya
(iv) Location of national parks, major game reserves and sanctuaries on a map of East Africa.
(v) Identification and discussion of tourist attractions in Kenya.
(vi) Discussion of the significance of wildlife in East Africa.
(vii) Discussion of:-
(a) Problems facing wild life in East Africa.
(b) Problems facing and associated with tourism in Kenya.
(viii) Discussion of the management and conservation of wildlife in East Africa.
(ix) Discussion of the future of tourism in Kenya.
(x) Comparison and contrast between tourism in Keya and Switzerland.
Use the map of East Africa below to answer questions (a) (i)
MAP OF EAST AFRICA

i) Name the national parks marked P, Q, and R

2. (a) State two differences between a National Park and a Game Reserve
(b) State three measures being taken to conserve wildlife in Kenya
3. (a) Differentiate between game reserves ands game parks
(b) State three ways in which human activities are a threat to wildlife
4. (a) What is balance of payment?
(b) Identify three problems that face traders dealing with primary goods
5. (a) Why are some parts of Kenya not developed for tourism?
(b) State two factors that hinder domestic tourism in Kenya.
6. (a) State three problems facing wildlife conservation in Kenya.
(b) State two human factors that have made Switzerland a major tourist destination.
19. ENERGY
This topic entails:
(i) Definition of energy
(ii) Discussion of sources and types of energy.
(iii) Discussion of the development of electric power projects in Kenya and Uganda.
(iv) Identifying and locating other power projects in Africa
(v) Explaining the significance of energy
(vi) Explaining the impact ofMt.
the energy crisis in the world.
Kenya
(vii) Discussing ways and means of managing and conserving energy.
(viii) Identifying sources and uses of energy within the local environment.
R
R. Sagana
Q
1. (a) Name two oil producing countries in the midddle East Gitaru Grand
(b) Give three contributions of oil to the economies falls
P of Middle East countries
2. R. Mathioya
(a) What is a multi-purpose project?
(b) Name two multi-purpose projects in Africa
R. Thika
3. (a) (i) Name five renewable sources of energy
(ii) State three disadvantages and three advantages of wind as source of energy
(b) (i) What is geothermal power?

(ii) Name two areas in Kenya which have a potential for producing geothermal power
(d) Explain three measures taken by the Kenyan government to conserve energy
4. a) i) What is energy crisis

ii) State four causes of energy crisis
b) i) Name three non- renewable sources of energy
ii) Apart from seven forks Dam project name two other hydro electric plants in Kenya
iii) Explain four factors that favoured the establishment of seven forks dam project
c) State two effects of energy use on environment

5. (a) Give three advantages of suing solar energy
(b) Identify the hydro-power stations marked P, Q and R in the diagram
(c)Explain any five ways in which energy contributes to the growth of the economy
(d) (i) Explain any three problems associated with energy crisis
(ii) Suggest any three ways to minimize energy wastage
6. (a) Define the term renewable sources of energy.

(b) (i) Explain four physical factors influencing the generation of hydro-electric power.
(ii) Outline three limitations in the production of geothermal power in Kenya.
(c) (i) Explain any four negative effects of the energy crisis in the world.
(ii) State four possible methods that the government of Kenya can use to conserve energy.
7. (a) Explain the impact of the oil crisis to Kenya

(b) What measures has the Kenyan government carried out to conserve energy
8. a) What is energy crisis?

b) State three environmental impact of energy crisis in Kenya
9. (a) Name two sources of thermal electricity

(b) Explain four benefits Kenya would get by striking oil in Isiolo
(c) Explain three measures taken by the Kenya government to manage and conserve energy
(d) Form four students of Nyabisawa Girls carried out a field study at Olkaria Geothermal
pour stations
10. (i) State three preparation they made prior to the study
(ii) State three methods of data collection they could have used
(iii) State three uses of Geothermal energy they learnt
11. (a) (i) Name two non-renewable sources of energy

(ii) Explain four physical factors that influence the location of hydroelectric power station
(b) (i) What is energy crisis?
(ii) State three causes of energy crisis
(iii) Explain two effects of energy crisis
12. (a) List two renewable fossil fuels

(b) Identify any three functions of hydro power reservoir other than power generation
(c) State three reasons why Kenya spent so little on importing maize during the year 2002
(d) (i) Name two provinces in Kenya where maize is grown on large scale
(ii) State any two uses of maize
13. (a) Name the dams marked E, F and G
(b) Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.

(c)Explain three factors that influenced the location of Owen falls dam in Uganda
(d) Explain four problems that hinder development of Hydro-electric power projects in Africa
20. INDUSTRY
(i) Definition of industry and industrialization
(ii) Explaining the factors that influence the location and development of industries
(iii) Describing types of industries
(iv) Accounting for the distribution of industries in Kenya
(v) Explaining the significance of industrialization to Kenya
(vi) Discussing the problems of industrialization and possible solutions
(vii) Comparing and contrasting aspects of industrialization in selected countries.
(viii) Carrying out field work on an industry in the local environment.
1. Give five effects of liberalization of the oil industry in Kenya.
2. (a) Define the term “industrial inertia.”

(b) State three factors that make industrialists prefer to locate their plants near already
established industries.
(c) Explain three benefits that would result from rural electrification in Kenya
3. (a) Define the term industrial inertia

(b) State three negative effects of industrialization
4. (a) Differentiate between a factory and industry

(b) Name any three types of tertiary industry
21. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

(i) Definition of transport and communication
(ii) Identifying modes of transport and types of communication.
(iii) Location of major lines of transport in Africa.
(iv) Outlining the role of transport and communication in economic development of Africa.
(v) Discussing problems facing transport and communicationin Africa and the efforts being
made to solve them.
(vi) Explanation of the role of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Sea Way in the conomies
of USA and Canada.
1. (a) (i) State four factors that influence transport and communication

(ii) State three problems facing transport and communication in Africa
(b) The diagram below shows the Great Lakes & St Lawrence Seaway:
(i) Name the lakes marked A, B, & C .

(ii) Why was the St. Lawrence Sea way constructed between the Great Lakes and the
Pacific Ocean?
(iii) Identify the problems that initially existed along the seaway and how they were solved
(c) State four advantages of the Mombasa-Nairobi pipeline.
(d) Discuss the role of transport and communication in development
2. (a) (i) What is transport?

(ii) Name three forms of land transport commonly used in Kenya
(b) Below is a sketch map of the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Sea Way. Use it to answer
question (i) below:
(i) Name;
- The Canals marked N and Q
- The lakes marked R and P
- The port marked M
(ii) Explain four ways in which the Great lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway has contributed
to the economies of U.S.A and Canada
(c)State four ways in which communication has contributed to economic development of Kenya
(d) State any four problems facing air transport in Africa

3. (a) Define the term communication
(b) State two recent developments that have taken place in Kenya to improve communication
(c) State two problems facing telephone as a means of communication in Kenya
4. a) State three benefits that Kenya would derive from road linkage with the rest of East
African countries
(b) Give two major problems experienced by users of Kenyan roads
5. (a) (i) Give two forms of land transport

(ii) State any four disadvantages of water transport
(b) Explain any five ways in which transport and communication is important to the economy
(c) Explain three attempted solution to African transport and communication problems
(d) (i) Define canal transport
(ii) Name the two major canals of the world
6. The table below shows the number shows the number of passengers that used railway
transport in selected countries in 1966 and 1977. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b)
COUNTRY PASSENGERS IN MILLIONS
1966 1977
CANADA 4,800 6,000
U.S.A 27,800 16,600
ARGENTINA 14,100 12,000
INDIA 96,000 160,800
JAPAN 258,400 310,900
(a) (i) Using a scale of 1cm to represent 20,000 million passengers, draw comparative bar graphs
based on the data above
(ii) State two advantages of using bar graphs in representing data
(b) Calculate the percentage increase in railway passenger transport in Canada between
1966 and 1977
(c) Explain three factors that hinder the development of railway links among African countrie
(d) One of the problems facing road transport is the high frequency of accidents. Explain three
conditions of roads in Kenya that may lead to accidents
7. (a) (i) Name three types of communication mainly used in Kenya

(ii) State two advantages of pipelines as a means of transport
(b) (i) Whys is air transport not very commonly used in Kenya?
(ii) Explain four roles of transport and communications in the economic development of Africa
(c) (i) State three objectives of constructing the St. Lawrence Seaway
(ii) Name two canals on the St. Lawrence Seaway
8. Below is a sketch map of the great lakes and St. Lawrence sea way. Use it to answer
question (a)
(a) Name:- (i) The Lake marked P
(ii) River marked Q
(iii) Canal marked R
(iv) The port marked S

(b) Explain three ways in which the great Lakes and St. Lawrence seaway has contributed
to the economy of Canada and United States of America (U.S.A)
(c) Explain the factors that hinder the development of river transport in Africa
(d) (i) State three recent developments that have taken place in Kenya to improve communication
(ii) Explain three problems facing telephone as a means of communication in Kenya
9. (a) Define the term containerization

(b) State three advantages of containerization
10. (a) (i) Explain three economic importance of using mobile phones
ii) State four problems associated with the use of mobile phones in Kenya
b) Give four reasons why water transport is poorly developed in Africa
c) Explain three measures that have been taken to solve transport problems in Africa
22. TRADE
(i) Identifying and defining types of trade
(ii) Discussing factors influencing trade
(iii)Identifying major exports and imports of Kenya
(iv) Discussing significance of trade to Kenya
(v) Discussing problems facing trade in Kenya
(vi) Role played by selected trading blocks in the economies of their respective regions.
1. Use the diagram below to answer question 5a and 5b

Country X Country Y
 Tea  Machinery
 Coffee  Electricity
 Soda ash  Vehicles
a) Identify the type of trade shown above

b) State problems country X is likely to face in the trade shown above
2. (a) Give two types of international trade

(b) State two reasons why there is less trade between Kenya and other African countries
3. (a) State two problems facing trade in Kenya.

(b) Give three benefits of regional trading blocs.
4. (a) Outline two objectives of the common market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
(b) State two efforts made by the Kenya government to enhance external trade
5. a) i) Differentiate between visible and invisible exports

ii) Name three invisible exports from Kenya
b)i) Apart from the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) name two
other regional trading blocks in Africa
ii) Identify three member countries of ECOWAS
iii) Explain five economic benefits of the Economic Community of West Africa
states (ECOWAS)
6. (a) What is balance of payment?

(b) Identify three problems that face traders dealing with primary goods
7. (a) Distinguish between visible and invisible export.

(b) State three negative effects of a country over relying on import goods.
23. POPULATION
(i) Definition of population
(ii) Explaining the factors influencing population distribution in East Africa
(iii) Explaining the factors influencing population growth.
(iv) Prescribing population structure
(v) Analysis of the consequences of population growth and structure
(vi) Comparing and contrasting population tends between Kenya and Sweden.
(vii) Presentation of population data using relevant statistical graphs.
1. The table below shows the population of a county in Western Europe in 1000.use it to
answer part a-c
Age group male female
0-4 450 455
5-9 447 449
10-14 448 450
15-19 454 458
20-24 480 472
25-29 630 632
30-34 635 639
35-39 642 671
40-44 670 638
45-49 636 568
50-54 562 641
54-59 633 639
60-64 631 634
65-69 451 452
70-74 470 468
75-79 460 459
80+ 451 453
(a) Using a scale of 1cm to 100,000 people, draw a population pyramid from the above data
(b) State five characteristics of the above population structure as shown by the pyramid
(c) Explain four problems likely to be experienced due to the population trend in the
above country
(d) (i) What is mortality rate?
(ii) State five measures that have been taken in Kenya to reduce infant mortality in Kenya
2. a) Name two primary sources of population data

b) Explain four reasons that led to rapid population growth in Kenya in the 1980’s
c) State four reasons for increased infertility in Kenyan women today
d) Give measures taken by the government to combat child mortality
3. (a) Distinguish between population distribution and population density

(b) State any three problems associated with high population growth rate in Kenya
4 (a) (i) What is life expectancy?
(ii) Give three types of information which can be derived from a population pyramid.
(b) (i) Describe three ways in which population of Sweden differs from that of Kenya.
(ii) Explain four causes of rural-rural migration in Kenya.
(c) Explain three problems which result from the high population growth rates in the
East African countries
5. (a) Define the term secondary fertility

(b) (i) Apart from HIV/AIDS give two other causes of mortality in East Africa
(ii) State two ways in which the spread of HIV/AIDS in Kenya may slow down
economic development
c) State five problems facing regional trading blocks in Africa
6. a)i) What is dependency ratio?

ii) State three causes of a high dependency ratio in a population
b) i) Explain four factors that have led to the high population density around Lake Victoria
ii) Explain three problems associated with high population growth rate in Kenya
c) Give three reasons for the low birth rate in Sweden
7. a) What is population census

b) State three reasons why countries conduct population census
8. (a) Differentiate between immigration and emigration

(b) State three effects of rapid population increase in Kenya
9. (a) Define the term population explosion

(b) State three reasons why countries conduct population census.
(c) Give two measures the Kenya government has taken to check on high population growth.
24. SETTLEMENT
(i) Definition of settlement and urbanization
(ii) Explaining the factors influencing settlements and settlement patterns
(iii)Accounting for the distribution and functions of selected towns in Kenya
(iv) Explaining the growth an functions of selected towns in Kenya
(v) Comparing and contrasting selected urban centres in Kenya with those of other parts of the
world.
(vi) Discussing the effects of urbanization
1. The diagram below shows part of the urban set up. Use it to answer part (a) and (b)
(a) Name the parts labeled ABC
(b) Give three characteristics of the part labeled A
2 a) Name two settlement patterns common in rural areas in Kenya

b) The diagram below shows the internal structure of an urban centre. Name the sectors
labeled 1, 2, 3
1 Key Railway
25. MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

(i) Definition of management and conservation
(ii) Explaining why it is necessary to manage and conserve the environment
(iii)Naming/identifying environment hazards
(iv) Assessing the impact of selected environmental hazards and suggesting measured for
combating them.
(v) Discussing the measures taken in managing and conserving the environment.
1. i) Define the term land pollution

ii) Explain four causes of land pollution
iii) Explain four effects of land pollution
2. a ) Reasons why National parks are located in marginal areas.

(b) Explain three ways in which water pollution affect wildlife
(c) (i) State three causes of floods in Kenya
(ii) Explain two methods used to control flooding in Kenya
(d) State six reasons why it is important to manage and conserve environment
3. (a) Give three causes of sound pollution

(b) State two major health effects caused by sound pollution
4. (a) Apart from flooding, name three other environmental hazards experienced in Kenya
(b) (i) Name two rivers to the west of Rift valley which causes large scale flooding
(ii) Explain four problems caused by floods
(c) Explain three effects of land pollution on the environment
(d) (i) State three ways through which land pollution can be controlled
(ii) Give three effects of wind as an environmental hazard in Kenya
5. Use the map of Kenya below to answer question (a)
T
U V
Mombasa
(a) (i) Name the wildlife conservation areas marked S, T, and U

(ii) Identify the Marine National Park marked V
(b) (i) Apart from Marine and Wildlife name three other tourist attractions along the coastal
strip of Kenya
(ii) Give four reasons for wildlife conservation in Kenya
(iii) Explain four problems facing wildlife conservation in Kenya
6. (a) Give three reasons why it was necessary to conduct a pre-visit before the actual study (3mks)
(b) State three measures that they could propose to be taken to promote domestic tourism
in Kenya (3mks)
7. (a) Apart from floods, name any other environmental hazard experienced in Kenya
(b) State two causes of desertification
(c) Give two reasons why it is necessary for Kenya to conserve her environment
8. (a) Differentiate between management and conservation of the environment.

(b) Give four reasons why we need to manage and conserve the environment.
(c) Explain four effects of air pollution on the environment.
(d) (i)Give five measures that can be put in place to combat pollution.
(ii) Identity three human characteristics you may learn from the garbage;
9. (a) Define the term pollution as used in Geography.

(b) Dither their air pollution name three forms of pollution.
10. Apart from desertification, name two other environmental hazards experienced in Kenya
For marking schemes

FOR MARKING SCHEMES

CALL 0705525657

Geography Made Familiar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geography Made Familiar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Geography Made Familiar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

mwalimuepublishers@gmail.

KCSE MADE FAMILIAR

For Marking Schemes Call 0705525657

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

TOPIC QUESTION PG ANSWER PG

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

2. THE EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Rotation of the earth

(ii) Identify the parts marked Q and T

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

a)Name the arts named u, v and x

3. WEATHER AND CLIMATE

1. State three causes of desertification.

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

(i) Describe the characteristics of climate marked A.

15 (a) (i) What is global warming?

17. The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya

a) Name the climatic region name 2 and 3

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

a )i)Identify the climatic types marked X and Y

1. Study the table below and answer questions that follow:-

CROP 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

Mineral Amount (000 tonnes)

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

5. MAPS AND MAP WORK

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

Use the diagram below to answer questions 5

5. (a) Name the vegetation types marked X and Y

9. a i) What type of map is Belgut sheet?

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

3. a)i)Give three natural vegetation zones on mount Kenya

9. a) You intent to carry out a field study on a desert landscape.

10. a) Your class went for a field study in Samburu.

CROPS ‘000’ 2000 2001 2002

7. MINERALS AND ROCKS

The topic entails:-

1. (a) State two formations in which mineral ores occur

(i) Name the minerals found in the areas marked P, Q, R

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

7. (a) Give three main methods of mining

8. (a) (i) State three methods used in mining

9. The diagram below shows

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

(a) Identify the parts marked X and Y

9. INTERNAL LAND-FORMING PROCESSES

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

This area covers :-

4. (a) (i) What are tectonic plates

5. (a) Give any two natural causes of earthquakes

6. (a) State three characteristics of the rift valley lakes of Kenya

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807

8. The diagram below represents a feature resulting form faulting

(a) Name the feature

10. (a) What is the plate tectonic theory ?

FOR MORE E-RESOURCES CALL: 0705525657/0770195807