Stokes’ and

Gauss’
Theorems

Math 240

Stokes’
theorem

Gauss’
theorem
Calculating
volume Stokes’ and Gauss’ Theorems

Math 240 — Calculus III

Summer 2013, Session II

Monday, July 8, 2013

 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Agenda
Theorems

Math 240

Stokes’
theorem

Gauss’
theorem
Calculating
volume

1. Stokes’ theorem

2. Gauss’ theorem
Calculating volume with Gauss’ theorem
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Stokes’ theorem
Theorems

Math 240

Stokes’ Theorem (Green’s theorem)

theorem

Gauss’
Let D be a closed, bounded region in R2 with boundary
theorem C = ∂D. If F = M i + N j is a C 1 vector field on D then
Calculating
volume I ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dx dy.
C D ∂x ∂y
 
Notice that ∂N
∂x − ∂M
∂y k = ∇ × F.

Theorem (Stokes’ theorem)

Let S be a smooth, bounded, oriented surface in R3 and
suppose that ∂S consists of finitely many C 1 simple, closed
curves. If F is a C 1 vector field whose domain includes S, then
I ZZ
F · ds = ∇ × F · dS.
∂S S
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Stokes’ theorem and orientation
Theorems

Math 240

Stokes’
theorem Definition
Gauss’ A smooth, connected surface, S is orientable if a nonzero
theorem
Calculating
normal vector can be chosen continuously at each point.
volume

Examples
Orientable planes, spheres, cylinders, most familiar surfaces
Nonorientable Möbius band

To apply Stokes’ theorem, ∂S must be correctly oriented.

Right hand rule: thumb points in chosen normal direction,
fingers curl in direction of orientation of ∂S.
Alternatively, when looking down from the normal direction,
∂S should be oriented so that S is on the left.
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Stokes’ theorem
Theorems

Math 240

z
Stokes’ Example
theorem

Gauss’
Let S be the paraboloid z = 9 − x2 − y 2 n
theorem defined over the disk in the xy-plane with S
Calculating
volume radius 3 (i.e. for z ≥ 0). Verify Stokes’
theorem for the vector field
y
C= S
F = (2z − y) i + (x + z) j + (3x − 2y) k. x
Figure 7.31 The
We calculate paraboloid
z = 9 − x 2 − y2
∇ × F = − 3 i − j + 2 k and N = 2x i + 2yoriented
j + k. with upward
normal n. Note that
the boundary circle
Therefore, C is oriented
ZZ ZZ consistently with S.
∇ × F · dS = (−6x − 2y + 2) dx dy = 18π.
S D
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Stokes’ theorem
Theorems

Math 240

z
Stokes’ Example
theorem

Gauss’
Let S be the paraboloid z = 9 − x2 − y 2 n
theorem defined over the disk in the xy-plane with S
Calculating
volume radius 3 (i.e. for z ≥ 0). Verify Stokes’
theorem for the vector field
y
C= S
F = (2z − y) i + (x + z) j + (3x − 2y) k. x
ZZ ZZ Figure 7.31 The
paraboloid
∇ × F · dS = (−6x − 2y + 2) dx dyz ==9 18π.
− x 2 − y2
S D oriented with upward
normal n. Note that
Using Stokes’ theorem, we can do instead the boundary circle
I I C is oriented
consistently with S.
F · ds = −y dx + x dy
∂S C
Z 2π
= (−3 sin t)2 + (3 cos t)2 dt = 18π.
0
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Stokes’ theorem
Theorems

Math 240

z
Stokes’ Example
theorem

Gauss’
Let S be the paraboloid z = 9 − x2 − y 2 n
theorem defined over the disk in the xy-plane with S
Calculating
volume radius 3 (i.e. for z ≥ 0). Verify Stokes’
theorem for the vector field
y
C= S
F = (2z − y) i + (x + z) j + (3x − 2y) k. x
ZZ ZZ Figure 7.31 The
paraboloid
∇ × F · dS = (−6x − 2y + 2) dx dyz ==9 18π.
− x 2 − y2
S D oriented with upward
n. Note that
Applying Stokes’ theorem a second time yields normal
the boundary circle
ZZ I I Z ZC is oriented
S.
∇ × F · dS = F · ds = F · ds = consistently
∇ × Fwith · dS
S Z Z∂S ∂D D

= 2 dS = 2 (area of D) = 18π.
D
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Gauss’ theorem
Theorems

Math 240

Stokes’
theorem

Gauss’
theorem
Calculating
volume Theorem (Gauss’ theorem, divergence theorem)
Let D be a solid region in R3 whose boundary ∂D consists of
finitely many smooth, closed, orientable surfaces. Orient these
surfaces with the normal pointing away from D. If F is a C 1
vector field whose domain includes D then
ZZ ZZZ
F · dS = ∇ · F dV.
∂D D
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Gauss’
494 theorem
Chapter 7 Surface
Theorems

Math 240
z
n2
Stokes’ Example S2
theorem

Gauss’
Let F be the radial vector field x i + y j + z k
theorem and let D the be solid cylinder of radius a and S3
Calculating
volume height b with axis on the z-axis and faces at
n3
z = 0 and z = b. Let’s verify Gauss’ theorem.
y
Let S1 and S2 be the bottom and top faces, S1
x n1
respectively, and let S3 be the lateral face.
Figure 7.35 The
To orient ∂D for Gauss’ theorem, choose normalssolid cylinder D of
Example 3.
n1 = −k for S1 , n2 = k for S2 , and n3 = a1 (x i + y j) for S3 .

Now we integrate over the surface

ZZ ZZ ZZ
F · dS = b dS + a dS = 3πa2 b.
∂D S2 S3
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Gauss’
494 theorem
Chapter 7 Surface
Theorems

Math 240
z
n2
Stokes’ Example S2
theorem

Gauss’
Let F be the radial vector field x i + y j + z k
theorem and let D the be solid cylinder of radius a and S3
Calculating
volume height b with axis on the z-axis and faces at
n3
z = 0 and z = b. Let’s verify Gauss’ theorem.
y
Let S1 and S2 be the bottom and top faces, S1
x n
respectively, and let S3 be the lateral face. 1

ZZ ZZ ZZ Figure 7.35 The

solid 2cylinder D of
F · dS = b dS + a dS = 3πa b.
Example 3.
∂D S2 S3

On the other hand, ∇ · F = 3.

Then
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F · dS = ∇ · F dV = 3 dV = 3πa2 b.
∂D D D
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Calculating volume
Theorems

Math 240
Recall how we used Green’s theorem to calculate the area of a
Stokes’
theorem
plane region via a line integral around its boundary.
Gauss’
theorem
Theorem
Calculating
volume
Suppose D is a solid region in R3 to which Gauss’ theorem
applies and F is a C 1 vector field such that ∇ · F is identically
1 on D. Then the volume of D is given by
ZZ
F · dS
∂D

where ∂D is oriented as in Gauss’ theorem.

Some examples are
RR

 (x i) · dS
RR∂D

Volume of D = (y j) · dS .
RR∂D


 (z k) · dS
∂D
 Stokes’ and
Gauss’ Calculating volume
Theorems

Math 240
Example
Stokes’
theorem Let’s calculate the volume of a truncated cone via an integral
Gauss’
theorem
over its surface. Let D be the solid bounded by the cone
Calculating
volume
x2 + y 2 = (2 − z)2
and the planes z RR
= 1 and z = 0. Let’s use the vector field
F = x i, so that S F · dS = 0 when S is the top or bottom
face. Then we just need to calculate
i j k
N= cos θ sin θ −1 = x i + y j + r k
−r sin θ r cos θ 0
and the volume of D is
ZZ Z 2π Z 2
(x i) · dS = (r cos θ)2 dr dθ = 37 π.
S 0 1