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Mod1-The Indeterminate Form

This document discusses indeterminate forms in calculus. It begins by introducing indeterminate forms as limits that cannot be directly determined through algebraic manipulation. There are seven common types of indeterminate forms: 0/0, ∞/∞, 0×∞, ∞-∞, 00, ∞∞, 1∞. The document then provides examples of applying L'Hospital's rule to evaluate indeterminate limits. L'Hospital's rule states that for a limit in the form 0/0 or ∞/∞, one should differentiate the numerator and denominator and take the limit of the resulting quotient. Several examples demonstrate applying this process to evaluate limits like limx→

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Richard, Jr. Castuera
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1 views

Mod1-The Indeterminate Form

This document discusses indeterminate forms in calculus. It begins by introducing indeterminate forms as limits that cannot be directly determined through algebraic manipulation. There are seven common types of indeterminate forms: 0/0, ∞/∞, 0×∞, ∞-∞, 00, ∞∞, 1∞. The document then provides examples of applying L'Hospital's rule to evaluate indeterminate limits. L'Hospital's rule states that for a limit in the form 0/0 or ∞/∞, one should differentiate the numerator and denominator and take the limit of the resulting quotient. Several examples demonstrate applying this process to evaluate limits like limx→

Uploaded by

Richard, Jr. Castuera
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1

THE INDETERMINATE
FORMS
Week 2
Introduction

In our past experienced in Differential Calculus we are able to determine the


quotient between two functions when the numerator and denominator
approaches to zero. Performing such mathematical operation, we employ
certain algebraic manipulations such as factoring a given expression,
conjugation, and among other techniques. However, learning told us that
there are other functions having indeterminate forms whose limit cannot be
determined even adopting several algebraic methods. Meaning, what
something can we get from nothing? In this time of pandemic, everyone was
affected and depressed physically, mentally, emotionally and financially, but
don’t lost faith there is still hope to survive. Hence, in this lesson I want you
inspired that there is still something from nothing.

At the end of the lesson, the students will be able to describe the limit of the
functions and comprehend the concepts of indeterminate form. Evaluate the
limit of functions and identify what type of indeterminate form. Adopt
systematics steps to evaluate the limit of indeterminate form using L’Hospital
rule.

Pre-competency Checklist (Formative Assessment/ Diagnostic)

Our topic for today is all about indeterminate form of a limit. Before our
formal discussion, let us start our discussion by evaluating the limits of the
following functions on your sheets of paper.
What are the limits of each functions above? State your answers why? Having
been noticed the limit of each function, which of the following had a
numerical and non-numerical value? Put your answers in the Table 1 below.

Table 1.

Item Classification
Limit State your answer
No. (numerical or non
why?
numerical)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Learning Resources

Use the following link to view the learning resource materials in this lesson.
a) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminate_form
b) https://www.cut-the-knot.org/blue/GhostCity.shtml
c) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb7V0KSy2ts
d) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UeunoNeJvI
e) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh48aOvWcxw

Explore /Task/Activities

Based from the answers of your classmates, do you agree or not agree?
Which of the answers are correct or incorrect? Why? To decide which answers
are correct, please access to the following link
a) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pb7V0KSy2ts

From the previous exercises we observed that the limit of some functions
when we directly substitute the value of the variable are undefined and found
had no numerical value. This particular function is called theindeterminate
form.

The seven indeterminate forms are as follows:


1. 0 / 0 5. 00
2. ∞ / ∞ 6. ∞∞
3. 0 * ∞ 7. 1∞
4. ∞ - ∞
What is indeterminate means? Indeterminate refer to non - numeric values,
such as 0 / 0, ∞ / ∞, 0 ∙ ∞, and among others.

Which of the item in the above exercises are considered indeterminate forms,
Why? Write your answers in Table 2.
Table 2.

Item No. Justification

In basic algebraic operation we learn that if x is any real number except 0, x /


x = 1. hence 5 / 5 = 1, but 0 / 0 cannot be considered 1, meaning it is a non-
numeric value. Similarly, x / ∞ = 0, but ∞ / x = ∞ however, ∞ / ∞ is not
equal to 1, hence it is also a non- numeric value. However, if we consider x
and x2 as x approaches ∞ both x and x 2 are equal ∞, but x / x 2 is equal to 1 /
x = 1 / ∞ = 0 and x 2 / x is equal to x = ∞

Looking for the product involving infinity. Multiplication can be dealt with fairly
intuitively as well. A really, really large number (positive, or negative) times
any number, regardless of size, is still a really, really large number we'll just
need to be careful with signs. In the case of multiplication, we have

(a)(∞) = ∞ if a>0
(a)(∞) = -∞ if a>0
(∞)(∞) = ∞
(-∞)(-∞) = ∞
(-∞)(∞) = -∞

But 0 * ∞ has no numeric value (indeterminate form)

Subtraction with negative infinity can also be dealt with in an intuitive way in
most cases as well. A really, really large negative number minus any positive
number, regardless of its size. Is still a really, really large negative number.
Subtracting a negative number (i.e. a<0) from a really, really large negative
number Will still be a really, really large negative number. Or,
However, ∞ - ∞ has no numeric value which means indeterminate.

Moreover, if x is any positive real number except 0, the value of x 0 = 1, say


for example 12 0 = 1, 25 0 = 1 but 0 0 is not equal to 1 and consider as non-
numeric value. Also, if x is any positive real number except 0 is raised to
infinity is also consider non-numeric value such as 1 ∞.
Which of the indeterminate form required the application of L’Hospital Rule?
Why?. Use these link for further discussion
a) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UeunoNeJvI
b) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gh48aOvWcxw

What is L’Hospital Rule?

L’Hôspital’s rule, is a procedure of differential calculus for evaluating


indeterminate forms such as 0/0 and ∞/∞ when they result from an attempt
to find a limit. It is named for the French mathematician Guillaume-
FrançoisAntoine, marquis de L’Hôpital, who purchased the formula from his
teacher the Swiss mathematician Johann Bernoulli. L’Hôpital published the
formula in L’Analyse des infiniment petits pour l’intelligence des lignes
courbes (1696), the first textbook on differential calculus.( The Editors of
Encyclopaedia Britannica)

The L’Hospital Rulestates that to evaluate the limit of the fraction f(x) / g(x)
that takes the form 0 / 0 at x=a, differentiate the numerator and denominator
separately and then take the limit of the new fraction f’ (x) / g’ (x).In case
that the new fraction assumes again the form 0/0 or indeterminate, the
process may be done repeatedly to find the real limit of the function.
Algebraically,

Example 1. Evaluate

Step 1: Take the limit of the function to make sure you have an
indeterminate form.

The function is asking you to find the limit at x = 1, so:


lim ln(x) = ln(1) = 0
lim (x – 1 ) = 0
Hence, the limit of the function is 0/0 which is indeterminate
Step 2: Identify f(x) and g(x) from your function (the two parts in the formal
definition of the rule). The top function in the rule is f(x) and the bottom
function is g(x). In this case,

f(x) = ln(x)
g(x) = (x – 1)

Step 3: Find the derivative for f(x) and g(x):

f’(x) = 1/x
g’(x)= 1

Step 4. Form a new quotient to find the limit

Example 2. Find the lim sin x / x


x→0

Step 1: Take the limit of the function to make sure you have an
indeterminate form.

lim sin x /x = 0/0


x→0

Step 2: Identify f(x) and g(x) from your function.


The top function is f(x) and the bottom function is g(x). In this case, f(x) is
sin(x) and g(x) is x.
f(x) = sin x
g(x) = x
Step 3: Find the derivative for f(x) and g(x):
f'(sinx)= cos x
f'(x) = 1

Step 4: Take the limit of the derivative functions


from Step 3:
Hence, lim cos x /1 = 1/1 = 1
x→0

L’Hospital’s rulestates that the limit of this derivative function is also


the limit of the function itself, therefore: sin x /x = 1
x→0

To summarize the steps, refer to table below


Dealing with indeterminate Forms of Limits

Post-Competency Checklist
To assess your knowledge gained from this module, please answer each
question and show your solution.

𝑒 3𝑥 −1
1. lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥
2. lim ( )
𝑥→0 𝑥
𝑒𝑥
3. lim ( )
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑒 2𝑥 + 1
𝑥 2 −𝜋 2
4. lim ( )
𝑥→𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥+7
5. lim ( )
𝑥→ ∞ 𝑥 2 + 47𝑥+1

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