PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER

MODULE 1: PHILOSOPHY: DOING PHILOSOPHY

MODULE 1.1 HAVING PHILOSOPHIES

PHILOSOPHY - comes from the Greek roots philo- meaning "love" and -sophos, or "wisdom."." which therefore translates to
'love of wisdom. it is defined by some as the study of ideas about knowledge, truth, the nature and meaning of life, or a way of
thinking about certain subjects such as ethics, thought, existence, time, meaning, and value. Philosophy is more like a conversation
among different views rather than a body of knowledge that contain one step-by-step process to follow.

PHILOSOPHER - relate it to people who have philosophies

PILOSOPO - -referring to someone who may be a smart aleck especially in answering questions, often gives us a feeling that he or
she is trying to be clever

MODULE 1.2 BEING PHILOSOPHICAL

being philosophical means being able to think carefully, in a manner that suggests a deliberate examination not

only of what we think, but why we think about a certain thing in a particular way SOCRATES (470-399 B.C.E.) - is considered one
of the handful of philosophers who forever changed how philosophy itself was to be conceived. He is deemed wise not because he
knows a lot of things. He stated that "he knows that he does not know".

be a "Lover of Wisdom" wisdom (heard) knowledge (applied)

THALES OF MILETUS (C. 620 B.C.E-C. 546 B.C. E.) - known as the first recorded philosopher, thought that the basic 'stuff' of
the universe is water because water is the most apparent thing that still can be termed 'water' in all its variable forms

MODULE 1.3 THE ACTIVITY OF PHILOSOPHY

PHILOSOPHICAL - are relating to the study of basic ideas about knowledge, right and wrong, reasoning, and the value of things.
This means that you, yourself have to be involved and do your own effort on answering questions or at least try to do your own
questions, we can also define philosophy not only as a body of knowledge, but an activity.

REQUIRED SKILL FOR BEING PHILOSOPHER - When you study philosophy, you develop skills in verbal and written
communication, problem solving, clear and disciplined thinking and analysis, along with persuasive argumentation

Critical

Logical

Analytical Thinking

Observation

Communication Skills

MODULE 1.4: Doing Philosophy: Holistic Perspective and Partial View

Partial Point of View

Looks at only limited number of aspects of the given problem or situation.

Holistic Point of View

Looks at all aspects of the given problem or situation.

MODULE 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Traditional Branches of Philosophy

Branch of Philosophy

1 Ethics - also called moral philosophy, is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong.

2. Methaphysics - Methaphysics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature of existence, being, and the world

3. Epistemology - Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge

4. Aesthetic- Aesthetics is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty, and good taste.

5. Logic- Philosophical Logic, the study, from a philosophical perspective, of the nature and types of logic. including problems in the
fiend and the relation of logic to mathematics and other disciplines

6. Political- Political Philosophy is the branch of philosophy that is concerned, at the most abstract level, with the concepts and
arguments involved in political opinion.

What is The Philosophical Method? - Brown (2008) stated on his article The Philosophical Method that a good case can be made
that philosophical method involves a commitment to reason and argument as a source of knowledge.

PARMENIDES (515-445 B.C.E.)-argued that though reality appeared as a plurality that was in constant change (since generations
and generations develop different points of view), in actuality was a static unity that never changed. The reason that we are supposed
to adopt this radical position is that positing the reality of many changing objects leads to a contradiction (that of something coming
from nothing or opposites existing in the same place at the same time).

SCIENTIFIC METHOD presupposes the philosophical method with the restriction that good arguments come from empirical
testing of theory

Dogmatism (1595-1605) Asserting or insisting upon ideas or principles, especially when unproven or unexamined, in an imperious
or arrogant manner.

Empiricism - This concept originated in observation and experiment which is used in natural sciences. It is the fundamental
requirement of the scientific method that all hypotheses and theories must be tested against observation of the natural world.

Skepticism - The original Greek meaning 'skeptikos' was an inquirer, someone who was unsatisfied and still looking for truth.
Attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas.

Criticism - The critical philosophy movement, attributed to Immanuel Kant, sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather
than justification of knowledge.

Rationalism - The view that regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge, Dialectic Method - "Dialectics' is a term used
to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides.

Truth-The ability to make an informed judgment as to what the facts are in a certain situation is a function of experience, training
and so forth.

Opinions- a belief which has not been sufficiently well-supported or substantiated to count as a considered judgment

CONSIDERED JUDGMENTS-beliefs which do enjoy sufficient support or justification

MODULE 3: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT

We function in accordance with natural laws

-The bodies that we have, in the context of being a species which are also creatures of time and space, are physically conditioned by
and subject to natural laws, simple because our bodies and its atom and cells are physical thing

THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM

The mind-body problem is concerned with the relation of the physical and the mental It asks the questions, "are you a body?, are you
something which is not simply in your body?" or "are you something else in addition to your body?"

Dualism - defined as the doctrine that there are in the world two kinds of substances, matter and mind. which are different in kind
and should be distinct

Monism - agree in maintaining that universe does not contain two kind it things fundamentally different. Out of the duality of things
as it seemsto be revealed to the plain man they try to make some kind of unity.

FORMS OF MONISM

1. Materialism

-a doctrine to which the first impulse of the plain man leads him at the present time

2.Spiritualism

- a doctrine to which believes that there is no existence which we may not properly call mind or spirit.

MODULE 3.2: HAVING BODIES

Rene Descartes (1596-1650)- "I think, therefore am." French philosopher and mathematician who is usually credited as the thinker
who systematically articulated the modern dualism between the mind and the body.

Plato (428ti427-348t347 B.C.E) - The Soul is in the body" An ancient Greek philosopher and a student of Socrates, his belief
somewhat coincides that of Descartes. Plato's concern were with a systematic investigation of metaphysics, politics, ethics, and
epistemology

THE SOUL HAS THREE PART

Appetitive Part: responsible for our base, physical needs

Spirited Part: responsible with our spiritedness; enthusiasm an vigor for honor like honor and victory

Rational Part: responsible for truth and wisdom.

Gabriel Marcel (1889-1973) - "I am my body". A French philosopher. Marcel's illustration of being and having is one that actually
straddles the distinction between them: "my body". My body, insofar as it is my body, is both something that have and something that
am, and cannot be adequately accounted for using either of these descriptions alone

Aristotle (384 B.C.E-322 B.C.E.) - The Body is in the Soul a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in
Ancient Greece. He is the student of Plato.

MODULE 3.3: HAVING BDOIES

Maurice Merleau-Ponty (1908-1961) - "I have a body and I am my body" He emphasized the radical nature of the experienced
body. For him, what shows up for us in experience is fundamentally constituted y our bodies. Marcel and Merleau-Ponty argue that
the body is neither an object that can be known from the outside an investigating subject nor a completely subjective thing with no
relation whatsoever to the world.

MODULE 4: The Human Person in their Environment

What is Nature?

It is a part of the world that is untouched by human presence.

Nature is therefore seen as a chaotic, yet peaceful world.

Because there is also "war" in nature, in which it is the survival of species: even though species sometimes coexist peacefully in
this world.

Our Relationship with Nature: Separation and Alienation

Separation & Alienation - The estrangement of human beings from some essential aspect of their nature or from society Nature, in
this regard, becomes antithetical to the artificial world of human civilization, which is a world of cultural and technological artifacts.
We are not part of nature. We have our own world-the world of skyscrapers, cars, concrete roads and computers

This sense of alienation is the primary reason why we have lost our place in nature. Instead of treating it as our home, we approach it
as an object to behold, possess, dominate, control and exploit.

Our Relationship with Nature: The 'Human-Centered" View of Nature

Anthropocentric- "human centered" view of nature; is the perspective that interprets man as the source and measure of value for
nature.

MODULE 4.2: Dwellers within Nature: Beyond Utility, Towards Responsibility

What does it mean to be a dweller?-To dwell implies that we treat the earth as our home. To dwell in nature begins with the
acceptance of the fact that the earth is our home

Erazim Kohak-stated, we have become marauders on the face of the earth rather than dwellers therein

"In the process, we have become less human, less cultured, more bestial in the commonsense acceptation of that term, "-Erazim
Kohak

Greta Thunberg - "We are content with short-term solutions to perennial environmental problems because we are too lazy to change
and too fixed on our irresponsibly consumptive lifestyle."

MODULE 4.3: Toward a shift in Thinking: Calculative vs. Meditative Thinking

Martin Heidegger - the spirit of the age of modern technology transforms nature into a gigantic gasoline station to the eyes of the
industry.